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Sharma M, Tisarum R, Kohli RK, Batish DR, Cha-Um S, Singh HP. Inroads into saline-alkaline stress response in plants: unravelling morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. PLANTA 2024; 259:130. [PMID: 38647733 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This article discusses the complex network of ion transporters, genes, microRNAs, and transcription factors that regulate crop tolerance to saline-alkaline stress. The framework aids scientists produce stress-tolerant crops for smart agriculture. Salinity and alkalinity are frequently coexisting abiotic limitations that have emerged as archetypal mediators of low yield in many semi-arid and arid regions throughout the world. Saline-alkaline stress, which occurs in an environment with high concentrations of salts and a high pH, negatively impacts plant metabolism to a greater extent than either stress alone. Of late, saline stress has been the focus of the majority of investigations, and saline-alkaline mixed studies are largely lacking. Therefore, a thorough understanding and integration of how plants and crops rewire metabolic pathways to repair damage caused by saline-alkaline stress is of particular interest. This review discusses the multitude of resistance mechanisms that plants develop to cope with saline-alkaline stress, including morphological and physiological adaptations as well as molecular regulation. We examine the role of various ion transporters, transcription factors (TFs), differentially expressed genes (DEGs), microRNAs (miRNAs), or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) activated under saline-alkaline stress in achieving opportunistic modes of growth, development, and survival. The review provides a background for understanding the transport of micronutrients, specifically iron (Fe), in conditions of iron deficiency produced by high pH. Additionally, it discusses the role of calcium in enhancing stress tolerance. The review highlights that to encourage biomolecular architects to reconsider molecular responses as auxiliary for developing tolerant crops and raising crop production, it is essential to (a) close the major gaps in our understanding of saline-alkaline resistance genes, (b) identify and take into account crop-specific responses, and (c) target stress-tolerant genes to specific crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Sharma
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rujira Tisarum
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ravinder Kumar Kohli
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Amity University, Mohali Campus, Sector 82A, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Daizy R Batish
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Suriyan Cha-Um
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
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2
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Van Gerrewey T, Chung HS. MAPK Cascades in Plant Microbiota Structure and Functioning. J Microbiol 2024; 62:231-248. [PMID: 38587594 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that coordinate diverse biological processes such as plant innate immunity and development. Recently, MAPK cascades have emerged as pivotal regulators of the plant holobiont, influencing the assembly of normal plant microbiota, essential for maintaining optimal plant growth and health. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge on MAPK cascades, from upstream perception of microbial stimuli to downstream host responses. Synthesizing recent findings, we explore the intricate connections between MAPK signaling and the assembly and functioning of plant microbiota. Additionally, the role of MAPK activation in orchestrating dynamic changes in root exudation to shape microbiota composition is discussed. Finally, our review concludes by emphasizing the necessity for more sophisticated techniques to accurately decipher the role of MAPK signaling in establishing the plant holobiont relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Van Gerrewey
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoo Sun Chung
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Siodmak A, Martinez-Seidel F, Rayapuram N, Bazin J, Alhoraibi H, Gentry-Torfer D, Tabassum N, Sheikh AH, Kise J, Blilou I, Crespi M, Kopka J, Hirt H. Dynamics of ribosome composition and ribosomal protein phosphorylation in immune signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:11876-11892. [PMID: 37823590 PMCID: PMC10681734 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, the detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) induces primary innate immunity by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). We show here that the MAMP-activated MAPK MPK6 not only modulates defense through transcriptional regulation but also via the ribosomal protein translation machinery. To understand the effects of MPK6 on ribosomes and their constituent ribosomal proteins (RPs), polysomes, monosomes and the phosphorylation status of the RPs, MAMP-treated WT and mpk6 mutant plants were analysed. MAMP-activation induced rapid changes in RP composition of monosomes, polysomes and in the 60S ribosomal subunit in an MPK6-specific manner. Phosphoproteome analysis showed that MAMP-activation of MPK6 regulates the phosphorylation status of the P-stalk ribosomal proteins by phosphorylation of RPP0 and the concomitant dephosphorylation of RPP1 and RPP2. These events coincide with a significant decrease in the abundance of ribosome-bound RPP0s, RPP1s and RPP3s in polysomes. The P-stalk is essential in regulating protein translation by recruiting elongation factors. Accordingly, we found that RPP0C mutant plants are compromised in basal resistance to Pseudomonas syringae infection. These data suggest that MAMP-induced defense also involves MPK6-induced regulation of P-stalk proteins, highlighting a new role of ribosomal regulation in plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siodmak
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Martinez-Seidel
- Willmitzer Department, Max Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeremie Bazin
- CNRS, INRA, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Hanna Alhoraibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21551 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dione Gentry-Torfer
- Willmitzer Department, Max Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Naheed Tabassum
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arsheed H Sheikh
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - José Kenyi González Kise
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Crespi
- CNRS, INRA, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Willmitzer Department, Max Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Bozsó Z, Krüzselyi D, Szatmári Á, Csilléry G, Szarka J, Ott PG. Two Non-Necrotic Disease Resistance Types Distinctly Affect the Expression of Key Pathogenic Determinants of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria in Pepper. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:89. [PMID: 36616218 PMCID: PMC9824575 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) carrying the gds (corresponding to bs5) gene can prevent the development of bacterial leaf spot disease without HR. However, little is known regarding the development of the resistance mechanism encoded by gds, especially its influence on the bacterium. Here, the effect of gds was compared with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), another form of asymptomatic resistance, to reveal the interactions and differences between these two defense mechanisms. The level of resistance was examined by its effect on the bacterial growth and in planta expression of the stress and pathogenicity genes of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. PTI, which was activated with a Pseudomonas syringae hrcC mutant pretreatment, inhibited the growth of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria to a greater extent than gds, and the effect was additive when PTI was activated in gds plants. The stronger influence of PTI was further supported by the expression pattern of the dpsA bacterial stress gene, which reached its highest expression level in PTI-induced plants. PTI inhibited the hrp/hrc expression, but unexpectedly, in gds plant leaves, the hrp/hrc genes were generally expressed at a higher level than in the susceptible one. These results imply that different mechanisms underlie the gds and PTI to perform the symptomless defense reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bozsó
- Plant Protection Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó Str. 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Krüzselyi
- Plant Protection Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó Str. 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szatmári
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, ELKH Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Péter G. Ott
- Plant Protection Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó Str. 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Wu Y, Li X, Zhang J, Zhao H, Tan S, Xu W, Pan J, Yang F, Pi E. ERF subfamily transcription factors and their function in plant responses to abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042084. [PMID: 36531407 PMCID: PMC9748296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF) subfamily comprise the largest number of proteins in the plant AP2/ERF superfamily, and have been most extensively studied on the biological functions. Members of this subfamily have been proven to regulate plant resistances to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, chilling and some other adversities. Under these stresses, ERFs are usually activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase induced phosphorylation or escape from ubiquitin-ligase enzymes, and then form complex with nucleic proteins before binding to cis-element in promoter regions of stress responsive genes. In this review, we will discuss the phylogenetic relationships among the ERF subfamily proteins, summarize molecular mechanism how the transcriptional activity of ERFs been regulated and how ERFs of different subgroup regulate the transcription of stress responsive genes, such as high-affinity K+ transporter gene PalHKT1;2, reactive oxygen species related genes LcLTP, LcPrx, and LcRP, flavonoids synthesis related genes FtF3H and LhMYBSPLATTER, etc. Though increasing researches demonstrate that ERFs are involved in various abiotic stresses, very few interact proteins and target genes of them have been comprehensively annotated. Hence, future research prospects are described on the mechanisms of how stress signals been transited to ERFs and how ERFs regulate the transcriptional expression of stress responsive genes.
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6
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Rudnicka M, Noszczyńska M, Malicka M, Kasperkiewicz K, Pawlik M, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Outer Membrane Vesicles as Mediators of Plant-Bacterial Interactions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:902181. [PMID: 35722319 PMCID: PMC9198584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.902181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have co-evolved with diverse microorganisms that have developed different mechanisms of direct and indirect interactions with their host. Recently, greater attention has been paid to a direct "message" delivery pathway from bacteria to plants, mediated by the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs produced by Gram-negative bacteria play significant roles in multiple interactions with other bacteria within the same community, the environment, and colonized hosts. The combined forces of innovative technologies and experience in the area of plant-bacterial interactions have put pressure on a detailed examination of the OMVs composition, the routes of their delivery to plant cells, and their significance in pathogenesis, protection, and plant growth promotion. This review synthesizes the available knowledge on OMVs in the context of possible mechanisms of interactions between OMVs, bacteria, and plant cells. OMVs are considered to be potential stimulators of the plant immune system, holding potential for application in plant bioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Malicka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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7
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Velásquez-Zapata V, Elmore JM, Fuerst G, Wise RP. An interolog-based barley interactome as an integration framework for immune signaling. Genetics 2022; 221:iyac056. [PMID: 35435213 PMCID: PMC9157089 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The barley MLA nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptor and its orthologs confer recognition specificity to many fungal diseases, including powdery mildew, stem-, and stripe rust. We used interolog inference to construct a barley protein interactome (Hordeum vulgare predicted interactome, HvInt) comprising 66,133 edges and 7,181 nodes, as a foundation to explore signaling networks associated with MLA. HvInt was compared with the experimentally validated Arabidopsis interactome of 11,253 proteins and 73,960 interactions, verifying that the 2 networks share scale-free properties, including a power-law distribution and small-world network. Then, by successive layering of defense-specific "omics" datasets, HvInt was customized to model cellular response to powdery mildew infection. Integration of HvInt with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) enabled us to infer disease modules and responses associated with fungal penetration and haustorial development. Next, using HvInt and infection-time-course RNA sequencing of immune signaling mutants, we assembled resistant and susceptible subnetworks. The resulting differentially coexpressed (resistant - susceptible) interactome is essential to barley immunity, facilitates the flow of signaling pathways and is linked to mildew resistance locus a (Mla) through trans eQTL associations. Lastly, we anchored HvInt with new and previously identified interactors of the MLA coiled coli + nucleotide-binding domains and extended these to additional MLA alleles, orthologs, and NLR outgroups to predict receptor localization and conservation of signaling response. These results link genomic, transcriptomic, and physical interactions during MLA-specified immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Velásquez-Zapata
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - James Mitch Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Gregory Fuerst
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Roger P Wise
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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8
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Watkins JM, Ross-Elliott TJ, Shan X, Lou F, Dreyer B, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Jia H, Yang J, Oliveira CC, Wu L, Trusov Y, Schwochert TD, Krysan P, Jones AM. Differential regulation of G protein signaling in Arabidopsis through two distinct pathways that internalize AtRGS1. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/695/eabe4090. [PMID: 34376571 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In animals, endocytosis of a seven-transmembrane GPCR is mediated by arrestins to propagate or arrest cytoplasmic G protein-mediated signaling, depending on the bias of the receptor or ligand, which determines how much one transduction pathway is used compared to another. In Arabidopsis thaliana, GPCRs are not required for G protein-coupled signaling because the heterotrimeric G protein complex spontaneously exchanges nucleotide. Instead, the seven-transmembrane protein AtRGS1 modulates G protein signaling through ligand-dependent endocytosis, which initiates derepression of signaling without the involvement of canonical arrestins. Here, we found that endocytosis of AtRGS1 initiated from two separate pools of plasma membrane: sterol-dependent domains and a clathrin-accessible neighborhood, each with a select set of discriminators, activators, and candidate arrestin-like adaptors. Ligand identity (either the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flg22 or the sugar glucose) determined the origin of AtRGS1 endocytosis. Different trafficking origins and trajectories led to different cellular outcomes. Thus, in this system, compartmentation with its associated signalosome architecture drives biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Watkins
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy J Ross-Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Shan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fei Lou
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bernd Dreyer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Meral Tunc-Ozdemir
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Celio Cabral Oliveira
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luguang Wu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland Q4072, Australia
| | - Yuri Trusov
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland Q4072, Australia
| | - Timothy D Schwochert
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patrick Krysan
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alan M Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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9
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Brillada C, Teh OK, Ditengou FA, Lee CW, Klecker T, Saeed B, Furlan G, Zietz M, Hause G, Eschen-Lippold L, Hoehenwarter W, Lee J, Ott T, Trujillo M. Exocyst subunit Exo70B2 is linked to immune signaling and autophagy. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:404-419. [PMID: 33630076 PMCID: PMC8136888 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
During the immune response, activation of the secretory pathway is key to mounting an effective response, while gauging its output is important to maintain cellular homeostasis. The Exo70 subunit of the exocyst functions as a spatiotemporal regulator by mediating numerous interactions with proteins and lipids. However, a molecular understanding of the exocyst regulation remains challenging. We show that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, Exo70B2 behaves as a bona fide exocyst subunit. Conversely, treatment with the salicylic acid (SA) defence hormone analog benzothiadiazole (BTH), or the immunogenic peptide flg22, induced Exo70B2 transport into the vacuole. We reveal that Exo70B2 interacts with AUTOPHAGY-RELATED PROTEIN 8 (ATG8) via two ATG8-interacting motives (AIMs) and its transport into the vacuole is dependent on autophagy. In line with its role in immunity, we discovered that Exo70B2 interacted with and was phosphorylated by the kinase MPK3. Mimicking phosphorylation had a dual impact on Exo70B2: first, by inhibiting localization at sites of active secretion, and second, it increased the interaction with ATG8. Phosphonull variants displayed higher effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and were hypersensitive to BTH, which induce secretion and autophagy. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism by which phosphorylation diverts Exo70B2 from the secretory into the autophagy pathway for its degradation, to dampen secretory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Brillada
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ooi-Kock Teh
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Hokkaido University, 060-0810 Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, 060-0815 Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Chil-Woo Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Till Klecker
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bushra Saeed
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Furlan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marco Zietz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06120 (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS—Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Author for communication:
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10
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Fang S, Hou X, Liang X. Response Mechanisms of Plants Under Saline-Alkali Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:667458. [PMID: 34149764 PMCID: PMC8213028 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.667458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As two coexisting abiotic stresses, salt stress and alkali stress have severely restricted the development of global agriculture. Clarifying the plant resistance mechanism and determining how to improve plant tolerance to salt stress and alkali stress have been popular research topics. At present, most related studies have focused mainly on salt stress, and salt-alkali mixed stress studies are relatively scarce. However, in nature, high concentrations of salt and high pH often occur simultaneously, and their synergistic effects can be more harmful to plant growth and development than the effects of either stress alone. Therefore, it is of great practical importance for the sustainable development of agriculture to study plant resistance mechanisms under saline-alkali mixed stress, screen new saline-alkali stress tolerance genes, and explore new plant salt-alkali tolerance strategies. Herein, we summarized how plants actively respond to saline-alkali stress through morphological adaptation, physiological adaptation and molecular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Fang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shumei Fang,
| | - Xue Hou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xilong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Plant Growth Regulator Engineering Technology Research Center, Daqing, China
- Xilong Liang,
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11
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Shao Y, Yu X, Xu X, Li Y, Yuan W, Xu Y, Mao C, Zhang S, Xu J. The YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 Cascade Functions Downstream of the RGF1-RGI Ligand-Receptor Pair in Regulating Mitotic Activity in Root Apical Meristem. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1608-1623. [PMID: 32916336 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mitotic activity of root apical meristem (RAM) is critical to primary root growth and development. Previous studies have identified the roles of ROOT GROWTH FACTOR 1 (RGF1), a peptide ligand, and its receptors, RGF1 INSENSITIVEs (RGIs), a clade of five leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases, in promoting cell division in the RAM, which determines the primary root length. However, the downstream signaling components remain elusive. In this study, we identify a complete mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MPK) cascade, composed of YDA, MKK4/MKK5, and MPK3/MPK6, that functions downstream of the RGF1-RGI ligand-receptor pair. Similar to the rgi1/2/3/4/5 quintuple mutant, loss-of-function mutants of MPK3 and MPK6, MKK4 and MKK5, or YDA show a short-root phenotype, which is associated with reduced mitotic activity and lower expression of PLETHORA 1 (PLT1)/PLT2 in the RAM. Furthermore, MPK3/MPK6 activation in response to exogenous RGF1 treatment is impaired in the rgi1/2/3/4/5 quintuple, yda single, and mkk4 mkk5 double mutants. Epistatic analyses demonstrated that the expression of constitutively active MKK4, MKK5, or YDA driven by the RGI2 promoter can rescue the short-root phenotype of the rgi1/2/3/4/5 mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that the YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 cascade functions downstream of the RGF1-RGI ligand-receptor pair and upstream of PLT1/PLT2 to modulate the stem cell population and primary root growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xinxing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wenxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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12
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Sustained Incompatibility between MAPK Signaling and Pathogen Effectors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217954. [PMID: 33114762 PMCID: PMC7672596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are important signaling components involved in developemental processes as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we focus on the roles of MAPKs in Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI), a specific layer of plant defense responses dependent on the recognition of pathogen effector proteins. Having inspected the literature, we synthesize the current state of knowledge concerning this topic. First, we describe how pathogen effectors can manipulate MAPK signaling to promote virulence, and how in parallel plants have developed mechanisms to protect themselves against these interferences. Then, we discuss the striking finding that the recognition of pathogen effectors can provoke a sustained activation of the MAPKs MPK3/6, extensively analyzing its implications in terms of regulation and functions. In line with this, we also address the question of how a durable activation of MAPKs might affect the scope of their substrates, and thereby mediate the emergence of possibly new ETI-specific responses. By highlighting the sometimes conflicting or missing data, our intention is to spur further research in order to both consolidate and expand our understanding of MAPK signaling in immunity.
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13
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Jiang X, Hoehenwarter W, Scheel D, Lee J. Phosphorylation of the CAMTA3 Transcription Factor Triggers Its Destabilization and Nuclear Export. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1056-1071. [PMID: 32769161 PMCID: PMC7536672 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) calmodulin-binding transcription activator3 (CAMTA3) is a repressor of immunity-related genes but an activator of cold-induced or general stress-responsive genes in plants. Post-transcriptional or posttranslational mechanisms have been proposed to control CAMTA3 functions in different stress responses. Here, we show that treatment with the bacterial flg22 elicitor induces CAMTA3 phosphorylation, which is accompanied by its destabilization and nuclear export. Two flg22-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), MPK3 and MPK6, directly phosphorylate CAMTA3, with the phospho-sites contributing to CAMTA3 degradation and suppression of downstream target gene expression. However, the flg22-induced nuclear export and phospho-mobility shift can still be observed for the CAMTA3 phospho-null variant of the MAPK-modified sites, suggesting additional flg22-responsive kinases might be involved. Taken together, we propose that flg22-induced CAMTA3 depletion facilitates de-repression of downstream defense target genes, which involves phosphorylation, increased protein turnover, and nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Jiang
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Proteome Analytics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
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14
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Wanke A, Rovenich H, Schwanke F, Velte S, Becker S, Hehemann JH, Wawra S, Zuccaro A. Plant species-specific recognition of long and short β-1,3-linked glucans is mediated by different receptor systems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1142-1156. [PMID: 31925978 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants survey their environment for the presence of potentially harmful or beneficial microbes. During colonization, cell surface receptors perceive microbe-derived or modified-self ligands and initiate appropriate responses. The recognition of fungal chitin oligomers and the subsequent activation of plant immunity are well described. In contrast, the mechanisms underlying β-glucan recognition and signaling activation remain largely unexplored. Here, we systematically tested immune responses towards different β-glucan structures and show that responses vary between plant species. While leaves of the monocots Hordeum vulgare and Brachypodium distachyon can recognize longer (laminarin) and shorter (laminarihexaose) β-1,3-glucans with responses of varying intensity, duration and timing, leaves of the dicot Nicotiana benthamiana activate immunity in response to long β-1,3-glucans, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana and Capsella rubella perceive short β-1,3-glucans. Hydrolysis of the β-1,6 side-branches of laminarin demonstrated that not the glycosidic decoration but rather the degree of polymerization plays a pivotal role in the recognition of long-chain β-glucans. Moreover, in contrast to the recognition of short β-1,3-glucans in A. thaliana, perception of long β-1,3-glucans in N. benthamiana and rice is independent of CERK1, indicating that β-glucan recognition may be mediated by multiple β-glucan receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Rovenich
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Schwanke
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Velte
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Tabassum N, Eschen-Lippold L, Athmer B, Baruah M, Brode M, Maldonado-Bonilla LD, Hoehenwarter W, Hause G, Scheel D, Lee J. Phosphorylation-dependent control of an RNA granule-localized protein that fine-tunes defence gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1023-1039. [PMID: 31628867 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signalling modules of plant defence responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns [PAMPs; e.g. the bacterial peptide flagellin (flg22)]. Tandem zinc finger protein 9 (TZF9) is a RNA-binding protein that is phosphorylated by two PAMP-responsive MAPKs, MPK3 and MPK6. We mapped the major phosphosites in TZF9 and showed their importance for controlling in vitro RNA-binding activity, in vivo flg22-induced rapid disappearance of TZF9-labelled processing body-like structures and TZF9 protein turnover. Microarray analysis showed a strong discordance between transcriptome (total mRNA) and translatome (polysome-associated mRNA) in the tzf9 mutant, with more mRNAs associated with ribosomes in the absence of TZF9. This suggests that TZF9 may sequester and inhibit the translation of subsets of mRNAs. Fittingly, TZF9 physically interacts with poly(A)-binding protein 2 (PAB2), a hallmark constituent of stress granules - sites for stress-induced translational stalling/arrest. TZF9 even promotes the assembly of stress granules in the absence of stress. Hence, MAPKs may control defence gene expression post-transcriptionally through release from translation arrest within TZF9-PAB2-containing RNA granules or by perturbing the function of PAB2 in translation control (e.g. in the mRNA closed-loop model of translation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Tabassum
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | | | - Benedikt Athmer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Manaswita Baruah
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Martina Brode
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | | | | | - Gerd Hause
- Biocenter, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
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16
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Menzel W, Stenzel I, Helbig LM, Krishnamoorthy P, Neumann S, Eschen-Lippold L, Heilmann M, Lee J, Heilmann I. A PAMP-triggered MAPK cascade inhibits phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate production by PIP5K6 in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:833-847. [PMID: 31318449 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide kinase PIP5K6 has recently been identified as a target for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MPK6. Phosphorylation of PIP5K6 inhibited the production of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2 ), impacting membrane trafficking and cell expansion in pollen tubes. Here, we analyzed whether MPK6 regulated PIP5K6 in vegetative Arabidopsis cells in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flg22. Promoter-β-glucuronidase analyses and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction data show PIP5K6 expressed throughout Arabidopsis tissues. Upon flg22 treatment of transgenic protoplasts, the PIP5K6 protein was phosphorylated, and this modification was reduced for a PIP5K6 variant lacking MPK6-targeted residues, or in protoplasts from mpk6 mutants. Upon flg22 treatment of Arabidopsis plants, phosphoinositide levels mildly decreased and a fluorescent reporter for PtdIns(4,5)P2 displayed reduced plasma membrane association, contrasting with phosphoinositide increases reported for abiotic stress responses. Flg22 treatment and chemical induction of the upstream MAPK kinase, MKK5, decreased phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase activity in mesophyll protoplasts, indicating that the flg22-activated MAPK cascade limited PtdIns(4,5)P2 production. PIP5K6 expression or PIP5K6 protein abundance changed only marginally upon flg22 treatment, consistent with post-translational control of PIP5K6 activity. PtdIns(4,5)P2 -dependent endocytosis of FM 4-64, PIN2 and the NADPH-oxidase RbohD were reduced upon flg22 treatment or MKK5 induction. Reduced RbohD-endocytosis was correlated with enhanced ROS production. We conclude that MPK6-mediated phosphorylation of PIP5K6 limits the production of a functional PtdIns(4,5)P2 pool upon PAMP perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Menzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Helbig
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Praveen Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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17
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van der Burgh AM, Joosten MHAJ. Plant Immunity: Thinking Outside and Inside the Box. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:587-601. [PMID: 31171472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Models are extensively used to describe the coevolution of plants and microbial attackers. Such models distinguish between different classes of plant immune responses, based on the type of danger signal that is recognized or on the strength of the defense response that the danger signal provokes. However, recent molecular and biochemical advances have shown that these dichotomies are blurred. With molecular proof in hand, we propose here to abandon the current classification of plant immune responses, and to define the different forms of plant immunity solely based on the site of microbe recognition - either extracellular or intracellular. Using this spatial partition, our 'spatial immunity model' facilitates a broadly inclusive, but clearly distinguishing nomenclature to describe immune signaling in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Han X, Li S, Zhang M, Yang L, Liu Y, Xu J, Zhang S. Regulation of GDSL Lipase Gene Expression by the MPK3/MPK6 Cascade and Its Downstream WRKY Transcription Factors in Arabidopsis Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:673-684. [PMID: 30598046 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-18-0171-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades serve as unified signaling modules in plant development and defense response. Previous reports demonstrated an essential role of Arabidopsis GLIP1, a member of the GDSL-like-motif lipase family, in both local and systemic resistance. GLIP1 expression is highly induced by pathogen attack. However, the one or more signaling pathways involved are unknown. Here, we report that two pathogen-responsive MAPKs, MPK3 and MPK6, are implicated in regulating gene expression of GLIP1 as well as GLIP3 and GLIP4. After gain-of-function activation, MPK3 and MPK6 can strongly induce the expression of GLIP1, GLIP3, and GLIP4. Both GLIP1 and GLIP3 contribute to the plant resistance to Botrytis cinerea. WRKY33, a MPK3/MPK6 substrate, is essential for the MPK3/MPK6-dependent GLIP1 induction. In addition, WRKY2 and WRKY34, two close homologs of WRKY33, have a minor effect in MPK3/MPK6-regulated GLIP1 expression in B. cinerea-infected plants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the GLIP1 gene is a direct target of WRKY33. In addition, we demonstrated that MPK3/MPK6-induced GLIP1 expression is independent of ethylene and jasmonic acid, two important hormones in plant defense. Our results provide insights into the regulation of the GLIP family at the transcriptional level in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Han
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Sen Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Miao Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Liuyi Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Yidong Liu
- 2 Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Juan Xu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- 2 Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
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19
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Westphal L, Strehmel N, Eschen-Lippold L, Bauer N, Westermann B, Rosahl S, Scheel D, Lee J. pH effects on plant calcium fluxes: lessons from acidification-mediated calcium elevation induced by the γ-glutamyl-leucine dipeptide identified from Phytophthora infestans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4733. [PMID: 30894659 PMCID: PMC6426842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) elevation is an early signaling response upon exposure to pathogen-derived molecules (so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns, MAMPs) and has been successfully used as a quantitative read-out in genetic screens to identify MAMP receptors or their associated components. Here, we isolated and identified by mass spectrometry the dipeptide γ-Glu-Leu as a component of a Phytophthora infestans mycelium extract that induces [Ca2+]cyt elevation. Treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with synthetic γ-Glu-Leu revealed stimulatory effects on defense signaling, including a weak enhancement of the expression of some MAMP-inducible genes or affecting the refractory period to a second MAMP elicitation. However, γ-Glu-Leu is not a classical MAMP since pH adjustment abolished these activities and importantly, the observed effects of γ-Glu-Leu could be recapitulated by mimicking extracellular acidification. Thus, although γ-Glu-Leu can act as a direct agonist of calcium sensing receptors in animal systems, the Ca2+-mobilizing activity in plants reported here is due to acidification. Low pH also shapes the Ca2+ signature of well-studied MAMPs (e.g. flg22) or excitatory amino acids such as glutamate. Overall, this work serves as a cautionary reminder that in defense signaling studies where Ca2+ flux measurements are concerned, it is important to monitor and consider the effects of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Westphal
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nadine Strehmel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nicole Bauer
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, IPB, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany.
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20
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Vadovič P, Šamajová O, Takáč T, Novák D, Zapletalová V, Colcombet J, Šamaj J. Biochemical and Genetic Interactions of Phospholipase D Alpha 1 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 Affect Arabidopsis Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:275. [PMID: 30936884 PMCID: PMC6431673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D alpha 1 (PLDα1, AT3G15730) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) participate on signaling-dependent events in plants. MAPKs are able to phosphorylate a wide range of substrates putatively including PLDs. Here we have focused on functional regulations of PLDα1 by interactions with MAPKs, their co-localization and impact on salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) tolerance in Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescent assays showed that PLDα1 interacts with MPK3. Immunoblotting analyses likewise confirmed connection between both these enzymes. Subcellularly we co-localized PLDα1 with MPK3 in the cortical cytoplasm close to the plasma membrane and in cytoplasmic strands. Moreover, genetic interaction studies revealed that pldα1mpk3 double mutant was resistant to a higher salinity and showed a higher tolerance to ABA during germination in comparison to single mutants and wild type. Thus, this study revealed importance of new biochemical and genetic interactions between PLDα1 and MPK3 for Arabidopsis stress (salt and ABA) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dominik Novák
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Veronika Zapletalová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj,
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21
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Kohlberger M, Thalhamer T, Weiss R, Tenhaken R. Arabidopsis MAP-Kinase 3 Phosphorylates UDP-Glucose Dehydrogenase: a Key Enzyme Providing UDP-Sugar for Cell Wall Biosynthesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2018; 36:870-877. [PMID: 30930530 PMCID: PMC6404385 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-018-1130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGD) competes with sucrose-phosphate synthase for the common photosynthesis product UDP-glucose. Sucrose-phosphate synthase is part of a pathway for the export of sucrose from source leaves to neighboring cells or the phloem. UGD is a central enzyme in a pathway for many nucleotide sugars used in local cell wall biosynthesis. Here, we identify a highly conserved phosphorylation site in UGD which is readily phosphorylated by MAP-kinase 3 in Arabidopsis. Phosphorylation occurs at a surface-exposed extra loop in all plant UGDs that is absent in UGDs from bacteria or animals. Phosphorylated sucrose-phosphate synthase is shifted to an inactive form which we did not measure for phosphorylated UGD. Plant UGDs have an extra loop which is phosphorylated by AtMPK3. Phosphorylation is not causing a reduction of UGD activity as found for the competitor enzymes and thus sets a preference for maintaining UDP-sugars at a constant level to prioritize cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kohlberger
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Theresa Thalhamer
- Department of Biosciences, Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Biosciences, Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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22
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Zheng X, Wagener N, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Hua C, Birch PRJ, Brunner F. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector SFI5 requires association with calmodulin for PTI/MTI suppressing activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1433-1446. [PMID: 29932222 PMCID: PMC6099356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to interfere with plant innate immunity, in which Ca2+ /calmodulin (CaM) signalling plays key roles. Thus far, few effectors have been identified that directly interact with CaM for defence suppression. Here, we report that SFI5, an RXLR effector from Phytophthora infestans, suppresses microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) by interacting with host CaMs. We predicted the CaM-binding site in SFI5 using in silico analysis. The interaction between SFI5 and CaM was tested by both in vitro and in vivo assays. MTI suppression by SFI5 and truncated variants were performed in a tomato protoplast system. We found that both the predicted CaM-binding site and the full-length SFI5 protein interact with CaM in the presence of Ca2+ . MTI responses, such as FRK1 upregulation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation were suppressed by truncated SFI5 proteins containing the C-terminal CaM-binding site but not by those without it. The plasma membrane localization of SFI5 and its ability to enhance infection were also perturbed by loss of the CaM-binding site. We conclude that CaM-binding is required for localization and activity of SFI5. We propose that SFI5 suppresses plant immunity by interfering with immune signalling components after activation by CaMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzi Zheng
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Nadine Wagener
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute)Errol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute)Errol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- PlantResponse Biotech, S.L.Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP)Campus de Montegancedo28223Pozuelo de Alarcón, MadridSpain
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23
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Holmes DR, Grubb LE, Monaghan J. The jasmonate receptor COI1 is required for AtPep1-induced immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:555. [PMID: 30075823 PMCID: PMC6076402 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Plant cells detect the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the apoplast via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Activated receptors trigger phosphorylation-mediated signaling cascades that protect the cell from infection. It is thought that signaling triggered by the detection of exogenous signals, such as bacterial flagellin, can be amplified by endogenous signals, such as hormones or debris caused by cell damage, to potentiate robust immune responses. For example, perception of flagellin and other microbial molecules results in increased expression of endogenous PROPEP transcripts that give rise to AtPep peptides which also activate immune signaling. Phytohormones such as methyl-jasmonate also induce PROPEP expression, suggestive of additional hormone-mediated feedback loops that similarly amplify immune signaling. The current study aimed to determine if perception of jasmonate is genetically required for AtPep1-induced immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Results We assessed several AtPep1-induced immune responses in plants expressing a non-functional variant of the jasmonate receptor CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1). We found that coi1-16 mutants are severely compromised in some AtPep1-induced immune responses, while other AtPep1-induced responses are maintained but reduced. Our findings build on previously published work and suggest that JA perception plays a role in immune responses triggered by AtPep1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3628-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danalyn R Holmes
- Biology Department, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lauren E Grubb
- Biology Department, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- Biology Department, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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24
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Gourbal B, Pinaud S, Beckers GJM, Van Der Meer JWM, Conrath U, Netea MG. Innate immune memory: An evolutionary perspective. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:21-40. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gourbal
- Interactions Hosts Pathogens Environments UMR 5244; University of Perpignan Via Domitia; CNRS; IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier; Perpignan France
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- Interactions Hosts Pathogens Environments UMR 5244; University of Perpignan Via Domitia; CNRS; IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier; Perpignan France
| | | | - Jos W. M. Van Der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES); University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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25
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Palm-Forster MAT, Eschen-Lippold L, Uhrig J, Scheel D, Lee J. A novel family of proline/serine-rich proteins, which are phospho-targets of stress-related mitogen-activated protein kinases, differentially regulates growth and pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:123-140. [PMID: 28755319 PMCID: PMC5594048 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular actions of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are ultimately accomplished by the substrate proteins where phosphorylation affects their molecular properties and function(s), but knowledge regarding plant MAPK substrates is currently still fragmentary. Here, we uncovered a previously uncharacterized protein family consisting of three proline/serine-rich proteins (PRPs) that are substrates of stress-related MAPKs. We demonstrated the importance of a MAPK docking domain necessary for protein-protein interaction with MAPKs and consequently also for phosphorylation. The main phosphorylated site was mapped to a residue conserved between all three proteins, which when mutated to a non-phosphorylatable form, differentially affected their protein stability. Together with their distinct gene expression patterns, this differential accumulation of the three proteins upon phosphorylation probably contributes to their distinct function(s). Transgenic over-expression of PRP, the founding member, led to plants with enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Older plants of the over-expressing lines have curly leaves and were generally smaller in stature. This growth phenotype was lost in plants expressing the phosphosite variant, suggesting a phosphorylation-dependent effect. Thus, this novel family of PRPs may be involved in MAPK regulation of plant development and / or pathogen resistance responses. As datamining associates PRP expression profiles with hypoxia or oxidative stress and PRP-overexpressing plants have elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, PRP may connect MAPK and oxidative stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joachim Uhrig
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Georg August University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle/saale, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle/saale, Germany.
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26
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Oligosaccharide elicitor prepared from Salecan triggers the defense responses of Arabidopsis thaliana Col0 against Botrytis cinerea infection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:165. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Strehmel N, Hoehenwarter W, Mönchgesang S, Majovsky P, Krüger S, Scheel D, Lee J. Stress-Related Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Stimulate the Accumulation of Small Molecules and Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Exudates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1292. [PMID: 28785276 PMCID: PMC5520323 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A delicate balance in cellular signaling is required for plants to respond to microorganisms or to changes in their environment. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are one of the signaling modules that mediate transduction of extracellular microbial signals into appropriate cellular responses. Here, we employ a transgenic system that simulates activation of two pathogen/stress-responsive MAPKs to study release of metabolites and proteins into root exudates. The premise is based on our previous proteomics study that suggests upregulation of secretory processes in this transgenic system. An advantage of this experimental set-up is the direct focus on MAPK-regulated processes without the confounding complications of other signaling pathways activated by exposure to microbes or microbial molecules. Using non-targeted metabolomics and proteomics studies, we show that MAPK activation can indeed drive the appearance of dipeptides, defense-related metabolites and proteins in root apoplastic fluid. However, the relative levels of other compounds in the exudates were decreased. This points to a bidirectional control of metabolite and protein release into the apoplast. The putative roles for some of the identified apoplastic metabolites and proteins are discussed with respect to possible antimicrobial/defense or allelopathic properties. Overall, our findings demonstrate that sustained activation of MAPKs alters the composition of apoplastic root metabolites and proteins, presumably to influence the plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. The reported metabolomics and proteomics data are available via Metabolights (Identifier: MTBLS441) and ProteomeXchange (Identifier: PXD006328), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Strehmel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Research Group Proteome Analytics, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Susann Mönchgesang
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Petra Majovsky
- Research Group Proteome Analytics, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Sylvia Krüger
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
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28
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Zhang CX, Wang T, Ma JF, Liu Y, Zhou ZG, Wang DC. Protective effect of CDDO-ethyl amide against high-glucose-induced oxidative injury via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Spine J 2017; 17:1017-1025. [PMID: 28343048 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the main cause of low back pain, and nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis is an important risk factor of IDD. However, the molecular mechanism of this disease remains unknown. PURPOSE To assess the potential protective effect of CDDO-ethyl amide (EA) against high-glucose-induced oxidative stress injury in NP cells and to investigate the mechanism of antioxidative effects and apoptotic inhibition. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING To find new molecule to inhibit intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS Viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and apoptosis were examined in NP cells. The protein expression levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 were measured through Western blot RESULTS: CDDO-EA elicited cytoprotective effects against NP cell apoptosis and ROS accumulation induced by high glucose. CDDO-EA treatment increased the HO-1 and Nrf2 expression abrogated by HO-1, Nrf2, and mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 are crucial for HO-1 overexpression induced by CDDO-EA, which is essential for the cytoprotection against high-glucose-induced oxidative stress in NP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Xin Zhang
- Qingdao Spine Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, 5# Donghai Rd, Shinan District, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Jin-Feng Ma
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhucheng People's Hospital, Zhucheng 262200, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Zhou
- Department of Spine and Joint Surgery, Chengyang People's Hospital, Qingdao 266108, China
| | - De-Chun Wang
- Qingdao Spine Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, 5# Donghai Rd, Shinan District, Qingdao 266061, China.
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29
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An update on nitric oxide and its benign role in plant responses under metal stress. Nitric Oxide 2017; 67:39-52. [PMID: 28456602 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pollution due to heavy metal(loid)s has become common menace across the globe. This is due to unprecedented frequent geological changes coupled with increasing anthropogenic activities, and population growth rate. Heavy metals (HMs) presence in the soil causes toxicity, and hampers plant growth and development. Plants being sessile are exposed to a variety of stress and/or a network of different kinds of stresses throughout their life cycle. To sense and transduce these stress signal, the signal reactive nitrogen species (RNS) particularly nitric oxide (NO) is an important secondary messenger next to only reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nitric oxide, a redox active molecule, colourless simple gas, and being a free radical (NO) has the potential in regulating multiple biological signaling responses in a variety of plants. Nitric oxide can counteract HMs-induced ROS, either by direct scavenging or by stimulating antioxidants defense team; therefore, it is also known as secondary antioxidant. The imbalance or cross talk of/between NO and ROS concentration along with antioxidant system leads to nitrosative and oxidative stress, or combination of both i.e., nitro-oxidative stress. Endogenous synthesis of NO also takes place in plants in the presence of heavy metals. During HM stress the different organelles of plant cells can biosynthesize NO in parallel to the ROS, such as in mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and apoplasts. In view of the above, an effort has been made in the present review article to trace current knowledge and latest advances in chemical properties, biological roles, mechanism of NO action along with the physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes that occur in plants under different metal stress. A brief focus is also carried on ROS properties, roles, and their production.
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30
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Eschen-Lippold L, Scheel D, Lee J. Teaching an old dog new tricks: Suppressing activation of specific mitogen-activated kinases as a potential virulence function of the bacterial AvrRpt2 effector protein. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1257456. [PMID: 27830985 PMCID: PMC5225938 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1257456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AvrRpt2 is one of the first Pseudomonas syringae effector proteins demonstrated to be delivered into host cells. It suppresses plant immunity by modulating auxin signaling and cleavage of the membrane-localized defense regulator RIN4. We recently uncovered a novel potential virulence function of AvrRpt2, where it specifically blocked activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, MPK4 and MPK11, but not of MPK3 and MPK6. Putative AvrRpt2 homologs from different phytopathogens and plant-associated bacteria showed distinct activities with respect to MPK4/11 activation suppression and RIN4 cleavage. Apart from differences in sequence similarity, 3 of the analyzed homologs were apparently "truncated." To examine the role of the AvrRpt2 N-terminus, we modeled the structures of these AvrRpt2 homologs and performed deletion and domain swap experiments. Our results strengthen the finding that RIN4 cleavage is irrelevant for the ability to suppress defense-related MPK4/11 activation and indicate that full protease activity or cleavage specificity is affected by the N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Stress & Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress & Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress & Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany
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31
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Yamada K, Yamaguchi K, Shirakawa T, Nakagami H, Mine A, Ishikawa K, Fujiwara M, Narusaka M, Narusaka Y, Ichimura K, Kobayashi Y, Matsui H, Nomura Y, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Fukao Y, Fukamizo T, Tsuda K, Shirasu K, Shibuya N, Kawasaki T. The Arabidopsis CERK1-associated kinase PBL27 connects chitin perception to MAPK activation. EMBO J 2016. [PMID: 26657708 DOI: 10.15252/embj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns by host cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggers the intracellular activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, it is not known how PRRs transmit immune signals to MAPK cascades in plants. Here, we identify a complete phospho-signaling transduction pathway from PRR-mediated pathogen recognition to MAPK activation in plants. We found that the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27 connects the chitin receptor complex CERK1-LYK5 and a MAPK cascade. PBL27 interacts with both CERK1 and the MAPK kinase kinase MAPKKK5 at the plasma membrane. Knockout mutants of MAPKKK5 compromise chitin-induced MAPK activation and disease resistance to Alternaria brassicicola PBL27 phosphorylates MAPKKK5 in vitro, which is enhanced by phosphorylation of PBL27 by CERK1. The chitin perception induces disassociation between PBL27 and MAPKKK5 in vivo Furthermore, genetic evidence suggests that phosphorylation of MAPKKK5 by PBL27 is essential for chitin-induced MAPK activation in plants. These data indicate that PBL27 is the MAPKKK kinase that provides the missing link between the cell surface chitin receptor and the intracellular MAPK cascade in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamada
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shirakawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Mine
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ichimura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho Kita-gun Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu Shiga, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
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32
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Yamada K, Yamaguchi K, Shirakawa T, Nakagami H, Mine A, Ishikawa K, Fujiwara M, Narusaka M, Narusaka Y, Ichimura K, Kobayashi Y, Matsui H, Nomura Y, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Fukao Y, Fukamizo T, Tsuda K, Shirasu K, Shibuya N, Kawasaki T. The Arabidopsis CERK1-associated kinase PBL27 connects chitin perception to MAPK activation. EMBO J 2016; 35:2468-2483. [PMID: 27679653 PMCID: PMC5109243 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns by host cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggers the intracellular activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, it is not known how PRRs transmit immune signals to MAPK cascades in plants. Here, we identify a complete phospho-signaling transduction pathway from PRR-mediated pathogen recognition to MAPK activation in plants. We found that the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27 connects the chitin receptor complex CERK1-LYK5 and a MAPK cascade. PBL27 interacts with both CERK1 and the MAPK kinase kinase MAPKKK5 at the plasma membrane. Knockout mutants of MAPKKK5 compromise chitin-induced MAPK activation and disease resistance to Alternaria brassicicola PBL27 phosphorylates MAPKKK5 in vitro, which is enhanced by phosphorylation of PBL27 by CERK1. The chitin perception induces disassociation between PBL27 and MAPKKK5 in vivo Furthermore, genetic evidence suggests that phosphorylation of MAPKKK5 by PBL27 is essential for chitin-induced MAPK activation in plants. These data indicate that PBL27 is the MAPKKK kinase that provides the missing link between the cell surface chitin receptor and the intracellular MAPK cascade in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamada
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shirakawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Mine
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ichimura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho Kita-gun Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu Shiga, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan
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Genenncher B, Wirthmueller L, Roth C, Klenke M, Ma L, Sharon A, Wiermer M. Nucleoporin-Regulated MAP Kinase Signaling in Immunity to a Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1293-1305. [PMID: 27591188 PMCID: PMC5047096 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MPK) cascades relay signals from activated immune receptors across the nuclear envelope to intranuclear targets. However, in plants, little is known about the spatial control of MAPK signaling. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) nuclear pore complex protein Nup88/MOS7 is essential for immunity to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea The mos7-1 mutation, causing a four-amino acid deletion, compromises B. cinerea-induced activation of the key immunoregulatory MAPKs MPK3/MPK6 and reduces MPK3 protein levels posttranscriptionally. Furthermore, MOS7 contributes to retaining a sufficient MPK3 abundance in the nucleus, which is required for full immunity to B. cinerea Finally, we present a structural model of MOS7 and show that the mos7-1 mutation compromises interactions with Nup98a/b, two phenylalanine-glycine repeat nucleoporins implicated in maintaining the selective nuclear pore complex permeability barrier. Together, our analysis uncovered MOS7 and Nup98 as novel components of plant immunity toward a necrotrophic pathogen and provides mechanistic insights into how these nucleoporins coordinate nucleocytoplasmic transport to mount a robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Genenncher
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (B.G., C.R., M.K., M.W.);Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (L.W.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (L.M., A.S.)
| | - Lennart Wirthmueller
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (B.G., C.R., M.K., M.W.);Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (L.W.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (L.M., A.S.)
| | - Charlotte Roth
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (B.G., C.R., M.K., M.W.);Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (L.W.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (L.M., A.S.)
| | - Melanie Klenke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (B.G., C.R., M.K., M.W.);Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (L.W.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (L.M., A.S.)
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (B.G., C.R., M.K., M.W.);Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (L.W.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (L.M., A.S.)
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (B.G., C.R., M.K., M.W.);Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (L.W.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (L.M., A.S.)
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (B.G., C.R., M.K., M.W.);Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (L.W.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (L.M., A.S.)
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Hückelhoven R, Seidl A. PAMP-triggered immune responses in barley and susceptibility to powdery mildew. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1197465. [PMID: 27348336 PMCID: PMC4991337 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1197465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) builds one of the first layers of plant disease resistance. In susceptible plants, PTI is overcome by adapted pathogens. This can be achieved by suppression of PTI with the help of pathogen virulence effectors. However, effectors may also contribute to modification of host metabolism or cell architecture to ensure successful pathogenesis. Barley responds to treatment with the pathogen-associated molecular patterns flg22 or chitin with phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and an oxidative burst. RAC/ROP GTPases can act as positive or negative modulators of these plant immune responses. The RAC/ROP GTPase RACB is a powdery mildew susceptibility factor of barley. However, RACB apparently does not negatively control early PTI responses but functions in polar cell development during invasion of the pathogen into living host epidermal cells. Here, we further discuss the incomplete picture of PTI in Triticeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- CONTACT Ralph Hückelhoven
| | - Anna Seidl
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Eschen-Lippold L, Jiang X, Elmore JM, Mackey D, Shan L, Coaker G, Scheel D, Lee J. Bacterial AvrRpt2-Like Cysteine Proteases Block Activation of the Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, MPK4 and MPK11. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2223-38. [PMID: 27208280 PMCID: PMC4936563 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To establish infection, pathogens deliver effectors into host cells to target immune signaling components, including elements of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades. The virulence function of AvrRpt2, one of the first identified Pseudomonas syringae effectors, involves cleavage of the plant defense regulator, RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4), and interference with plant auxin signaling. We show now that AvrRpt2 specifically suppresses the flagellin-induced phosphorylation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MPK4 and MPK11 but not MPK3 or MPK6. This inhibition requires the proteolytic activity of AvrRpt2, is associated with reduced expression of some plant defense genes, and correlates with enhanced pathogen infection in AvrRpt2-expressing transgenic plants. Diverse AvrRpt2-like homologs can be found in some phytopathogens, plant-associated and soil bacteria. Employing these putative bacterial AvrRpt2 homologs and inactive AvrRpt2 variants, we can uncouple the inhibition of MPK4/MPK11 activation from the cleavage of RIN4 and related members from the so-called nitrate-induced family as well as from auxin signaling. Thus, this selective suppression of specific mitogen-activated protein kinases is independent of the previously known AvrRpt2 targets and potentially represents a novel virulence function of AvrRpt2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.)
| | - Xiyuan Jiang
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.)
| | - James Mitch Elmore
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.)
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.)
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.)
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.)
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.)
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.)
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36
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Reimer-Michalski EM, Conrath U. Innate immune memory in plants. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:319-27. [PMID: 27264335 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The plant innate immune system comprises local and systemic immune responses. Systemic plant immunity develops after foliar infection by microbial pathogens, upon root colonization by certain microbes, or in response to physical injury. The systemic plant immune response to localized foliar infection is associated with elevated levels of pattern-recognition receptors, accumulation of dormant signaling enzymes, and alterations in chromatin state. Together, these systemic responses provide a memory to the initial infection by priming the remote leaves for enhanced defense and immunity to reinfection. The plant innate immune system thus builds immunological memory by utilizing mechanisms and components that are similar to those employed in the trained innate immune response of jawed vertebrates. Therefore, there seems to be conservation, or convergence, in the evolution of innate immune memory in plants and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany.
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37
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Xu J, Meng J, Meng X, Zhao Y, Liu J, Sun T, Liu Y, Wang Q, Zhang S. Pathogen-Responsive MPK3 and MPK6 Reprogram the Biosynthesis of Indole Glucosinolates and Their Derivatives in Arabidopsis Immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1144-62. [PMID: 27081184 PMCID: PMC4904669 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds have critical roles in plant immunity; for example, Arabidopsis thaliana and other crucifers deploy phytoalexins and glucosinolate derivatives in defense against pathogens. The pathogen-responsive MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 (MPK3) and MPK6 have essential functions in the induction of camalexin, the major phytoalexin in Arabidopsis. In search of cyanide, a coproduct of ethylene and camalexin biosynthesis, we found that MPK3 and MPK6 also affect the accumulation of extracellular thiocyanate ion derived from the indole glucosinolate (IGS) pathway. Botrytis cinerea infection activates MPK3/MPK6, which promote indole-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (I3G) biosynthesis and its conversion to 4-methoxyindole-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MI3G). Gain- and loss-of-function analyses demonstrated that MPK3/MPK6 regulate the expression of MYB51 and MYB122, two key regulators of IGS biosynthesis, as well as CYP81F2 and IGMT1/IGMT2, which encode enzymes in the conversion of I3G to 4MI3G, through ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR6 (ERF6), a substrate of MPK3/MPK6. Under the action of PENETRATION2 (PEN2), an atypical myrosinase, and PEN3, an ATP binding cassette transporter, 4MI3G is converted to extracellular unstable antimicrobial compounds, possibly isothiocyanates that can react with nucleophiles and release the stable thiocyanate ion. Recent studies demonstrated the importance of PEN2/PEN3-dependent IGS derivatives in plant immunity. Here, we report that MPK3/MPK6 and their substrate ERF6 promote the biosynthesis of IGSs and the conversion of I3G to 4MI3G, a target of PEN2/PEN3-dependent chemical defenses in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Yanting Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tiefeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Sheikh AH, Eschen-Lippold L, Pecher P, Hoehenwarter W, Sinha AK, Scheel D, Lee J. Regulation of WRKY46 Transcription Factor Function by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:61. [PMID: 26870073 PMCID: PMC4740394 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are central signaling pathways activated in plants after sensing internal developmental and external stress cues. Knowledge about the downstream substrate proteins of MAPKs is still limited in plants. We screened Arabidopsis WRKY transcription factors as potential targets downstream of MAPKs, and concentrated on characterizing WRKY46 as a substrate of the MAPK, MPK3. Mass spectrometry revealed in vitro phosphorylation of WRKY46 at amino acid position S168 by MPK3. However, mutagenesis studies showed that a second phosphosite, S250, can also be phosphorylated. Elicitation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the bacterial flagellin-derived flg22 peptide led to in vivo destabilization of WRKY46 in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Mutation of either phosphorylation site reduced the PAMP-induced degradation of WRKY46. Furthermore, the protein for the double phosphosite mutant is expressed at higher levels compared to wild-type proteins or single phosphosite mutants. In line with its nuclear localization and predicted function as a transcriptional activator, overexpression of WRKY46 in protoplasts raised basal plant defense as reflected by the increase in promoter activity of the PAMP-responsive gene, NHL10, in a MAPK-dependent manner. Thus, MAPK-mediated regulation of WRKY46 is a mechanism to control plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsheed H. Sheikh
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle/Saale, Germany
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle/Saale, Germany
| | - Pascal Pecher
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle/Saale, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle/Saale, Germany
| | - Alok K. Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle/Saale, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle/Saale, Germany
- *Correspondence: Justin Lee,
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Mattei B, Spinelli F, Pontiggia D, De Lorenzo G. Comprehensive Analysis of the Membrane Phosphoproteome Regulated by Oligogalacturonides in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1107. [PMID: 27532006 PMCID: PMC4969306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Early changes in the Arabidopsis thaliana membrane phosphoproteome in response to oligogalacturonides (OGs), a class of plant damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), were analyzed by two complementary proteomic approaches. Differentially phosphorylated sites were determined through phosphopeptide enrichment followed by LC-MS/MS using label-free quantification; differentially phosphorylated proteins were identified by 2D-DIGE combined with phospho-specific fluorescent staining (phospho-DIGE). This large-scale phosphoproteome analysis of early OG-signaling enabled us to determine 100 regulated phosphosites using LC-MS/MS and 46 differential spots corresponding to 34 pdhosphoproteins using phospho-DIGE. Functional classification showed that the OG-responsive phosphoproteins include kinases, phosphatases and receptor-like kinases, heat shock proteins (HSPs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, proteins related to cellular trafficking, transport, defense and signaling as well as novel candidates for a role in immunity, for which elicitor-induced phosphorylation changes have not been shown before. A comparison with previously identified elicitor-regulated phosphosites shows only a very limited overlap, uncovering the immune-related regulation of 70 phosphorylation sites and revealing novel potential players in the regulation of elicitor-dependent immunity.
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