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Biswas D, Chakraborty A, Mukherjee S, Ghosh B. Hairy root culture: a potent method for improved secondary metabolite production of Solanaceous plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1197555. [PMID: 37731987 PMCID: PMC10507345 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1197555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by the Solanaceous plants are of major therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance, many of which are commonly obtained from the roots of these plants. 'Hairy roots', mirroring the same phytochemical pattern of the corresponding root of the parent plant with higher growth rate and productivity, are therefore extensively studied as an effective alternative for the in vitro production of these metabolites. Hairy roots are the transformed roots, generated from the infection site of the wounded plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. With their fast growth, being free from pathogen and herbicide contamination, genetic stability, and autotrophic nature for plant hormones, hairy roots are considered as useful bioproduction systems for specialized metabolites. Lately, several elicitation methods have been employed to enhance the accumulation of these compounds in the hairy root cultures for both small and large-scale production. Nevertheless, in the latter case, the cultivation of hairy roots in bioreactors should still be optimized. Hairy roots can also be utilized for metabolic engineering of the regulatory genes in the metabolic pathways leading to enhanced production of metabolites. The present study summarizes the updated and modern biotechnological aspects for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in the hairy root cultures of the plants of Solanaceae and their respective importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptesh Biswas
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
| | - Avijit Chakraborty
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
| | - Swapna Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswajit Ghosh
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
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Ozyigit II, Dogan I, Hocaoglu-Ozyigit A, Yalcin B, Erdogan A, Yalcin IE, Cabi E, Kaya Y. Production of secondary metabolites using tissue culture-based biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1132555. [PMID: 37457343 PMCID: PMC10339834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the sources of many bioactive secondary metabolites which are present in plant organs including leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Although they provide advantages to the plants in many cases, they are not necessary for metabolisms related to growth, development, and reproduction. They are specific to plant species and are precursor substances, which can be modified for generations of various compounds in different plant species. Secondary metabolites are used in many industries, including dye, food processing and cosmetic industries, and in agricultural control as well as being used as pharmaceutical raw materials by humans. For this reason, the demand is high; therefore, they are needed to be obtained in large volumes and the large productions can be achieved using biotechnological methods in addition to production, being done with classical methods. For this, plant biotechnology can be put in action through using different methods. The most important of these methods include tissue culture and gene transfer. The genetically modified plants are agriculturally more productive and are commercially more effective and are valuable tools for industrial and medical purposes as well as being the sources of many secondary metabolites of therapeutic importance. With plant tissue culture applications, which are also the first step in obtaining transgenic plants with having desirable characteristics, it is possible to produce specific secondary metabolites in large-scale through using whole plants or using specific tissues of these plants in laboratory conditions. Currently, many studies are going on this subject, and some of them receiving attention are found to be taken place in plant biotechnology and having promising applications. In this work, particularly benefits of secondary metabolites, and their productions through tissue culture-based biotechnological applications are discussed using literature with presence of current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilhan Dogan
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Akyazi Vocational School of Health Services, Sakarya University of Applied Science, Sakarya, Türkiye
| | - Asli Hocaoglu-Ozyigit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Biology Program, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Türkiye
| | - Bestenur Yalcin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aysegul Erdogan
- Application and Research Centre for Testing and Analysis, EGE MATAL, Chromatography and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Evren Cabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Türkiye
| | - Yilmaz Kaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Türkiye
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Collection of Hairy Roots as a Basis for Fundamental and Applied Research. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228040. [PMID: 36432139 PMCID: PMC9695355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to population growth, instability of climatic conditions, and reduction of the areas of natural ecosystems, it becomes necessary to involve modern biotechnological approaches to obtain highly productive plant material. This statement applies both to the creation of plant varieties and the production of new pharmaceutical raw materials. Genetic transformation of valuable medicinal plants using Agrobacterium rhizogenes ensures the production of stable and rapidly growing hairy roots cultures that have a number of advantages compared with cell culture and, above all, can synthesize root-specific substances at the level of the roots of the intact plant. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the collection of hairy roots of the Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Russian Academy of Sciences, the founder of which was Dr. Kuzovkina I.N. Currently, the collection contains 38 hairy roots lines of valuable medicinal and forage plants. The review discusses the prospects of creating a hairy roots collection as a basis for fundamental research and commercial purposes.
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Guerineau F. Properties of Human Gastric Lipase Produced by Plant Roots. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081249. [PMID: 36013427 PMCID: PMC9409913 DOI: 10.3390/life12081249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The properties of recombinant human gastric lipase produced in Arabidopsis thaliana roots have been investigated with the goal of determining the potential of the enzyme. This enzyme is stably bound to roots and can be extracted using a buffer at pH 2.2. This enzyme retains over 75% of its activity after two weeks at room temperature when stored in a pH 2.2 buffer. Some of this activity loss was due to the adsorption of the enzyme to the surface of the container. There was no loss of lipase activity in dehydrated roots stored at room temperature for 27 months. The half-life of the enzyme was approximately 15 min when stored in solution at 60 °C whereas dried roots retained 90% lipase activity after one hour at 80 °C. In vitro binding assays using different root cell wall extracts suggested that the lipase was bound to pectin in the roots. Lipase released from the root powder hydrolyzed tributyrin. The high stability of the recombinant human gastric lipase makes this enzyme a good candidate to be tested as a catalyst, whether in solution or bound to roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Guerineau
- BioEcoAgro Research Unit, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
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Zhao Y, Cartabia A, Lalaymia I, Declerck S. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:221-256. [PMID: 35556179 PMCID: PMC9184413 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are an important source of therapeutic compounds used in the treatment of many diseases since ancient times. Interestingly, they form associations with numerous microorganisms developing as endophytes or symbionts in different parts of the plants. Within the soil, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most prevalent symbiotic microorganisms forming associations with more than 70% of vascular plants. In the last decade, a number of studies have reported the positive effects of AMF on improving the production and accumulation of important active compounds in medicinal plants.In this work, we reviewed the literature on the effects of AMF on the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The major findings are as follows: AMF impact the production of secondary metabolites either directly by increasing plant biomass or indirectly by stimulating secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. The magnitude of the impact differs depending on the plant genotype, the AMF strain, and the environmental context (e.g., light, time of harvesting). Different methods of cultivation are used for the production of secondary metabolites by medicinal plants (e.g., greenhouse, aeroponics, hydroponics, in vitro and hairy root cultures) which also are compatible with AMF. In conclusion, the inoculation of medicinal plants with AMF is a real avenue for increasing the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of pharmacological, medical, and cosmetic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanYan Zhao
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Annalisa Cartabia
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ismahen Lalaymia
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Khezri M, Asghari Zakaria R, Zare N, Johari-Ahar M. Improving galegine production in transformed hairy roots of Galega officinalis L. via elicitation. AMB Express 2022; 12:65. [PMID: 35657528 PMCID: PMC9166927 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Galega officinalis L. is an herbaceous legume used to treat symptoms associated with hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus because of its dominant alkaloid, galegine. In this study, we induced hairy roots in this plant using Rhizobium rhizogenes strain A4, and investigated the effect of type, concentration, and duration of elicitor application on galegine content and some phytochemical characteristics in the hairy roots. Hence, the best growing hairy root line in terms of growth rate was selected and subcultured for treatment with elicitors. Then, at the end of the log phase of growth, chitosan (100, 200, and 400 mg/L), salicylic acid (100, 200, and 300 mM), and ultrasound (1, 2, and 4 min) were applied to hairy roots culture medium. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the content of galegine was significantly increased after elicitation compared with the control. Thus, the highest content of galegine (14.55 mg/g FW) was obtained 2 days after elicitation when ultrasonic waves were applied to the hairy root culture medium for 4 min. Also, elicitation resulted in a significant increase in the content of total phenol, flavonoid, H2O2 and MDA compared with the control. So that the highest total flavonoid content was obtained in hairy roots that were treated with ultrasonic waves for 4 min and harvested 2 days after elicitation; while, application of 400 mg/L chitosan for 4 days resulted in the highest total phenol (16.84 mg/g FW).
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Sheludko YV, Gerasymenko IM, Herrmann FJ, Warzecha H. Evaluation of biotransformation capacity of transplastomic plants and hairy roots of Nicotiana tabacum expressing human cytochrome P450 2D6. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:351-368. [PMID: 35416604 PMCID: PMC9135824 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are important tools for regio- and stereoselective oxidation of target molecules or engineering of metabolic pathways. Functional heterologous expression of eukaryotic CYPs is often problematic due to their dependency on the specific redox partner and the necessity of correct association with the membranes for displaying enzymatic activity. Plant hosts offer advantages of accessibility of reducing partners and a choice of membranes to insert heterologous CYPs. For the evaluation of plant systems for efficient CYP expression, we established transplastomic plants and hairy root cultures of Nicotiana tabacum carrying the gene encoding human CYP2D6 with broad substrate specificity. The levels of CYP2D6 transcript accumulation and enzymatic activity were estimated and compared with the data of CYP2D6 transient expression in N. benthamiana. The relative level of CYP2D6 transcripts in transplastomic plants was 2-3 orders of magnitude higher of that observed after constitutive or transient expression from the nucleus. CYP2D6 expressed in chloroplasts converted exogenous synthetic substrate loratadine without the need for co-expression of the cognate CYP reductase. The loratadine conversion rate in transplastomic plants was comparable to that in N. benthamiana plants transiently expressing a chloroplast targeted CYP2D6 from the nucleus, but was lower than the value reported for transiently expressed CYP2D6 with the native endoplasmic reticulum signal-anchor sequence. Hairy roots showed the lowest substrate conversion rate, but demonstrated the ability to release the product into the culture medium. The obtained results illustrate the potential of plant-based expression systems for exploiting the enzymatic activities of eukaryotic CYPs with broad substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Sheludko
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - I M Gerasymenko
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F J Herrmann
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Warzecha
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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Lucero PA, Magallanes-Noguera C, Giannini FA, Nassetta M, Orden AA, Kurina-Sanz M. Remediation of endosulfan-contaminated water by hairy roots: removal and phytometabolization assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 25:106-114. [PMID: 35416737 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2061414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although many countries banned the insecticide endosulfan, it is still an environmental pollutant. Plants metabolize the two diastereomers of the formulations known as technical grade endosulfan (TGE) by two phase I pathways: hydrolysis leading to less toxic derivatives and oxidation giving endosulfan sulfate which is as toxic as endosulfan itself. We assessed the removal, bioaccumulation and phase I metabolization of TGE from water matrices using hairy root clones (HRs) of three edible species, Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus and Capsicum annuum. B. napus and C. annuum HRs removed 86% of TGE from the bioreaction media in 2 and 96 h, respectively, whereas R. sativus HRs removed 91% of TGE within 6 h of biotreatment. In the experiments with B. napus, only endosulfan sulfate was detected in both biomass and medium, whereas R. sativus and C. annuum accumulated endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan alcohol. Besides, endosulfan lactone was detected in C. annuum reaction medium. Acute ichthyotoxicity assays toward Poecilia reticulata showed that media contaminated with TGE lethal levels did not produce mortality after the phytotreatments. This research highlights the feasibility of using HRs to evaluate plant enzymatic abilities toward xenobiotics and their potential for the design of ex situ decontamination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Lucero
- CEPROCOR Complejo Hospitalario Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cynthia Magallanes-Noguera
- INTEQUI-CONICET Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Fernando A Giannini
- Área de Química General e Inorgánica. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Mirtha Nassetta
- CEPROCOR Complejo Hospitalario Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro A Orden
- INTEQUI-CONICET Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Marcela Kurina-Sanz
- INTEQUI-CONICET Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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Genetic Manipulation and Bioreactor Culture of Plants as a Tool for Industry and Its Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030795. [PMID: 35164060 PMCID: PMC8840042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in interest in the use of transgenic plants as sources of valuable secondary metabolites or recombinant proteins. This has been facilitated by the advent of genetic engineering technology with the possibility for direct modification of the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of biologically active compounds. A wide range of research projects have yielded a number of efficient plant systems that produce specific secondary metabolites or recombinant proteins. Furthermore, the use of bioreactors allows production to be increased to industrial scales, which can quickly and cheaply deliver large amounts of material in a short time. The resulting plant production systems can function as small factories, and many of them that are targeted at a specific operation have been patented. This review paper summarizes the key research in the last ten years regarding the use of transgenic plants as small, green biofactories for the bioreactor-based production of secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins; it simultaneously examines the production of metabolites and recombinant proteins on an industrial scale and presents the current state of available patents in the field.
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Traverse KKF, Mortensen S, Trautman JG, Danison H, Rizvi NF, Lee-Parsons CWT. Generation of Stable Catharanthus roseus Hairy Root Lines with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2469:129-144. [PMID: 35508835 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2185-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium rhizogenes is the bacterial agent that causes hairy root disease in dicots and is purposefully engineered for the development of transgenic hairy root cultures. Due to their genetic and metabolic stability, hairy root cultures offer advantages as a tissue culture system for investigating the function of transgenes and as a production platform for specialized metabolites or proteins. The process for generating hairy root cultures involves first infecting the explant with A. rhizogenes, excising and eliminating A. rhizogenes from the emerging hairy roots, selecting for transgenic hairy roots on plates containing the selective agent, confirming genomic integration of transgenes by PCR, and finally adapting the hairy roots in liquid media. Here we provide a detailed protocol for developing and maintaining transgenic hairy root cultures of our medicinal plant of interest, Catharanthus roseus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliet G Trautman
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hope Danison
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noreen F Rizvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn W T Lee-Parsons
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Vergara-Martínez VM, Estrada-Soto SE, Valencia-Díaz S, Garcia-Sosa K, Peña-Rodríguez LM, Arellano-García JDJ, Perea-Arango I. Methyl jasmonate enhances ursolic, oleanolic and rosmarinic acid production and sucrose induced biomass accumulation, in hairy roots of Lepechinia caulescens. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11279. [PMID: 33986996 PMCID: PMC8086586 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ursolic (UA), oleanolic (OA) and rosmarinic (RA) acids are bioactive metabolites found in Lepechinia caulescens that have generated interest for their health benefits, which include antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimutagenic, gastroprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. To date, very few attempts have been made to evaluate the potential for simultaneous production of these bioactive compounds, using a biotechnological approach. Hairy root cultures offer a biotechnology approach that can be used to study the factors affecting the biosynthesis and the production of UA, OA and RA. In the current study, we established hairy root cultures of L. caulescens and evaluated the effect of sucrose on biomass accumulation, and the effect of different concentrations and times of exposure of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), on the accumulation of UA, OA and RA. Methods Leaves from plants of L. caulescens were inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834. PCR of rolB gene confirmed the transgenic nature of hairy roots. Hairy roots were subcultured in semisolid MSB5 medium, supplemented with 15, 30, 45 or 60 g/L sucrose and after 4 weeks, dry weight was determined. The accumulation of UA, OA and RA of wild plants and hairy roots were determined by HPLC. Finally, the hairy roots were treated with 0, 100, 200 and 300 µM of MeJA and the content of bioactive compounds was analyzed, after 24, 48 and 72 h. Results High frequency transformation (75%) was achieved, using leaf explants from axenic seedlings, infected with A. rhizogenes. The hairy roots showed an enhanced linear biomass accumulation, in response to the increase in sucrose concentration. The hairy root cultures in MSB5 medium, supplemented with 45 g/L sucrose, were capable to synthesizing UA (0.29 ± 0.00 mg/g DW), OA (0.57 ± 0.00 mg/g DW) and RA (41.66 ± 0.31 mg/g DW), about two, seven and three times more, respectively, than in roots from wild plants. Elicitation time and concentration of MeJA resulted in significant enhancement in the production of UA, OA and RA, with treatments elicited for 24 h, with a concentration of 300 µM of MeJA, exhibiting greatest accumulation. Conclusion This is the first report on development of hairy root cultures of L. caulescens. Future studies should aim towards further improving triterpenes and polyphenolic compound production in hairy roots of L. caulescens, for use in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Vergara-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Samuel E Estrada-Soto
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Susana Valencia-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Karlina Garcia-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Luis Manuel Peña-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Irene Perea-Arango
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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WUSCHEL Overexpression Promotes Callogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040715. [PMID: 33917135 PMCID: PMC8067838 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The induction of plant somatic embryogenesis is often a limiting step for plant multiplication and genetic manipulation in numerous crops. It depends on multiple signaling developmental processes involving phytohormones and the induction of specific genes. The WUSCHEL gene (WUS) is required for the production of plant embryogenic stem cells. To explore a different approach to induce somatic embryogenesis, we have investigated the effect of the heterologous ArabidopsisWUS gene overexpression under the control of the jasmonate responsive vsp1 promoter on the morphogenic responses of Medicago truncatula explants. WUS expression in leaf explants increased callogenesis and embryogenesis in the absence of growth regulators. Similarly, WUS expression enhanced the embryogenic potential of hairy root fragments. The WUS gene represents thus a promising tool to develop plant growth regulator-free regeneration systems or to improve regeneration and transformation efficiency in recalcitrant crops.
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Responses of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants to Engineered Nanoparticles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used by mankind since ancient times. This is primarily due to their healing effects associated with their specific secondary metabolites (some of which are also used as drugs in modern medicine), or their structures, served as a basis for the development of new effective synthetic drugs. One way to increase the production of these secondary metabolites is to use nanoparticles that act as elicitors. However, depending on the specific particle size, composition, concentration, and route of application, nanoparticles may have several other benefits on medicinal and aromatic plants (e.g., increased plant growth, improved photosynthesis, and overall performance). On the other hand, particularly at applications of high concentrations, they are able to damage plants mechanically, adversely affect morphological and biochemical characteristics of plants, and show cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the beneficial and adverse effects of metal-, metalloid-, and carbon-based nanoparticles on the germination, growth, and biochemical characteristics of a wide range of medicinal and aromatic plants, including the corresponding mechanisms of action. The positive impact of nanopriming and application of nanosized fertilizers on medicinal and aromatic plants is emphasized. Special attention is paid to the effects of various nanoparticles on the production of valuable secondary metabolites in these plants cultivated in hydroponic systems, soil, hairy root, or in vitro cultures. The beneficial impact of nanoparticles on the alleviation of abiotic stresses in medicinal and aromatic plants is also discussed.
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Barba-Espín G, Chen ST, Agnolet S, Hegelund JN, Stanstrup J, Christensen JH, Müller R, Lütken H. Ethephon-induced changes in antioxidants and phenolic compounds in anthocyanin-producing black carrot hairy root cultures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7030-7045. [PMID: 32803264 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hairy root (HR) cultures are quickly evolving as a fundamental research tool and as a bio-based production system for secondary metabolites. In this study, an efficient protocol for establishment and elicitation of anthocyanin-producing HR cultures from black carrot was established. Taproot and hypocotyl explants of four carrot cultivars were transformed using wild-type Rhizobium rhizogenes. HR growth performance on plates was monitored to identify three fast-growing HR lines, two originating from root explants (lines NB-R and 43-R) and one from a hypocotyl explant (line 43-H). The HR biomass accumulated 25- to 30-fold in liquid media over a 4 week period. Nine anthocyanins and 24 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were identified and monitored using UPLC-PDA-TOF during HR growth. Adding ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, to the HR culture substantially increased the anthocyanin content by up to 82% in line 43-R and hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations by >20% in line NB-R. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase increased in the HRs in response to ethephon, which could be related to the functionality and compartmentalization of anthocyanins. These findings present black carrot HR cultures as a platform for the in vitro production of anthocyanins and antioxidants, and provide new insight into the regulation of secondary metabolism in black carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Barba-Espín
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
- Department of Fruit Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Shih-Ti Chen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Sara Agnolet
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Josefine Nymark Hegelund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jan Stanstrup
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Renate Müller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lütken
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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15
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Amani S, Mohebodini M, Khademvatan S, Jafari M, Kumar V. Piriformospora indica based elicitation for overproduction of phenolic compounds by hairy root cultures of Ficus carica. J Biotechnol 2020; 327:43-53. [PMID: 33387592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ficus carica L. is an important source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with valuable pharmaceutical application across various diseases. The current study was carried out to investigate the influence of Piriformospora indica elicitation on growth, production of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and expression level of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes in hairy root (HR) cultures of F. carica. The maximum improvement in accumulation of phenolic compounds was observed when HR culture of Ficus carica L. was exposed to 2% culture filtrate of P. indica for 72 h: gallic acid (80.5- fold), caffeic acid (26.2-fold), coumaric acid (4.5-fold), and cinnamic acid (60.1-fold), apigenin (27.6-fold) and rutin (5.7-fold). While the highest levels of chlorogenic acid (4.9-fold) and quercetin flavonoid (8.8-fold) were obtained after 48 h elicitation with culture filtrate and cell extract of P. indica at 6% (v/v), respectively. The analysis of biosynthetic genes revealed that the exposure to fungal elicitors resulted in up-regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) and MYB3 transcription factor. This study shows the potential of P. indica as an efficacious elicitor for enhancing the secondary metabolites production by F. carica HRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Amani
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebodini
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morad Jafari
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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16
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Jha P, Sen R, Jobby R, Sachar S, Bhatkalkar S, Desai N. Biotransformation of xenobiotics by hairy roots. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112421. [PMID: 32505862 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The exponential industrial growth we see today rides on the back of large scale production of chemicals, explosives and pharmaceutical products. However, the effluents getting released from their manufacturing units are greatly compromising the sustainability of our environment. With greater awareness of the imperative for environmental clean-up, a promising approach that is attracting increasing research interests is biodegradation of xenobiotics. In this approach, biotransformation has proven to be one of the most effective tools. While many different model frameworks have been used to study different aspects of biotransformation, hairy roots (HRs) have been found to be exceptionally valuable. HR cultures are preferred over other in-vitro model systems due to their biochemical stability and hormone-autotrophy. In addition, the multi-enzyme biosynthetic potential of HRs which is similar to the parent plant and their relatively low-cost cultural requirements further characterize their suitability for biotransformation. The recent progress observed in scale-up of HR cultures and understanding of functional genomics has opened up new dimensions providing valuable insights for industrial application. This review article summarizes the potential of HR cultures in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, their limitations in the application on a large scale and current strategies to alleviate them. Advancement in bioreactors engineering enabling large scale cultivation and modern gene technologies improving biotransformation efficiency promises to extend laboratory results to industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Jha
- Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Pune Expressway, Bhatan Post -Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India.
| | - Rajdip Sen
- Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Pune Expressway, Bhatan Post -Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - Renitta Jobby
- Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Pune Expressway, Bhatan Post -Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - Shilpee Sachar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400098, India
| | - Shruti Bhatkalkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400098, India
| | - Neetin Desai
- Sunandan Divatia School of Sciences, NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
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17
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Shi M, Liao P, Nile SH, Georgiev MI, Kai G. Biotechnological Exploration of Transformed Root Culture for Value-Added Products. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:137-149. [PMID: 32690221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants produce valuable secondary metabolites with anticancer, analgesic, anticholinergic or other activities, but low metabolite levels and limited available tissue restrict metabolite yields. Transformed root cultures, also called hairy roots, provide a feasible approach for producing valuable secondary metabolites. Various strategies have been used to enhance secondary metabolite production in hairy roots, including increasing substrate availability, regulating key biosynthetic genes, multigene engineering, combining genetic engineering and elicitation, using transcription factors (TFs), and introducing new genes. In this review, we focus on recent developments in hairy roots from medicinal plants, techniques to boost production of desired secondary metabolites, and the development of new technologies to study these metabolites. We also discuss recent trends, emerging applications, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, China
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, China.
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18
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Neumann M, Prahl S, Caputi L, Hill L, Kular B, Walter A, Patallo EP, Milbredt D, Aires A, Schöpe M, O'Connor S, van Pée KH, Ludwig-Müller J. Hairy root transformation of Brassica rapa with bacterial halogenase genes and regeneration to adult plants to modify production of indolic compounds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 175:112371. [PMID: 32283438 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last years halogenated compounds have drawn a lot of attention. Metabolites with one or more halogen atoms are often more active than their non-halogenated derivatives like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 4-Cl-IAA. Within this work, bacterial flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenase genes were inserted into Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis (Chinese cabbage) with the aim to produce novel halogenated indole compounds. It was investigated which tryptophan-derived indole metabolites, such as indole glucosinolates or potential degradation products can be synthesized by the transgenic root cultures. In vivo and in vitro activity of halogenases heterologously produced was shown and the production of chlorinated tryptophan in transgenic root lines was confirmed. Furthermore, chlorinated indole-3-acetonitrile (Cl-IAN) was detected. Other tryptophan-derived indole metabolites, such as IAA or indole glucosinolates were not found in the transgenic roots in a chlorinated form. The influence of altered growth conditions on the amount of produced chlorinated compounds was evaluated. We found an increase in Cl-IAN production at low temperatures (8 °C), but otherwise no significant changes were observed. Furthermore, we were able to regenerate the wild type and transgenic root cultures to adult plants, of which the latter still produced chlorinated metabolites. Therefore, we conclude that the genetic information had been stably integrated. The transgenic plants showed a slightly altered phenotype compared to plants grown from seeds since they also still expressed the rol genes. By this approach we were able to generate various stably transformed plant materials from which it was possible to isolate chlorinated tryptophan and Cl-IAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Neumann
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Lorenzo Caputi
- Department of Natural Product Synthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Lionel Hill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Baldeep Kular
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Antje Walter
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eugenio P Patallo
- Biochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Milbredt
- Biochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alfredo Aires
- Centre for the Research and Technology for Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Sarah O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Synthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Kowalczyk T, Sitarek P, Toma M, Picot L, Wielanek M, Skała E, Śliwiński T. An Extract of Transgenic Senna obtusifolia L. Hairy Roots with Overexpression of PgSS1 Gene in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agent Induces Apoptosis in the Leukemia Cell Line. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E510. [PMID: 32230928 PMCID: PMC7226363 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many biologically-active plant-derived compounds have therapeutic or chemopreventive effects. The use of plant in vitro cultures in conjunction with modern genetic engineering techniques allows greater amounts of valuable secondary metabolites to be obtained without interfering with the natural environment. This work presents the first findings concerning the acquisition of transgenic hairy roots of Senna obtusifolia overexpressing the gene encoding squalene synthase 1 from Panax ginseng (PgSS1) (SOPSS hairy loot lines) involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Our results confirm that one of PgSS1-overexpressing hairy root line extracts (SOPSS2) possess a high cytotoxic effect against a human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (NALM6) cell line. Further analysis of the cell cycle, the expression of apoptosis-related genes (TP53, PUMA, NOXA, BAX) and the observed decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential also confirmed that the SOPSS2 hairy root extract displays the highest effects; similar results were also obtained for this extract combined with doxorubicin. The high cytotoxic activity, observed both alone or in combination with doxorubicin, may be due to the higher content of betulinic acid as determined by HPLC analysis. Our results suggest synergistic effects of tested extract (betulinic acid in greater amount) with doxorubicin which may be used in the future to develop new effective strategies of cancer chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.T.); (T.Ś.)
| | - Laurent Picot
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, La Rochelle Université, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, CEDEX 1, F-17042 La Rochelle, France;
| | - Marzena Wielanek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewa Skała
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.T.); (T.Ś.)
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20
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Gutierrez-Valdes N, Häkkinen ST, Lemasson C, Guillet M, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Ritala A, Cardon F. Hairy Root Cultures-A Versatile Tool With Multiple Applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32194578 PMCID: PMC7064051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hairy roots derived from the infection of a plant by Rhizobium rhizogenes (previously referred to as Agrobacterium rhizogenes) bacteria, can be obtained from a wide variety of plants and allow the production of highly diverse molecules. Hairy roots are able to produce and secrete complex active glycoproteins from a large spectrum of organisms. They are also adequate to express plant natural biosynthesis pathways required to produce specialized metabolites and can benefit from the new genetic tools available to facilitate an optimized production of tailor-made molecules. This adaptability has positioned hairy root platforms as major biotechnological tools. Researchers and industries have contributed to their advancement, which represents new alternatives from classical systems to produce complex molecules. Now these expression systems are ready to be used by different industries like pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food sectors due to the development of fully controlled large-scale bioreactors. This review aims to describe the evolution of hairy root generation and culture methods and to highlight the possibilities offered by hairy roots in terms of feasibility and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anneli Ritala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
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21
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Abstract
Arabidopsis hairy roots were used to produce human gastric lipase. When treated with 2,4-D, the hairy roots developed into thick organs that produced more protein than untreated roots. This was first assessed using green fluorescent protein-producing root lines from which the protein diffused into the culture medium. When growing hairy roots which express the human gastric lipase gene, very little lipase was found in the medium. Incubating the roots in a low pH buffer resulted in lipase diffusion into the buffer, avoiding the need for grinding. The activity of the enzyme on 4-methylumbellireryl-oleate and on tributyrin was determined. Approximately 6000 units of enzyme were recovered per gram of root. The enzyme was also extracted from freeze-dried roots before and after a 2-month storage period at room temperature. This work demonstrates the relevance of Arabidopsis hairy roots for the production of human gastric lipase.
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22
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Akhgari A, Laakso I, Maaheimo H, Choi YH, Seppänen-Laakso T, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Rischer H. Methyljasmonate Elicitation Increases Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Accumulation in Rhazya stricta Hairy Root Cultures. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E534. [PMID: 31766620 PMCID: PMC6963348 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate is capable of initiating or improving the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants and therefore has opened up a concept for the biosynthesis of valuable constituents. In this study, the effect of different doses of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation on the accumulation of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) in the hairy root cultures of the medicinal plant, Rhazya stricta throughout a time course (one-seven days) was investigated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were carried out for targeted ten major non-polar alkaloids. Furthermore, overall alterations in metabolite contents in elicited and control cultures were investigated applying proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Methyl jasmonate caused dosage- and time course-dependent significant rise in the accumulation of TIAs as determined by GC-MS. The contents of seven alkaloids including eburenine, quebrachamine, fluorocarpamine, pleiocarpamine, tubotaiwine, tetrahydroalstonine, and ajmalicine increased compared to non-elicited cultures. However, MeJA-elicitation did not induce the accumulation of vincanine, yohimbine (isomer II), and vallesiachotamine. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) of 1H NMR metabolic profiles revealed a discrimination between elicited hairy roots and control cultures with significant increase in total vindoline-type alkaloid content and elevated levels of organic and amino acids. In addition, elicited and control samples had different sugar and fatty acid profiles, suggesting that MeJA also influences the primary metabolism of R. stricta hairy roots. It is evident that methyl jasmonate is applicable for elevating alkaloid accumulation in "hairy root" organ cultures of R. strica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Akhgari
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, VTT, Espoo 02044, Finland; (H.M.); (T.S.-L.); (K.-M.O.-C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Into Laakso
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland;
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, VTT, Espoo 02044, Finland; (H.M.); (T.S.-L.); (K.-M.O.-C.)
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg BE, Leiden 72, 2333, The Netherlands;
| | - Tuulikki Seppänen-Laakso
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, VTT, Espoo 02044, Finland; (H.M.); (T.S.-L.); (K.-M.O.-C.)
| | - Kirsi-Marja Oksman-Caldentey
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, VTT, Espoo 02044, Finland; (H.M.); (T.S.-L.); (K.-M.O.-C.)
| | - Heiko Rischer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, VTT, Espoo 02044, Finland; (H.M.); (T.S.-L.); (K.-M.O.-C.)
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23
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Bertóti R, Böszörményi A, Alberti Á, Béni S, M-Hamvas M, Szőke É, Vasas G, Gonda S. Variability of Bioactive Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates and Enzyme Patterns in Horseradish Hairy Root Cultures Initiated from Different Organs. Molecules 2019; 24:E2828. [PMID: 31382520 PMCID: PMC6696319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Horseradish hairy root cultures are suitable plant tissue organs to study the glucosinolate-myrosinase-isothiocyanate system and also to produce the biologically active isothiocyanates and horseradish peroxidase, widely used in molecular biology. Fifty hairy root clones were isolated after Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection of surface sterilized Armoracia rusticana petioles and leaf blades, from which 21 were viable after antibiotic treatment. Biomass properties (e.g. dry weight %, daily growth index), glucosinolate content (analyzed by liquid chromatography-electronspray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS)), isothiocyanate and nitrile content (analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)), myrosinase (on-gel detection) and horseradish peroxidase enzyme patterns (on-gel detection and spectrophotometry), and morphological features were examined with multi-variable statistical analysis. In addition to the several positive and negative correlations, the most outstanding phenomenon was many parameters of the hairy root clones showed dependence on the organ of origin. Among others, the daily growth index, sinigrin, glucobrassicin, 3-phenylpropionitrile, indole-3-acetonitrile and horseradish peroxidase values showed significantly higher levels in horseradish hairy root cultures initiated from leaf blades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Bertóti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Böszörményi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Alberti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary.
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24
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Effects of Water Availability in the Soil on Tropane Alkaloid Production in Cultivated Datura stramonium. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9070131. [PMID: 31277288 PMCID: PMC6680536 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9070131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: different Solanaceae and Erythroxylaceae species produce tropane alkaloids. These alkaloids are the starting material in the production of different pharmaceuticals. The commercial demand for tropane alkaloids is covered by extracting them from cultivated plants. Datura stramonium is cultivated under greenhouse conditions as a source of tropane alkaloids. Here we investigate the effect of different levels of water availability in the soil on the production of tropane alkaloids by D. stramonium. Methods: We tested four irrigation levels on the accumulation of tropane alkaloids. We analyzed the profile of tropane alkaloids using an untargeted liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method. Results: Using a combination of informatics and manual interpretation of mass spectra, we generated several structure hypotheses for signals in D. stramonium extracts that we assign as putative tropane alkaloids. Quantitation of mass spectrometry signals for our structure hypotheses across different anatomical organs allowed us to identify patterns of tropane alkaloids associated with different levels of irrigation. Furthermore, we identified anatomic partitioning of tropane alkaloid isomers with pharmaceutical applications. Conclusions: Our results show that soil water availability is an effective method for maximizing the production of specific tropane alkaloids for industrial applications.
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25
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Lonoce C, Marusic C, Morrocchi E, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Novelli F, Pioli C, Feeney M, Frigerio L, Donini M. Enhancing the Secretion of a Glyco-Engineered Anti-CD20 scFv-Fc Antibody in Hairy Root Cultures. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800081. [PMID: 29975457 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hairy root (HR) cultures represent an attractive platform for the production of heterologous proteins, due to the possibility of secreting the molecule of interest in the culture medium. The main limitation is the low accumulation yields of heterologous proteins. The aim of this study is to enhance the accumulation of a tumor-targeting antibody with a human-compatible glycosylation profile in HR culture medium. To this aim, the authors produce Nicotiana benthamiana HR cultures expressing the red fluorescent protein (RFP) to easily screen for different auxins able to induce heterologous protein secretion in the medium. The hormone 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is found to induce high accumulation levels (334 mg L-1 ) of RFP in the culture medium. The same protocol is used to improve the secretion of the tumor-targeting, CD20-specific 2B8-FcΔXF recombinant antibody from glyco-engineered ΔXTFT N. benthamiana HR cultures. The addition of 2,4-D determine a 28-fold increase of the accumulation of fully functional 2B8-FcΔXF in the culture medium, at levels of ≈16 mg L-1 . Antibody N-glycosylation profiling reveal the prominent occurrence of GnGn structures and low levels of xylose- and fucose-containing counterparts. This result is the first example of the expression of an engineered anti-CD20 antibody with a scFv-Fc format at high levels in HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lonoce
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Marusic
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Morrocchi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pioli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mistianne Feeney
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Marcello Donini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, Italy
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Singh P, Prasad R, Tewari R, Jaidi M, Kumar S, Rout PK, Rahman LU. Silencing of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase (QPT) gene for enhanced production of scopolamine in hairy root culture of Duboisia leichhardtii. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13939. [PMID: 30224763 PMCID: PMC6141460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Scopolamine is a pharmaceutically important tropane alkaloid which is used therapeutically in the form of an anesthetic and antispasmodic drug. The present study demonstrates enhanced scopolamine production from transgenic hairy root clones of Duboisia leichhardtii wherein the expression of quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPT) gene was silenced using the QPT-RNAi construct under the control of CaMV 35 S promoter. The RNAi hairy roots clones viz. P4, P7, P8, and P12 showed the enhanced synthesis of scopolamine with significant inhibition of nicotine biosynthesis. Optimization of culture duration in combination with methyl jasmonate elicitor in different concentrations (50 µM-200 µM) was carried out. Maximum synthesis of scopolamine had obtained from HR clones P7 (8.84 ± 0.117 mg/gm) on the 30th day of cultivation. Conspicuously, elicitation with wound-associated hormone methyl jasmonate enhanced the yield of scopolamine 2.2 fold (19.344 ± 0.275 mg/gm) compared to the culture lacking the elicitor. The transgenic hairy roots cultures established with RNAi mediated silencing of quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase gene provides an alternative approach to increase the yield of scopolamine in fulfilling the demand of this secondary metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Ratnum Prasad
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Rashi Tewari
- Chemical Science Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Meraj Jaidi
- Plant Molecular Virology Laboratory, CPMB Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., 226001, India
| | - Susheel Kumar
- Plant Molecular Virology Laboratory, CPMB Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., 226001, India
| | - P K Rout
- Chemical Science Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Laiq Ur Rahman
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India.
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Voyaging through chromosomal studies in hairy root cultures towards unravelling their relevance to medicinal plant research: An updated review. THE NUCLEUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-018-0227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Häkkinen ST, Reuter L, Nuorti N, Joensuu JJ, Rischer H, Ritala A. Tobacco BY-2 Media Component Optimization for a Cost-Efficient Recombinant Protein Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:45. [PMID: 29434617 PMCID: PMC5791008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells constitute an attractive platform for production of recombinant proteins as more and more animal-free products and processes are desired. One of the challenges in using plant cells as production hosts has been the costs deriving from expensive culture medium components. In this work, the aim was to optimize the levels of most expensive components in the nutrient medium without compromising the accumulation of biomass and recombinant protein yields. Wild-type BY-2 culture and transgenic tobacco BY-2 expressing green fluorescent protein-Hydrophobin I (GFP-HFBI) fusion protein were used to determine the most inexpensive medium composition. One particularly high-accumulating BY-2 clone, named 'Hulk,' produced 1.1 ± 0.2 g/l GFP-HFBI in suspension and kept its high performance during prolonged subculturing. In addition, both cultures were successfully cryopreserved enabling truly industrial application of this plant cell host. With the optimized culture medium, 43-55% cost reduction with regard to biomass and up to 69% reduction with regard to recombinant protein production was achieved.
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Villani ME, Massa S, Lopresto V, Pinto R, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Benvenuto E, Desiderio A. Effects of high-intensity static magnetic fields on a root-based bioreactor system for space applications. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2017; 15:79-87. [PMID: 29198317 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Static magnetic fields created by superconducting magnets have been proposed as an effective solution to protect spacecrafts and planetary stations from cosmic radiations. This shield can deflect high-energy particles exerting injurious effects on living organisms, including plants. In fact, plant systems are becoming increasingly interesting for space adaptation studies, being useful not only as food source but also as sink of bioactive molecules in future bioregenerative life-support systems (BLSS). However, the application of protective magnetic shields would generate inside space habitats residual magnetic fields, of the order of few hundreds milli Tesla, whose effect on plant systems is poorly known. To simulate the exposure conditions of these residual magnetic fields in shielded environment, devices generating high-intensity static magnetic field (SMF) were comparatively evaluated in blind exposure experiments (250 mT, 500 mT and sham -no SMF-). The effects of these SMFs were assayed on tomato cultures (hairy roots) previously engineered to produce anthocyanins, known for their anti-oxidant properties and possibly useful in the setting of BLSS. Hairy roots exposed for periods ranging from 24 h to 11 days were morphometrically analyzed to measure their growth and corresponding molecular changes were assessed by a differential proteomic approach. After disclosing blind exposure protocol, a stringent statistical elaboration revealed the absence of significant differences in the soluble proteome, perfectly matching phenotypic results. These experimental evidences demonstrate that the identified plant system well tolerates the exposure to these magnetic fields. Results hereby described reinforce the notion of using this plant organ culture as a tool in ground-based experiments simulating space and planetary environments, in a perspective of using tomato 'hairy root' cultures as bioreactor of ready-to-use bioactive molecules during future long-term space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Villani
- ENEA - National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Silvia Massa
- ENEA - National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Vanni Lopresto
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Health Protection Technologies Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Rosanna Pinto
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Health Protection Technologies Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- CNR - National Research Council, ISPAAM, Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Naples Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- CNR - National Research Council, ISPAAM, Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Naples Italy
| | - Eugenio Benvenuto
- ENEA - National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy.
| | - Angiola Desiderio
- ENEA - National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy.
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Hidalgo D, Martínez-Márquez A, Moyano E, Bru-Martínez R, Corchete P, Palazon J. Bioconversion of stilbenes in genetically engineered root and cell cultures of tobacco. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45331. [PMID: 28345676 PMCID: PMC5366909 DOI: 10.1038/srep45331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently possible to transfer a biosynthetic pathway from a plant to another organism. This system has been exploited to transfer the metabolic richness of certain plant species to other plants or even to more simple metabolic organisms such as yeast or bacteria for the production of high added value plant compounds. Another application is to bioconvert substrates into scarcer or biologically more interesting compounds, such as piceatannol and pterostilbene. These two resveratrol-derived stilbenes, which have very promising pharmacological activities, are found in plants only in small amounts. By transferring the human cytochrome P450 hydroxylase 1B1 (HsCYP1B1) gene to tobacco hairy roots and cell cultures, we developed a system able to bioconvert exogenous t-resveratrol into piceatannol in quantities near to mg L-1. Similarly, after heterologous expression of resveratrol O-methyltransferase from Vitis vinifera (VvROMT) in tobacco hairy roots, the exogenous t-resveratrol was bioconverted into pterostilbene. We also observed that both bioconversions can take place in tobacco wild type hairy roots (pRiA4, without any transgene), showing that unspecific tobacco P450 hydroxylases and methyltransferases can perform the bioconversion of t-resveratrol to give the target compounds, albeit at a lower rate than transgenic roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hidalgo
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII sn, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ascensión Martínez-Márquez
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Moyano
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roque Bru-Martínez
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Purificación Corchete
- Department of Plant Physiology, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Palazon
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII sn, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Biotechnology of the medicinal plant Rhazya stricta: a little investigated member of the Apocynaceae family. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:829-840. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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