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Roychowdhury R, Mishra S, Anand G, Dalal D, Gupta R, Kumar A, Gupta R. Decoding the molecular mechanism underlying salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity: an integrated overview from its biosynthesis to the mode of action. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14399. [PMID: 38894599 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone, well-known for its regulatory role in shaping plant immune responses. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying SA biosynthesis, perception, and downstream signalling cascades. Through the concerted efforts employing genetic, biochemical, and omics approaches, our understanding of SA-mediated defence responses has undergone remarkable expansion. In general, following SA biosynthesis through Avr effectors of the pathogens, newly synthesized SA undergoes various biochemical changes to achieve its active/inactive forms (e.g. methyl salicylate). The activated SA subsequently triggers signalling pathways associated with the perception of pathogen-derived signals, expression of defence genes, and induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to tailor the intricate regulatory networks that coordinate plant immune responses. Nonetheless, the mechanistic understanding of SA-mediated plant immune regulation is currently limited because of its crosstalk with other signalling networks, which makes understanding this hormone signalling more challenging. This comprehensive review aims to provide an integrated overview of SA-mediated plant immunity, deriving current knowledge from diverse research outcomes. Through the integration of case studies, experimental evidence, and emerging trends, this review offers insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing SA-mediated immunity and signalling. Additionally, this review discusses the potential applications of SA-mediated defence strategies in crop improvement, disease management, and sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Roychowdhury
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Sapna Mishra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Debalika Dalal
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati Central University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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Davis JA, Poulsen LR, Kjeldgaard B, Moog MW, Brown E, Palmgren M, López-Marqués RL, Harper JF. Deficiencies in cluster-2 ALA lipid flippases result in salicylic acid-dependent growth reductions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14228. [PMID: 38413387 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
P4 ATPases (i.e., lipid flippases) are eukaryotic enzymes that transport lipids across membrane bilayers. In plants, P4 ATPases are named Aminophospholipid ATPases (ALAs) and are organized into five phylogenetic clusters. Here we generated an Arabidopsis mutant lacking all five cluster-2 ALAs (ala8/9/10/11/12), which is the most highly expressed ALA subgroup in vegetative tissues. Plants harboring the quintuple knockout (KO) show rosettes that are 2.2-fold smaller and display chlorotic lesions. A similar but less severe phenotype was observed in an ala10/11 double KO. The growth and lesion phenotypes of ala8/9/10/11/12 mutants were reversed by expressing a NahG transgene, which encodes an enzyme that degrades salicylic acid (SA). A role for SA in promoting the lesion phenotype was further supported by quantitative PCR assays showing increased mRNA abundance for an SA-biosynthesis gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 (ICS1) and two SA-responsive genes PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE 1 (PR1) and PR2. Lesion phenotypes were also reversed by growing plants in liquid media containing either low calcium (~0.1 mM) or high nitrogen concentrations (~24 mM), which are conditions known to suppress SA-dependent autoimmunity. Yeast-based fluorescent lipid uptake assays revealed that ALA10 and ALA11 display overlapping substrate specificities, including the transport of LysoPC signaling lipids. Together, these results establish that the biochemical functions of ALA8-12 are at least partially overlapping, and that deficiencies in cluster-2 ALAs result in an SA-dependent autoimmunity phenotype that has not been observed for flippase mutants with deficiencies in other ALA clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Lisbeth R Poulsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bodil Kjeldgaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Max W Moog
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rosa L López-Marqués
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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Tanarsuwongkul S, Fisher KW, Mullis BT, Negi H, Roberts J, Tomlin F, Wang Q, Stratmann JW. Green leaf volatiles co-opt proteins involved in molecular pattern signalling in plant cells. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:928-946. [PMID: 38164082 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The green leaf volatiles (GLVs) Z-3-hexen-1-ol (Z3-HOL) and Z-3-hexenyl acetate (Z3-HAC) are airborne infochemicals released from damaged plant tissues that induce defenses and developmental responses in receiver plants, but little is known about their mechanism of action. We found that Z3-HOL and Z3-HAC induce similar but distinctive physiological and signaling responses in tomato seedlings and cell cultures. In seedlings, Z3-HAC showed a stronger root growth inhibition effect than Z3-HOL. In cell cultures, the two GLVs induced distinct changes in MAP kinase (MAPK) activity and proton fluxes as well as rapid and massive changes in the phosphorylation status of proteins within 5 min. Many of these phosphoproteins are involved in reprogramming the proteome from cellular homoeostasis to stress and include pattern recognition receptors, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, MAPK cascade components, calcium signaling proteins and transcriptional regulators. These are well-known components of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling pathways. These rapid changes in the phosphoproteome may underly the activation of defense and developmental responses to GLVs. Our data provide further evidence that GLVs function like DAMPs and indicate that GLVs coopt DAMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten W Fisher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - B Todd Mullis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- IMCS, Irmo, South Carolina, USA
| | - Harshita Negi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Fallon Tomlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Johannes W Stratmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Shang S, Liu G, Zhang S, Liang X, Zhang R, Sun G. A fungal CFEM-containing effector targets NPR1 regulator NIMIN2 to suppress plant immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:82-97. [PMID: 37596985 PMCID: PMC10754009 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola causes a broad range of plant diseases worldwide and secretes many candidate proteinous effectors during infection, but it remains largely unknown regarding their effects in conquering plant immunity. Here, we characterized a novel effector CfEC12 that is required for the virulence of C. fructicola. CfEC12 contains a CFEM domain and is highly expressed during the early stage of host infection. Overexpression of CfEC12 suppressed BAX-triggered cell death, callose deposition and ROS burst in Nicotiana benthamiana. CfEC12 interacted with apple MdNIMIN2, a NIM1-interacting (NIMIN) protein that putatively modulates NPR1 activity in response to SA signal. Transient expression and transgenic analyses showed that MdNIMIN2 was required for apple resistance to C. fructicola infection and rescued the defence reduction in NbNIMIN2-silenced N. benthamiana, supporting a positive role in plant immunity. CfEC12 and MdNPR1 interacted with a common region of MdNIMIN2, indicating that CfEC12 suppresses the interaction between MdNIMIN2 and MdNPR1 by competitive target binding. In sum, we identified a fungal effector that targets the plant salicylic acid defence pathway to promote fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Minishtry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Guangli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Minishtry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Minishtry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Minishtry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Minishtry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Minishtry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Mei S, Song Y, Zhang Z, Cui H, Hou S, Miao W, Rong W. WRR4B contributes to a broad-spectrum disease resistance against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13415. [PMID: 38279853 PMCID: PMC10777751 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Oidium heveae HN1106, a powdery mildew (PM) that infects rubber trees, has been found to trigger disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana through ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1)-, PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4)- and salicylic acid (SA)-mediated signalling pathways. In this study, a typical TOLL-INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR, NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING, LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (TIR-NB-LRR)-encoding gene, WHITE RUST RESISTANCE 4 (WRR4B), was identified to be required for the resistance against O. heveae in Arabidopsis. The expression of WRR4B was upregulated by O. heveae inoculation, and WRR4B positively regulated the expression of genes involved in SA biosynthesis, such as EDS1, PAD4, ICS1 (ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1), SARD1 (SYSTEMIC-ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1) and CBP60g (CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN 60 G). Furthermore, WRR4B triggered self-amplification, suggesting that WRR4B mediated plant resistance through taking part in the SA-based positive feedback loop. In addition, WRR4B induced an EDS1-dependent hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana and contributed to disease resistance against three other PM species: Podosphaera xanthii, Erysiphe quercicola and Erysiphe neolycopersici, indicating that WRR4B is a broad-spectrum disease resistance gene against PMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Mei
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
| | - Yuxin Song
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
| | - Zuer Zhang
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
| | - Haitao Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandongChina
| | - Shuguo Hou
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural SciencesPeking UniversityWeifangShandongChina
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
| | - Wei Rong
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
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Nye DG, Irigoyen ML, Perez-Fons L, Bohorquez-Chaux A, Hur M, Medina-Yerena D, Lopez-Lavalle LAB, Fraser PD, Walling LL. Integrative transcriptomics reveals association of abscisic acid and lignin pathways with cassava whitefly resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:657. [PMID: 38124051 PMCID: PMC10731783 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whiteflies are a global threat to crop yields, including the African subsistence crop cassava (Manihot esculenta). Outbreaks of superabundant whitefly populations throughout Eastern and Central Africa in recent years have dramatically increased the pressures of whitefly feeding and virus transmission on cassava. Whitefly-transmitted viral diseases threaten the food security of hundreds of millions of African farmers, highlighting the need for developing and deploying whitefly-resistant cassava. However, plant resistance to whiteflies remains largely poorly characterized at the genetic and molecular levels. Knowledge of cassava-defense programs also remains incomplete, limiting characterization of whitefly-resistance mechanisms. To better understand the genetic basis of whitefly resistance in cassava, we define the defense hormone- and Aleurotrachelus socialis (whitefly)-responsive transcriptome of whitefly-susceptible (COL2246) and whitefly-resistant (ECU72) cassava using RNA-seq. For broader comparison, hormone-responsive transcriptomes of Arabidopsis thaliana were also generated. RESULTS Whitefly infestation, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA) transcriptome responses of ECU72 and COL2246 were defined and analyzed. Strikingly, SA responses were largely reciprocal between the two cassava genotypes and we suggest candidate regulators. While susceptibility was associated with SA in COL2246, resistance to whitefly in ECU72 was associated with ABA, with SA-ABA antagonism observed. This was evidenced by expression of genes within the SA and ABA pathways and hormone levels during A. socialis infestation. Gene-enrichment analyses of whitefly- and hormone-responsive genes suggest the importance of fast-acting cell wall defenses (e.g., elicitor recognition, lignin biosynthesis) during early infestation stages in whitefly-resistant ECU72. A surge of ineffective immune and SA responses characterized the whitefly-susceptible COL2246's response to late-stage nymphs. Lastly, in comparison with the model plant Arabidopsis, cassava's hormone-responsive genes showed striking divergence in expression. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first characterization of cassava's global transcriptome responses to whitefly infestation and defense hormone treatment. Our analyses of ECU72 and COL2246 uncovered possible whitefly resistance/susceptibility mechanisms in cassava. Comparative analysis of cassava and Arabidopsis demonstrated that defense programs in Arabidopsis may not always mirror those in crop species. More broadly, our hormone-responsive transcriptomes will also provide a baseline for the cassava community to better understand global responses to other yield-limiting pests/pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Nye
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Maria L Irigoyen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Laura Perez-Fons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Adriana Bohorquez-Chaux
- Alliance Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Manhoi Hur
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Diana Medina-Yerena
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Luis Augusto Becerra Lopez-Lavalle
- Alliance Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
- Present Address: International Center of Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Oliveira-Fernandes J, Oliveira-Pinto PR, Mariz-Ponte N, Sousa RMOF, Santos C. Satureja montana and Mentha pulegium essential oils' antimicrobial properties against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and elicitor potential through the modulation of kiwifruit hormonal defenses. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127490. [PMID: 37722185 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is responsible for the kiwifruit bacterial canker, the most severe disease of Actinidia spp. The use in agriculture of antibiotics and cooper-based compounds is increasingly being restricted, demanding for new sustainable alternatives to current agrochemicals. We aimed to characterize the anti-Psa potential of essential oils (EOs) of Mentha pulegium and Satureja montana and investigate if they elicit the plant-host hormonal defenses. The EOs were characterized through gas-chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (MS). Pulegone (78.6%) and carvacrol (43.5%) were the major constituents of M. pulegium and S. montana EO, respectively. Only S. montana EO showed relevant anti-Psa activity in vitro. To evaluate if the EOs also elicited host defenses, in vitro shoots were treated with 2 mg shoot-1 of EO-solution and subsequently inoculated with Psa three days later. Shoots were analyzed 10 min, three days (and 10 min after Psa-inoculation), four and ten days after EO application. The up/down regulation of RNA-transcripts for hormone biosynthesis, Psa biofilm production and virulence genes were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Phytohormones were quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). S. montana EO showed the most promising results as a defense elicitor, increasing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) by 131.07% and reducing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels by 49.19%. Decreases of salicylic acid (SA), and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) levels by 32.55% and 33.09% respectively and an increase of abscisic acid (ABA) by 85.03%, in M. pulegium EO-treated shoots, revealed some protective post-infection effect. This is the most comprehensive research on the Psa's impact on phytohormones. It also unveils the protective influence of prior EO exposure, clarifying the plant hormonal response to subsequent infections. The results reinforce the hypothesis that carvacrol-rich S. montana EO can be a suitable disease control agent against Psa infection. Its dual action against pathogens and elicitation of host plant defenses make it a promising candidate for incorporation into environmentally friendly disease management approaches. Nonetheless, to fully leverage these promising results, further research is imperative to elucidate the EO mode of action and evaluate the long-term efficacy of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Oliveira-Fernandes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169- 007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo R Oliveira-Pinto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169- 007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Mariz-Ponte
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169- 007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CIBIO-InBIO, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Rose M O F Sousa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169- 007 Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto/Inov4Agro, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal; CITAB/Inov4Agro, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169- 007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Bwalya J, Widyasari K, Völz R, Kim KH. Chloroplast-related host proteins interact with NIb and NIa-Pro of soybeans mosaic virus and induce resistance in the susceptible cultivar. Virus Res 2023; 336:199205. [PMID: 37607595 PMCID: PMC10472001 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
To gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in viral infection and the corresponding plant resistance responses, it is essential to investigate the interactions between viral and host proteins. In the case of viral infections in plants, a significant portion of the affected gene products are closely associated with chloroplasts and photosynthesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between the virus and host chloroplast proteins during replication remain poorly understood. In our previous study, we made an interesting discovery regarding soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection in resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars. We found that the photosystem I (PSI) subunit (PSaC) and ATP synthase subunit α (ATPsyn-α) genes were up-regulated in the resistant cultivar following SMV-G7H and SMV-G5H infections compared to the susceptible cultivar. Overexpression of these two genes within the SMV-G7H genome in the susceptible cultivar Lee74 (rsv3-null) reduced SMV accumulation, whereas silencing of the PSaC and ATPsyn-α genes promoted SMV accumulation. We have also found that the PSaC and ATPsyn-α proteins are present in the chloroplast envelope, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Building on these findings, we now characterized protein-protein interactions between PSaC and ATPsyn-α with two viral proteins, NIb and NIa-Pro, respectively, of SMV. Through co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments, we confirmed the interactions between these proteins. Moreover, when the C-terminal region of either PSaC or ATPsyn-α was overexpressed in the SMV-G7H genome, we observed a reduction in viral accumulation and systemic infection in the susceptible cultivar. Based on these results, we propose that the PSaC and ATPsyn-α genes play a modulatory role in conferring resistance to SMV infection by influencing the function of NIb and NIa-Pro-in SMV replication and movement. The identification of these photosynthesis-related genes as key players in the interplay between the virus and the host provides valuable insights for developing more targeted control strategies against SMV. Additionally, by utilizing these genes, it may be possible to genetically engineer plants with improved photosynthetic efficiency and enhanced resistance to SMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bwalya
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristin Widyasari
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Research of Institute Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research of Institute Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Zhang S, Wei C, Yu L, Song B. Vanisulfane Induced Plant Resistance toward Potato Virus Y via the Salicylic-Depended Acid Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14527-14538. [PMID: 37769121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Vanisulfane is a plant resistance inducer that exhibits potent activity against potato virus Y (PVY), but its mechanism of action against this virus remains unclear. Our results showed that when we used 400 μg/mL of vanisulfane, it provided an impressive level of control (63.55%) against PVY in Nicotiana benthamiana L. Meanwhile, vanisulfane increased activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) as well as inducing H2O2 accumulation and Ca2+ influx to mediate PVY resistance. Furthermore, combined transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed that vanisulfane upregulated the POD52, APX, and PR-1 genes and proteins in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. Experiments demonstrated that vanisulfane triggered the accumulation of SA, upregulated the expression of ICS1 and PR-1 genes, and induced resistance against PVY in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Consequently, it can be concluded that vanisulfane mediates the SA-dependent signaling pathway to confer PVY resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxue Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
| | - Chunle Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
| | - Lu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
| | - Baoan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China
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10
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Guo T, Bao R, Yang Z, Fu X, Hu L, Wang N, Liu C, Ma F. The m 6 A reader MhYTP2 negatively modulates apple Glomerella leaf spot resistance by binding to and degrading MdRGA2L mRNA. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1287-1299. [PMID: 37366340 PMCID: PMC10502827 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola, significantly threatens apple production. Some resistances to plant disease are mediated by the accumulation of nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins that are encoded by a major class of plant disease resistance genes (R genes). However, the R genes that confer resistance to GLS in apple remain largely unclear. Malus hupehensis YT521-B homology domain-containing protein 2 (MhYTP2) was identified as an N6 -methyladenosine RNA methylation (m6 A) modified RNA reader in our previous study. However, whether MhYTP2 binds to mRNAs without m6 A RNA modifications remains unknown. In this study, we discovered that MhYTP2 exerts both m6 A-dependent and -independent functions by analysing previously obtained RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing results. The overexpression of MhYTP2 significantly reduced the resistance of apple to GLS and down-regulated the transcript levels of some R genes whose transcripts do not contain m6 A modifications. Further analysis indicated that MhYTP2 binds to and reduces the stability of MdRGA2L mRNA. MdRGA2L positively regulates resistance to GLS by activating salicylic acid signalling. Our findings revealed that MhYTP2 plays an essential role in the regulation of resistance to GLS and identified a promising R gene, MdRGA2L, for use in developing apple cultivars with GLS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ru Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaomin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Liu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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11
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Wilson SK, Pretorius T, Naidoo S. Mechanisms of systemic resistance to pathogen infection in plants and their potential application in forestry. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:404. [PMID: 37620815 PMCID: PMC10463331 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex systemic responses of tree species to fight pathogen infection necessitate attention due to the potential for yield protection in forestry. RESULTS In this paper, both the localized and systemic responses of model plants, such as Arabidopsis and tobacco, are reviewed. These responses were compared to information available that investigates similar responses in woody plant species and their key differences were highlighted. In addition, tree-specific responses that have been documented were summarised, with the critical responses still relying on certain systemic acquired resistance pathways. Importantly, coniferous species have been shown to utilise phenolic compounds in their immune responses. Here we also highlight the lack of focus on systemic induced susceptibility in trees, which can be important to forest health. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the possible mechanisms of systemic response to infection in woody plant species, their potential applications, and where research may be best focused in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - T Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - S Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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12
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Li Z, Wen J, Jing Z, Li H, Huang J, Yuan C, Xian L, Gao L, Zhu J, Xie B, Tao Y. Low temperature, mechanical wound, and exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can stimulate the SA signaling molecule as well as its downstream pathway and the formation of fruiting bodies in Flammulina filiformis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1197498. [PMID: 37675426 PMCID: PMC10477995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1197498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low temperature (LT) and mechanical wound (MW), as two common physics methods, have been empirically used in production to stimulate the primordia formation of Flammulina filiformis, which is typically produced using the industrial production mode. However, the detailed effect on the fruiting body formation and important endogenous hormones and signaling pathways in this process is poorly understood. In this study, LT, MW, their combination, i.e., MW + LT, and low concentration of SA (0.1 mM SA) treatments were applied to the physiologically mature mycelia of F. filiformis. The results showed that the primordia under the four treatments began to appear on the 5th-6th days compared with the 12th day in the control (no treatment). The MW + LT treatment produced the largest number of primordia (1,859 per bottle), followed by MW (757), SA (141), and LT (22), compared with 47 per bottle in the control. The HPLC results showed that the average contents of endogenous SA were significantly increased by 1.3 to 2.6 times under four treatments. A total of 11 SA signaling genes were identified in the F. filiformis genome, including 4 NPR genes (FfNpr1-4), 5 TGA genes (FfTga1-5), and 2 PR genes (FfPr1-2). FfNpr3 with complete conserved domains (ANK and BTB/POZ) showed significantly upregulated expression under all four above treatments, while FfNpr1/2/4 with one domain showed significantly upregulated response expression under the partial treatment of all four treatments. FfTga1-5 and FfPr1-2 showed 1.6-fold to 8.5-fold significant upregulation with varying degrees in response to four treatments. The results suggested that there was a correlation between "low temperature/mechanical wound-SA signal-fruiting body formation", and it will help researchers to understand the role of SA hormone and SA signaling pathway genes in the formation of fruiting bodies in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Wen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhuohan Jing
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiahua Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chengjin Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lijun Xian
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lingling Gao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Baogui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongxin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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13
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Ji Z, Wang M, Zhang S, Du Y, Cong J, Yan H, Guo H, Xu B, Zhou Z. GDSL Esterase/Lipase GELP1 Involved in the Defense of Apple Leaves against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10343. [PMID: 37373491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
GDSL esterases/lipases are a subclass of lipolytic enzymes that play critical roles in plant growth and development, stress response, and pathogen defense. However, the GDSL esterase/lipase genes involved in the pathogen response of apple remain to be identified and characterized. Thus, in this study, we aimed to analyze the phenotypic difference between the resistant variety, Fuji, and susceptible variety, Gala, during infection with C. gloeosporioides, screen for anti-disease-associated proteins in Fuji leaves, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that GDSL esterase/lipase protein GELP1 contributed to C. gloeosporioides infection defense in apple. During C. gloeosporioides infection, GELP1 expression was significantly upregulated in Fuji. Fuji leaves exhibited a highly resistant phenotype compared with Gala leaves. The formation of infection hyphae of C. gloeosporioides was inhibited in Fuji. Moreover, recombinant His:GELP1 protein suppressed hyphal formation during infection in vitro. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that GELP1-eGFP localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts. GELP1 overexpression in GL-3 plants increased resistance to C. gloeosporioides. MdWRKY15 expression was upregulated in the transgenic lines. Notably, GELP1 transcript levels were elevated in GL-3 after salicylic acid treatment. These results suggest that GELP1 increases apple resistance to C. gloeosporioides by indirectly regulating salicylic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Shuwu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yinan Du
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Jialin Cong
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Haimeng Guo
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zongshan Zhou
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
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14
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Zhao Y, Mao W, Tang W, Soares MA, Li H. Wild Rosa Endophyte M7SB41-Mediated Host Plant's Powdery Mildew Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:620. [PMID: 37367556 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that endophyte M7SB41 (Seimatosporium sp.) can significantly enhance host plants powdery mildew (PM) resistance. To recover the mechanisms, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared between E+ (endophte-inoculated) and E- (endophyte-free) plants by transcriptomics. A total of 4094, 1200 and 2319 DEGs between E+ and E- were identified at 0, 24, and 72 h after plants had been infected with PM pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum, respectively. Gene expression pattern analysis displayed a considerable difference and temporality in response to PM stress between the two groups. Transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that M7SB41 induced plant resistance to PM through Ca2+ signaling, salicylic acid (SA) signaling, and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. In particular, we investigated the role and the timing of the SA and jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defensive pathways. Both transcriptomes and pot experiments showed that SA-signaling may play a prominent role in PM resistance conferred by M7SB41. Additionally, the colonization of M7SB41 could effectively increase the activities and the expression of defense-related enzymes under PM pathogen stress. Meanwhile, our study revealed reliable candidate genes from TGA (TGACG motif-binding factor), WRKY, and pathogenesis-related genes related to M7SB41-mediate resistance. These findings offer a novel insight into the mechanisms of endophytes in activating plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenqin Mao
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenting Tang
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Marcos Antônio Soares
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Haiyan Li
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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15
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Świeżawska-Boniecka B, Szmidt-Jaworska A. Phytohormones and cyclic nucleotides - Long-awaited couples? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 286:154005. [PMID: 37186984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brygida Świeżawska-Boniecka
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Lwowska St. 1, PL 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Adriana Szmidt-Jaworska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Lwowska St. 1, PL 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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16
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Xu J, Qin L, Xu X, Shen H, Yang X. Bacillus paralicheniformis RP01 Enhances the Expression of Growth-Related Genes in Cotton and Promotes Plant Growth by Altering Microbiota inside and outside the Root. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087227. [PMID: 37108389 PMCID: PMC10138817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can promote plant growth in various ways, allowing PGPB to replace chemical fertilizers to avoid environmental pollution. PGPB is also used for bioremediation and in plant pathogen control. The isolation and evaluation of PGPB are essential not only for practical applications, but also for basic research. Currently, the known PGPB strains are limited, and their functions are not fully understood. Therefore, the growth-promoting mechanism needs to be further explored and improved. The Bacillus paralicheniformis RP01 strain with beneficial growth-promoting activity was screened from the root surface of Brassica chinensis using a phosphate-solubilizing medium. RP01 inoculation significantly increased plant root length and brassinosteroid content and upregulated the expression of growth-related genes. Simultaneously, it increased the number of beneficial bacteria that promoted plant growth and reduced the number of detrimental bacteria. The genome annotation findings also revealed that RP01 possesses a variety of growth-promoting mechanisms and a tremendous growth-promoting potential. This study isolated a highly potential PGPB and elucidated its possible direct and indirect growth-promoting mechanisms. Our study results will help enrich the PGPB library and provide a reference for plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Lijun Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Hong Shen
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xingyong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
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17
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Plant Protection against Viruses: An Integrated Review of Plant Immunity Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054453. [PMID: 36901884 PMCID: PMC10002506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are an important class of pathogens that seriously affect plant growth and harm crop production. Viruses are simple in structure but complex in mutation and have thus always posed a continuous threat to agricultural development. Low resistance and eco-friendliness are important features of green pesticides. Plant immunity agents can enhance the resilience of the immune system by activating plants to regulate their metabolism. Therefore, plant immune agents are of great importance in pesticide science. In this paper, we review plant immunity agents, such as ningnanmycin, vanisulfane, dufulin, cytosinpeptidemycin, and oligosaccharins, and their antiviral molecular mechanisms and discuss the antiviral applications and development of plant immunity agents. Plant immunity agents can trigger defense responses and confer disease resistance to plants, and the development trends and application prospects of plant immunity agents in plant protection are analyzed in depth.
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18
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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19
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Zhao JY, Chen J, Hu ZT, Li J, Fu HY, Rott PC, Gao SJ. Genetic and morphological variants of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae cause red stripe of sugarcane in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1127928. [PMID: 36814761 PMCID: PMC9939834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1127928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important cash crop for production of sugar and bioethanol. Red stripe caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Aaa) is a disease that occurs in numerous sugarcane-growing regions worldwide. In this study, 17 strains of Aaa were isolated from 13 symptomatic leaf samples in China. Nine of these strains produced white-cream colonies on nutrient agar medium while the other eight produced yellow colonies. In pairwise sequence comparisons of the 16S-23S rRNA internally transcribed spacer (ITS), the 17 strains had 98.4-100% nucleotide identity among each other and 98.2-99.5% identity with the reference strain of Aaa (ATCC 19860). Three RFLP patterns based on this ITS sequence were also found among the strains of Aaa obtained in this study. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on five housekeeping genes (ugpB, pilT, lepA, trpB, and gltA) revealed that the strains of Aaa from sugarcane in China and a strain of Aaa (30179) isolated from sorghum in Brazil formed a unique evolutionary subclade. Twenty-four additional strains of Aaa from sugarcane in Argentina and from other crops worldwide were distributed in two other and separate subclades, suggesting that strains of A. avenae from sugarcane are clonal populations with local specificities. Two strains of Aaa from China (CNGX08 forming white-cream colored colonies and CNGD05 forming yellow colonies) induced severe symptoms of red stripe in sugarcane varieties LC07-150 and ZZ8 but differed based on disease incidence in two separate inoculation experiments. Infected plants also exhibited increased salicylic acid (SA) content and transcript expression of gene PR-1, indicating that the SA-mediated signal pathway is involved in the response to infection by Aaa. Consequently, red stripe of sugarcane in China is caused by genetically different strains of Aaa and at least two morphological variants. The impact of these independent variations on epidemics of red stripe remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Juan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhong-Ting Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Juan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hua-Ying Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Philippe C. Rott
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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20
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Kumar R, Dasgupta I. Geminiviral C4/AC4 proteins: An emerging component of the viral arsenal against plant defence. Virology 2023; 579:156-168. [PMID: 36693289 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection triggers a plethora of defence reactions in plants to incapacitate the intruder. Viruses, in turn, have added additional functions to their genes so that they acquire capabilities to neutralize the above defence reactions. In plant-infecting viruses, the family Geminiviridae comprises members, majority of whom encode 6-8 genes in their small single-stranded DNA genomes. Of the above genes, one which shows the most variability in its amino acid sequence is the C4/AC4. Recent studies have uncovered evidence, which point towards a wide repertoire of functions performed by C4/AC4 revealing its role as a major player in suppressing plant defence. This review summarizes the various plant defence mechanisms against viruses and highlights how C4/AC4 has evolved to counter most of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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21
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Bwalya J, Kim KH. The Crucial Role of Chloroplast-Related Proteins in Viral Genome Replication and Host Defense against Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:28-38. [PMID: 36760047 PMCID: PMC9929168 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.10.2022.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are responsible for worldwide production losses of numerous economically important crops. The most common plant RNA viruses are positivesense single-stranded RNA viruses [(+)ss RNA viruses]. These viruses have small genomes that encode a limited number of proteins. The viruses depend on their host's machinery for the replication of their RNA genome, assembly, movement, and attraction to the vectors for dispersal. Recently researchers have reported that chloroplast proteins are crucial for replicating (+)ss plant RNA viruses. Some chloroplast proteins, including translation initiation factor [eIF(iso)4E] and 75 DEAD-box RNA helicase RH8, help viruses fulfill their infection cycle in plants. In contrast, other chloroplast proteins such as PAP2.1, PSaC, and ATPsyn-α play active roles in plant defense against viruses. This is also consistent with the idea that reactive oxygen species, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid are produced in chloroplast. However, knowledge of molecular mechanisms and functions underlying these chloroplast host factors during the virus infection is still scarce and remains largely unknown. Our review briefly summarizes the latest knowledge regarding the possible role of chloroplast in plant virus replication, emphasizing chloroplast-related proteins. We have highlighted current advances regarding chloroplast-related proteins' role in replicating plant (+)ss RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bwalya
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Research of Institute Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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22
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Gan X, Zhang W, Lan S, Hu D. Novel Cyclized Derivatives of Ferulic Acid as Potential Antiviral Agents through Activation of Photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1369-1380. [PMID: 36626162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To further develop new antiviral agents, several novel cyclized derivatives of ferulic acid were designed and synthesized. Their antiviral activities were evaluated against the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The results showed that some ferulic acid derivatives exhibited desirable antiviral activities. Particularly, compound 5e exhibited excellent protective activities against CMV, PMMoV, and TSWV, with EC50 values of 167.2, 102.5, and 145.8 μg mL-1, respectively, which were superior to those obtained for trans-ferulic acid (581.7, 611.2, and 615.4 μg mL-1), dufulin (312.6, 302.5, and 298.2 μg mL-1), and ningnanmycin (264.3, 282.5, and 276.5 μg mL-1). Thereafter, the protective mechanisms of 5e were evaluated through photosynthesis evaluation, transcriptome profiling, and proteomic analysis. The results indicated that 5e significantly activated the expression levels of photosynthesis-related regulatory genes and proteins in tobacco plants and promoted the accumulation of defense molecules to resist viral infection. Thus, the findings of this study indicated that novel cyclized ferulic acid derivatives are potential antiviral agents that act via regulating photosynthesis in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhai Gan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shichao Lan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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23
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Singh A. GIGANTEA regulates PAD4 transcription to promote pathogen defense against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2058719. [PMID: 35379074 PMCID: PMC8986176 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2058719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a network of complex signaling pathways that allow them to cope with the fluctuations of internal and external environmental cues. GIGANTEA (GI), a well-known, highly conserved plant nuclear protein, has been shown to regulate multiple biological functions in plants such as circadian rhythm, light signaling, cold tolerance, hormone signaling, and photoperiodic flowering. Recently, the role of GI in disease tolerance against different pathogens has come to light; however, a detailed mechanism to understand the role of GI in pathogen defense remains largely unexplained. Here, we report that GIGANTEA is upregulated upon infection with a virulent oomycete pathogen, Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), in Arabidopsis thaliana accession Col-0. To investigate the role of GI in Arabidopsis defense, we examined the pathogen infection phenotype of gi mutant plants and found that gi-100 mutant was highly susceptible to Hpa Noco2 infection. Notably, the quantitative real-time PCR showed that PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) and several PAD4-regulated downstream genes were downregulated upon Noco2 infection in gi-100 mutant as compared to Col-0 plants. Furthermore, the chromatin immunoprecipitation results show that GI can directly bind to the intronic region of the PAD4 gene, which might explain the mechanism of GI function in regulating disease resistance in plants. Taken together, our results suggest that GI expression is induced upon Hpa pathogen infection and GI can regulate the expression of PAD4 to promote resistance against the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (Niser) Bhubaneswar, Jatni, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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24
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Lee BR, La VH, Park SH, Mamun MA, Bae DW, Kim TH. Dimethylthiourea Alleviates Drought Stress by Suppressing Hydrogen Peroxide-Dependent Abscisic Acid-Mediated Oxidative Responses in an Antagonistic Interaction with Salicylic Acid in Brassica napus Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2283. [PMID: 36421468 PMCID: PMC9687642 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, prolonged drought induces oxidative stress, leading to a loss of reducing potential in redox components. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a representative hormonal signal regulating stress responses. This study aimed to investigate the physiological significance of dimethylthiourea (DMTU, an H2O2 scavenger) in the hormonal regulation of the antioxidant system and redox control in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) leaves under drought stress. Drought treatment for 10 days provoked oxidative stress, as evidenced by the increase in O2•- and H2O2 concentrations, and lipid peroxidation levels, and a decrease in leaf water potential. Drought-induced oxidative responses were significantly alleviated by DMTU treatment. The accumulation of O2•- and H2O2 in drought-treated plants coincided with the enhanced expression of the NADPH oxidase and Cu/Zn-SOD genes, leading to an up-regulation in oxidative signal-inducible 1 (OXI1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6), with a concomitant increase in ABA levels and the up-regulation of ABA-related genes. DMTU treatment under drought largely suppressed the drought-responsive up-regulation of these genes by depressing ABA responses through an antagonistic interaction with salicylic acid (SA). DMTU treatment also alleviated the drought-induced loss of reducing potential in GSH- and NADPH-based redox by the enhanced expression of glutathione reductase 1 (GR1) and up-regulation of oxidoreductase genes (TRXh5 and GRXC9). These results indicate that DMTU effectively alleviates drought-induced oxidative responses by suppressing ABA-mediated oxidative burst signaling in an antagonistic regulation of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok-Rye Lee
- Grassland Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hien La
- Grassland Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Center of Crop Research for Adaption to Climate Change (CRCC), Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen 24000, Vietnam
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Grassland Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Al Mamun
- Grassland Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Central Instrument Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Grassland Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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25
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Wang D, Chai G, Xu L, Yang K, Zhuang Y, Yang A, Liu S, Kong Y, Zhou G. Phosphorylation-mediated inactivation of C3H14 by MPK4 enhances bacterial-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1941-1959. [PMID: 35736512 PMCID: PMC9614498 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) triggers mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase 4 (MPK4)-mediated phosphorylation and induces downstream transcriptional reprogramming, but the mechanisms of the MPK4 defense pathway are poorly understood. Here, we showed that phosphorylation-mediated inactivation of the CCCH protein C3H14 by MPK4 positively regulates the immune response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Compared with wild-type plants, loss-of-function mutations in C3H14 and its paralog C3H15 resulted in enhanced defense against Pst DC3000 in infected leaves and the development of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), whereas C3H14 or C3H15 overexpression enhanced susceptibility to this pathogen and failed to induce SAR. The functions of C3H14 in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and SAR were dependent on MPK4-mediated phosphorylation. Challenge with Pst DC3000 or the flagellin peptide flg22 enhanced the phosphorylation of C3H14 by MPK4 in the cytoplasm, relieving C3H14-inhibited expression of PTI-related genes and attenuating C3H14-activated expression of its targets NIM1-INTERACTING1 (NIMIN1) and NIMIN2, two negative regulators of SAR. Salicylic acid (SA) affected the MPK4-C3H14-NIMIN1/2 cascades in immunity, but SA signaling mediated by the C3H14-NIMIN1/2 cascades was independent of MPK4 phosphorylation. Our study suggests that C3H14 might be a negative component of the MPK4 defense signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Kangkang Yang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yamei Zhuang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
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26
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Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, García-Barrera LJ, Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Arrieta-Flores D, Gregorio-Jorge J. An Overview of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Immunities: Conserved Signaling Components across the Plant Kingdom That Communicate Both Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12974. [PMID: 36361764 PMCID: PMC9654257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are plant immune proteins that trigger an orchestrated downstream signaling in response to molecules of microbial origin or host plant origin. Historically, PRRs have been associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs have been involved with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, recent studies reveal that such binary distinction is far from being applicable to the real world. Although the perception of plant pathogens and the final mounting response are achieved by different means, central hubs involved in signaling are shared between PTI and ETI, blurring the zig-zag model of plant immunity. In this review, we not only summarize our current understanding of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunities in plants, but also highlight those signaling components that are evolutionarily conserved across the plant kingdom. Altogether, we attempt to offer an overview of how plants mediate and integrate the induction of the defense responses that comprise PTI and ETI, emphasizing the need for more evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) studies that will pave the way to a better understanding of the emergence of the core molecular machinery involved in the so-called evolutionary arms race between plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
| | - Laura Jeannette García-Barrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas, Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa 91090, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km.1.5, Santa Inés-Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla 90700, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Arrieta-Flores
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología—Comisión Nacional del Agua, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
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27
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Solis-Ortiz CS, Gonzalez-Bernal J, Kido-Díaz HA, Peña-Uribe CA, López-Bucio JS, López-Bucio J, Guevara-García ÁA, García-Pineda E, Villegas J, Campos-García J, Reyes de La Cruz H. Bacterial cyclodipeptides elicit Arabidopsis thaliana immune responses reducing the pathogenic effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strains on plant development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 275:153738. [PMID: 35690030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile organisms are exposed to various biotic and abiotic factors, thus causing stress. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen for animals, insects, and plants. Direct exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to the P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain induces plant death by producing a wide variety of virulence factors, which are regulated mainly by quorum sensing systems. Besides virulence factors, P. aeruginosa PAO1 also produces cyclodipeptides (CDPs), which possess auxin-like activity and promote plant growth through activation of the target of the rapamycin (AtTOR) pathway. On the other hand, plant defense mechanisms are regulated through the production of phytohormones, such as salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), which are induced in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), activating defense genes associated with SA and JA such as PATHOGENESIS-RELATED-1 (PR-1) and LIPOXYGENASE2 (LOX2), respectively. PR proteins are suggested to play critical roles in coordinating the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). In contrast, LOX proteins (LOX2, LOX3, and LOX4) have been associated with the production of JA by producing its precursors, oxylipins. The activation of defense mechanisms involves signaling cascades such as Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) or the TOR pathway as a switch for re-directing energy towards defense or growth. In this work, we challenged A. thaliana (wild type, mpk6 or mpk3 mutants, and overexpressing TOR) seedlings with P. aeruginosa PAO1 strains to identify the role of bacterial CDPs in the plant immune response. Results showed that the pre-exposure of these Arabidopsis seedlings to CDPs significantly reduced plant infection of the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PAO1 strains, indicating that plants that over-express AtTOR or lack MPK3/MPK6 protein-kinases are more susceptible to the pathogenic effects. In addition, CDPs induced the GUS activity only in the LOX2::GUS plants, indicative of JA-signaling activation. Our findings indicate that the CDPs are molecules that trigger SA-independent and JA-dependent defense responses in A. thaliana; hence, bacterial CDPs may be considered elicitors of the Arabidopsis immune response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhian Said Solis-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Bernal
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Héctor Antonio Kido-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Cesar Artuto Peña-Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Salvador López-Bucio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto García-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Javier Villegas
- Laboratorio de Interacción Suelo Planta Microorganismo, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Campos-García
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Homero Reyes de La Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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28
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Liu Y, Han ZJ, Su MX, Zhang M. Transcriptomic Profile Analysis of Populus talassica × Populus euphratica Response and Tolerance under Salt Stress Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061032. [PMID: 35741794 PMCID: PMC9222677 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new Populus variety with a strong salt tolerance was obtained from cross breeding P. talassica as the female parent and P. euphratica as the male parent. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism and find out the major differentially expressed genes of salt tolerance of P. talassica × P. euphratica, after being subjected to salt stress, at 0, 200, and 400 mmol/L NaCl, the root, stem, and leaf transcriptomes (denoted as R0, S0, and L0; R200, S200, and L200; and R400, S400, and L400, respectively) of P. talassica × P. euphratica were sequenced. In total, 41,617 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in all the comparison groups with 21,603 differentially upregulated genes and 20,014 differentially downregulated genes. Gene Ontology analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in biological processes that may be involved in salt stress, such as ‘cell communication’, ‘ion transport’, ‘signaling’, and signal ‘transmission’. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in pathways of ‘plant–pathogen interaction’, ‘carbon metabolism’, and ‘plant hormone signal transmission’. The pathways and related gene information formed a basis for future research on the mechanisms of salt stress, the development of molecular markers, and the cloning of key genes in P. talassica × P. euphratica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (Y.L.); (M.X.S.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar 843300, China
| | - Zhan Jiang Han
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (Y.L.); (M.X.S.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar 843300, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Meng Xu Su
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (Y.L.); (M.X.S.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar 843300, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (Y.L.); (M.X.S.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar 843300, China
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29
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Benjamin G, Pandharikar G, Frendo P. Salicylic Acid in Plant Symbioses: Beyond Plant Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060861. [PMID: 35741382 PMCID: PMC9220041 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants form beneficial symbioses with a wide variety of microorganisms. Among these, endophytes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are some of the most studied and well understood symbiotic interactions. These symbiotic microorganisms promote plant nutrition and growth. In exchange, they receive the carbon and metabolites necessary for their development and multiplication. In addition to their role in plant growth and development, these microorganisms enhance host plant tolerance to a wide range of environmental stress. Multiple studies have shown that these microorganisms modulate the phytohormone metabolism in the host plant. Among the phytohormones involved in the plant defense response against biotic environment, salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in activating plant defense. However, in addition to being a major actor in plant defense signaling against pathogens, SA has also been shown to be involved in plant–microbe symbiotic interactions. In this review, we summarize the impact of SA on the symbiotic interactions. In addition, we give an overview of the impact of the endophytes, AMF, and rhizobacteria on SA-mediated defense response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06000 Nice, France;
- Correspondence:
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30
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Zeng H, Wu H, Wang G, Dai S, Zhu Q, Chen H, Yi K, Du L. Arabidopsis CAMTA3/SR1 is involved in drought stress tolerance and ABA signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111250. [PMID: 35487659 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin signals are important for various cellular and physiological activities in plants. Calmodulin binding transcription activators also named Signal Responsive (SR) proteins belong to an important calcium/calmodulin-dependent transcription factor family that plays critical roles in stress responses. However, the role of SRs in abscisic acid (ABA) regulated plant responses to drought stress is largely unknown. Here, we characterized the role of Arabidopsis SR1 in drought stress tolerance and ABA response by analyzing the phenotypes of SR1 knockout and SR1-overexpression plants. sr1 mutants which accumulate salicylic acid (SA) were found more sensitive to drought stress and showed a higher water loss rate as compared with wild-type. By contrast, SR1-overexpression lines exhibited increased drought tolerance and less water loss than wild-type. Furthermore, sr1 mutants showed reduced ABA response in seed germination, root elongation, and stomatal closure, while SR1-overexpression lines displayed more sensitive to ABA than wild-type. In addition, the drought-sensitive and ABA-insensitive phenotypes of sr1 mutants were recovered by diminishing SA accumulation via knockouts of SA synthesizer ICS1 or activator PAD4, or through expression of SA-degrading enzyme NahG. Some drought/ABA-responsive genes exhibited differentially expressed in sr1 mutants and SR1-overexpression plants. These results suggest that SR1 plays a positive role in drought stress tolerance and ABA response, and drought/ABA responses are antagonized by SA accumulation that is negatively regulated by SR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Haicheng Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Senhuan Dai
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qiuqing Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huiying Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Kharkiv Institute at Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Keke Yi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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Yavari N, Gazestani VH, Wu BS, MacPherson S, Kushalappa A, Lefsrud MG. Comparative proteomics analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana response to light-emitting diode of narrow wavelength 450 nm, 595 nm, and 650 nm. J Proteomics 2022; 265:104635. [PMID: 35659537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incident light is a central modulator of plant growth and development. However, there are still open questions surrounding wavelength-specific plant proteomic responses. Here we applied tandem mass tag based quantitative proteomics technology to acquire an in-depth view of proteome changes in Arabidopsis thaliana response to narrow wavelength blue (B; 450 nm), amber (A; 595 nm), or red (R; 650 nm) light treatments. A total of 16,707 proteins were identified with 9120 proteins quantified across all three light treatments in three biological replicates. This enabled examination of changes in the abundance for proteins with low abundance and important regulatory roles including transcription factors and hormone signaling. Importantly, 18% (1631 proteins) of the A. thaliana proteome is differentially abundant in response to narrow wavelength lights, and changes in proteome correlate well with different morphologies exhibited by plants. To showcase the usefulness of this resource, data were placed in the context of more than thirty published datasets, providing orthogonal validation and further insights into light-specific biological pathways, including Systemic Acquired Resistance and Shade Avoidance Syndrome. This high-resolution resource for A. thaliana provides baseline data and a tool for defining molecular mechanisms that control fundamental aspects of plant response to changing light conditions, with implications in plant development and adaptation. SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in wavelength-specific response of plant is question of widespread interest both to basic researchers and to those interested in applying such knowledge to the engineering of novel proteins, as well as targeted lighting systems. Here we sought to generate a high-resolution labeling proteomic profile of plant leaves, based on exposure to specific narrow-wavelength lights. Although changes in plant physiology in response to light spectral composition is well documented, there is limited knowledge on the roles of specific light wavelengths and their impact. Most previous studies have utilized relatively broad wavebands in their experiments. These multi-wavelengths lights function in a complex signaling network, which provide major challenges in inference of wavelength-specific molecular processes that underly the plant response. Besides, most studies have compared the effect of blue and red wavelengths comparing with FL, as control. As FL light consists the mixed spectra composition of both red and blue as well as numerous other wavelengths, comparing undeniably results in inconsistent and overlapping responses that will hamper effects to elucidate the plant response to specific wavelengths [1, 2]. Monitoring plant proteome response to specific wavelengths and further compare the changes to one another, rather than comparing plants proteome to FL, is thus necessary to gain the clear insights to specific underlying biological pathways and their effect consequences in plant response. Here, we employed narrow wavelength LED lights in our design to eliminate the potential overlap in molecular responses by ensuring non-overlapping wavelengths in the light treatments. We further applied TMT-labeling technology to gain a high-resolution view on the associates of proteome changes. Our proteomics data provides an in-depth coverage suitable for system-wide analyses, providing deep insights on plant physiological processes particularly because of the tremendous increase in the amount of identified proteins which outreach the other biological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Yavari
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada; Department of Electro-Chemistry Engineering, Dexcom, Inc., 6340 Sequence Dr., San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Vahid H Gazestani
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bo-Sen Wu
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah MacPherson
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ajjamada Kushalappa
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark G Lefsrud
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Li D, Zhou J, Zheng C, Zheng E, Liang W, Tan X, Xu R, Yan C, Yang Y, Yi K, Liu X, Chen J, Wang X. OsTGAL1 suppresses the resistance of rice to bacterial blight disease by regulating the expression of salicylic acid glucosyltransferase OsSGT1. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1584-1602. [PMID: 35141931 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many TGA transcription factors participate in immune responses in the SA-mediated signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. This study identified a transcription factor OsTGAL1, which is induced upon infection by Xoo. Overexpression of OsTGAL1 increased the susceptibility of rice to Xoo. Plants overexpressing OsTGAL1 could affect the expression of many SA signaling-related genes. OsTGAL1 was able to interact with the promoter of OsSGT1, which encodes a key enzyme for SA metabolism. The transcript of OsSGT1 was induced by Xoo and this responsive expression was further increased in plants overexpressing OsTGAL1. OsSGT1 knockout lines had enhanced resistance to Xoo, and knocking out OsSGT1 in plants overexpressing OsTGAL1 blocked the susceptibility caused by OsTGAL1. Altered expression levels of several OsPRs in all the transgenic plants demonstrated that SA-mediated signaling had been affected. Furthermore, we identified an oxidoreductase of CC-type glutaredoxin, OsGRX17, which interacted with OsTGAL1. OsGRX17 reduced the regulation of OsTGAL1 on OsSGT1, and this may be due to its redox modulation. Thus, our results demonstrate that OsTGAL1 negatively regulates resistance to Xoo by its effects on SA metabolism via the activation of OsSGT1, which provides valuable targets for plant breeders in developing new cultivars that are resistant to Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ersong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaojing Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rumeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keke Yi
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Widyasari K, Tran PT, Shin J, Son H, Kim KH. Overexpression of purple acid phosphatase GmPAP2.1 confers resistance to Soybean mosaic virus in a susceptible soybean cultivar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1623-1642. [PMID: 34758072 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A purple acid phosphatase, GmPAP2.1, from the soybean (Glycine max) cultivar L29 may function as a resistance factor acting against specific strains of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). In this study, we found that overexpression of GmPAP2.1 from L29 conferred SMV resistance to a susceptible cultivar, Lee 74. We determined that GmPAP2.1 interacted with the SMV protein P1 in the chloroplasts, resulting in the up-regulation of the ICS1 gene, which in turn promoted the pathogen-induced salicylic acid (SA) pathway. SA accumulation was elevated in response to the co-expression of GmPAP2.1 and SMV, while transient knockdown of endogenous SA-related genes resulted in systemic infection by SMV strain G5H, suggesting that GmPAP2.1-derived resistance depended on the SA-pathway for the activation of a defense response. Our findings thus suggest that GmPAP2.1 purple acid phosphatase of soybean cultivar L29 functions as an SA-pathway-dependent resistance factor acting against SMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Widyasari
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Phu-Tri Tran
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Shin
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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Asimakis E, Shehata AA, Eisenreich W, Acheuk F, Lasram S, Basiouni S, Emekci M, Ntougias S, Taner G, May-Simera H, Yilmaz M, Tsiamis G. Algae and Their Metabolites as Potential Bio-Pesticides. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020307. [PMID: 35208762 PMCID: PMC8877611 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing human population necessitates more food production, yet current techniques in agriculture, such as chemical pesticide use, have negative impacts on the ecosystems and strong public opposition. Alternatives to synthetic pesticides should be safe for humans, the environment, and be sustainable. Extremely diverse ecological niches and millions of years of competition have shaped the genomes of algae to produce a myriad of substances that may serve humans in various biotechnological areas. Among the thousands of described algal species, only a small number have been investigated for valuable metabolites, yet these revealed the potential of algal metabolites as bio-pesticides. This review focuses on macroalgae and microalgae (including cyanobacteria) and their extracts or purified compounds, that have proven to be effective antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, nematocides, insecticides, herbicides, and plant growth stimulants. Moreover, the mechanisms of action of the majority of these metabolites against plant pests are thoroughly discussed. The available information demonstrated herbicidal activities via inhibition of photosynthesis, antimicrobial activities via induction of plant defense responses, inhibition of quorum sensing and blocking virus entry, and insecticidal activities via neurotoxicity. The discovery of antimetabolites also seems to hold great potential as one recent example showed antimicrobial and herbicidal properties. Algae, especially microalgae, represent a vast untapped resource for discovering novel and safe biopesticide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Asimakis
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St., 30131 Agrinio, Greece;
| | - Awad A. Shehata
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center—Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Fatma Acheuk
- Laboratory for Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources, Faculty of Sciences, University M’Hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria;
| | - Salma Lasram
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Plants, Borj-Cedria Biotechnology Center. BP. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia;
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (H.M.-S.)
| | - Mevlüt Emekci
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Keçiören, Ankara 06135, Turkey;
| | - Spyridon Ntougias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67132 Xanthi, Greece;
| | - Gökçe Taner
- Department of Bioengineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa 16310, Turkey;
| | - Helen May-Simera
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (H.M.-S.)
| | - Mete Yilmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa 16310, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (G.T.)
| | - George Tsiamis
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St., 30131 Agrinio, Greece;
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (G.T.)
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Syed‐Ab‐Rahman SF, Arkhipov A, Wass TJ, Xiao Y, Carvalhais LC, Schenk PM. Rhizosphere bacteria induce programmed cell death defence genes and signalling in chilli pepper. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3111-3124. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Farhana Syed‐Ab‐Rahman
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Alexander Arkhipov
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Taylor J. Wass
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Yawen Xiao
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lilia C. Carvalhais
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation The University of Queensland Ecosciences Precinct GPO Box 267 Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions Laboratory School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
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Zhu T, Zhou X, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang L, You C, Jameson PE, Ma P, Guo S. Ethylene-induced NbMYB4L is involved in resistance against tobacco mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:16-31. [PMID: 34633738 PMCID: PMC8659562 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Several MYB transcription factors are known to play important roles in plant resistance to environmental stressors. However, the mechanism governing the involvement of MYBs in regulating tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) resistance in plants is still unclear. In this study, we found that not only is Nicotiana benthamiana MYB4-like involved in defence against TMV, but also that the ethylene pathway participates in MYB4L-mediated resistance. Transcription of NbMYB4L was up-regulated in N. benthamiana infected with TMV. Silencing of NbMYB4L led to intensified TMV replication, whereas overexpression of NbMYB4L induced significant resistance to TMV. Transcription of NbMYB4L was greater in 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC, ethylene precursor)-pretreated plants but lower when the ethylene signalling pathway was blocked during TMV infection. Gene expression analysis showed that the transcription of NbMYB4L was largely suppressed in ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 1(EIL1)-silenced plants. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) experiments indicated that NbEIL1 could directly bind to two specific regions of the NbMYB4L promoter. Furthermore, a luciferase assay revealed that NbEIL1 significantly induced the reporter activity of the MYB4L promoter in N. benthamiana. These results point to NbEIL1 functioning as a positive regulator of NbMYB4L transcription in N. benthamiana against TMV. Collectively, our work reveals that EIL1 and MYB4L constitute a coherent feed-forward loop involved in the robust regulation of resistance to TMV in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- College of Life ScienceYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Xue Zhou
- College of Life ScienceYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | | | | | | | - Chun‐Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyShandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Peng‐Tao Ma
- College of Life ScienceYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Shan‐Li Guo
- College of Life ScienceYantai UniversityYantaiChina
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Khan FS, Gan ZM, Li EQ, Ren MK, Hu CG, Zhang JZ. Transcriptomic and physiological analysis reveals interplay between salicylic acid and drought stress in citrus tree floral initiation. PLANTA 2021; 255:24. [PMID: 34928452 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and drought stress promote more flowering in sweet orange. The physiological response and molecular mechanism underlying stress-induced floral initiation were discovered by transcriptome profiling. Numerous flowering-regulated genes were identified, and ectopically expressed CsLIP2A promotes early flowering in Arabidopsis. Floral initiation is a critical developmental mechanism associated with external factors, and citrus flowering is mainly regulated by drought stress. However, little is known about the intricate regulatory network involved in stress-induced flowering in citrus. To understand the molecular mechanism of floral initiation in citrus, flower induction was performed on potted Citrus sinensis trees under the combined treatment of salicylic acid (SA) and drought (DR). Physiological analysis revealed that SA treatment significantly normalized the drastic effect of drought stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT), relative leaf water content, total chlorophyll, and proline contents and promoting more flowering than drought treatment. Analysis of transcriptome changes in leaves from different treatments showed that 1135, 2728 and 957 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were revealed in response to DR, SD (SA + DR), and SA (SA + well water) treatments in comparison with the well watered plants, respectively. A total of 2415, 2318 and 1933 DEGs were expressed in DR, SD, and SA in comparison with water recovery, respectively. Some key flowering genes were more highly expressed in SA-treated drought plants than in DR-treated plants. GO enrichment revealed that SA treatment enhances the regulation and growth of meristem activity under drought conditions, but no such a pathway was found to be highly enriched in the control. Furthermore, we focused on various hormones, sugars, starch metabolism, and biosynthesis-related genes. The KEGG analysis demonstrated that DEGs enriched in starch sucrose metabolism and hormonal signal transduction pathways probably account for stress-induced floral initiation in citrus. In addition, a citrus LIPOYLTRANSFERSAE 2A homologous (LIP2A) gene was upregulated by SD treatment. Ectopic expression of CsLIP2A exhibited early flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis. Taken together, this study provides new insight that contributes to citrus tree floral initiation under the SA-drought scenario as well as an excellent reference for stress-induced floral initiation in woody trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Shafique Khan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi-Meng Gan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - En-Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng-Ke Ren
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chun-Gen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Wang H, Bi Y, Gao Y, Yan Y, Yuan X, Xiong X, Wang J, Liang J, Li D, Song F. A Pathogen-Inducible Rice NAC Transcription Factor ONAC096 Contributes to Immunity Against Magnaprothe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Direct Binding to the Promoters of OsRap2.6, OsWRKY62, and OsPAL1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:802758. [PMID: 34956298 PMCID: PMC8702954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rice NAC transcriptional factor family harbors 151 members, and some of them play important roles in rice immunity. Here, we report the function and molecular mechanism of a pathogen-inducible NAC transcription factor, ONAC096, in rice immunity against Magnaprothe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Expression of ONAC096 was induced by M. oryzae and by abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate. ONAC096 had the DNA binding ability to NAC recognition sequence and was found to be a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator whose activity depended on its C-terminal. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ONAC096 attenuated rice immunity against M. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzae as well as suppressed chitin- and flg22-induced reactive oxygen species burst and expression of PTI marker genes OsWRKY45 and OsPAL4; by contrast, overexpression of ONAC096 enhanced rice immunity against these two pathogens and strengthened chitin- or flg22-induced PTI. RNA-seq transcriptomic profiling and qRT-PCR analysis identified a small set of defense and signaling genes that are putatively regulated by ONAC096, and further biochemical analysis validated that ONAC096 could directly bind to the promoters of OsRap2.6, OsWRKY62, and OsPAL1, three known defense and signaling genes that regulate rice immunity. ONAC096 interacts with ONAC066, which is a positive regulator of rice immunity. These results demonstrate that ONAC096 positively contributes to rice immunity against M. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzae through direct binding to the promoters of downstream target genes including OsRap2.6, OsWRKY62, and OsPAL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Bi
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Gao
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaohui Xiong
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Liang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Fàbregas N, Fernie AR. The interface of central metabolism with hormone signaling in plants. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1535-R1548. [PMID: 34875246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Amongst the myriad of metabolites produced by plants, primary metabolites and hormones play crucial housekeeping roles in the cell and are essential for proper plant growth and development. While the biosynthetic pathways of primary metabolism are well characterized, those of hormones are yet to be completely defined. Central metabolism provides precursors for hormone biosynthesis and the regulation and function of primary metabolites and hormones are tightly entwined. The combination of reverse genetics and technological advances in our ability to evaluate the levels of the molecular entities of the cell (transcripts, proteins and metabolites) has led to considerable improvements in our understanding of both the regulatory interaction between primary metabolites and hormones and its coordination in response to different conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the interaction of primary and hormone metabolism at the metabolic and signaling levels, as well as a perspective regarding the tools that can be used to tackle our current knowledge gaps at the signaling level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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40
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Nair A, Goyal I, Voß E, Mrozek P, Prajapati S, Thurow C, Tietze L, Tittmann K, Gatz C. N-hydroxypipecolic acid-induced transcription requires the salicylic acid signaling pathway at basal SA levels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2803-2819. [PMID: 34890459 PMCID: PMC8644824 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant immune response established in uninfected leaves after colonization of local leaves with biotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens. The amino acid-derived metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) travels from infected to systemic leaves, where it activates salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis through the isochorismate pathway. The resulting increased SA levels are essential for induction of a large set of SAR marker genes and full SAR establishment. In this study, we show that pharmacological treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana with NHP induces a subset of SAR-related genes even in the SA induction-deficient2 (sid2/isochorismate synthase1) mutant, which is devoid of NHP-induced SA. NHP-mediated induction is abolished in sid2-1 NahG plants, in which basal SA levels are degraded. The SA receptor NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) and its interacting TGACG SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC BINDING PROTEIN (TGA) transcription factors are required for the NHP-mediated induction of SAR genes at resting SA levels. Isothermal titration analysis determined a KD of 7.9 ± 0.5 µM for the SA/NPR1 complex, suggesting that basal levels of SA would not bind to NPR1 unless yet unknown potentially NHP-induced processes increase the affinity. Moreover, the nucleocytoplasmic protein PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 is required for a slight NHP-mediated increase in NPR1 protein levels and NHP-induced expression of SAR-related genes. Our experiments have unraveled that NHP requires basal SA and components of the SA signaling pathway to induce SAR genes. Still, the mechanism of NHP perception remains enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Nair
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isha Goyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edgar Voß
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pascal Mrozek
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabin Prajapati
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences and Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Thurow
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Tietze
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Tittmann
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences and Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Author for communication:
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Elnaggar A, Mosa KA, Ramamoorthy K, El-Keblawy A, Navarro T, Soliman SSM. De novo transcriptome sequencing, assembly, and gene expression profiling of a salt-stressed halophyte (Salsola drummondii) from a saline habitat. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1695-1714. [PMID: 34741316 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salsola drummondii is a perennial habitat-indifferent halophyte growing in saline and nonsaline habitats of the Arabian hyperarid deserts. It offers an invaluable opportunity to examine the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance. The present study was conducted to elucidate these mechanisms through transcriptome profiling of seedlings grown from seeds collected in a saline habitat. The Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform was employed to sequence cDNA libraries prepared from shoots and roots of nonsaline-treated plants (controls) and plants treated with 1200 mM NaCl. Transcriptomic comparison between salt-treated and control samples resulted in 17,363 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 12,000 upregulated genes (7870 in roots, 4130 in shoots) and 5363 downregulated genes (4258 in roots and 1105 in shoots). The majority of identified DEGs are known to be involved in transcription regulation (79), signal transduction (82), defense metabolism (101), transportation (410), cell wall metabolism (27), regulatory processes (392), respiration (85), chaperoning (9), and ubiquitination (98) during salt tolerance. This study identified potential genes associated with the salt tolerance of S. drummondii and demonstrated that this tolerance may depend on the induction of certain genes in shoot and root tissues. These gene expressions were validated using reverse-transcription quantitative PCR, the results of which were consistent with transcriptomics results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing genetic information on salt tolerance mechanisms in S. drummondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attiat Elnaggar
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Departmento de Botanica y Fisiologia Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kareem A Mosa
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kalidoss Ramamoorthy
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ali El-Keblawy
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Arish University, Egypt
| | - Teresa Navarro
- Departmento de Botanica y Fisiologia Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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McMillan HM, Kuehn MJ. The extracellular vesicle generation paradox: a bacterial point of view. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108174. [PMID: 34636061 PMCID: PMC8561641 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
All bacteria produce secreted vesicles that carry out a variety of important biological functions. These extracellular vesicles can improve adaptation and survival by relieving bacterial stress and eliminating toxic compounds, as well as by facilitating membrane remodeling and ameliorating inhospitable environments. However, vesicle production comes with a price. It is energetically costly and, in the case of colonizing pathogens, it elicits host immune responses, which reduce bacterial viability. This raises an interesting paradox regarding why bacteria produce vesicles and begs the question as to whether the benefits of producing vesicles outweigh their costs. In this review, we discuss the various advantages and disadvantages associated with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial vesicle production and offer perspective on the ultimate score. We also highlight questions needed to advance the field in determining the role for vesicles in bacterial survival, interkingdom communication, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of BiochemistryDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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Zhai Y, Yuan Q, Qiu S, Li S, Li M, Zheng H, Wu G, Lu Y, Peng J, Rao S, Chen J, Yan F. Turnip mosaic virus impairs perinuclear chloroplast clustering to facilitate viral infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3681-3699. [PMID: 34331318 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play crucial roles in plant defence against viral infection. We now report that chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex M subunit gene (NdhM) was first up-regulated and then down-regulated in turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)-infected N. benthamiana. NbNdhM-silenced plants were more susceptible to TuMV, whereas overexpression of NbNdhM inhibited TuMV accumulation. Overexpression of NbNdhM significantly induced the clustering of chloroplasts around the nuclei and disturbing this clustering facilitated TuMV infection, suggesting that the clustering mediated by NbNdhM is a defence against TuMV. It was then shown that NbNdhM interacted with TuMV VPg, and that the NdhMs of different plant species interacted with the proteins of different viruses, implying that NdhM may be a common target of viruses. In the presence of TuMV VPg, NbNdhM, which is normally localized in the nucleus, chloroplasts, cell periphery and chloroplast stromules, colocalized with VPg at the nucleus and nucleolus, with significantly increased nuclear accumulation, while NbNdhM-mediated chloroplast clustering was significantly impaired. This study therefore indicates that NbNdhM has a defensive role in TuMV infection probably by inducing the perinuclear clustering of chloroplasts, and that the localization of NbNdhM is altered by its interaction with TuMV VPg in a way that promotes virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhai
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shiyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Saisai Li
- College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Saleem M, Fariduddin Q, Castroverde CDM. Salicylic acid: A key regulator of redox signalling and plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:381-397. [PMID: 34715564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during normal conditions are essential in regulating several processes, like stomatal physiology, pathogen immunity and developmental signaling. However, biotic and abiotic stresses can cause ROS over-accumulation leading to oxidative stress. Therefore, a suitable equilibrium is vital for redox homeostasis in plants, and there have been major advances in this research arena. Salicylic acid (SA) is known as a chief regulator of ROS; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. SA plays an important role in establishing the hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). This is underpinned by a robust and complex network of SA with Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis Related protein-1 (NPR1), ROS, calcium ions (Ca2+), nitric oxide (NO) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the regulation of ROS and antioxidant defense system signalling by SA at the physiological and molecular levels. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how SA controls redox homeostasis would provide a fundamental framework to develop approaches that will improve plant growth and fitness, in order to meet the increasing global demand for food and bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saleem
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Ramakrishna B, Sarma PVSRN, Ankati S, Bhuvanachandra B, Podile AR. Elicitation of defense response by transglycosylated chitooligosaccharides in rice seedlings. Carbohydr Res 2021; 510:108459. [PMID: 34700217 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain chitooligosaccharides (COS) with degree of polymerization (DP) more than 4 are known to have potential biological activities. A hyper-transglycosylating mutant of an endo-chitinase from Serratia proteamaculans (SpChiD-Y28A) was used to synthesize COS with DP6 and DP7 using COS DP5 as substrate. Purified COS with DP5-7 were tested to elicit the defense response in rice seedlings. Among the COS used, DP7 strongly induced oxidative burst response as well as peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activites. A few selected marker genes in salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid-dependent pathways were evaluated by real-time PCR. The expression levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR1a and PR10 and defense response genes (chitinase1, peroxidase and β -1,3-glucanase) were up regulated upon COS treatment in rice seedlings. The DP7 induced Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and Isochorismate synthase 1 genes, with concomitant increase of Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 and WRKY45 transcription factor genes indicated the possible role of phosphorylation in the transmission of a signal to induce SA-mediated defense response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda Ramakrishna
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - P V S R N Sarma
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sravani Ankati
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Bhoopal Bhuvanachandra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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Rhizospheric microbiome: Bio-based emerging strategies for sustainable agriculture development and future perspectives. Microbiol Res 2021; 254:126901. [PMID: 34700186 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the light of intensification of cropping practices and changing climatic conditions, nourishing a growing global population requires optimizing environmental sustainability and reducing ecosystem impacts of food production. The use of microbiological systems to ameliorate the agricultural production in a sustainable and eco-friendly way is widespread accepted as a future key-technology. However, the multitude of interaction possibilities between the numerous beneficial microbes and plants in their habitat calls for systematic analysis and management of the rhizospheric microbiome. This review exploits present and future strategies for rhizospheric microbiome management with the aim to generate a comprehensive understanding of the known tools and techniques. Significant information on the structure and dynamics of rhizospheric microbiota of isolated microbial communities is now available. These microbial communities have beneficial effects including increased plant growth, essential nutrient acquisition, pathogens tolerance, and increased abiotic as well as biotic stress tolerance such as drought, temperature, salinity and antagonistic activities against the phyto-pathogens. A better and comprehensive understanding of the various effects and microbial interactions can be gained by application of molecular approaches as extraction of DNA/RNA and other biochemical markers to analyze microbial soil diversity. Novel techniques like interactome network analysis and split-ubiquitin system framework will enable to gain more insight into communication and interactions between the proteins from microbes and plants. The aim of the analysis tasks leads to the novel approach of Rhizosphere microbiome engineering. The capability of forming the rhizospheric microbiome in a defined way will allow combining several microbes (e.g. bacteria and fungi) for a given environment (soil type and climatic zone) in order to exert beneficial influences on specific plants. This integration will require a large-scale effort among academic researchers, industry researchers and farmers to understand and manage interactions of plant-microbiomes within modern farming systems, and is clearly a multi-domain approach and can be mastered only jointly by microbiology, mathematics and information technology. These innovations will open up a new avenue for designing and implementing intensive farming microbiome management approaches to maximize resource productivity and stress tolerance of agro-ecosystems, which in return will create value to the increasing worldwide population, for both food production and consumption.
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Hou Y, Yu X, Chen W, Zhuang W, Wang S, Sun C, Cao L, Zhou T, Qu S. MdWRKY75e enhances resistance to Alternaria alternata in Malus domestica. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:225. [PMID: 34629466 PMCID: PMC8502781 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Alternaria alternata apple pathotype adversely affects apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced resistance to this pathogen in apple remain poorly understood. We have previously reported that MdWRKY75 expression is upregulated by A. alternata infection in 'Sushuai' apples. In this study, we discovered that overexpression of MdWRKY75e increased the resistance of transgenic apple lines to A. alternata infection, whereas silencing this gene enhanced susceptibility to A. alternata infection. Furthermore, we found that MdWRKY75e directly binds to the MdLAC7 promoter to regulate the biosynthesis of laccase and increase the biosynthesis of lignin during A. alternata infection. Moreover, the thickening of the cell wall enhanced the mechanical defense capabilities of apple. In addition, we found that jasmonic acid remarkably induced MdWRKY75e expression, and its levels in transgenic apple lines were elevated. These results indicate that MdWRKY75e confers resistance to the A. alternata apple pathotype mainly via the jasmonic acid pathway and that pathogenesis-related genes and antioxidant-related enzyme activity are involved in the disease resistance of MdWRKY75e transgenic plants. In conclusion, our findings provide insights into the importance of MdWRKY75e for resistance to A. alternata infection in apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Hou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibing Zhuang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-sen), Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanhong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Yamasaki Y, Sumioka H, Takiguchi M, Uemura T, Kihara Y, Shinya T, Galis I, Arimura GI. Phytohormone-dependent plant defense signaling orchestrated by oral bacteria of the herbivore Spodoptera litura. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2029-2038. [PMID: 33932298 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A vast array of herbivorous arthropods live with symbiotic microorganisms. However, little is known about the nature and functional mechanism of bacterial effects on plant defense responses towards herbivores. We explored the role of microbes present in extracts of oral secretion (OS) isolated from larvae of Spodoptera litura, a generalist herbivore, in phytohormone signaling-dependent defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). In response to mechanical damage (MD) with application of bacteria-free OS (OS- ) prepared by sterilization or filtration of OS, Arabidopsis leaves exhibited enhanced de novo synthesis of oxylipins, and induction of transcript abundance of the responsible genes, in comparison to those in leaves with MD + nonsterilized OS (OS+ ), indicating that OS bacteria serve as suppressors of these genes. By contrast, de novo synthesis/signaling of salicylic acid and signaling of abscisic acid were enhanced by OS bacteria. These signaling networks were cross-regulated by each other. Meta-analysis of OS bacteria identified 70 bacterial strains. Among them was Staphylococcus epidermidis, an anaerobic staphylococcus that was shown to contribute to the suppression/manipulation of phytohormone-dependent plant defense signaling. The presence of OS bacteria was consequently beneficial for S. litura larvae hosted by Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyo Yamasaki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroka Sumioka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Mayu Takiguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Uemura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yuka Kihara
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Arimura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
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Nefissi Ouertani R, Arasappan D, Abid G, Ben Chikha M, Jardak R, Mahmoudi H, Mejri S, Ghorbel A, Ruhlman TA, Jansen RK. Transcriptomic Analysis of Salt-Stress-Responsive Genes in Barley Roots and Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8155. [PMID: 34360920 PMCID: PMC8348758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley is characterized by a rich genetic diversity, making it an important model for studies of salinity response with great potential for crop improvement. Moreover, salt stress severely affects barley growth and development, leading to substantial yield loss. Leaf and root transcriptomes of a salt-tolerant Tunisian landrace (Boulifa) exposed to 2, 8, and 24 h salt stress were compared with pre-exposure plants to identify candidate genes and pathways underlying barley's response. Expression of 3585 genes was upregulated and 5586 downregulated in leaves, while expression of 13,200 genes was upregulated and 10,575 downregulated in roots. Regulation of gene expression was severely impacted in roots, highlighting the complexity of salt stress response mechanisms in this tissue. Functional analyses in both tissues indicated that response to salt stress is mainly achieved through sensing and signaling pathways, strong transcriptional reprograming, hormone osmolyte and ion homeostasis stabilization, increased reactive oxygen scavenging, and activation of transport and photosynthesis systems. A number of candidate genes involved in hormone and kinase signaling pathways, as well as several transcription factor families and transporters, were identified. This study provides valuable information on early salt-stress-responsive genes in roots and leaves of barley and identifies several important players in salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Nefissi Ouertani
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (R.N.O.); (M.B.C.); (R.J.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Dhivya Arasappan
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Ghassen Abid
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia;
| | - Mariem Ben Chikha
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (R.N.O.); (M.B.C.); (R.J.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Rahma Jardak
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (R.N.O.); (M.B.C.); (R.J.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Henda Mahmoudi
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Samiha Mejri
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (R.N.O.); (M.B.C.); (R.J.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Abdelwahed Ghorbel
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (R.N.O.); (M.B.C.); (R.J.); (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Tracey A. Ruhlman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Robert K. Jansen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Shan D, Wang C, Zheng X, Hu Z, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Jiang A, Zhang H, Shi K, Bai Y, Yan T, Wang L, Sun Y, Li J, Zhou Z, Guo Y, Kong J. MKK4-MPK3-WRKY17-mediated salicylic acid degradation increases susceptibility to Glomerella leaf spot in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1202-1219. [PMID: 33693824 PMCID: PMC8195508 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, severely affects apple quality and yield, yet few resistance genes have been identified in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Here we found a transcription factor MdWRKY17 significantly induced by C. fructicola infection in the susceptible apple cultivar "Gala." MdWRKY17 overexpressing transgenic "Gala" plants exhibited increased susceptibility to C. fructicola, whereas MdWRKY17 RNA-interference plants showed opposite phenotypes, indicating MdWRKY17 acts as a plant susceptibility factor during C. fructicola infection. Furthermore, MdWRKY17 directly bound to the promoter of the salicylic acid (SA) degradation gene Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (MdDMR6) and promoted its expression, resulting in reduced resistance to C. fructicola. Additionally, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 3 (MdMPK3) directly interacted with and phosphorylated MdWRKY17. Importantly, predicted phosphorylation residues in MdWRKY17 by MAPK kinase 4 (MdMEK4)-MdMPK3 were critical for the activity of MdWRKY17 to regulate MdDMR6 expression. In the six susceptible germplasms, MdWRKY17 levels were significantly higher than the six tolerant germplasms after infection, which corresponded with lower SA content, confirming the critical role of MdWRKY17-mediated SA degradation in GLS tolerance. Our study reveals a rapid regulatory mechanism of MdWRKY17, which is essential for SA degradation and GLS susceptibility, paving the way to generate GLS resistant apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqian Shan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chanyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zehui Hu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Awei Jiang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yixue Bai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianci Yan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanzhao Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Kong
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Author for communication:
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