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Wilkens A, Czerniawski P, Bednarek P, Libik-Konieczny M, Yamada K. ATML1 Regulates the Differentiation of ER Body-Containing Large Pavement Cells in Rosette Leaves of Brassicaceae Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:1160-1172. [PMID: 38590036 PMCID: PMC11287205 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelles, ER bodies, participate in the defense against herbivores in Brassicaceae plants. ER bodies accumulate β-glucosidases, which hydrolyze specialized thioglucosides known as glucosinolates to generate bioactive substances. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the leaf ER (LER) bodies are formed in large pavement cells, which are found in the petioles, margins and blades of rosette leaves. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in establishing large pavement cells are unknown. Here, we show that the ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MERISTEM L1 LAYER (ATML1) transcription factor regulates the formation of LER bodies in large pavement cells of rosette leaves. Overexpression of ATML1 enhanced the expression of LER body-related genes and the number of LER body-containing large pavement cells, whereas its knock-out resulted in opposite effects. ATML1 enhances endoreduplication and cell size through LOSS OF GIANT CELLS FROM ORGANS (LGO). Although the overexpression and knock-out of LGO affected the appearance of large pavement cells in Arabidopsis, the effect on LER body-related gene expression and LER body formation was weak. LER body-containing large pavement cells were also found in Eutrema salsugineum, another Brassicaceae species. Our results demonstrate that ATML1 establishes large pavement cells to induce LER body formation in Brassicaceae plants and thereby possibly contribute to the defense against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwine Wilkens
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, Krakow 30-239, Poland
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Paweł Czerniawski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zygmunta Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznan 61-713, Poland
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zygmunta Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznan 61-713, Poland
| | - Marta Libik-Konieczny
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, Krakow 30-239, Poland
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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Bian J, Chen R, Gu S, Wang W, Yang X. Quantitative proteomics analysis identified new interacting proteins of JAL30 in Arabidopsis. J Proteomics 2024; 297:105127. [PMID: 38367771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Jacalin-related lectins (JALs) are a unique group of plant lectins derived from the jacalin protein family, which play important roles in plant defense responses. JAL30/PBP1 (PYK10 binding protein 1) interacts with inactive PYK10, exerting negative regulatory control over the size of the PYK10 complex, which is formed and activated upon insect or pathogen invasion. However, the precise interplay between JAL30 and other components remains elusive. In this study, we found JAL30 as a nucleocytoplasmic protein, but no obvious phenotype was observed in jal30-1 single mutant. Through immunoprecipitation (IP) enrichment combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), dozens of new JAL30 interacting proteins were found in addition to several reported ones. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these interacting proteins were highly related to the wounding and bacterial stimuli, suggesting their potential involvement in the jasmonate (JA) response. Importantly, the expression of JAL30 was induced by MeJA treatment, further highlighting its relevance in plant defense mechanisms. A novel JAL30 interacting protein, ESM1, was identified and its interaction with JAL30 was confirmed by Co-immunoprecipitation. Moreover, ESM1 was found as an O-GlcNAcylated protein, suggesting that JAL30 may possess glycosylated protein binding ability, particularly in O-GlcNAcylated protein and peptide recognition. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the interacting protein network and biological function of JAL30, demonstrates the interaction between JAL30 and ESM1, and uncovers the potential significance of JAL30 in plant defense system, potentially through its association with PYK10 complex or JA response. SIGNIFICANCE: The biological functions of lectin proteins, including defense responses, immunity responses, signal transduction, have been well studied. Lectin proteins were also utilized to enrich glycosylated proteins for their specific carbohydrates binding capability. Jacalin-related lectins (JALs) were found to involve in plant defense mechanism. However, it is not yet clear whether JALs could use for enrichment of glycosylated proteins. In this study, we used label-free quantification method to identify interacting proteins of JAL30. A novel interacting protein, ESM1, as an O-GlcNAcylated protein was found. ESM1 has been reported to take part in defense against insect herbivory. Therefore, our findings provided experimental evidence to confirm that JALs have potential to be developed as the bio-tools to enrich glycosylated proteins. Finally, our data not only illustrated the vital biological role of JALs in plants, but also verified unique function of JAL30 in recognizing O-GlcNAcylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghu Bian
- College of Juncao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongqing Chen
- College of Juncao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shiting Gu
- College of Juncao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- College of Juncao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuelian Yang
- College of Juncao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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3
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Basak AK, Piasecka A, Hucklenbroich J, Türksoy GM, Guan R, Zhang P, Getzke F, Garrido-Oter R, Hacquard S, Strzałka K, Bednarek P, Yamada K, Nakano RT. ER body-resident myrosinases and tryptophan specialized metabolism modulate root microbiota assembly. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:329-342. [PMID: 37771245 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bodies are ER-derived structures that contain a large amount of PYK10 myrosinase, which hydrolyzes tryptophan (Trp)-derived indole glucosinolates (IGs). Given the well-described role of IGs in root-microbe interactions, we hypothesized that ER bodies in roots are important for interaction with soil-borne microbes at the root-soil interface. We used mutants impaired in ER bodies (nai1), ER body-resident myrosinases (pyk10bglu21), IG biosynthesis (myb34/51/122), and Trp specialized metabolism (cyp79b2b3) to profile their root microbiota community in natural soil, evaluate the impact of axenically collected root exudates on soil or synthetic microbial communities, and test their response to fungal endophytes in a mono-association setup. Tested mutants exhibited altered bacterial and fungal communities in rhizoplane and endosphere, respectively. Natural soils and bacterial synthetic communities treated with mutant root exudates exhibited distinctive microbial profiles from those treated with wild-type (WT) exudates. Most tested endophytes severely restricted the growth of cyp79b2b3, a part of which also impaired the growth of pyk10bglu21. Our results suggest that root ER bodies and their resident myrosinases modulate the profile of root-secreted metabolites and thereby influence root-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Kumar Basak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Anna Piasecka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Jana Hucklenbroich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Gözde Merve Türksoy
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Rui Guan
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Pengfan Zhang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Felix Getzke
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Ruben Garrido-Oter
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Stephane Hacquard
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Kazimierz Strzałka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Ryohei Thomas Nakano
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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Choi YJ, Geem KR, Kim J, Lee DW. Differential contributions of two domains of NAI2 to the formation of the endoplasmic reticulum body. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1184678. [PMID: 37346116 PMCID: PMC10279885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves essential functions in eukaryotic cells, including protein folding, transport of secretory proteins, and lipid synthesis. The ER is a highly dynamic organelle that generates various types of compartments. Among them, the ER body is specifically present in plants in the Brassicaceae family and plays a crucial role in chemical defense against pathogens. The NAI2 protein is essential for ER body formation, and its ectopic overexpression is sufficient to induce ER body formation even in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, where the ER body does not naturally exist. Despite the significance of NAI2 in ER body formation, the mechanism whereby NAI2 mediates ER body formation is not fully clear. This study aimed to investigate how two domains of Arabidopsis NAI2, the Glu-Phe-Glu (EFE) domain (ED) and the NAI2 domain (ND), contribute to ER body formation in N. benthamiana leaves. Using co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we found that the ND is critical for homomeric interaction of NAI2 and ER body formation. Moreover, deletion of ED induced the formation of enlarged ER bodies, suggesting that ED plays a regulatory role during ER body formation. Our results indicate that the two domains of NAI2 cooperate to induce ER body formation in a balanced manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ju Choi
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Rok Geem
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jitae Kim
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Toyooka K, Goto Y, Hashimoto K, Wakazaki M, Sato M, Hirai MY. Endoplasmic Reticulum Bodies in the Lateral Root Cap Are Involved in the Direct Transport of Beta-Glucosidase to Vacuoles. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:461-473. [PMID: 36617247 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) in lateral root caps (LRCs) is crucial for maintaining root cap functionality. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bodies play important roles in plant immunity and PCD. However, the distribution of ER bodies and their communication with vacuoles in the LRC remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructure of LRC cells of wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis lines using an auto-acquisition transmission electron microscope (TEM) system and high-pressure freezing. Gigapixel-scale high-resolution TEM imaging of the transverse and longitudinal sections of roots followed by three-dimensional imaging identified sausage-shaped structures budding from the ER. These were subsequently identified as ER bodies using GFPh transgenic lines expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused with an ER retention signal (HDEL). Immunogold labeling using an anti-GFP antibody detected GFP signals in the ER bodies and vacuoles. The fusion of ER bodies with vacuoles in LRC cells was identified using correlative light and electron microscopy. Imaging of the root tips of a GFPh transgenic line with a PYK10 promoter revealed the localization of PYK10, a member of the β-glucosidase family with an ER retention signal, in the ER bodies in the inner layer along with a fusion of ER bodies with vacuoles in the middle layer and collapse of vacuoles in the outer layer of the LRC. These findings suggest that ER bodies in LRC directly transport β-glucosidases to the vacuoles, and that a subsequent vacuolar collapse triggered by an unknown mechanism releases protective substances to the growing root tip to protect it from the invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yumi Goto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Kei Hashimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Mayumi Wakazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
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Bouargalne Y, Guilbaud F, Macherel D, Delalande O, Deleu C, Le Cahérec F. Brassica napus Drought-Induced 22-kD Protein (BnD22) Acts Simultaneously as a Cysteine Protease Inhibitor and Chlorophyll-Binding Protein. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:536-548. [PMID: 36905393 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Class II water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins that bind with chlorophyll (Chl) and its derivatives. The physiological function of WSCPs is still unclear, but it is assumed to be involved in stress responses, which is likely related to their Chl-binding and protease inhibition (PI) activities. Yet, the dual function and simultaneous functionality of WSCPs must still be better understood. Here, the biochemical functions of Brassica napus drought-induced 22-kDa protein (BnD22), a major WSCP expressed in B. napus leaves, were investigated using recombinant hexahistidine-tagged protein. We showed that BnD22 inhibited cysteine proteases, such as papain, but not serine proteases. BnD22 was able to bind with Chla or Chlb to form tetrameric complexes. Unexpectedly, BnD22-Chl tetramer displays higher inhibition toward cysteine proteases, indicating (i) simultaneous Chl-binding and PI activities and (ii) Chl-dependent activation of PI activity of BnD22. Moreover, the photostability of BnD22-Chl tetramer was reduced upon binding with the protease. Using three-dimensional structural modeling and molecular docking, we revealed that Chl binding favors interaction between BnD22 and proteases. Despite its Chl-binding ability, the BnD22 was not detected in chloroplasts but rather in the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole. In addition, the C-terminal extension peptide of BnD22, which cleaved off post-translationally in vivo, was not implicated in subcellular localization. Instead, it drastically promoted the expression, solubility and stability of the recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Guilbaud
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, Rennes 35000, France
| | - David Macherel
- IRHS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Angers, Angers 49000, France
| | | | - Carole Deleu
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, Rennes 35000, France
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Jeon H, Segonzac C. Manipulation of the Host Endomembrane System by Bacterial Effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:208-217. [PMID: 36645655 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0190-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane system, extending from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane, is critical to the plant response to pathogen infection. Synthesis and transport of immunity-related proteins and antimicrobial compounds to and from the plasma membrane are supported by conventional and unconventional processes of secretion and internalization of vesicles, guided by the cytoskeleton networks. Although plant bacterial pathogens reside mostly in the apoplast, major structural and functional modifications of the endomembrane system in the host cell occur during bacterial infection. Here, we review the dynamics of these cellular compartments, briefly, for their essential contributions to the plant defense responses and, in parallel, for their emerging roles in bacterial pathogenicity. We further focus on Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas spp., and Ralstonia solanacearum type III secreted effectors that one or both localize to and associate with components of the host endomembrane system or the cytoskeleton network to highlight the diversity of virulence strategies deployed by bacterial pathogens beyond the inhibition of the secretory pathway. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelim Jeon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Agricultural and Life Science Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Guo J, Wang G, Xie L, Wang X, Feng L, Guo W, Tao X, Humbel BM, Zhang Z, Hong J. Three-dimensional analysis of membrane structures associated with tomato spotted wilt virus infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:650-664. [PMID: 36482792 PMCID: PMC10107360 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To study viral infection, the direct structural visualization of the viral life cycle consisting of virus attachment, entry, replication, assembly and transport is essential. Although conventional electron microscopy (EM) has been extremely helpful in the investigation of virus-host cell interactions, three-dimensional (3D) EM not only provides important information at the nanometer resolution, but can also create 3D maps of large volumes, even entire virus-infected cells. Here, we determined the ultrastructural details of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-infected plant cells using focused ion beam scanning EM (FIB-SEM). The viral morphogenesis and dynamic transformation of paired parallel membranes (PPMs) were analyzed. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane network consisting of tubules and sheets was related to viral intracellular trafficking and virion storage. Abundant lipid-like bodies, clustering mitochondria, cell membrane tubules, and myelin-like bodies were likely associated with viral infection. Additionally, connecting structures between neighboring cells were found only in infected plant tissues and showed the characteristics of tubular structure. These novel connections that formed continuously in the cell wall or were wrapped by the cell membranes of neighboring cells appeared frequently in the large-scale 3D model, suggesting additional strategies for viral trafficking that were difficult to distinguish using conventional EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Guo
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Guan Wang
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Li Xie
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xinqiu Wang
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lingchong Feng
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bruno M. Humbel
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Imaging, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST)OkinawaJapan
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agri‐Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic ResourcesYunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Jian Hong
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Proteomic Analysis of Proteins Related to Defense Responses in Arabidopsis Plants Transformed with the rolB Oncogene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031880. [PMID: 36768198 PMCID: PMC9915171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During Agrobacterium rhizogenes-plant interaction, the rolB gene is transferred into the plant genome and is stably inherited in the plant's offspring. Among the numerous effects of rolB on plant metabolism, including the activation of secondary metabolism, its effect on plant defense systems has not been sufficiently studied. In this work, we performed a proteomic analysis of rolB-expressing Arabidopsis thaliana plants with particular focus on defense proteins. We found a total of 77 overexpressed proteins and 64 underexpressed proteins in rolB-transformed plants using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI mass spectrometry. In the rolB-transformed plants, we found a reduced amount of scaffold proteins RACK1A, RACK1B, and RACK1C, which are known as receptors for activated C-kinase 1. The proteomic analysis showed that rolB could suppress the plant immune system by suppressing the RNA-binding proteins GRP7, CP29B, and CP31B, which action are similar to the action of type-III bacterial effectors. At the same time, rolB plants induce the massive biosynthesis of protective proteins VSP1 and VSP2, as well as pathogenesis-related protein PR-4, which are markers of the activated jasmonate pathway. The increased contents of glutathione-S-transferases F6, F2, F10, U19, and DHAR1 and the osmotin-like defense protein OSM34 were found. The defense-associated protein PCaP1, which is required for oligogalacturonide-induced priming and immunity, was upregulated. Moreover, rolB-transformed plants showed the activation of all components of the PYK10 defense complex that is involved in the metabolism of glucosinolates. We hypothesized that various defense systems activated by rolB protect the host plant from competing phytopathogens and created an effective ecological niche for A. rhizogenes. A RolB → RACK1A signaling module was proposed that might exert most of the rolB-mediated effects on plant physiology. Our proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD037959.
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Guo Q, Major IT, Kapali G, Howe GA. MYC transcription factors coordinate tryptophan-dependent defence responses and compromise seed yield in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:132-145. [PMID: 35642375 PMCID: PMC9541860 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Robust plant immunity negatively affects other fitness traits, including growth and seed production. Jasmonate (JA) confers broad-spectrum protection against plant consumers by stimulating the degradation of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins, which in turn relieves repression on transcription factors (TFs) coincident with reduced growth and fecundity. The molecular mechanisms underlying JA-mediated decreases in fitness remain largely unknown. To assess the contribution of MYC TFs to growth and reproductive fitness at high levels of defence, we mutated three MYC genes in a JAZ-deficient mutant (jazD) of Arabidopsis thaliana that exhibits strong defence and low seed yield. Genetic epistasis analysis showed that de-repression of MYC TFs in jazD not only conferred strong resistance to insect herbivory but also reduced shoot and root growth, fruit size and seed yield. We also provided evidence that the JAZ-MYC module coordinates the supply of tryptophan with the production of indole glucosinolates and the proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum bodies that metabolise glucosinolates through the action of β-glucosidases. Our results establish MYCs as major regulators of growth- and reproductive-defence trade-offs and further indicate that these factors coordinate tryptophan availability with the production of amino acid-derived defence compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Ian T. Major
- DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - George Kapali
- DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Gregg A. Howe
- DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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Karssemeijer PN, de Kreek KA, Gols R, Neequaye M, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Specialist root herbivore modulates plant transcriptome and downregulates defensive secondary metabolites in a brassicaceous plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2378-2392. [PMID: 35717563 PMCID: PMC9540780 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants face attackers aboveground and belowground. Insect root herbivores can lead to severe crop losses, yet the underlying transcriptomic responses have rarely been studied. We studied the dynamics of the transcriptomic response of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) primary roots to feeding damage by cabbage root fly larvae (Delia radicum), alone or in combination with aboveground herbivory by cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) or diamondback moth caterpillars (Plutella xylostella). This was supplemented with analyses of phytohormones and the main classes of secondary metabolites; aromatic, indole and aliphatic glucosinolates. Root herbivory leads to major transcriptomic rearrangement that is modulated by aboveground feeding caterpillars, but not aphids, through priming soon after root feeding starts. The root herbivore downregulates aliphatic glucosinolates. Knocking out aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis with CRISPR-Cas9 results in enhanced performance of the specialist root herbivore, indicating that the herbivore downregulates an effective defence. This study advances our understanding of how plants cope with root herbivory and highlights several novel aspects of insect-plant interactions for future research. Further, our findings may help breeders develop a sustainable solution to a devastating root pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Karssemeijer
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Kris A. de Kreek
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mikhaela Neequaye
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UHNorwichUK
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UQNorwichUK
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax‐Planck‐Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax‐Planck‐Institute for Chemical Ecology07745JenaGermany
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and Research6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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12
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Bouargalne Y, Raguénès-Nicol C, Guilbaud F, Cheron A, Clouet V, Deleu C, Le Cahérec F. New insights into chlorophyll-WSCP (water-soluble chlorophyll proteins) interactions : The case study of BnD22 (Brassica napus drought-induced 22 kDa). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 181:71-80. [PMID: 35452956 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble chlorophyll-proteins (WSCP) of class II from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins that bind chlorophylls (Chls) and chlorophyll derivatives. Their physiological roles, biochemical functions and mode of action are still unclear. It is assumed that the WSCPs have a protection function against Chl photodamage during stressful conditions. WSCPs are subdivided into class IIA and class IIB according to their apparent Chla/b binding ratio. Although their Chla/Chlb binding selectivity has been partly characterized, their Chl affinities are not yet precisely defined. For instance, WSCPs IIA do not show any Chl binding preference while WSCPs IIB have greater affinity to Chlb. In this study, we present a novel method for assessment of Chl binding to WSCPs based on the differences of Chl photobleaching rates in a large range of Chl/protein ratios. The protein we have chosen to study WSCP is BnD22, a WSCP IIA induced in the leaves of Brassica napus under water deficit. BnD22 formed oligomeric complexes upon binding to Chla and/or Chlb allowing a protective effect against photodamage. The binding constants indicate that BnD22 binds with high affinity the Chls and with a strong selectivity to Chla. Moreover, dependending of Chl/protein ratio upon reconstitution, two distinct binding events were detected resulting from difference of Chl stoichiometry inside oligomeric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Bouargalne
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Florian Guilbaud
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Vanessa Clouet
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Carole Deleu
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
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13
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Protein glycosylation changes during systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:381-392. [PMID: 35623457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation, an important post-translational modification of proteins in all eukaryotes, has been clearly shown to be involved in numerous diseases in mammalian systems. In contrast, little is known regarding the role of protein N-glycosylation in plant defensive responses to pathogen infection. We identified, for the first time, glycoproteins related to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in an Arabidopsis thaliana model, using a glycoproteomics platform based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. 407 glycosylation sites corresponding to 378 glycopeptides and 273 unique glycoproteins were identified. 65 significantly changed glycoproteins with 80 N-glycosylation sites were detected in systemic leaves of SAR-induced plants, including numerous GDSL-like lipases, thioglucoside glucohydrolases, kinases, and glycosidases. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that significantly changed glycoproteins were involved mainly in N-glycan biosynthesis and degradation, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cutin and wax biosynthesis, and plant-pathogen interactions. Comparative analysis of glycoproteomics and proteomics data indicated that glycoproteomics analysis is an efficient method for screening proteins associated with SAR. The present findings clarify glycosylation status and sites of A. thaliana proteins, and will facilitate further research on roles of glycoproteins in SAR induction.
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14
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Pečenková T, Pejchar P, Moravec T, Drs M, Haluška S, Šantrůček J, Potocká A, Žárský V, Potocký M. Immunity functions of Arabidopsis pathogenesis-related 1 are coupled but not confined to its C-terminus processing and trafficking. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:664-678. [PMID: 35122385 PMCID: PMC8995067 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) proteins are members of the cross-kingdom conserved CAP superfamily (from Cysteine-rich secretory protein, Antigen 5, and PR1 proteins). PR1 mRNA expression is frequently used for biotic stress monitoring in plants; however, the molecular mechanisms of its cellular processing, localization, and function are still unknown. To analyse the localization and immunity features of Arabidopsis thaliana PR1, we employed transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of the tagged full-length PR1 construct, and also disrupted variants with C-terminal truncations or mutations. We found that en route from the endoplasmic reticulum, the PR1 protein transits via the multivesicular body and undergoes partial proteolytic processing, dependent on an intact C-terminal motif. Importantly, only nonmutated or processing-mimicking variants of PR1 are secreted to the apoplast. The C-terminal proteolytic cleavage releases a protein fragment that acts as a modulator of plant defence responses, including localized cell death control. However, other parts of PR1 also have immunity potential unrelated to cell death. The described modes of the PR1 contribution to immunity were found to be tissue-localized and host plant ontogenesis dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Matěj Drs
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyFaculty of Food and Biochemical TechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Andrea Potocká
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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15
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Li X, Li X, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. Specialized endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles in plants: Functional diversity, evolution, and biotechnological exploitation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:821-835. [PMID: 35142108 PMCID: PMC9314129 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A central role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the synthesis, folding and quality control of secretory proteins. Secretory proteins usually exit the ER to enter the Golgi apparatus in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles before transport to different subcellular destinations. However, in plants there are specialized ER-derived vesicles (ERDVs) that carry specific proteins but, unlike COPII vesicles, can exist as independent organelles or travel to the vacuole in a Golgi-independent manner. These specialized ERDVs include protein bodies and precursor-accumulating vesicles that accumulate storage proteins in the endosperm during seed development. Specialized ERDVs also include precursor protease vesicles that accumulate amino acid sequence KDEL-tailed cysteine proteases and ER bodies in Brassicales plants that accumulate myrosinases that hydrolyzes glucosinolates. These functionally specialized ERDVs act not only as storage organelles but also as platforms for signal-triggered processing, activation and deployment of specific proteins with important roles in plant growth, development and adaptive responses. Some specialized ERDVs have also been exploited to increase production of recombinant proteins and metabolites. Here we discuss our current understanding of the functional diversity, evolutionary mechanisms and biotechnological application of specialized ERDVs, which are associated with some of the highly remarkable characteristics important to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Li
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Xifeng Li
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette47907‐2054INUSA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette47907‐2054INUSA
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16
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Lv Q, Li X, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. The Cellular and Subcellular Organization of the Glucosinolate–Myrosinase System against Herbivores and Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031577. [PMID: 35163500 PMCID: PMC8836197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are an important class of secondary metabolites in Brassicales plants with a critical role in chemical defense. Glucosinolates are chemically inactive but can be hydrolyzed by myrosinases to produce a range of chemically active compounds toxic to herbivores and pathogens, thereby constituting the glucosinolate–myrosinase defense system or the mustard oil bomb. During the evolution, Brassicales plants have developed not only complex biosynthetic pathways for production of a large number of glucosinolate structures but also different classes of myrosinases that differ in catalytic mechanisms and substrate specificity. Studies over the past several decades have made important progress in the understanding of the cellular and subcellular organization of the glucosinolate–myrosinase system for rapid and timely detonation of the mustard oil bomb upon tissue damage after herbivore feeding and pathogen infection. Progress has also been made in understanding the mechanisms that herbivores and pathogens have evolved to counter the mustard oil bomb. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the function and organization of the glucosinolate–myrosinase system in Brassicales plants and discuss both the progresses and future challenges in addressing this complex defense system as an excellent model for analyzing plant chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Lv
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xifeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Baofang Fan
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
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17
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Angelini J, Klassen R, Široká J, Novák O, Záruba K, Siegel J, Novotná Z, Valentová O. Silver Nanoparticles Alter Microtubule Arrangement, Dynamics and Stress Phytohormone Levels. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030313. [PMID: 35161294 PMCID: PMC8838976 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The superior properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has resulted in their broad utilization worldwide, but also the risk of irreversible environment infestation. The plant cuticle and cell wall can trap a large part of the nanoparticles and thus protect the internal cell structures, where the cytoskeleton, for example, reacts very quickly to the threat, and defense signaling is subsequently triggered. We therefore used not only wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings, but also the glabra 1 mutant, which has a different composition of the cuticle. Both lines had GFP-labeled microtubules (MTs), allowing us to observe their arrangement. To quantify MT dynamics, we developed a new microscopic method based on the FRAP technique. The number and growth rate of MTs decreased significantly after AgNPs, similarly in both lines. However, the layer above the plasma membrane thickened significantly in wild-type plants. The levels of three major stress phytohormone derivatives—jasmonic, abscisic, and salicylic acids—after AgNP (with concomitant Ag+) treatment increased significantly (particularly in mutant plants) and to some extent resembled the plant response after mechanical stress. The profile of phytohormones helped us to estimate the mechanism of response to AgNPs and also to understand the broader physiological context of the observed changes in MT structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřiška Angelini
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (Z.N.); (O.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ruslan Klassen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (Z.N.); (O.V.)
| | - Jitka Široká
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (O.N.)
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (O.N.)
| | - Kamil Záruba
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jakub Siegel
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zuzana Novotná
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (Z.N.); (O.V.)
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (Z.N.); (O.V.)
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Shirakawa M, Tanida M, Ito T. The Cell Differentiation of Idioblast Myrosin Cells: Similarities With Vascular and Guard Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:829541. [PMID: 35082820 PMCID: PMC8784778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.829541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Idioblasts are defined by abnormal shapes, sizes, and contents that are different from neighboring cells. Myrosin cells are Brassicales-specific idioblasts and accumulate a large amount of thioglucoside glucohydrolases (TGGs, also known as myrosinases) in their vacuoles. Myrosinases convert their substrates, glucosinolates, into toxic compounds when herbivories and pests attack plants. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between myrosin cells and vascular cells/guard cells (GCs) because myrosin cells are distributed along vascular cells, especially the phloem parenchyma, and myrosin cells share the master transcription factor FAMA with GCs for their cell differentiation. In addition, we analyzed the overlap of cell type-specific genes between myrosin cells and GCs by using published single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) data, suggesting significant similarities in the gene expression patterns of these two specialized cells.
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19
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Bahmid NA, Dekker M, Fogliano V, Heising J. Development of a moisture-activated antimicrobial film containing ground mustard seeds and its application on meat in active packaging system. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Cesium tolerance is enhanced by a chemical which binds to BETA-GLUCOSIDASE 23 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21109. [PMID: 34702872 PMCID: PMC8548588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cesium (Cs) is found at low levels in nature but does not confer any known benefit to plants. Cs and K compete in cells due to the chemical similarity of Cs to potassium (K), and can induce K deficiency in cells. In previous studies, we identified chemicals that increase Cs tolerance in plants. Among them, a small chemical compound (C17H19F3N2O2), named CsToAcE1, was confirmed to enhance Cs tolerance while increasing Cs accumulation in plants. Treatment of plants with CsToAcE1 resulted in greater Cs and K accumulation and also alleviated Cs-induced growth retardation in Arabidopsis. In the present study, potential target proteins of CsToAcE1 were isolated from Arabidopsis to determine the mechanism by which CsToAcE1 alleviates Cs stress, while enhancing Cs accumulation. Our analysis identified one of the interacting target proteins of CsToAcE1 to be BETA-GLUCOSIDASE 23 (AtβGLU23). Interestingly, Arabidopsis atβglu23 mutants exhibited enhanced tolerance to Cs stress but did not respond to the application of CsToAcE1. Notably, application of CsToAcE1 resulted in a reduction of Cs-induced AtβGLU23 expression in wild-type plants, while this was not observed in a high affinity transporter mutant, athak5. Our data indicate that AtβGLU23 regulates plant response to Cs stress and that CsToAcE1 enhances Cs tolerance by repressing AtβGLU23. In addition, AtHAK5 also appears to be involved in this response.
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21
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Basak AK, Mirzaei M, Strzałka K, Yamada K. Texture feature extraction from microscope images enables a robust estimation of ER body phenotype in Arabidopsis. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:109. [PMID: 34702318 PMCID: PMC8549183 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular components are controlled by genetic and physiological factors that define their shape and size. However, quantitively capturing the morphological characteristics and movement of cellular organelles from micrograph images is challenging, because the analysis deals with complexities of images that frequently lead to inaccuracy in the estimation of the features. Here we show a unique quantitative method to overcome biases and inaccuracy of biological samples from confocal micrographs. RESULTS We generated 2D images of cell walls and spindle-shaped cellular organelles, namely ER bodies, with a maximum contrast projection of 3D confocal fluorescent microscope images. The projected images were further processed and segmented by adaptive thresholding of the fluorescent levels in the cell walls. Micrographs are composed of pixels, which have information on position and intensity. From the pixel information we calculated three types of features (spatial, intensity and Haralick) in ER bodies corresponding to segmented cells. The spatial features include basic information on shape, e.g., surface area and perimeter. The intensity features include information on mean, standard deviation and quantile of fluorescence intensities within an ER body. Haralick features describe the texture features, which can be calculated mathematically from the interrelationship between the pixel information. Together these parameters were subjected to multivariate analysis to estimate the morphological diversity. Additionally, we calculated the displacement of the ER bodies using the positional information in time-lapse images. We captured similar morphological diversity and movement within ER body phenotypes in several microscopy experiments performed in different settings and scanned under different objectives. We then described differences in morphology and movement of ER bodies between A. thaliana wild type and mutants deficient in ER body-related genes. CONCLUSIONS The findings unexpectedly revealed multiple genetic factors that are involved in the shape and size of ER bodies in A. thaliana. This is the first report showing morphological characteristics in addition to the movement of cellular components and it quantitatively summarises plant phenotypic differences even in plants that show similar cellular components. The estimation of morphological diversity was independent of the cell staining method and the objective lens used in the microscopy. Hence, our study enables a robust estimation of plant phenotypes by recognizing small differences in complex cell organelle shapes and their movement, which is beneficial in a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanism for cell organelle formation that is independent of technical variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Kumar Basak
- Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Kazimierz Strzałka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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22
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Rufián JS, Elmore JM, Bejarano ER, Beuzon CR, Coaker GL. ER Bodies Are Induced by Pseudomonas syringae and Negatively Regulate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1001-1009. [PMID: 34110257 PMCID: PMC8635791 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-20-0330-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ER bodies are endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles present in plants belonging to the Brassicales order. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ER bodies are ubiquitous in cotyledons and roots and are present only in certain cell types in rosette leaves. However, both wounding and jasmonic acid treatment induce the formation of ER bodies in leaves. Formation of this structure is dependent on the transcription factor NAI1. The main components of the ER bodies are β-glucosidases (BGLUs), enzymes that hydrolyze specialized compounds. In Arabidopsis, PYK10 (BGLU23) and BGLU18 are the most abundant ER body proteins. In this work, we found that ER bodies are downregulated as a consequence of the immune responses induced by bacterial flagellin perception. Arabidopsis mutants defective in ER body formation show enhanced responses upon flagellin perception and enhanced resistance to bacterial infections. Furthermore, the bacterial toxin coronatine induces the formation of de novo ER bodies in leaves and its virulence function is partially dependent on this structure. Finally, we show that performance of the polyphagous beet armyworm herbivore Spodoptera exigua increases in plants lacking ER bodies. Altogether, we provide new evidence for the role of the ER bodies in plant immune responses.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S. Rufián
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dept. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga E-29071, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - James M. Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dept. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga E-29071, Spain
| | - Carmen R. Beuzon
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dept. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga E-29071, Spain
| | - Gitta L. Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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Bahmid NA, Dekker M, Fogliano V, Heising J. Modelling the effect of food composition on antimicrobial compound absorption and degradation in an active packaging. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Bahmid NA, Heising J, Dekker M. Multiresponse kinetic modelling of the formation, release, and degradation of allyl isothiocyanate from ground mustard seeds to improve active packaging. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Sarkar S, Stefanik N, Kunieda T, Hara-Nishimura I, Yamada K. The Arabidopsis transcription factor NAI1 activates the NAI2 promoter by binding to the G-box motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1846928. [PMID: 33315514 PMCID: PMC7849731 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1846928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, develop endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived structures called ER bodies, which are involved in chemical defense against herbivores. NAI1 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type transcription factor that regulates two downstream genes, NAI2 and BGLU23, that are responsible for the ER body formation and function. Here, we examined the transcription factor function of NAI1, and found that NAI1 binds to the promoter region of NAI2 and activates the NAI2 promoter. The recombinant NAI1 protein recognizes the canonical and non-canonical G-box motifs in the NAI2 promoter. Furthermore, we examined the DNA binding activity of NAI1 toward several E-box motifs in the NAI2 and BGLU23 promoters and found that NAI1 binds to a DNA fragment that includes an E-box motif from the BGLU23 promoter. Subcellular localization of NAI1 was evident in the nucleus, which is consistent with its transcription factor function. Transient expression experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves showed that GFP-NAI1 protein activated the NAI2 promoter by binding to the two G-boxes of the promoter. Disruption of the G-boxes abolished the NAI1-dependent activation of the NAI2 promoter. These results indicate that NAI1 has a DNA binding activity in a motif-dependent manner and suggest that NAI1 regulates NAI2 and BGLU23 gene expressions through binding to these DNA motifs in their promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Sarkar
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Stefanik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Yamada
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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26
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Yang J, Ma L, Jiang W, Yao Y, Tang Y, Pang Y. Comprehensive identification and characterization of abiotic stress and hormone responsive glycosyl hydrolase family 1 genes in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:21-33. [PMID: 33291052 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
β-glucosidases (BGLUs) hydrolyze the β-D-glycosidic bond with retention of anomeric configuration. BGLUs were associated with many aspects of plant physiological processes, in particular biotic and abiotic stresses through the activation of phytohormones and defense compounds. However, studies on systematic analysis of the stress- or hormone-responsive BGLU genes in plant are still rare. In this study, total 51 BGLU genes of the glycoside hydrolase family 1 were identified in the genome of the model legume plant Medicago truncatula, and they were classified into five distinct clusters. Sequence alignments revealed several conserved and characteristic motifs among these MtBGLU proteins. Analyses of their putative signal peptides and N-glycosylation site suggested that the majority of MtBGLU members have dual targeting to the vacuole and/or chloroplast. Many regulatory elements possibly related with abiotic stresses and phytohormones were identified in MtBGLU genes. Moreover, Microarray and qPCR analyses showed that these MtBGLU genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in various tissues, and in response to different abiotic stress and hormonal treatments. Notably, MtBGLU21, MtBGLU22, MtBGLU28, and MtBGLU30 in cluster I were dramatically activated by NaCl, PEG, IAA, ABA, SA and GA3 treatments. Collectively, our genome-wide characterization, evolutionary analysis, and expression pattern analysis of MtBGLU genes suggested that BGLU genes play crucial roles in response to various abiotic stresses and hormonal cues in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Yao
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Romanchuk S. Protein bodies of the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae): origin, structural and biochemical features, functional significance. UKRAINIAN BOTANICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ukrbotj77.06.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
History of the discovery, formation, structural and biochemical traits of the protein bodies, derivatives of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) that are known as ER-bodies, are reviewed. The functions of ER-bodies in cell vital activity mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana are reported. The highly specific component of ER-bodies, β-glucosidase enzyme, is described and its protecting role for plants under effect of abiotic and biotic factors is characterized. Based on the analytical review of the literature, it is shown that ER-bodies and the transcription factor NAI2 are unique to species of the family Brassicaceae. The specificity of the system GER – ER-bodies for Brassicaceae and thus the fundamental and applied importance of future research of mechanisms of its functioning in A. thaliana and other Brassicaceae species are emphasized.
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Girr P, Paulsen H. How water-soluble chlorophyll protein extracts chlorophyll from membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183479. [PMID: 32961122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) found in Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins that bind only a small number of chlorophylls. Their biological function remains unclear, but recent data indicate that WSCPs are involved in stress response and pathogen defense as producers of reactive oxygen species and/or Chl-regulated protease inhibitors. For those functions, WSCP apoprotein supposedly binds Chl to become physiologically active or inactive, respectively. Thus, Chl-binding seems to be a pivotal step for the biological function of WSCP. WSCP can extract Chl from the thylakoid membrane but little is known about the mechanism of how Chl is sequestered from the membrane into the binding sites. Here, we investigate the interaction of WSCP with the thylakoid membrane in detail. The extraction of Chl from the thylakoid by WSCP apoprotein is a slow and inefficient reaction, because WSCP presumably does not directly extract Chl from other Chl-binding proteins embedded in the membrane. WSCP apoprotein interacts with model membranes that contain the thylakoid lipids MGDG, DGDG or PG, and can extract Chl from those. Furthermore, the WSCP-Chl complex, once formed, no longer interacts with membranes. We concluded that the surroundings of the WSCP pigment-binding site are involved in the WSCP-membrane interaction and identified a ring of hydrophobic amino acids with two conserved Trp residues around the Chl-binding site. Indeed, WSCP variants, in which one of the Trp residues was exchanged for Phe, still interact with the membrane but are no longer able to extract Chl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Girr
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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29
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Nagano M, Ueda H, Fukao Y, Kawai-Yamada M, Hara-Nishimura I. Generation of Arabidopsis lines with a red fluorescent marker for endoplasmic reticulum using a tail-anchored protein cytochrome b5 -B. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1790196. [PMID: 32633191 PMCID: PMC8550181 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1790196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle that performs multiple cellular activities in eukaryotes. Visualizing ER using fluorescent proteins is a powerful method of analyzing its dynamics and to understand its functions. However, red fluorescent proteins with both an N-terminal signal peptide (SP) and a C-terminal ER retention tetrapeptide (HDEL) often cause mislocalization to vacuoles or extracellular spaces when they are constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis. To obtain a red fluorescent ER marker, we selected Arabidopsis cytochrome b5 -B (Cb5-B), a tail-anchored (TA) protein on the ER membrane. Its localization is determined by the transmembrane domain (TMD) and tail domain at the C-terminus. We fused the TMD and the tail domain of Cb5-B to the C-terminus of a red fluorescent protein, tdTomato (tdTomato-CTT). When tdTomato-CTT was constitutively expressed under the ubiquitin10 promoter in Arabidopsis, the fluorescent signal was exclusively detected at the ER by means of the reliable ER marker SP-GFP-HDEL. Therefore, tdTomato-CTT can accurately visualize the ER in stable Arabidopsis lines. Additionally, transient assays showed that tdTomato-CTT can also be used as an ER marker in onion, rice, and Nicotiana benthamiana. We believe that TA proteins could be used to generate various organellar membrane markers in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nagano
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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30
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Characterization of rhizome transcriptome and identification of a rhizomatous ER body in the clonal plant Cardamine leucantha. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13291. [PMID: 32764594 PMCID: PMC7413523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizome is a plant organ that develops from a shoot apical meristem but penetrates into belowground environments. To characterize the gene expression profile of rhizomes, we compared the rhizome transcriptome with those of the leaves, shoots and roots of a rhizomatous Brassicaceae plant, Cardamine leucantha. Overall, rhizome transcriptomes were characterized by the absence of genes that show rhizome-specific expression and expression profiles intermediate between those of shoots and roots. Our results suggest that both endogenous developmental factors and external environmental factors are important for controlling the rhizome transcriptome. Genes that showed relatively high expression in the rhizome compared to shoots and roots included those related to belowground defense, control of reactive oxygen species and cell elongation under dark conditions. A comparison of transcriptomes further allowed us to identify the presence of an ER body, a defense-related belowground organelle, in epidermal cells of the C. leucantha rhizome, which is the first report of ER bodies in rhizome tissue.
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31
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Girr P, Kilper J, Pohland AC, Paulsen H. The pigment binding behaviour of water-soluble chlorophyll protein (WSCP). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:695-712. [PMID: 32338263 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) are homotetrameric proteins that bind four chlorophyll (Chl) molecules in identical binding sites, which makes WSCPs a good model to study protein-pigment interactions. In a previous study, we described preferential binding of Chl a or Chl b in various WSCP versions. Chl b binding is preferred when a hydrogen bond can be formed between the C7 formyl of the chlorin macrocycle and the protein, whereas Chl a is preferred when Chl b binding is sterically unfavorable. Here, we determined the binding affinities and kinetics of various WSCP versions not only for Chl a/b, but also for chlorophyllide (Chlide) a/b and pheophytin (Pheo) a/b. Altered KD values are responsible for the Chl a/b selectivity in WSCP whereas differences in the reaction kinetics are neglectable in explaining different Chl a/b preferences. WSCP binds both Chlide and Pheo with a lower affinity than Chl, which indicates the importance of the phytol chain and the central Mg2+ ion as interaction sites between WSCP and pigment. Pheophorbide (Pheoide), lacking both the phytol chain and the central Mg2+ ion, can only be bound as Pheoide b to a WSCP that has a higher affinity for Chl b than Chl a, which underlines the impact of the C7 formyl-protein interaction. Moreover, WSCP was able to bind protochlorophyllide and Mg-protoporphyrin IX, which suggests that neither the size of the π electron system of the macrocycle nor the presence of a fifth ring at the macrocycle notably affect the binding to WSCP. WSCP also binds heme to form a tetrameric complex, suggesting that heme is bound in the Chl-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Girr
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Kilper
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Christin Pohland
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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32
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Stefanik N, Bizan J, Wilkens A, Tarnawska-Glatt K, Goto-Yamada S, Strzałka K, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I, Yamada K. NAI2 and TSA1 Drive Differentiation of Constitutive and Inducible ER Body Formation in Brassicaceae. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:722-734. [PMID: 31879762 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae and closely related species develop unique endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived structures called ER bodies, which accumulate β-glucosidases/myrosinases that are involved in chemical defense. There are two different types of ER bodies: ER bodies constitutively present in seedlings (cER bodies) and ER bodies in rosette leaves induced by treatment with the wounding hormone jasmonate (JA) (iER bodies). Here, we show that At-α whole-genome duplication (WGD) generated the paralogous genes NAI2 and TSA1, which consequently drive differentiation of cER bodies and iER bodies in Brassicaceae plants. In Arabidopsis, NAI2 is expressed in seedlings where cER bodies are formed, whereas TSA1 is expressed in JA-treated leaves where iER bodies are formed. We found that the expression of NAI2 in seedlings and the JA inducibility of TSA1 are conserved across other Brassicaceae plants. The accumulation of NAI2 transcripts in Arabidopsis seedlings is dependent on the transcription factor NAI1, whereas the JA induction of TSA1 in rosette leaves is dependent on MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4. We discovered regions of microsynteny, including the NAI2/TSA1 genes, but the promoter regions are differentiated between TSA1 and NAI2 genes in Brassicaceae. This suggests that the divergence of function between NAI2 and TSA1 occurred immediately after WGD in ancestral Brassicaceae plants to differentiate the formation of iER and cER bodies. Our findings indicate that At-α WGD enabled diversification of defense strategies, which may have contributed to the massive diversification of Brassicaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Stefanik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Jakub Bizan
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Alwine Wilkens
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- The Franciszek Gorski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow 30-239, Poland
| | | | - Shino Goto-Yamada
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Strzałka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
| | | | - Kenji Yamada
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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Han Y, Watanabe S, Shimada H, Sakamoto A. Dynamics of the leaf endoplasmic reticulum modulate β-glucosidase-mediated stress-activated ABA production from its glucosyl ester. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2058-2071. [PMID: 31761937 PMCID: PMC7094080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is produced via a multistep de novo biosynthesis pathway or via single-step hydrolysis of inactive ABA-glucose ester (ABA-GE). The hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by β-glucosidase (BG, or BGLU) isoforms localized to various organelles, where they become activated upon stress, but the mechanisms underlying this organelle-specific activation remain unclear. We investigated the relationship between the subcellular distribution and stress-induced activation of BGLU18 (BG1), an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme critical for abiotic stress responses, in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. High BGLU18 levels were present in leaf petioles, primarily in endoplasmic reticulum bodies. These Brassicaceae-specific endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles responded dynamically to abiotic stress, particularly drought-induced dehydration, by changing in number and size. Under stress, BGLU18 distribution shifted toward microsomes, which was accompanied by increasing BGLU18-mediated ABA-GE hydrolytic activity and ABA levels in leaf petioles. Under non-stress conditions, impaired endoplasmic reticulum body formation caused a microsomal shift of BGLU18 and increased its enzyme activity; however, ABA levels increased only under stress, probably because ABA-GE is supplied to the endoplasmic reticulum only under these conditions. Loss of BGLU18 delayed dehydration-induced ABA accumulation, suggesting that ABA-GE hydrolysis precedes the biosynthesis. We propose that dynamics of the endoplasmic reticulum modulate ABA homeostasis and abiotic stress responses by activating BGLU18-mediated ABA-GE hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Han
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Hussain S, Brookbank BP, Nambara E. Hydrolysis of abscisic acid glucose ester occurs locally and quickly in response to dehydration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1753-1756. [PMID: 32211865 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on:Han Y, Watanabe S, Shimada H, Sakamoto A. 2020. Dynamics of the leaf endoplasmic reticulum modulate β-glucosidase-mediated stress-activated ABA production from its glucosyl ester. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 2058–2071.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Hussain
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Plant Cells under Attack: Unconventional Endomembrane Trafficking during Plant Defense. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030389. [PMID: 32245198 PMCID: PMC7154882 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since plants lack specialized immune cells, each cell has to defend itself independently against a plethora of different pathogens. Therefore, successful plant defense strongly relies on precise and efficient regulation of intracellular processes in every single cell. Smooth trafficking within the plant endomembrane is a prerequisite for a diverse set of immune responses. Pathogen recognition, signaling into the nucleus, cell wall enforcement, secretion of antimicrobial proteins and compounds, as well as generation of reactive oxygen species, all heavily depend on vesicle transport. In contrast, pathogens have developed a variety of different means to manipulate vesicle trafficking to prevent detection or to inhibit specific plant responses. Intriguingly, the plant endomembrane system exhibits remarkable plasticity upon pathogen attack. Unconventional trafficking pathways such as the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bodies or fusion of the vacuole with the plasma membrane are initiated and enforced as the counteraction. Here, we review the recent findings on unconventional and defense-induced trafficking pathways as the plant´s measures in response to pathogen attack. In addition, we describe the endomembrane system manipulations by different pathogens, with a focus on tethering and fusion events during vesicle trafficking.
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36
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Using particle size and fat content to control the release of Allyl isothiocyanate from ground mustard seeds for its application in antimicrobial packaging. Food Chem 2020; 308:125573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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37
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Yamada K, Goto-Yamada S, Nakazaki A, Kunieda T, Kuwata K, Nagano AJ, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I. Endoplasmic reticulum-derived bodies enable a single-cell chemical defense in Brassicaceae plants. Commun Biol 2020; 3:21. [PMID: 31937912 PMCID: PMC6959254 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants have a dual-cell type of chemical defense against herbivory. Here, we show a novel single-cell defense involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelles (ER bodies) and the vacuoles. We identify various glucosinolates as endogenous substrates of the ER-body β-glucosidases BGLU23 and BGLU21. Woodlice strongly prefer to eat seedlings of bglu23 bglu21 or a glucosinolate-deficient mutant over wild-type seedlings, confirming that the β-glucosidases have a role in chemical defense: production of toxic compounds upon organellar damage. Deficiency of the Brassicaceae-specific protein NAI2 prevents ER-body formation, which results in a loss of BGLU23 and a loss of resistance to woodlice. Hence, NAI2 that interacts with BGLU23 is essential for sequestering BGLU23 in ER bodies and preventing its degradation. Artificial expression of NAI2 and BGLU23 in non-Brassicaceae plants results in the formation of ER bodies, indicating that acquisition of NAI2 by Brassicaceae plants is a key step in developing their single-cell defense system. Kenji Yamada et al. describe a single-cell chemical defense strategy in Brassicaceae plants that requires formation of endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles for the accumulation of β-glucosidases. They find that seedlings lacking a specific β-glucosidase lose their resistance to predation by woodlice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamada
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland. .,Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan. .,Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Shino Goto-Yamada
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakazaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, 658-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan. .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, 658-8501, Japan.
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan. .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, 658-8501, Japan.
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Jung H, Jo SH, Park HJ, Lee A, Kim HS, Lee HJ, Cho HS. Golgi-localized cyclophilin 21 proteins negatively regulate ABA signalling via the peptidyl prolyl isomerase activity during early seedling development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:19-38. [PMID: 31786704 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant possesses particular Golgi-resident cyclophilin 21 proteins (CYP21s) and the catalytic isomerase activities have a negative effect on ABA signalling gene expression during early seedling development. Cyclophilins (CYPs) are essential for diverse cellular process, as these catalyse a rate-limiting step in protein folding. Although Golgi proteomics in Arabidopsis thaliana suggests the existence of several CYPs in the Golgi apparatus, only one putative Golgi-resident CYP protein has been reported in rice (Oryza sativa L.; OsCYP21-4). Here, we identified the Golgi-resident CYP21 family genes and analysed their molecular characteristics in Arabidopsis and rice. The CYP family genes (CYP21-1, CYP21-2, CYP21-3, and CYP21-4) are plant-specific, and their appearance and copy numbers differ among plant species. CYP21-1 and CYP21-4 are common to all angiosperms, whereas CYP21-2 and CYP21-3 evolved in the Malvidae subclass. Furthermore, all CYP21 proteins localize to cis-Golgi, trans-Golgi or both cis- and trans-Golgi membranes in plant cells. Additionally, based on the structure, enzymatic function, and topological orientation in Golgi membranes, CYP21 proteins are divided into two groups. Genetic analysis revealed that Group I proteins (CYP21-1 and CYP21-2) exhibit peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity and regulate seed germination and seedling growth and development by affecting the expression levels of abscisic acid signalling genes. Thus, we identified the Golgi-resident CYPs and demonstrated that their PPIase activities are required for early seedling growth and development in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haemyeong Jung
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Seung Hee Jo
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Areum Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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Knudsen C, Gallage NJ, Hansen CC, Møller BL, Laursen T. Dynamic metabolic solutions to the sessile life style of plants. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:1140-1155. [PMID: 30324199 PMCID: PMC6254060 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms. To compensate for not being able to escape when challenged by unfavorable growth conditions, pests or herbivores, plants have perfected their metabolic plasticity by having developed the capacity for on demand dynamic biosynthesis and storage of a plethora of phytochemicals.
Covering: up to 2018 Plants are sessile organisms. To compensate for not being able to escape when challenged by unfavorable growth conditions, pests or herbivores, plants have perfected their metabolic plasticity by having developed the capacity for on demand synthesis of a plethora of phytochemicals to specifically respond to the challenges arising during plant ontogeny. Key steps in the biosynthesis of phytochemicals are catalyzed by membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzymes which in plants constitute a superfamily. In planta, the P450s may be organized in dynamic enzyme clusters (metabolons) and the genes encoding the P450s and other enzymes in a specific pathway may be clustered. Metabolon formation facilitates transfer of substrates between sequential enzymes and therefore enables the plant to channel the flux of general metabolites towards biosynthesis of specific phytochemicals. In the plant cell, compartmentalization of the operation of specific biosynthetic pathways in specialized plastids serves to avoid undesired metabolic cross-talk and offers distinct storage sites for molar concentrations of specific phytochemicals. Liquid–liquid phase separation may lead to formation of dense biomolecular condensates within the cytoplasm or vacuole allowing swift activation of the stored phytochemicals as required upon pest or herbivore attack. The molecular grid behind plant plasticity offers an endless reservoir of functional modules, which may be utilized as a synthetic biology tool-box for engineering of novel biological systems based on rational design principles. In this review, we highlight some of the concepts used by plants to coordinate biosynthesis and storage of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Knudsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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40
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Driouich A, Smith C, Ropitaux M, Chambard M, Boulogne I, Bernard S, Follet-Gueye ML, Vicré M, Moore J. Root extracellular traps versus neutrophil extracellular traps in host defence, a case of functional convergence? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1685-1700. [PMID: 31134732 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The root cap releases cells that produce massive amounts of mucilage containing polysaccharides, proteoglycans, extracellular DNA (exDNA) and a variety of antimicrobial compounds. The released cells - known as border cells or border-like cells - and mucilage secretions form networks that are defined as root extracellular traps (RETs). RETs are important players in root immunity. In animals, phagocytes are some of the most abundant white blood cells in circulation and are very important for immunity. These cells combat pathogens through multiple defence mechanisms, including the release of exDNA-containing extracellular traps (ETs). Traps of neutrophil origin are abbreviated herein as NETs. Similar to phagocytes, plant root cap-originating cells actively contribute to frontline defence against pathogens. RETs and NETs are thus components of the plant and animal immune systems, respectively, that exhibit similar compositional and functional properties. Herein, we describe and discuss the formation, molecular composition and functional similarities of these similar but different extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Carine Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Science Faculty, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Marc Ropitaux
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marie Chambard
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - John Moore
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Ouassou M, Mukhaimar M, El Amrani A, Kroymann J, Chauveau O. [Biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates and ecological role of secondary modification pathways]. C R Biol 2019; 342:58-80. [PMID: 31088733 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Indole glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites derived from the amino acid tryptophan. They are part of a large group of sulfur-containing molecules almost exclusively found among Brassicales, which include the mustard family (Brassicaceae) with many edible plant species of major nutritional importance. These compounds mediate numerous interactions between these plants and their natural enemies and are therefore of major biological and economical interest. This literature review aims at taking stock of recent advances of our knowledge about the biosynthetic pathways of indole glucosinolates, but also about the defense strategies and ecological processes involving these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ouassou
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Maisara Mukhaimar
- National Agricultural Research Center (NARC)-Jenin/Gaza, Ministry of Agriculture, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Amal El Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Chauveau
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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42
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Johnson KL. Cutting the Mustard: Evolving Endoplasmic Reticulum Structures into Endoplasmic Reticulum Bodies for Plant Defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:14-15. [PMID: 31053675 PMCID: PMC6501097 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Wang Z, Li X, Liu N, Peng Q, Wang Y, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. A Family of NAI2-Interacting Proteins in the Biogenesis of the ER Body and Related Structures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:212-227. [PMID: 30770459 PMCID: PMC6501091 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce different types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived vesicles that accumulate and transport proteins, lipids, and metabolites. In the Brassicales, a distinct ER-derived structure called the ER body is found throughout the epidermis of cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots. NAI2 is a key factor for ER body formation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Homologs of NAI2 are found only in the Brassicales and therefore may have evolved specifically to enable ER body formation. Here, we report that three related Arabidopsis NAI2-interacting proteins (NAIP1, NAIP2, and NAIP3) play a critical role in the biogenesis of ER bodies and related structures. Analysis using GFP fusions revealed that all three NAIPs are components of the ER bodies found in the cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots. Genetic analysis with naip mutants indicates that they have a critical and redundant role in ER body formation. NAIP2 and NAIP3 are also components of other vesicular structures likely derived from the ER that are formed independent of NAI2 and are present not only in the cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots, but also in the rosettes. Thus, while NAIP1 is a specialized ER body component, NAIP2 and NAIP3 are components of different types of ER-derived structures. Analysis of chimeric NAIP proteins revealed that their N-terminal domains play a major role in the functional specialization between NAIP1 and NAIP3. Unlike NAI2, NAIPs have homologs in all plants; therefore, NAIP-containing ER structures, from which the ER bodies in the Brassicales may have evolved, are likely to be present widely in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
| | - Xifeng Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Nana Liu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuexia Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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44
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Barco B, Clay NK. Evolution of Glucosinolate Diversity via Whole-Genome Duplications, Gene Rearrangements, and Substrate Promiscuity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:585-604. [PMID: 31035830 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over several decades, glucosinolates have become a model system for the study of specialized metabolic diversity in plants. The near-complete identification of biosynthetic enzymes, regulators, and transporters has provided support for the role of gene duplication and subsequent changes in gene expression, protein function, and substrate specificity as the evolutionary bases of glucosinolate diversity. Here, we provide examples of how whole-genome duplications, gene rearrangements, and substrate promiscuity potentiated the evolution of glucosinolate biosynthetic enzymes, regulators, and transporters by natural selection. This in turn may have led to the repeated evolution of glucosinolate metabolism and diversity in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden Barco
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA; ,
| | - Nicole K Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA; ,
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45
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Nakazaki A, Yamada K, Kunieda T, Sugiyama R, Hirai MY, Tamura K, Hara-Nishimura I, Shimada T. Leaf Endoplasmic Reticulum Bodies Identified in Arabidopsis Rosette Leaves Are Involved in Defense against Herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1515-1524. [PMID: 30696747 PMCID: PMC6446793 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ER bodies are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelles specific to the order Brassicales and are thought to function in plant defense against insects and pathogens. ER bodies are generally classified into two types: constitutive ER bodies in the epidermal cells of seedlings, and wound-inducible ER bodies in rosette leaves. Herein, we reveal a third type of ER body found in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) rosette leaves and designate them "leaf ERbodies" (L-ER bodies). L-ER bodies constitutively occurred in specific cells of the rosette leaves: marginal cells, epidermal cells covering the midrib, and giant pavement cells. The distribution of L-ER bodies was closely associated with the expression profile of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NAI1, which is responsible for constitutive ER-body formation. L-ER bodies were seldom observed in nai1 mutant leaves, indicating that NAI1 is involved in L-ER body formation. Confocal imaging analysis revealed that L-ER bodies accumulated two types of β-glucosidases: PYK10, the constitutive ER-body β-glucosidase; and BETA-GLUCOSIDASE18 (BGLU18), the wound-inducible ER-body β-glucosidase. Combined with the absence of L-ER bodies in the bglu18 pyk10 mutant, these results indicate that BGLU18 and PYK10 are the major components of L-ER bodies. A subsequent feeding assay with the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare revealed that bglu18 pyk10 leaves were severely damaged as a result of herbivory. In addition, the bglu18 pyk10 mutant was defective in the hydrolysis of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate These results suggest that L-ER bodies are involved in the production of defensive compound(s) from 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate that protect Arabidopsis leaves against herbivory attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakazaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tamura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Pain C, Kriechbaumer V, Kittelmann M, Hawes C, Fricker M. Quantitative analysis of plant ER architecture and dynamics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 30816109 PMCID: PMC6395764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a highly dynamic polygonal membrane network composed of interconnected tubules and sheets (cisternae) that forms the first compartment in the secretory pathway involved in protein translocation, folding, glycosylation, quality control, lipid synthesis, calcium signalling, and metabolon formation. Despite its central role in this plethora of biosynthetic, metabolic and physiological processes, there is little quantitative information on ER structure, morphology or dynamics. Here we describe a software package (AnalyzER) to automatically extract ER tubules and cisternae from multi-dimensional fluorescence images of plant ER. The structure, topology, protein-localisation patterns, and dynamics are automatically quantified using spatial, intensity and graph-theoretic metrics. We validate the method against manually-traced ground-truth networks, and calibrate the sub-resolution width estimates against ER profiles identified in serial block-face SEM images. We apply the approach to quantify the effects on ER morphology of drug treatments, abiotic stress and over-expression of ER tubule-shaping and cisternal-modifying proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Maike Kittelmann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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Geem KR, Kim DH, Lee DW, Kwon Y, Lee J, Kim JH, Hwang I. Jasmonic acid-inducible TSA1 facilitates ER body formation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:267-280. [PMID: 30267434 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Brassicales contain an organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) body, which is derived from the ER. Recent studies have shed light on the biogenesis of the ER body and its physiological role in plants. However, formation of the ER body and its physiological role are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the physiological role of TSK-associating protein 1 (TSA1), a close homolog of NAI2 that is involved in ER body formation, and provide evidence that it is involved in ER body biogenesis under wound-related stress conditions. TSA1 is N-glycosylated and localizes to the ER body as a luminal protein. TSA1 was highly induced by the plant hormone, methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Ectopic expression of TSA1:GFP induced ER body formation in root tissues of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and in leaf tissues of Nicotiana benthamiana. TSA1 and NAI2 formed a heterocomplex and showed an additive effect on ER body formation in N. benthamiana. MeJA treatment induced ER body formation in leaf tissues of nai2 and tsa1 plants, but not nai2/tsa1 double-mutant plants. However, constitutive ER body formation was altered in young seedlings of nai2 plants but not tsa1 plants. Based on these results, we propose that TSA1 plays a critical role in MeJA-induced ER body formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Rok Geem
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Dae Heon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Yun Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Dentistry, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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Shoji T. The Recruitment Model of Metabolic Evolution: Jasmonate-Responsive Transcription Factors and a Conceptual Model for the Evolution of Metabolic Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:560. [PMID: 31156658 PMCID: PMC6528166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a vast array of structurally diverse specialized metabolites with various biological activities, including medicinal alkaloids and terpenoids, from relatively simple precursors through a series of enzymatic steps. Massive metabolic flow through these pathways usually depends on the transcriptional coordination of a large set of metabolic, transport, and regulatory genes known as a regulon. The coexpression of genes involved in certain metabolic pathways in a wide range of developmental and environmental contexts has been investigated through transcriptomic analysis, which has been successfully exploited to mine the genes involved in various metabolic processes. Transcription factors are DNA-binding proteins that recognize relatively short sequences known as cis-regulatory elements residing in the promoter regions of target genes. Transcription factors have positive or negative effects on gene transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. Evolutionarily conserved transcription factors of the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) families have been identified as jasmonate (JA)-responsive transcriptional regulators of unrelated specialized pathways in distinct plant lineages. Here, I review the current knowledge and propose a conceptual model for the evolution of metabolic pathways, termed "recruitment model of metabolic evolution." According to this model, structural genes are repeatedly recruited into regulons under the control of conserved transcription factors through the generation of cognate cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of these genes. This leads to the adjustment of catalytic activities that improve metabolic flow through newly established passages.
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Sugiyama R, Hirai MY. Atypical Myrosinase as a Mediator of Glucosinolate Functions in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1008. [PMID: 31447873 PMCID: PMC6691170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLSs) are a well-known class of specialized plant metabolites, distributed mostly in the order Brassicales. A vast research field in basic and applied sciences has grown up around GLSs owing to their presence in important agricultural crops and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and their broad range of bioactivities beneficial to human health. The major purpose of GLSs in plants has been considered their function as a chemical defense against predators. GLSs are physically separated from a specialized class of beta-thioglucosidases called myrosinases, at the tissue level or at the single-cell level. They are brought together as a consequence of tissue damage, primarily triggered by herbivores, and their interaction results in the release of toxic volatile chemicals including isothiocyanates. In addition, recent studies have suggested that plants may adopt other strategies independent of tissue disruption for initiating GLS breakdown to cope with certain biotic/abiotic stresses. This hypothesis has been further supported by the discovery of an atypical class of GLS-hydrolyzing enzymes possessing features that are distinct from those of the classical myrosinases. Nevertheless, there is only little information on the physiological importance of atypical myrosinases. In this review, we focus on the broad diversity of the beta-glucosidase subclasses containing known atypical myrosinases in A. thaliana to discuss the hypothesis that numerous members of these subclasses can hydrolyze GLSs to regulate their diverse functions in plants. Also, the increasingly broadening functional repertoires of known atypical/classical myrosinases are described with reference to recent findings. Assessment of independent insights gained from A. thaliana with respect to (1) the phenotype of mutants lacking genes in the GLS metabolic/breakdown pathways, (2) fluctuation in GLS contents/metabolism under specific conditions, and (3) the response of plants to exogenous GLSs or their hydrolytic products, will enable us to reconsider the physiological importance of GLS breakdown in particular situations, which is likely to be regulated by specific beta-glucosidases.
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Thürich J, Meichsner D, Furch ACU, Pfalz J, Krüger T, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage A, Oelmüller R. Arabidopsis thaliana responds to colonisation of Piriformospora indica by secretion of symbiosis-specific proteins. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209658. [PMID: 30589877 PMCID: PMC6307754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with a wide variety of fungi in a mutualistic, parasitic or neutral way. The associations formed depend on the exchange of nutrients and signalling molecules between the partners. This includes a diverse set of protein classes involved in defence, nutrient uptake or establishing a symbiotic relationship. Here, we have analysed the secretomes of the mutualistic, root-endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica and Arabidopsis thaliana when cultivated alone or in a co-culture. More than one hundred proteins were identified as differentially secreted, including proteins associated with growth, development, abiotic and biotic stress response and mucilage. While some of the proteins have been associated before to be involved in plant-microbial interaction, other proteins are newly described in this context. One plant protein found in the co-culture is PLAT1 (Polycystin, Lipoxygenase, Alpha-toxin and Triacylglycerol lipase). PLAT1 has not been associated with plant-fungal-interaction and is known to play a role in abiotic stress responses. In colonised roots PLAT1 shows an altered gene expression in a stage specific manner and plat1 knock-out plants are colonised stronger. It co-localises with Brassicaceae-specific endoplasmic reticulum bodies (ER-bodies) which are involved in the formation of the defence compound scopolin. We observed degraded ER-bodies in infected Arabidopsis roots and a change in the scopolin level in response to the presence of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Thürich
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Doreen Meichsner
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jeannette Pfalz
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Brakhage
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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