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Das PK, Sahoo A, Veeranki VD. Recombinant monoclonal antibody production in yeasts: Challenges and considerations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131379. [PMID: 38580014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-based engineered protein molecules with a monovalent affinity or multivalent avidity towards a specific target or antigen, which can mimic natural antibodies that are produced in the human immune systems to fight against detrimental pathogens. The recombinant mAb is one of the most effective classes of biopharmaceuticals produced in vitro by cloning and expressing synthetic antibody genes in a suitable host. Yeast is one of the potential hosts among others for the successful production of recombinant mAbs. However, there are very few yeast-derived mAbs that got the approval of the regulatory agencies for direct use for treatment purposes. Certain challenges encountered by yeasts for recombinant antibody productions need to be overcome and a few considerations related to antibody structure, host engineering, and culturing strategies should be followed for the improved production of mAbs in yeasts. In this review, the drawbacks related to the metabolic burden of the host, culturing conditions including induction mechanism and secretion efficiency, solubility and stability, downstream processing, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of the antibody are discussed, which will help in developing the yeast hosts for the efficient production of recombinant mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Das
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ansuman Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Venkata Dasu Veeranki
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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2
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Uetz P, Göritzer K, Vergara E, Melnik S, Grünwald-Gruber C, Figl R, Deghmane AE, Groppelli E, Reljic R, Ma JKC, Stöger E, Strasser R. Implications of O-glycan modifications in the hinge region of a plant-produced SARS-CoV-2-IgA antibody on functionality. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1329018. [PMID: 38511130 PMCID: PMC10953500 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1329018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prolyl-4-hydroxylases (P4H) catalyse the irreversible conversion of proline to hydroxyproline, constituting a common posttranslational modification of proteins found in humans, plants, and microbes. Hydroxyproline residues can be further modified in plants to yield glycoproteins containing characteristic O-glycans. It is currently unknown how these plant endogenous modifications impact protein functionality and they cause considerable concerns for the recombinant production of therapeutic proteins in plants. In this study, we carried out host engineering to generate a therapeutic glycoprotein largely devoid of plant-endogenous O-glycans for functional characterization. Methods: Genome editing was used to inactivate two genes coding for enzymes of the P4H10 subfamily in the widely used expression host Nicotiana benthamiana. Using glycoengineering in plants and expression in human HEK293 cells we generated four variants of a potent, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, COVA2-15 IgA1. The variants that differed in the number of modified proline residues and O-glycan compositions of their hinge region were assessed regarding their physicochemical properties and functionality. Results: We found that plant endogenous O-glycan formation was strongly reduced on IgA1 when transiently expressed in the P4H10 double mutant N. benthamiana plant line. The IgA1 glycoforms displayed differences in proteolytic stability and minor differences in receptor binding thus highlighting the importance of O-glycosylation in the hinge region of human IgA1. Discussion: This work reports the successful protein O-glycan engineering of an important plant host for recombinant protein expression. While the complete removal of endogenous hydroxyproline residues from the hinge region of plant-produced IgA1 is yet to be achieved, our engineered line is suitable for structure-function studies of O-glycosylated recombinant glycoproteins produced in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Uetz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil Vergara
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ala-Eddine Deghmane
- Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Groppelli
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Gupta MD, Flaskamp Y, Roentgen R, Juergens H, Armero-Gimenez J, Albrecht F, Hemmerich J, Arfi ZA, Neuser J, Spiegel H, Schillberg S, Yeliseev A, Song L, Qiu J, Williams C, Finnern R. Scaling eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis achieved with the versatile and high-yielding tobacco BY-2 cell lysate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2890-2906. [PMID: 37376851 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) can accelerate expression and high-throughput analysis of complex proteins with functionally relevant post-translational modifications (PTMs). However, low yields and difficulties scaling such systems have prevented their widespread adoption in protein research and manufacturing. Here, we provide detailed demonstrations for the capabilities of a CFPS system derived from Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cell culture (BY-2 lysate; BYL). BYL is able to express diverse, functional proteins at high yields in 48 h, complete with native disulfide bonds and N-glycosylation. An optimized version of the technology is commercialized as ALiCE® and advances in scaling of BYL production methodologies now allow scaling of eukaryotic CFPS reactions. We show linear, lossless scale-up of batch mode protein expression from 100 µL microtiter plates to 10 and 100 mL volumes in Erlenmeyer flasks, culminating in preliminary data from a litre-scale reaction in a rocking-type bioreactor. Together, scaling across a 20,000x range is achieved without impacting product yields. Production of multimeric virus-like particles from the BYL cytosolic fraction were then shown, followed by functional expression of multiple classes of complex, difficult-to-express proteins using the native microsomes of the BYL CFPS. Specifically: a dimeric enzyme; a monoclonal antibody; the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain; a human growth factor; and a G protein-coupled receptor membrane protein. Functional binding and activity are demonstrated, together with in-depth PTM characterization of purified proteins through disulfide bond and N-glycan analysis. Taken together, BYL is a promising end-to-end R&D to manufacturing platform with the potential to significantly reduce the time-to-market for high value proteins and biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Armero-Gimenez
- LenioBio GmbH, Technology Centre, Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jakob Neuser
- LenioBio GmbH, Technology Centre, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexei Yeliseev
- National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lusheng Song
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ji Qiu
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Strasser R. Plant glycoengineering for designing next-generation vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108197. [PMID: 37315875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has a huge impact on biological processes in all domains of life. The type of glycan present on a recombinant glycoprotein depends on protein intrinsic features and the glycosylation repertoire of the cell type used for expression. Glycoengineering approaches are used to eliminate unwanted glycan modifications and to facilitate the coordinated expression of glycosylation enzymes or whole metabolic pathways to furnish glycans with distinct modifications. The formation of tailored glycans enables structure-function studies and optimization of therapeutic proteins used in different applications. While recombinant proteins or proteins from natural sources can be in vitro glycoengineered using glycosyltransferases or chemoenzymatic synthesis, many approaches use genetic engineering involving the elimination of endogenous genes and introduction of heterologous genes to cell-based production systems. Plant glycoengineering enables the in planta production of recombinant glycoproteins with human or animal-type glycans that resemble natural glycosylation or contain novel glycan structures. This review summarizes key achievements in glycoengineering of plants and highlights current developments aiming to make plants more suitable for the production of a diverse range of recombinant glycoproteins for innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Beihammer G, König-Beihammer J, Kogelmann B, Ruocco V, Grünwald-Gruber C, D’Aoust MA, Lavoie PO, Saxena P, Gach JS, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. An oligosaccharyltransferase from Leishmania donovani increases the N-glycan occupancy on plant-produced IgG1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1233666. [PMID: 37615026 PMCID: PMC10442823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) at the heavy chain Fc domain (Asn297) plays an important role for antibody structure and effector functions. While numerous recombinant IgG1 antibodies have been successfully expressed in plants, they frequently display a considerable amount (up to 50%) of unglycosylated Fc domain. To overcome this limitation, we tested a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase from the protozoan Leishmania donovani (LdOST) for its ability to improve IgG1 Fc glycosylation. LdOST fused to a fluorescent protein was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy confirmed the subcellular location at the endoplasmic reticulum. Transient co-expression of LdOST with two different IgG1 antibodies resulted in a significant increase (up to 97%) of Fc glycosylation while leaving the overall N-glycan composition unmodified, as determined by different mass spectrometry approaches. While biochemical and functional features of "glycosylation improved" antibodies remained unchanged, a slight increase in FcγRIIIa binding and thermal stability was observed. Collectively, our results reveal that LdOST expression is suitable to reduce the heterogeneity of plant-produced antibodies and can contribute to improving their stability and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia König-Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Ruocco
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Barbosa MJ, Janssen M, Südfeld C, D'Adamo S, Wijffels RH. Hypes, hopes, and the way forward for microalgal biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:452-471. [PMID: 36707271 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The urge for food security and sustainability has advanced the field of microalgal biotechnology. Microalgae are microorganisms able to grow using (sun)light, fertilizers, sugars, CO2, and seawater. They have high potential as a feedstock for food, feed, energy, and chemicals. Microalgae grow faster and have higher areal productivity than plant crops, without competing for agricultural land and with 100% efficiency uptake of fertilizers. In comparison with bacterial, fungal, and yeast single-cell protein production, based on hydrogen or sugar, microalgae show higher land-use efficiency. New insights are provided regarding the potential of microalgae replacing soy protein, fish oil, and palm oil and being used as cell factories in modern industrial biotechnology to produce designer feed, recombinant proteins, biopharmaceuticals, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Barbosa
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, Wageningen, 6700, AA, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Janssen
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, Wageningen, 6700, AA, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Südfeld
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, Wageningen, 6700, AA, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah D'Adamo
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, Wageningen, 6700, AA, The Netherlands
| | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, Wageningen, 6700, AA, The Netherlands; Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, N-8049,Norway
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7
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Rozov SM, Zagorskaya AA, Konstantinov YM, Deineko EV. Three Parts of the Plant Genome: On the Way to Success in the Production of Recombinant Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:38. [PMID: 36616166 PMCID: PMC9824153 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are the most important product of current industrial biotechnology. They are indispensable in medicine (for diagnostics and treatment), food and chemical industries, and research. Plant cells combine advantages of the eukaryotic protein production system with simplicity and efficacy of the bacterial one. The use of plants for the production of recombinant proteins is an economically important and promising area that has emerged as an alternative to traditional approaches. This review discusses advantages of plant systems for the expression of recombinant proteins using nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes. Possibilities, problems, and prospects of modifications of the three parts of the genome in light of obtaining producer plants are examined. Examples of successful use of the nuclear expression platform for production of various biopharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs, and technologically important proteins are described, as are examples of a high yield of recombinant proteins upon modification of the chloroplast genome. Potential utility of plant mitochondria as an expression system for the production of recombinant proteins and its advantages over the nucleus and chloroplasts are substantiated. Although these opportunities have not yet been exploited, potential utility of plant mitochondria as an expression system for the production of recombinant proteins and its advantages over the nucleus and chloroplasts are substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M. Rozov
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alla A. Zagorskaya
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yuri M. Konstantinov
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lermontova Str. 132, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Elena V. Deineko
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Göritzer K, Grandits M, Grünwald-Gruber C, Figl R, Mercx S, Navarre C, Ma JKC, Teh AYH. Engineering the N-glycosylation pathway of Nicotiana tabacum for molecular pharming using CRISPR/Cas9. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1003065. [PMID: 36161010 PMCID: PMC9493077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1003065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular pharming in plants offers exciting possibilities to address global access to modern biologics. However, differences in the N-glycosylation pathway including the presence of β(1,2)-xylose and core α(1,3)-fucose can affect activity, potency and immunogenicity of plant-derived proteins. Successful glycoengineering approaches toward human-like structures with no changes in plant phenotype, growth, or recombinant protein expression levels have been reported for Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Such engineering of N-glycosylation would also be desirable for Nicotiana tabacum, which remains the crop of choice for recombinant protein pharmaceuticals required at massive scale and for manufacturing technology transfer to less developed countries. Here, we generated N. tabacum cv. SR-1 β(1,2)-xylosyltransferase (XylT) and α(1,3)-fucosyltransferase (FucT) knockout lines using CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex genome editing, targeting three conserved regions of the four FucT and two XylT genes. These two enzymes are responsible for generating non-human N-glycan structures. We confirmed full functional knockout of transformants by immunoblotting of total soluble protein by antibodies recognizing β(1,2)-xylose and core α(1,3)-fucose, mass spectrometry analysis of recombinantly produced VRC01, a broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 hIgG1 antibody, and Sanger sequencing of targeted regions of the putative transformants. These data represent an important step toward establishing Nicotiana tabacum as a biologics platform for Global Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Göritzer
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sébastien Mercx
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Catherine Navarre
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julian K-C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Y-H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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van der Kaaij A, van Noort K, Nibbering P, Wilbers RHP, Schots A. Glyco-Engineering Plants to Produce Helminth Glycoproteins as Prospective Biopharmaceuticals: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882835. [PMID: 35574113 PMCID: PMC9100689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins are the dominant category among approved biopharmaceuticals, indicating their importance as therapeutic proteins. Glycoproteins are decorated with carbohydrate structures (or glycans) in a process called glycosylation. Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that is present in all kingdoms of life, albeit with differences in core modifications, terminal glycan structures, and incorporation of different sugar residues. Glycans play pivotal roles in many biological processes and can impact the efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. The majority of biopharmaceuticals are based on human glycoproteins, but non-human glycoproteins, originating from for instance parasitic worms (helminths), form an untapped pool of potential therapeutics for immune-related diseases and vaccine candidates. The production of sufficient quantities of correctly glycosylated putative therapeutic helminth proteins is often challenging and requires extensive engineering of the glycosylation pathway. Therefore, a flexible glycoprotein production system is required that allows straightforward introduction of heterologous glycosylation machinery composed of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases to obtain desired glycan structures. The glycome of plants creates an ideal starting point for N- and O-glyco-engineering of helminth glycans. Plants are also tolerant toward the introduction of heterologous glycosylation enzymes as well as the obtained glycans. Thus, a potent production platform emerges that enables the production of recombinant helminth proteins with unusual glycans. In this review, we discuss recent advances in plant glyco-engineering of potentially therapeutic helminth glycoproteins, challenges and their future prospects.
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Ruocco V, Strasser R. Transient Expression of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1093. [PMID: 35448821 PMCID: PMC9033091 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic very dramatically shows that the world lacks preparedness for novel viral diseases. In addition to newly emerging viruses, many known pathogenic viruses such as influenza are constantly evolving, leading to frequent outbreaks with severe diseases and deaths. Hence, infectious viruses are a recurrent burden to our daily life, and powerful strategies to stop the spread of human pathogens and disease progression are of utmost importance. Transient plant-based protein expression is a technology that allows fast and highly flexible manufacturing of recombinant viral proteins and, thus, can contribute to infectious disease detection and prevention. This review highlights recent progress in the transient production of viral glycoproteins in N. benthamiana with a focus on SARS-CoV-2-derived viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria;
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11
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Improving Protein Quantity and Quality—The Next Level of Plant Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031326. [PMID: 35163249 PMCID: PMC8836236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants offer several unique advantages in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals for humans and animals. Although numerous recombinant proteins have been expressed in plants, only a small fraction have been successfully put into use. The hugely distinct expression systems between plant and animal cells frequently cause insufficient yield of the recombinant proteins with poor or undesired activity. To overcome the issues that greatly constrain the development of plant-produced pharmaceuticals, great efforts have been made to improve expression systems and develop alternative strategies to increase both the quantity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Recent technological revolutions, such as targeted genome editing, deconstructed vectors, virus-like particles, and humanized glycosylation, have led to great advances in plant molecular farming to meet the industrial manufacturing and clinical application standards. In this review, we discuss the technological advances made in various plant expression platforms, with special focus on the upstream designs and milestone achievements in improving the yield and glycosylation of the plant-produced pharmaceutical proteins.
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12
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Chincinska IA. Leaf infiltration in plant science: old method, new possibilities. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:83. [PMID: 34321022 PMCID: PMC8316707 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The penetration of substances from the surface to deep inside plant tissues is called infiltration. Although various plant tissues may be effectively saturated with externally applied fluid, most described infiltration strategies have been developed for leaves. The infiltration process can be spontaneous (under normal atmospheric pressure) or forced by a pressure difference generated between the lamina surface and the inside of the leaf. Spontaneous infiltration of leaf laminae is possible with the use of liquids with sufficiently low surface tension. Forced infiltration is most commonly performed using needle-less syringes or vacuum pumps.Leaf infiltration is widely used in plant sciences for both research and application purposes, usually as a starting technique to obtain plant material for advanced experimental procedures. Leaf infiltration followed by gentle centrifugation allows to obtain the apoplastic fluid for further analyses including various omics. In studies of plant-microorganism interactions, infiltration is used for the controlled introduction of bacterial suspensions into leaf tissues or for the isolation of microorganisms inhabiting apoplastic spaces of leaves. The methods based on infiltration of target tissues allow the penetration of dyes, fixatives and other substances improving the quality of microscopic imaging. Infiltration has found a special application in plant biotechnology as a method of transient transformation with the use of Agrobacterium suspension (agroinfiltration) enabling genetic modifications of mature plant leaves, including the local induction of mutations using genome editing tools. In plant nanobiotechnology, the leaves of the target plants can be infiltrated with suitably prepared nanoparticles, which can act as light sensors or increase the plant resistance to environmental stress. In addition the infiltration has been also intensively studied due to the undesirable effects of this phenomenon in some food technology sectors, such as accidental contamination of leafy greens with pathogenic bacteria during the vacuum cooling process.This review, inspired by the growing interest of the scientists from various fields of plant science in the phenomenon of infiltration, provides the description of different infiltration methods and summarizes the recent applications of this technique in plant physiology, phytopathology and plant (nano-)biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Anna Chincinska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Nakanishi K, Mogi N, Kikuchi Y, Matsuda M, Matsuoka T, Shiina K, Morikane S, Kurohane K, Niwa Y, Kobayashi H, Imai Y. Plant-derived secretory component gives protease-resistance to Shiga toxin 1-specific dimeric IgA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:297-308. [PMID: 33871797 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Noriko Mogi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuki Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Minami Matsuda
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kotome Shiina
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shota Morikane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kohta Kurohane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuo Niwa
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Improvement, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Improvement, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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14
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Buyel JF, Stöger E, Bortesi L. Targeted genome editing of plants and plant cells for biomanufacturing. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:401-426. [PMID: 33646510 PMCID: PMC8316201 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants have provided humans with useful products since antiquity, but in the last 30 years they have also been developed as production platforms for small molecules and recombinant proteins. This initially niche area has blossomed with the growth of the global bioeconomy, and now includes chemical building blocks, polymers and renewable energy. All these applications can be described as “plant molecular farming” (PMF). Despite its potential to increase the sustainability of biologics manufacturing, PMF has yet to be embraced broadly by industry. This reflects a combination of regulatory uncertainty, limited information on process cost structures, and the absence of trained staff and suitable manufacturing capacity. However, the limited adaptation of plants and plant cells to the requirements of industry-scale manufacturing is an equally important hurdle. For example, the targeted genetic manipulation of yeast has been common practice since the 1980s, whereas reliable site-directed mutagenesis in most plants has only become available with the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 and similar genome editing technologies since around 2010. Here we summarize the applications of new genetic engineering technologies to improve plants as biomanufacturing platforms. We start by identifying current bottlenecks in manufacturing, then illustrate the progress that has already been made and discuss the potential for improvement at the molecular, cellular and organism levels. We discuss the effects of metabolic optimization, adaptation of the endomembrane system, modified glycosylation profiles, programmable growth and senescence, protease inactivation, and the expression of enzymes that promote biodegradation. We outline strategies to achieve these modifications by targeted gene modification, considering case-by-case examples of individual improvements and the combined modifications needed to generate a new general-purpose “chassis” for PMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - E Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Bortesi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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15
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Hansen AL, Reily C, Novak J, Renfrow MB. Immunoglobulin A Glycosylation and Its Role in Disease. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:433-477. [PMID: 34687019 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human IgA is comprised of two subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2. Monomeric IgA (mIgA), polymeric IgA (pIgA), and secretory IgA (SIgA) are the main molecular forms of IgA. The production of IgA rivals all other immunoglobulin isotypes. The large quantities of IgA reflect the fundamental roles it plays in immune defense, protecting vulnerable mucosal surfaces against invading pathogens. SIgA dominates mucosal surfaces, whereas IgA in circulation is predominately monomeric. All forms of IgA are glycosylated, and the glycans significantly influence its various roles, including antigen binding and the antibody effector functions, mediated by the Fab and Fc portions, respectively. In contrast to its protective role, the aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and IgA vasculitis with nephritis (IgAVN). Furthermore, detailed characterization of IgA glycosylation, including its diverse range of heterogeneity, is of emerging interest. We provide an overview of the glycosylation observed for each subclass and molecular form of IgA as well as the range of heterogeneity for each site of glycosylation. In many ways, the role of IgA glycosylation is in its early stages of being elucidated. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Colin Reily
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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16
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Göritzer K, Strasser R. Glycosylation of Plant-Produced Immunoglobulins. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:519-543. [PMID: 34687021 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many economically important protein-based therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies are glycosylated. Due to the recognized importance of this type of posttranslational modification, glycoengineering of expression systems to obtain highly active and homogenous therapeutics is an emerging field. Although most of the monoclonal antibodies on the market are still produced in mammalian expression platforms, plants are emerging as an alternative cost-effective and scalable production platform that allows precise engineering of glycosylation to produce targeted human glycoforms at large homogeneity. Apart from producing more effective antibodies, pure glycoforms are required in efforts to link biological functions to specific glycan structures. Much is already known about the role of IgG1 glycosylation and this antibody class is the dominant recombinant format that has been expressed in plants. By contrast, little attention has been paid to the glycoengineering of recombinant IgG subtypes and the other four classes of human immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgM). Except for IgD, all these antibody classes have been expressed in plants and the glycosylation has been analyzed in a site-specific manner. Here, we summarize the current data on glycosylation of plant-produced monoclonal antibodies and discuss the findings in the light of known functions for these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Strasser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Margolin E, Allen JD, Verbeek M, van Diepen M, Ximba P, Chapman R, Meyers A, Williamson AL, Crispin M, Rybicki E. Site-Specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Viral Glycoproteins Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:709344. [PMID: 34367227 PMCID: PMC8341435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.709344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to establish large scale biopharmaceutical manufacturing capacity in Africa where the infrastructure for biologics production is severely limited. Molecular farming, whereby pharmaceuticals are produced in plants, offers a cheaper alternative to mainstream expression platforms, and is amenable to rapid large-scale production. However, there are several differences along the plant protein secretory pathway compared to mammalian systems, which constrain the production of complex pharmaceuticals. Viral envelope glycoproteins are important targets for immunization, yet in some cases they accumulate poorly in plants and may not be properly processed. Whilst the co-expression of human chaperones and furin proteases has shown promise, it is presently unclear how plant-specific differences in glycosylation impact the production of these proteins. In many cases it may be necessary to reproduce features of their native glycosylation to produce immunologically relevant vaccines, given that glycosylation is central to the folding and immunogenicity of these antigens. Building on previous work, we transiently expressed model glycoproteins from HIV and Marburg virus in Nicotiana benthamiana and mammalian cells. The proteins were purified and their site-specific glycosylation was determined by mass-spectrometry. Both glycoproteins yielded increased amounts of protein aggregates when produced in plants compared to the equivalent mammalian cell-derived proteins. The glycosylation profiles of the plant-produced glycoproteins were distinct from the mammalian cell produced proteins: they displayed lower levels of glycan occupancy, reduced complex glycans and large amounts of paucimannosidic structures. The elucidation of the site-specific glycosylation of viral glycoproteins produced in N. benthamiana is an important step toward producing heterologous viral glycoproteins in plants with authentic human-like glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Margolin
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Emmanuel Margolin,
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Verbeek
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michiel van Diepen
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phindile Ximba
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosamund Chapman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Max Crispin,
| | - Edward Rybicki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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Teh AYH, Cavacini L, Hu Y, Kumru OS, Xiong J, Bolick DT, Joshi SB, Grünwald-Gruber C, Altmann F, Klempner M, Guerrant RL, Volkin DB, Wang Y, Ma JKC. Investigation of a monoclonal antibody against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, expressed as secretory IgA1 and IgA2 in plants. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-14. [PMID: 33439092 PMCID: PMC7833773 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1859813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with antibodies is a promising approach against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea, a prevalent disease in LMICs. The objective of this study was to investigate expression of a monoclonal anti-ETEC CfaE secretory IgA antibody in N. benthamiana plants, with a view to facilitating access to ETEC passive immunotherapy. SIgA1 and SIgA2 forms of mAb 68-81 were produced by co-expressing the light and engineered heavy chains with J chain and secretory component in N. benthamiana. Antibody expression and assembly were compared with CHO-derived antibodies by SDS-PAGE, western blotting, size-exclusion chromatography and LC-MS peptide mapping. N-linked glycosylation was assessed by rapid fluorescence/mass spectrometry and LC-ESI-MS. Susceptibility to gastric digestion was assessed in an in vitro model. Antibody function was compared for antigen binding, a Caco-2 cell-based ETEC adhesion assay, an ETEC hemagglutination inhibition assay and a murine in vivo challenge study. SIgA1 assembly appeared superior to SIgA2 in plants. Both sub-classes exhibited resistance to degradation by simulated gastric fluid, comparable to CHO-produced 68-61 SIgA1. The plant expressed SIgAs had more homogeneous N-glycosylation than CHO-derived SIgAs, but no alteration of in vitro functional activity was observed, including antibodies expressed in a plant line engineered for mammalian-like N glycosylation. The plant-derived SIgA2 mAb demonstrated protection against diarrhea in a murine infection model. Although antibody yield and purification need to be optimized, anti-ETEC SIgA antibodies produced in a low-cost plant platform are functionally equivalent to CHO antibodies, and provide promise for passive immunotherapy in LMICs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/genetics
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antibodies, Bacterial/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
- Caco-2 Cells
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Escherichia coli Infections/therapy
- Gastric Acid/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/genetics
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy
- Mice
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Y-H Teh
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yue Hu
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ozan S. Kumru
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jian Xiong
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David T. Bolick
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department for Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Universität Für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department for Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Universität Für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Klempner
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David B. Volkin
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian K-C. Ma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
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19
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Fc Engineering Strategies to Advance IgA Antibodies as Therapeutic Agents. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040070. [PMID: 33333967 PMCID: PMC7768499 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past three decades, a great interest has arisen in the use of immunoglobulins as therapeutic agents. In particular, since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody Rituximab for B cell malignancies, the progress in the antibody-related therapeutic agents has been incremental. Therapeutic antibodies can be applied in a variety of diseases, ranging from cancer to autoimmunity and allergy. All current therapeutic monoclonal antibodies used in the clinic are of the IgG isotype. IgG antibodies can induce the killing of cancer cells by growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, complement activation (CDC) or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by NK cells, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by monocytes/macrophages, or trogoptosis by granulocytes. To enhance these effector mechanisms of IgG, protein and glyco-engineering has been successfully applied. As an alternative to IgG, antibodies of the IgA isotype have been shown to be very effective in tumor eradication. Using the IgA-specific receptor FcαRI expressed on myeloid cells, IgA antibodies show superior tumor-killing compared to IgG when granulocytes are employed. However, reasons why IgA has not been introduced in the clinic yet can be found in the intrinsic properties of IgA posing several technical limitations: (1) IgA is challenging to produce and purify, (2) IgA shows a very heterogeneous glycosylation profile, and (3) IgA has a relatively short serum half-life. Next to the technical challenges, pre-clinical evaluation of IgA efficacy in vivo is not straightforward as mice do not naturally express the FcαR. Here, we provide a concise overview of the latest insights in these engineering strategies overcoming technical limitations of IgA as a therapeutic antibody: developability, heterogeneity, and short half-life. In addition, alternative approaches using IgA/IgG hybrid and FcαR-engagers and the impact of engineering on the clinical application of IgA will be discussed.
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20
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de Haan N, Falck D, Wuhrer M. Monitoring of immunoglobulin N- and O-glycosylation in health and disease. Glycobiology 2020; 30:226-240. [PMID: 31281930 PMCID: PMC7225405 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N- and O-glycosylation are well known co- and post-translational modifications of immunoglobulins. Antibody glycosylation on the Fab and Fc portion is known to influence antigen binding and effector functions, respectively. To study associations between antibody glycosylation profiles and (patho) physiological states as well as antibody functionality, advanced technologies and methods are required. In-depth structural characterization of antibody glycosylation usually relies on the separation and tandem mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of released glycans. Protein- and site-specific information, on the other hand, may be obtained by the MS analysis of glycopeptides. With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometers, antibody glycosylation analysis at the intact or middle-up level has gained more interest, providing an integrated view of different post-translational modifications (including glycosylation). Alongside the in-depth methods, there is also great interest in robust, high-throughput techniques for routine glycosylation profiling in biopharma and clinical laboratories. With an emphasis on IgG Fc glycosylation, several highly robust separation-based techniques are employed for this purpose. In this review, we describe recent advances in MS methods, separation techniques and orthogonal approaches for the characterization of immunoglobulin glycosylation in different settings. We put emphasis on the current status and expected developments of antibody glycosylation analysis in biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Margolin E, Crispin M, Meyers A, Chapman R, Rybicki EP. A Roadmap for the Molecular Farming of Viral Glycoprotein Vaccines: Engineering Glycosylation and Glycosylation-Directed Folding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609207. [PMID: 33343609 PMCID: PMC7744475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunization with recombinant glycoprotein-based vaccines is a promising approach to induce protective immunity against viruses. However, the complex biosynthetic maturation requirements of these glycoproteins typically necessitate their production in mammalian cells to support their folding and post-translational modification. Despite these clear advantages, the incumbent costs and infrastructure requirements with this approach can be prohibitive in developing countries, and the production scales and timelines may prove limiting when applying these production systems to the control of pandemic viral outbreaks. Plant molecular farming of viral glycoproteins has been suggested as a cheap and rapidly scalable alternative production system, with the potential to perform post-translational modifications that are comparable to mammalian cells. Consequently, plant-produced glycoprotein vaccines for seasonal and pandemic influenza have shown promise in clinical trials, and vaccine candidates against the newly emergent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have entered into late stage preclinical and clinical testing. However, many other viral glycoproteins accumulate poorly in plants, and are not appropriately processed along the secretory pathway due to differences in the host cellular machinery. Furthermore, plant-derived glycoproteins often contain glycoforms that are antigenically distinct from those present on the native virus, and may also be under-glycosylated in some instances. Recent advances in the field have increased the complexity and yields of biologics that can be produced in plants, and have now enabled the expression of many viral glycoproteins which could not previously be produced in plant systems. In contrast to the empirical optimization that predominated during the early years of molecular farming, the next generation of plant-made products are being produced by developing rational, tailor-made approaches to support their production. This has involved the elimination of plant-specific glycoforms and the introduction into plants of elements of the biosynthetic machinery from different expression hosts. These approaches have resulted in the production of mammalian N-linked glycans and the formation of O-glycan moieties in planta. More recently, plant molecular engineering approaches have also been applied to improve the glycan occupancy of proteins which are not appropriately glycosylated, and to support the folding and processing of viral glycoproteins where the cellular machinery differs from the usual expression host of the protein. Here we highlight recent achievements and remaining challenges in glycoengineering and the engineering of glycosylation-directed folding pathways in plants, and discuss how these can be applied to produce recombinant viral glycoproteins vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Margolin
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Meyers
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ros Chapman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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Kightlinger W, Warfel KF, DeLisa MP, Jewett MC. Synthetic Glycobiology: Parts, Systems, and Applications. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1534-1562. [PMID: 32526139 PMCID: PMC7372563 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the attachment of sugars to amino acid side chains, can endow proteins with a wide variety of properties of great interest to the engineering biology community. However, natural glycosylation systems are limited in the diversity of glycoproteins they can synthesize, the scale at which they can be harnessed for biotechnology, and the homogeneity of glycoprotein structures they can produce. Here we provide an overview of the emerging field of synthetic glycobiology, the application of synthetic biology tools and design principles to better understand and engineer glycosylation. Specifically, we focus on how the biosynthetic and analytical tools of synthetic biology have been used to redesign glycosylation systems to obtain defined glycosylation structures on proteins for diverse applications in medicine, materials, and diagnostics. We review the key biological parts available to synthetic biologists interested in engineering glycoproteins to solve compelling problems in glycoscience, describe recent efforts to construct synthetic glycoprotein synthesis systems, and outline exemplary applications as well as new opportunities in this emerging space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston Kightlinger
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine F. Warfel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Department
of Microbiology, Cornell University, 123 Wing Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert
Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy
E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Göritzer K, Goet I, Duric S, Maresch D, Altmann F, Obinger C, Strasser R. Efficient N-Glycosylation of the Heavy Chain Tailpiece Promotes the Formation of Plant-Produced Dimeric IgA. Front Chem 2020; 8:346. [PMID: 32426328 PMCID: PMC7212365 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of monomeric IgA in mammalian cells and plant expression systems such as Nicotiana benthamiana is well-established and can be achieved by co-expression of the corresponding light and heavy chains. In contrast, the assembly of dimeric IgA requires the additional expression of the joining chain and remains challenging especially in plant-based systems. Here, we examined factors affecting the assembly and expression of HER2 binding dimeric IgA1 and IgA2m(2) variants transiently produced in N. benthamiana. While co-expression of the joining chain resulted in efficient formation of dimeric IgAs in HEK293F cells, a mixture of monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric variants was detected in plants. Mass-spectrometric analysis of site-specific glycosylation revealed that the N-glycan profile differed between monomeric and dimeric IgAs in the plant expression system. Co-expression of a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase from the protozoan Leishmania major in N. benthamiana increased the N-glycosylation occupancy at the C-terminal heavy chain tailpiece and changed the ratio of monomeric to dimeric IgAs. Our data demonstrate that N-glycosylation engineering is a suitable strategy to promote the formation of dimeric IgA variants in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Goet
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stella Duric
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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24
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van Eerde A, Várnai A, Jameson JK, Paruch L, Moen A, Anonsen JH, Chylenski P, Steen HS, Heldal I, Bock R, Eijsink VGH, Liu‐Clarke J. In-depth characterization of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase TrCel7A produced in Nicotiana benthamiana reveals limitations of cellulase production in plants by host-specific post-translational modifications. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:631-643. [PMID: 31373133 PMCID: PMC7004914 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable production of biofuels from lignocellulose feedstocks depends on cheap enzymes for degradation of such biomass. Plants offer a safe and cost-effective production platform for biopharmaceuticals, vaccines and industrial enzymes boosting biomass conversion to biofuels. Production of intact and functional protein is a prerequisite for large-scale protein production, and extensive host-specific post-translational modifications (PTMs) often affect the catalytic properties and stability of recombinant enzymes. Here we investigated the impact of plant PTMs on enzyme performance and stability of the major cellobiohydrolase TrCel7A from Trichoderma reesei, an industrially relevant enzyme. TrCel7A was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana using a vacuum-based transient expression technology, and this recombinant enzyme (TrCel7Arec ) was compared with the native fungal enzyme (TrCel7Anat ) in terms of PTMs and catalytic activity on commercial and industrial substrates. We show that the N-terminal glutamate of TrCel7Arec was correctly processed by N. benthamiana to a pyroglutamate, critical for protein structure, while the linker region of TrCel7Arec was vulnerable to proteolytic digestion during protein production due to the absence of O-mannosylation in the plant host as compared with the native protein. In general, the purified full-length TrCel7Arec had 25% lower catalytic activity than TrCel7Anat and impaired substrate-binding properties, which can be attributed to larger N-glycans and lack of O-glycans in TrCel7Arec . All in all, our study reveals that the glycosylation machinery of N. benthamiana needs tailoring to optimize the production of efficient cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)ÅsNorway
| | - John Kristian Jameson
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)ÅsNorway
| | - Lisa Paruch
- NIBIONorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Anders Moen
- Department of BiosciencesFaculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of Oslo (UiO)OsloNorway
| | - Jan Haug Anonsen
- Department of BiosciencesFaculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of Oslo (UiO)OsloNorway
| | - Piotr Chylenski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)ÅsNorway
| | | | - Inger Heldal
- NIBIONorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)ÅsNorway
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25
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Sainsbury F. Innovation in plant-based transient protein expression for infectious disease prevention and preparedness. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 61:110-115. [PMID: 31816585 PMCID: PMC7127347 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Addressing new challenges in global health and biosecurity requires responsive and accessible platforms for the manufacture of preventative or therapeutic interventions. Transient protein expression in plants has evolved into a technology that offers a unique combination of rapid expression, inherent scalability, and flexibility in gene stacking with the capability to produce complex proteins and protein assemblies. Technical developments that have driven the progress of transient expression in plants include advanced expression systems, protein engineering and synthetic biology approaches to transiently, or stably, modify host plants. The plasticity of transient expression in plants, speed of scalability and relatively low capital costs, highlight the great potential of this technology in the future of human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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26
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Mathieu-Rivet E, Mati-Baouche N, Walet-Balieu ML, Lerouge P, Bardor M. N- and O-Glycosylation Pathways in the Microalgae Polyphyletic Group. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609993. [PMID: 33391324 PMCID: PMC7773692 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The term microalga refers to various unicellular and photosynthetic organisms representing a polyphyletic group. It gathers numerous species, which can be found in cyanobacteria (i.e., Arthrospira) as well as in distinct eukaryotic groups, such as Chlorophytes (i.e., Chlamydomonas or Chlorella) and Heterokonts (i.e., diatoms). This phylogenetic diversity results in an extraordinary variety of metabolic pathways, offering large possibilities for the production of natural compounds like pigments or lipids that can explain the ever-growing interest of industrials for these organisms since the middle of the last century. More recently, several species have received particular attention as biofactories for the production of recombinant proteins. Indeed, microalgae are easy to grow, safe and cheap making them attractive alternatives as heterologous expression systems. In this last scope of applications, the glycosylation capacity of these organisms must be considered as this post-translational modification of proteins impacts their structural and biological features. Although these mechanisms are well known in various Eukaryotes like mammals, plants or insects, only a few studies have been undertaken for the investigation of the protein glycosylation in microalgae. Recently, significant progresses have been made especially regarding protein N-glycosylation, while O-glycosylation remain poorly known. This review aims at summarizing the recent data in order to assess the state-of-the art knowledge in glycosylation processing in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrice Lerouge
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Muriel Bardor,
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27
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de Sousa-Pereira P, Woof JM. IgA: Structure, Function, and Developability. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040057. [PMID: 31817406 PMCID: PMC6963396 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a key role in defending mucosal surfaces against attack by infectious microorganisms. Such sites present a major site of susceptibility due to their vast surface area and their constant exposure to ingested and inhaled material. The importance of IgA to effective immune defence is signalled by the fact that more IgA is produced than all the other immunoglobulin classes combined. Indeed, IgA is not just the most prevalent antibody class at mucosal sites, but is also present at significant concentrations in serum. The unique structural features of the IgA heavy chain allow IgA to polymerise, resulting in mainly dimeric forms, along with some higher polymers, in secretions. Both serum IgA, which is principally monomeric, and secretory forms of IgA are capable of neutralising and removing pathogens through a range of mechanisms, including triggering the IgA Fc receptor known as FcαRI or CD89 on phagocytes. The effectiveness of these elimination processes is highlighted by the fact that various pathogens have evolved mechanisms to thwart such IgA-mediated clearance. As the structure–function relationships governing the varied capabilities of this immunoglobulin class come into increasingly clear focus, and means to circumvent any inherent limitations are developed, IgA-based monoclonal antibodies are set to emerge as new and potent options in the therapeutic arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- CIBIO-InBIO, Campus Agrário de Vairão, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jenny M. Woof
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382-383389
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28
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Schiermeyer A. Optimizing product quality in molecular farming. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 61:15-20. [PMID: 31593785 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceuticals in plant-based systems had faced several challenges that hampered broader adoption of this technology. In recent years, various plant production hosts have been improved by genetic engineering approaches to overcome obstacles with regard to post-translational modifications and integrity of target proteins. Together with optimized extraction and purification processes, those advances have put plant molecular farming in a more competitive position compared to established production systems. Certain biopharmaceuticals can be derived from plant systems with unique desired properties, qualifying them as biobetters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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29
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Spiegel H, Boes A, Perales Morales C, Rademacher T, Buyel JF. Ready-to-Use Stocks of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Can Simplify Process Development for the Production of Recombinant Proteins by Transient Expression in Plants. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900113. [PMID: 31218827 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale automated transient protein expression in plants requires the synchronization of cultivation and bacterial fermentation, especially if more than one bacterial strain. Therefore, a ready-to-use approach that decouples bacterial fermentation and infiltration is developed. It is found that bacterial cultures can easily be reconstituted in infiltration medium at a user-defined time, optical density, and quantity. This allows the process flow to be staggered, avoiding bottlenecks in process capacity and labor. Using the red fluorescent protein, DsRed, as a model product, the ready-to-use preparations achieved the same yields in infiltrated plant biomass as Agrobacterium tumefaciens derived from regular fermentations. It is possible to store the ready-to-use stocks at -20 °C and -80 °C for more than two months without loss of activity. Using a consolidated cost model for the current fermentation process, it is found that the ready-to-use strategy can reduce operational costs by 20-95% and investment costs by up to 75%, which would otherwise offset the economic advantages of plants over mammalian expression systems during upstream production. Furthermore, the staggered cultivation of plants and bacteria reduces the likelihood of batch failure and thus increases the robustness and flexibility of transient expression for the production of recombinant proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Boes
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Camil Perales Morales
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Rademacher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes F Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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30
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Tjondro HC, Loke I, Chatterjee S, Thaysen-Andersen M. Human protein paucimannosylation: cues from the eukaryotic kingdoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:2068-2100. [PMID: 31410980 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paucimannosidic proteins (PMPs) are bioactive glycoproteins carrying truncated α- or β-mannosyl-terminating asparagine (N)-linked glycans widely reported across the eukaryotic domain. Our understanding of human PMPs remains limited, despite findings documenting their existence and association with human disease glycobiology. This review comprehensively surveys the structures, biosynthetic routes and functions of PMPs across the eukaryotic kingdoms with the aim of synthesising an improved understanding on the role of protein paucimannosylation in human health and diseases. Convincing biochemical, glycoanalytical and biological data detail a vast structural heterogeneity and fascinating tissue- and subcellular-specific expression of PMPs within invertebrates and plants, often comprising multi-α1,3/6-fucosylation and β1,2-xylosylation amongst other glycan modifications and non-glycan substitutions e.g. O-methylation. Vertebrates and protists express less-heterogeneous PMPs typically only comprising variable core fucosylation of bi- and trimannosylchitobiose core glycans. In particular, the Manα1,6Manβ1,4GlcNAc(α1,6Fuc)β1,4GlcNAcβAsn glycan (M2F) decorates various human neutrophil proteins reportedly displaying bioactivity and structural integrity demonstrating that they are not degradation products. Less-truncated paucimannosidic glycans (e.g. M3F) are characteristic glycosylation features of proteins expressed by human cancer and stem cells. Concertedly, these observations suggest the involvement of human PMPs in processes related to innate immunity, tumorigenesis and cellular differentiation. The absence of human PMPs in diverse bodily fluids studied under many (patho)physiological conditions suggests extravascular residence and points to localised functions of PMPs in peripheral tissues. Absence of PMPs in Fungi indicates that paucimannosylation is common, but not universally conserved, in eukaryotes. Relative to human PMPs, the expression of PMPs in plants, invertebrates and protists is more tissue-wide and constitutive yet, similar to their human counterparts, PMP expression remains regulated by the physiology of the producing organism and PMPs evidently serve essential functions in development, cell-cell communication and host-pathogen/symbiont interactions. In most PMP-producing organisms, including humans, the N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase isoenzymes and linkage-specific α-mannosidases are glycoside hydrolases critical for generating PMPs via N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT-I)-dependent and GnT-I-independent truncation pathways. However, the identity and structure of many species-specific PMPs in eukaryotes, their biosynthetic routes, strong tissue- and development-specific expression, and diverse functions are still elusive. Deep exploration of these PMP features involving, for example, the characterisation of endogenous PMP-recognising lectins across a variety of healthy and N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase-deficient human tissue types and identification of microbial adhesins reactive to human PMPs, are amongst the many tasks required for enhanced insight into the glycobiology of human PMPs. In conclusion, the literature supports the notion that PMPs are significant, yet still heavily under-studied biomolecules in human glycobiology that serve essential functions and create structural heterogeneity not dissimilar to other human N-glycoprotein types. Human PMPs should therefore be recognised as bioactive glycoproteins that are distinctly different from the canonical N-glycoprotein classes and which warrant a more dedicated focus in glycobiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Tjondro
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Loke
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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31
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Amann T, Schmieder V, Faustrup Kildegaard H, Borth N, Andersen MR. Genetic engineering approaches to improve posttranslational modification of biopharmaceuticals in different production platforms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2778-2796. [PMID: 31237682 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of approved biopharmaceuticals, where product quality attributes remain of major importance, is increasing steadily. Within the available variety of expression hosts, the production of biopharmaceuticals faces diverse limitations with respect to posttranslational modifications (PTM), while different biopharmaceuticals demand different forms and specifications of PTMs for proper functionality. With the growing toolbox of genetic engineering technologies, it is now possible to address general as well as host- or biopharmaceutical-specific product quality obstacles. In this review, we present diverse expression systems derived from mammalians, bacteria, yeast, plants, and insects as well as available genetic engineering tools. We focus on genes for knockout/knockdown and overexpression for meaningful approaches to improve biopharmaceutical PTMs and discuss their applicability as well as future trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Amann
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valerie Schmieder
- acib GmbH-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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32
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Jin N, Lee JW, Heo W, Ryu MY, So MK, Ko BJ, Kim HY, Yoon SM, Lee J, Kim JY, Kim WT. Low binding affinity and reduced complement-dependent cell death efficacy of ofatumumab produced using a plant system (Nicotiana benthamiana L.). Protein Expr Purif 2019; 159:34-41. [PMID: 30880170 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant protein production system is a platform that can not only reduce production costs but also produce monoclonal antibodies that do not have the risk of residual proteins from the host. However, due to the difference between post-translational processes in plants and animals, there may be a modification in the Fab region of the monoclonal antibody produced in the plant; thus, it is necessary to compare the antigen affinity of this antibody with that of the prototype. In this study, ofatumumab, a fully human anti-CD20 IgG1κ monoclonal antibody used for its non-cross resistance to rituximab, was expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and its affinities and efficacies were compared with those of native ofatumumab produced from CHO cells. Two forms of plant ofatumumab (with or without HDEL-tag) were generated and their production yields were compared. The HDEL-tagged ofatumumab was more expressed in plants than the form without HDEL-tag. The specificity of the target recognition of plant-derived ofatumumab was confirmed by mCherry-CD20-expressing HEK cells via immuno-staining, and the capping of CD20 after ofatumumab binding was also confirmed using Ramos B cells. In the functional equivalence tests, the binding affinities and complement-dependent cell cytotoxicity efficacy of plant-ofatumumab-HDEL and plant-ofatumumab without HDEL were significantly reduced compared to those of CHO-derived ofatumumab. Therefore, we suggest that although ofatumumab is not a good candidate as a template for plant-derived monoclonal antibodies because of its decreased affinity when produced in plants, it is an interesting target to study the differences between post-translational modifications in mammals and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Won Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woon Heo
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Young Ryu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Kyung So
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 123, Osongsaengmyeong-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 123, Osongsaengmyeong-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sei Mee Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Petersen BL, Möller SR, Mravec J, Jørgensen B, Christensen M, Liu Y, Wandall HH, Bennett EP, Yang Z. Improved CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing by fluorescence activated cell sorting of green fluorescence protein tagged protoplasts. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:36. [PMID: 31208390 PMCID: PMC6580576 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR/Cas9 is widely used for precise genetic editing in various organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 editing may in many plants be hampered by the presence of complex and high ploidy genomes and inefficient or poorly controlled delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 components to gamete cells or cells with regenerative potential. Optimized strategies and methods to overcome these challenges are therefore in demand. RESULTS In this study we investigated the feasibility of improving CRISPR/Cas9 editing efficiency by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) of protoplasts. We used Agrobacterium infiltration in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana for delivery of viral replicons for high level expression of gRNAs designed to target two loci in the genome, NbPDS and NbRRA, together with the Cas9 nuclease in fusion with the 2A self-splicing sequence and GFP (Cas9-2A-GFP). Protoplasts isolated from the infiltrated leaves were then subjected to FACS for selection of GFP enriched protoplast populations. This procedure resulted in a 3-5 fold (from 20 to 30% in unsorted to more than 80% in sorted) increase in mutation frequencies as evidenced by restriction enzyme analysis and the Indel Detection by Amplicon Analysis, which allows for high throughput profiling and quantification of the generated mutations. CONCLUSIONS FACS of protoplasts expressing GFP tagged CRISPR/Cas9, delivered through A. tumefaciens leaf infiltration, facilitated clear CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutation enrichment in selected protoplast populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Svenning Rune Möller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Present Address: Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, Woodsmill Quay, Skeldergate, York, YO1 6DX UK
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Present Address: UIT - Department of Chemistry, The Arctic University of Norway, Forskningsparken. 3, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hans H. Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric Paul Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Ghosh S, Malik YS, Kobayashi N. Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxis Against Noroviruses and Rotaviruses: The Past, Present, and Future. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:170-191. [PMID: 28901254 PMCID: PMC5971199 DOI: 10.2174/1389200218666170912161449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Noroviruses and rotaviruses are important viral etiologies of severe gastroenteritis. Noroviruses are the primary cause of nonbacterial diarrheal outbreaks in humans, whilst rotaviruses are a major cause of childhood diarrhea. Although both enteric pathogens substantially impact human health and economies, there are no approved drugs against noroviruses and rotaviruses so far. On the other hand, whilst the currently licensed rotavirus vaccines have been successfully implemented in over 100 countries, the most advanced norovirus vaccine has recently completed phase-I and II trials. Methods: We performed a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research litera-ture on advances in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis. Results: Technological advances coupled with a proper understanding of viral morphology and replication over the past decade has facilitated pioneering research on therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses, with promising outcomes in human clinical trials of some of the drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the various developments in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus thera-peutics and immunoprophylaxis, such as potential antiviral drug molecules, passive immunotherapies (oral human immunoglobulins, egg yolk and bovine colostral antibodies, llama-derived nanobodies, and anti-bodies expressed in probiotics, plants, rice grains and insect larvae), immune system modulators, probiot-ics, phytochemicals and other biological substances such as bovine milk proteins, therapeutic nanoparti-cles, hydrogels and viscogens, conventional viral vaccines (live and inactivated whole virus vaccines), and genetically engineered viral vaccines (reassortant viral particles, virus-like particles (VLPs) and other sub-unit recombinant vaccines including multi-valent viral vaccines, edible plant vaccines, and encapsulated viral particles). Conclusions: This review provides important insights into the various approaches to therapeutics and im-munoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses..
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.,Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Castilho A, Beihammer G, Pfeiffer C, Göritzer K, Montero‐Morales L, Vavra U, Maresch D, Grünwald‐Gruber C, Altmann F, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. An oligosaccharyltransferase from Leishmania major increases the N-glycan occupancy on recombinant glycoproteins produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1700-1709. [PMID: 29479800 PMCID: PMC6131413 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is critical for recombinant glycoprotein production as it influences the heterogeneity of products and affects their biological function. In most eukaryotes, the oligosaccharyltransferase is the central-protein complex facilitating the N-glycosylation of proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Not all potential N-glycosylation sites are recognized in vivo and the site occupancy can vary in different expression systems, resulting in underglycosylation of recombinant glycoproteins. To overcome this limitation in plants, we expressed LmSTT3D, a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase from the protozoan Leishmania major transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana, a well-established production platform for recombinant proteins. A fluorescent protein-tagged LmSTT3D variant was predominately found in the ER and co-located with plant oligosaccharyltransferase subunits. Co-expression of LmSTT3D with immunoglobulins and other recombinant human glycoproteins resulted in a substantially increased N-glycosylation site occupancy on all N-glycosylation sites except those that were already more than 90% occupied. Our results show that the heterologous expression of LmSTT3D is a versatile tool to increase N-glycosylation efficiency in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Gernot Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Christina Pfeiffer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Laura Montero‐Morales
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ulrike Vavra
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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Rozov SM, Permyakova NV, Deineko EV. Main Strategies of Plant Expression System Glycoengineering for Producing Humanized Recombinant Pharmaceutical Proteins. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:215-232. [PMID: 29625542 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most the pharmaceutical proteins are derived not from their natural sources, rather their recombinant analogs are synthesized in various expression systems. Plant expression systems, unlike mammalian cell cultures, combine simplicity and low cost of procaryotic systems and the ability for posttranslational modifications inherent in eucaryotes. More than 50% of all human proteins and more than 40% of the currently used pharmaceutical proteins are glycosylated, that is, they are glycoproteins, and their biological activity, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity depend on the correct glycosylation pattern. This review examines in detail the similarities and differences between N- and O-glycosylation in plant and mammalian cells, as well as the effect of plant glycans on the activity, pharmacokinetics, immunity, and intensity of biosynthesis of pharmaceutical proteins. The main current strategies of glycoengineering of plant expression systems aimed at obtaining fully humanized proteins for pharmaceutical application are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rozov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Wang J, Greenway H, Li S, Wei M, Polizzi SJ, Wang PG. Facile and Stereo-Selective Synthesis of UDP-α-D-xylose and UDP-β-L-arabinose Using UDP-Sugar Pyrophosphorylase. Front Chem 2018; 6:163. [PMID: 29876343 PMCID: PMC5974040 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel synthesis of nucleotide sugars was conducted to prepare UDP-α-D-xylose and UDP-β-L-arabinose without utilizing protection strategies or advanced purification techniques. Sugar-1-phosphates of D-xylose and L-arabinose were synthesized from their β-glycosylsulfonylhydrazides and evaluated as substrates for recombinant UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylases from Arabidopsis thaliana or Bifidobacterium infantis to furnish the biologically active nucleotide. The facile, three-step procedure takes advantage of substrate diversity available through chemical synthesis followed by the selectivity of enzyme catalysis. This approach increases the substrate scope of enzymatic preparation and expands access to stereopure nucleotide sugars on preparative scale. Increased production of both sugars has implications for glycoengineering and glycan production using glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Harmon Greenway
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Chemily, LLC, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mohui Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Peng G. Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Abstract
Plant molecular farming depends on a diversity of plant systems for production of useful recombinant proteins. These proteins include protein biopolymers, industrial proteins and enzymes, and therapeutic proteins. Plant production systems include microalgae, cells, hairy roots, moss, and whole plants with both stable and transient expression. Production processes involve a narrowing diversity of bioreactors for cell, hairy root, microalgae, and moss cultivation. For whole plants, both field and automated greenhouse cultivation methods are used with products expressed and produced either in leaves or seeds. Many successful expression systems now exist for a variety of different products with a list of increasingly successful commercialized products. This chapter provides an overview and examples of the current state of plant-based production systems for different types of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Bley
- Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Lee JW, Heo W, Lee J, Jin N, Yoon SM, Park KY, Kim EY, Kim WT, Kim JY. The B cell death function of obinutuzumab-HDEL produced in plant (Nicotiana benthamiana L.) is equivalent to obinutuzumab produced in CHO cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191075. [PMID: 29324849 PMCID: PMC5764350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have attracted attention as bio-drug production platforms because of their economical and safety benefits. The preliminary efficacy of ZMapp, a cocktail of antibodies produced in N. benthamiana (Nicotiana benthamiana L.), suggested plants may serve as a platform for antibody production. However, because the amino acid sequences of the Fab fragment are diverse and differences in post-transcriptional processes between animals and plants remain to be elucidated, it is necessary to confirm functional equivalence of plant-produced antibodies to the original antibody. In this study, Obinutuzumab, a third generation anti-CD20 antibody, was produced in N. benthamiana leaves (plant-obinutuzumab) and compared to the original antibody produced in glyco-engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (CHO-obinutuzumab). Two forms (with or without an HDEL tag) were generated and antibody yields were compared. The HDEL-tagged form was more highly expressed than the non-HDEL-tagged form which was cleaved in the N-terminus. To determine the equivalence in functions of the Fab region between the two forms, we compared the CD20 binding affinities and direct binding induced cell death of a CD20-positive B cells. Both forms showed similar CD20 binding affinities and direct cell death of B cell. The results suggested that plant-obinutuzumab was equivalent to CHO-obinutuzumab in CD20 binding, cell aggregation, and direct cell death via binding. Therefore, our findings suggest that Obinutuzumab is a promising biosimilar candidate that can be produced efficiently in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Heo
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Narae Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Mee Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Youl Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yu Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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40
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Ramírez-Alanis IA, Renaud JB, García-Lara S, Menassa R, Cardineau GA. Transient co-expression with three O-glycosylation enzymes allows production of GalNAc- O-glycosylated Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor in N. benthamiana. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:98. [PMID: 30410568 PMCID: PMC6219069 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of economically relevant proteins in alternative expression platforms, especially plant expression platforms, has gained significant interest in recent years. A special interest in working with plants as bioreactors for the production of pharmaceutical proteins is related to low production costs, product safety and quality. Among the different properties that plants can also offer for the production of recombinant proteins, protein glycosylation is crucial since it may have an impact on pharmaceutical functionality and/or stability. RESULTS The pharmaceutical glycoprotein human Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and subjected to mammalian-specific mucin-type O-glycosylation by co-expressing the pharmaceutical protein together with the glycosylation machinery responsible for such post-translational modification. CONCLUSIONS The pharmaceutical glycoprotein human Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor can be expressed in N. benthamiana plants via agroinfiltration with its native mammalian-specific mucin-type O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel A. Ramírez-Alanis
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, NL Mexico
| | | | - Silverio García-Lara
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, NL Mexico
| | - Rima Menassa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Guy A. Cardineau
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, NL Mexico
- Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004-4467 USA
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41
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Glyco-Engineering of Plant-Based Expression Systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:137-166. [PMID: 30069741 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most secreted proteins in eukaryotes are glycosylated, and after a number of common biosynthesis steps the glycan structures mature in a species-dependent manner. Therefore, human therapeutic proteins produced in plants often carry plant-like rather than human-like glycans, which can affect protein stability, biological function, and immunogenicity. The glyco-engineering of plant-based expression systems began as a strategy to eliminate plant-like glycans and produce human proteins with authentic or at least compatible glycan structures. The precise replication of human glycans is challenging, owing to the absence of a pathway in plants for the synthesis of sialylated proteins and the necessary precursors, but this can now be achieved by the coordinated expression of multiple human enzymes. Although the research community has focused on the removal of plant glycans and their replacement with human counterparts, the presence of plant glycans on proteins can also provide benefits, such as boosting the immunogenicity of some vaccines, facilitating the interaction between therapeutic proteins and their receptors, and increasing the efficacy of antibody effector functions. Graphical Abstract Typical structures of native mammalian and plant glycans with symbols indicating sugar residues identified by their short form and single-letter codes. Both glycans contain fucose, albeit with different linkages.
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Göritzer K, Maresch D, Altmann F, Obinger C, Strasser R. Exploring Site-Specific N-Glycosylation of HEK293 and Plant-Produced Human IgA Isotypes. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2560-2570. [PMID: 28516782 PMCID: PMC5504489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The full potential of recombinant Immunoglobulin A as therapeutic antibody is not fully explored, owing to the fact that structure-function relationships of these extensively glycosylated proteins are not well understood. Here monomeric IgA1, IgA2m(1), and IgA2m(2) variants of the anti-HER2 antibody (IgG1) trastuzumab were expressed in glyco-engineered Nicotiana benthamiana plants and in human HEK293-6E cells. All three IgA isotypes were purified and subjected to biophysical and biochemical characterization. While no differences in assembly, antigen binding, and glycosylation occupancy were observed, both systems vary tremendously in terms of glycan structures and heterogeneity of glycosylation. Mass-spectrometric analysis of site-specific glycosylation revealed that plant-produced IgAs carry mainly complex-type biantennary N-glycans. HEK293-6E-produced IgAs, on the contrary, showed very heterogeneous N-glycans with high levels of sialylation, core-fucose, and the presence of branched structures. The site-specific analysis revealed major differences between the individual N-glycosylation sites of each IgA subtype. Moreover, the proline-rich hinge region from HEK293-6E cell-derived IgA1 was occupied with mucin-type O-glycans, whereas IgA1 from N. benthamiana displayed numerous plant-specific modifications. Interestingly, a shift in unfolding of the CH2 domain of plant-produced IgA toward lower temperatures can be observed with differential scanning calorimetry, suggesting that distinct glycoforms affect the thermal stability of IgAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Göritzer
- Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Schoberer J, Strasser R. Plant glyco-biotechnology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:133-141. [PMID: 28688929 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important protein modification in all eukaryotes. Whereas the early asparagine-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) and N-glycan processing steps in the endoplasmic reticulum are conserved between mammals and plants, the maturation of complex N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus differs considerably. Due to a restricted number of Golgi-resident N-glycan processing enzymes and the absence of nucleotide sugars such as CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid, plants produce only a limited repertoire of different N-glycan structures. Moreover, mammalian mucin-type O-glycosylation of serine or threonine residues has not been described in plants and the required machinery is not encoded in their genome which enables de novo build-up of the pathway. As a consequence, plants are very well-suited for the production of homogenous N- and O-glycans and are increasingly used for the production of recombinant glycoproteins with custom-made glycans that may result in the generation of biopharmaceuticals with improved therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schoberer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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44
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Lee JH, Ko K. Production of Recombinant Anti-Cancer Vaccines in Plants. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:345-353. [PMID: 28554196 PMCID: PMC5499611 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant expression systems have been developed to produce anti-cancer vaccines. Plants have several advantages as bioreactors for the production of subunit vaccines: they are considered safe, and may be used to produce recombinant proteins at low production cost. However, several technical issues hinder large-scale production of anti-cancer vaccines in plants. The present review covers design strategies to enhance the immunogenicity and therapeutic potency of anti-cancer vaccines, methods to increase vaccine-expressing plant biomass, and challenges facing the production of anti-cancer vaccines in plants. Specifically, the issues such as low expression levels and plant-specific glycosylation are described, along with their potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Lee
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutic Protein Engineering Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutic Protein Engineering Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Montero-Morales L, Maresch D, Castilho A, Turupcu A, Ilieva KM, Crescioli S, Karagiannis SN, Lupinek C, Oostenbrink C, Altmann F, Steinkellner H. Recombinant plant-derived human IgE glycoproteomics. J Proteomics 2017; 161:81-87. [PMID: 28400175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing biotechnological interest in human IgE antibodies demands advanced systems which allow their proper expression. However, this is still a challenge due to the complexity of the molecule, particularly regarding the diverse N-glycosylation pattern. Here, we present the expression of recombinant IgE in wild type and glycan-engineered Nicotiana benthamiana plants and in-depth N-glycosylation analyses. Mass spectrometric profiling revealed that plant IgE has a site occupancy rate that ranges from non-occupied at glycosite 6 (GS6) to 100% occupancy at GS1 and 2. Similarly to human cell-derived IgE, plant versions carry complex N-glycans at GS1-5 and oligomannosidic structures at GS7. Computational modelling suggests that spatial position (or orientation) of glycans can impair processing or site occupancy on adjacent glycosites. IgE expressed in glycoengineered and wild type plants carry, respectively, GnGn and plant-typical GnGnXF structures at large homogeneity. This contrasts with the glycan diversity of HEK cell-derived IgE, carrying at least 20 different glycoforms. Importantly, IgE glycoengineering allows the control of its glycosylation, a so far unmet need when using well-established expression systems. This enables the elucidation of possible carbohydrate-dependent IgE functions. SIGNIFICANCE Targeted glycosylation of recombinant proteins may provide an advantage in therapeutic applications. Despite increasing biotechnological interest in IgE antibodies, knowledge and impact of glycosylation on this antibody class are scarce. With the ability to glyco-engineer recombinant IgE, we provide an important step towards the generation of IgE with other targeted N-glycans. This will facilitate detailed structure-function studies and may lead to the production of IgE with optimized activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montero-Morales
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aysegül Turupcu
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Dept. of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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46
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Shin Y, Castilho A, Dicker M, Sádio F, Vavra U, Grünwald‐Gruber C, Kwon T, Altmann F, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. Reduced paucimannosidic N-glycan formation by suppression of a specific β-hexosaminidase from Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:197-206. [PMID: 27421111 PMCID: PMC5259580 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attractive hosts for the production of recombinant glycoproteins for therapeutic use. Recent advances in glyco-engineering facilitate the elimination of nonmammalian-type glycosylation and introduction of missing pathways for customized N-glycan formation. However, some therapeutically relevant recombinant glycoproteins exhibit unwanted truncated (paucimannosidic) N-glycans that lack GlcNAc residues at the nonreducing terminal end. These paucimannosidic N-glycans increase product heterogeneity and may affect the biological function of the recombinant drugs. Here, we identified two enzymes, β-hexosaminidases (HEXOs) that account for the formation of paucimannosidic N-glycans in Nicotiana benthamiana, a widely used expression host for recombinant proteins. Subcellular localization studies showed that HEXO1 is a vacuolar protein and HEXO3 is mainly located at the plasma membrane in N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Both enzymes are functional and can complement the corresponding HEXO-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. In planta expression of HEXO3 demonstrated that core α1,3-fucose enhances the trimming of GlcNAc residues from the Fc domain of human IgG. Finally, using RNA interference, we show that suppression of HEXO3 expression can be applied to increase the amounts of complex N-glycans on plant-produced human α1-antitrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Ji Shin
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Martina Dicker
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Flavio Sádio
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ulrike Vavra
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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Fettke F, Schumacher A, Canellada A, Toledo N, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Bondt A, Wuhrer M, Costa SD, Zenclussen AC. Maternal and Fetal Mechanisms of B Cell Regulation during Pregnancy: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Stimulates B Cells to Produce IL-10 While Alpha-Fetoprotein Drives Them into Apoptosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:495. [PMID: 28008329 PMCID: PMC5144100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune tolerance toward the fetus is an essential requisite for pregnancy. While T cell functions are well documented, little is known about the participation of B cells. We have previously suggested that IL-10-producing B cells are involved in pregnancy tolerance in mice and humans. By employing murine and human systems, we report now that fetal trophoblasts positively regulate the generation of IL-10-producing B cells. We next studied the participation of hormones produced by the placenta as well as the fetal protein alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in B cell modulation. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), but not progesterone, estrogen, or a combination of both, was able to promote changes in B cell phenotype and boost their IL-10 production, which was abolished after blocking hCG. The hCG-induced B cell phenotype was not associated with augmented galactosylation, sialylation, or fucosylation of IgG subclasses in their Fc. In vitro, hCG induced the synthesis of asymmetrically glycosylated antibodies in their Fab region. Interestingly, AFP had dual effects depending on the concentration. At concentrations corresponding to maternal serum levels, it did not modify the phenotype or IL-10 secretion of B cells. At fetal concentrations, however, AFP was able to drive B cells into apoptosis, which may indicate a protective mechanism to avoid maternal B cells to reach the fetus. Our data suggest that the fetus secrete factors that promote a pregnancy-friendly B cell phenotype, unraveling interesting aspects of B cell function, and modulation by pregnancy hormones and fetal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fettke
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; University Women's Clinic, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Andrea Canellada
- Instituto de Estudios de Inmunidad Humoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET-UBA , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Natalia Toledo
- Instituto de Estudios de Inmunidad Humoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET-UBA , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | - Albert Bondt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University , Leiden , Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
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48
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Dicker M, Maresch D, Strasser R. Glyco-engineering for the production of recombinant IgA1 with distinct mucin-type O-glycans in plants. Bioengineered 2016; 7:484-489. [PMID: 27333379 PMCID: PMC5241791 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1201251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a common autoimmune disease that is characterized by formation and deposition of IgA1-containing immune complexes frequently leading to end-stage kidney disease. The IgA1 in these immune complexes carries aberrantly glycosylated O-glycans. In circulating IgA1 these galactose-deficient mucin-type O-glycans are bound by autoantibodies and thus, contribute to immune complex formation and pathogenesis. Even though the disease is associated with the overproduction of aberrant O-glycans on IgA1, specific structure-function-studies of mucin-type O-glycans are limited. Compared to other expression hosts, plants offer the opportunity for de novo synthesis of O-glycans on recombinant glycoproteins as they are lacking the mammalian O-glycosylation pathway. Recently, we demonstrated that Nicotiana benthamiana are suitable for the generation of distinct O-glycans on recombinant IgA1. Here, we expand our engineering repertoire by in planta generation of galactose-deficient and α2,6-sialylated O-glycans which are the prevailing glycans detected on IgA1 from patients with IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Dicker
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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49
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Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV, Dorokhov YL. Plant factories for the production of monoclonal antibodies. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:1118-1135. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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