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Iwasa Y, Hayashi R, Satake A. Optimal seasonal schedule for the production of isoprene, a highly volatile biogenic VOC. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12311. [PMID: 38811652 PMCID: PMC11137007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The leaves of many trees emit volatile organic compounds (abbreviated as BVOCs), which protect them from various damages, such as herbivory, pathogens, and heat stress. For example, isoprene is highly volatile and is known to enhance the resistance to heat stress. In this study, we analyze the optimal seasonal schedule for producing isoprene in leaves to mitigate damage. We assume that photosynthetic rate, heat stress, and the stress-suppressing effect of isoprene may vary throughout the season. We seek the seasonal schedule of isoprene production that maximizes the total net photosynthesis using Pontryagin's maximum principle. The isoprene production rate is determined by the changing balance between the cost and benefit of enhanced leaf protection over time. If heat stress peaks in midsummer, isoprene production can reach its highest levels during the summer. However, if a large portion of leaves is lost due to heat stress in a short period, the optimal schedule involves peaking isoprene production after the peak of heat stress. Both high photosynthetic rate and high isoprene volatility in midsummer make the peak of isoprene production in spring. These results can be clearly understood by distinguishing immediate impacts and the impacts of future expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Iwasa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Rena Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akiko Satake
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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2
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Esteban R, Pollastri S, Brilli F, García-Plazaola JI, Odriozola I, Michelozzi M, Loreto F. Dehydration and rehydration differently affect photosynthesis and volatile monoterpenes in bryophytes with contrasting ecological traits. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14395. [PMID: 38922932 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Bryophytes desiccate rapidly when relative humidity decreases. The capacity to withstand dehydration depends on several ecological and physiological factors. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may have a role in enhancing tolerance to desiccating bryophytes. However, the functions of VOCs in bryophytes have received little attention so far. We aimed to investigate the impact of a dehydration-rehydration treatment on primary carbon metabolism and volatile terpenes (VTs) in three bryophytes with contrasting ecological traits: Vessicularia dubyana, Porella platyphylla and Pleurochaete squarrosa. First, we confirmed the desiccation sensitivity gradient of the species. Under fully hydrated conditions, the photosynthetic rate (A) was inversely associated with stress tolerance, with a lower rate in more tolerant species. The partial recovery of A in P. platyphylla and P. squarrosa after rehydration confirmed the desiccation tolerance of these two species. On the other hand, A did not recover after rehydration in V. dubyana. Regarding VT, each species exhibited a distinct VT profile under optimum hydration, with the highest VT pool found in the more desiccation-sensitive species (V. dubyana). However, the observed species-specific VT pattern could be associated with the ecological habitat of each species. P. squarrosa, a moss of dry habitats, may synthesize mainly non-volatile secondary metabolites as stress-defensive compounds. On the other hand, V. dubyana, commonly found submerged, may need to invest photosynthetically assimilated carbon to synthesize a higher amount of VTs to cope with transient water stress occurrence. Further research on the functions of VTs in bryophytes is needed to deepen our understanding of their ecological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Esteban
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/ EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/ EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marco Michelozzi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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Yadav I, Rautela A, Gangwar A, Wagadre L, Rawat S, Kumar S. Enhancement of isoprene production in engineered Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 by metabolic pathway inhibition and machine learning-based optimization strategy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129677. [PMID: 37579861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
An engineered Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973-IspS.IDI is used to enhance isoprene production through geranyl diphosphate synthase (CrtE) inhibition and process parameters (light intensity, NaHCO3 and growth temperature) optimization approach. A cumulative isoprene production of 1.21 mg/gDCW was achieved with productivity of 12.6 μg/gDCW/h in culture supplemented with 20 μg/mL alendronate. This inhibition strategy improvises the cumulative isoprene production 5.76-fold in presence of alendronate. The maximum cumulative production of isoprene is observed to be 5.22 and 6.20 mg/gDCW (54.4 and 64.6 μg/gDCW/h) at statistical and artificial neural network genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) optimized conditions, respectively. The overall increase of isoprene production is found to be 29.52-fold using an integrated approach of inhibition and ANN-GA optimization in comparison to unoptimized cultures without alendronate. This study reveals that alendronate use as a potential inhibitor and machine learning based optimization is a better approach in comparison to statistical optimization to enhance the isoprene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Yadav
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Agendra Gangwar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Lokesh Wagadre
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Shweta Rawat
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Bertić M, Zimmer I, Andrés-Montaner D, Rosenkranz M, Kangasjärvi J, Schnitzler JP, Ghirardo A. Automatization of metabolite extraction for high-throughput metabolomics: case study on transgenic isoprene-emitting birch. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1855-1869. [PMID: 37418159 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics studies are becoming increasingly common for understanding how plant metabolism responds to changes in environmental conditions, genetic manipulations and treatments. Despite the recent advances in metabolomics workflow, the sample preparation process still limits the high-throughput analysis in large-scale studies. Here, we present a highly flexible robotic system that integrates liquid handling, sonication, centrifugation, solvent evaporation and sample transfer processed in 96-well plates to automatize the metabolite extraction from leaf samples. We transferred an established manual extraction protocol performed to a robotic system, and with this, we show the optimization steps required to improve reproducibility and obtain comparable results in terms of extraction efficiency and accuracy. We then tested the robotic system to analyze the metabolomes of wild-type and four transgenic silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) lines under unstressed conditions. Birch trees were engineered to overexpress the poplar (Populus × canescens) isoprene synthase and to emit various amounts of isoprene. By fitting the different isoprene emission capacities of the transgenic trees with their leaf metabolomes, we observed an isoprene-dependent upregulation of some flavonoids and other secondary metabolites as well as carbohydrates, amino acid and lipid metabolites. By contrast, the disaccharide sucrose was found to be strongly negatively correlated to isoprene emission. The presented study illustrates the power of integrating robotics to increase the sample throughput, reduce human errors and labor time, and to ensure a fully controlled, monitored and standardized sample preparation procedure. Due to its modular and flexible structure, the robotic system can be easily adapted to other extraction protocols for the analysis of various tissues or plant species to achieve high-throughput metabolomics in plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Bertić
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - David Andrés-Montaner
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
- Corteva Agriscience Spain S.L.U, Carreño, Spain
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O Box 65, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
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Kopecká R, Kameniarová M, Černý M, Brzobohatý B, Novák J. Abiotic Stress in Crop Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076603. [PMID: 37047573 PMCID: PMC10095105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of agricultural land undergoes abiotic stress that can significantly reduce agricultural yields. Understanding the mechanisms of plant defenses against stresses and putting this knowledge into practice is, therefore, an integral part of sustainable agriculture. In this review, we focus on current findings in plant resistance to four cardinal abiotic stressors—drought, heat, salinity, and low temperatures. Apart from the description of the newly discovered mechanisms of signaling and resistance to abiotic stress, this review also focuses on the importance of primary and secondary metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, and phytohormones. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies concerning the model plant Arabidopsis demonstrates the long-observed phenomenon that abiotic stressors induce different signals and effects at the level of gene expression, but genes whose regulation is similar under most stressors can still be traced. The analysis further reveals the transcriptional modulation of Golgi-targeted proteins in response to heat stress. Our analysis also highlights several genes that are similarly regulated under all stress conditions. These genes support the central role of phytohormones in the abiotic stress response, and the importance of some of these in plant resistance has not yet been studied. Finally, this review provides information about the response to abiotic stress in major European crop plants—wheat, sugar beet, maize, potatoes, barley, sunflowers, grapes, rapeseed, tomatoes, and apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kameniarová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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Runge P, Ventura F, Kemen E, Stam R. Distinct Phyllosphere Microbiome of Wild Tomato Species in Central Peru upon Dysbiosis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:168-183. [PMID: 35041070 PMCID: PMC9849306 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants are colonized by myriads of microbes across kingdoms, which affect host development, fitness, and reproduction. Hence, plant microbiomes have been explored across a broad range of host species, including model organisms, crops, and trees under controlled and natural conditions. Tomato is one of the world's most important vegetable crops; however, little is known about the microbiota of wild tomato species. To obtain insights into the tomato microbiota occurring in natural environments, we sampled epiphytic microbes from leaves of four tomato species, Solanum habrochaites, S. corneliomulleri, S. peruvianum, and S. pimpinellifolium, from two geographical locations within the Lima region of Peru over 2 consecutive years. Here, a high-throughput sequencing approach was applied to investigate microbial compositions including bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotes across tomato species and geographical locations. The phyllosphere microbiome composition varies between hosts and location. Yet, we identified persistent microbes across tomato species that form the tomato microbial core community. In addition, we phenotypically defined healthy and dysbiotic samples and performed a downstream analysis to reveal the impact on microbial community structures. To do so, we compared microbial diversities, unique OTUs, relative abundances of core taxa, and microbial hub taxa, as well as co-occurrence network characteristics in healthy and dysbiotic tomato leaves and found that dysbiosis affects the phyllosphere microbial composition in a host species-dependent manner. Yet, overall, the present data suggests an enrichment of plant-promoting microbial taxa in healthy leaves, whereas numerous microbial taxa containing plant pathogens occurred in dysbiotic leaves.Concluding, we identify the core phyllosphere microbiome of wild tomato species, and show that the overall phyllosphere microbiome can be impacted by sampling time point, geographical location, host genotype, and plant health. Future studies in these components will help understand the microbial contribution to plant health in natural systems and can be of use in cultivated tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Runge
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Freddy Ventura
- Plant Pathology and Bacteriology, International Potato Centre, Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Eric Kemen
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Science, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Li S, Feng Z, Yuan X, Wang M, Agathokleous E. Elevated ozone inhibits isoprene emission of a diploid and a triploid genotype of Populus tomentosa by different mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6449-6462. [PMID: 35767843 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution affects plant growth and isoprene (ISO) emission. However, the response mechanism of isoprene emission rate (ISOrate) to elevated O3 (EO3) remains poorly understood. ISOrate was investigated in two genotypes (diploid and triploid) of Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) exposed to EO3 in an open top chamber system. The triploid genotype had higher photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) than the diploid one. EO3 significantly decreased A, gs, and ISOrate of middle and lower leaves in both genotypes. In the diploid genotype, the reduction of ISOrate was caused by a systematic decrease related to ISO synthesis capacity, as indicated by decreased contents of the isoprene precursor dimethylallyl diphosphate and decreased isoprene synthase protein and activity. On the other hand, the negative effect of O3 on ISOrate of the triploid genotype did not result from inhibited ISO synthesis capacity, but from increased ISO oxidative loss within the leaf. Our findings will be useful for breeding poplar genotypes with high yield and lower ISOrate, depending on local atmospheric volatile organic compound/NOx ratio, to cope with both the rising O3 concentrations and increasing biomass demand. They can also inform the incorporation of O3 effects into process-based models of isoprene emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
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Swanson L, Li T, Rinnan R. Contrasting responses of major and minor volatile compounds to warming and gall-infestation in the Arctic willow Salix myrsinites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148516. [PMID: 34174616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is altering high-latitude ecosystems in multiple facets, including increased insect herbivory pressure and enhanced emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from vegetation. Yet, joint impacts of climatic drivers and insect herbivory on VOC emissions from the Arctic remain largely unknown. We examined how one-month warming by open-top plastic tents, yielding a 3-4 °C air temperature increase, and the natural presence of gall-forming eriophyoid mites, Aculus tetanothrix, individually and in combination, affect VOC emissions from whortle leaved willow, Salix myrsinites, at two elevations in an Arctic heath tundra of Abisko, Northern Sweden. We measured VOC emissions three times in the peak growing season (July) from intact and gall-infested branches using an enclosure technique and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and leaf chemical composition using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Isoprene accounted for 91% of the VOCs emitted by S. myrsinites. Isoprene emission rates tended to be higher at the high than low elevation during the measurement periods (42 μg g-1 DW h-1 vs. 23 μg g-1 DW h-1) even when temperature differences were accounted for. Experimental warming increased isoprene emissions by approximately 54%, but decreased emissions of some minor compound groups, such as green leaf volatiles (GLV) and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT). In contrast, gall-infestation did not affect isoprene emissions but stimulated emissions of DMNT, sesquiterpenes and GLVs, particularly under ambient conditions at the low elevation. The NIRS-based chemical composition of the leaves varied between the two elevations and was affected by warming and gall-infestation. Our study suggests that under elevated temperatures, S. myrsinites increases emissions of isoprene, a highly effective compound for protection against oxidative stress, while an infestation by A. tetanothrix mites induces emissions of herbivore enemy attractants like DMNT, sesquiterpenes and GLVs. Under both conditions, warming effects on isoprene remain but mite effects on DMNT, sesquiterpenes and GLVs diminish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Swanson
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tao Li
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Niinemets Ü, Rasulov B, Talts E. CO 2 -responsiveness of leaf isoprene emission: Why do species differ? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3049-3063. [PMID: 34155641 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf isoprene emission rate, I, decreases with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration with major implications for global change. There is a significant interspecific variability in [CO2 ]-responsiveness of I, but the extent of this variation is unknown and its reasons are not understood. We hypothesized that the magnitude of emission reduction reflects the size and changeability of precursor pools responsible for isoprene emission (dimethylallyl diphosphate, DMADP and 2-methyl-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, MEcDP). Changes in I and intermediate pool sizes upon increase of [CO2 ] from 400 to 1500 μmol/mol were studied in nine woody species spanning boreal to tropical ecosystems. I varied 10-fold, total substrate pool size 37-fold and the ratio of DMADP/MEcDP pool sizes 57-fold. At higher [CO2 ], I was reduced on average by 65%, but [CO2 ]-responsiveness varied an order of magnitude across species. The increase in [CO2 ] resulted in concomitant reductions in both substrate pools. The variation in [CO2 ]-responsiveness across species scaled with the reduction in pool sizes, the substrate pool size supported and the share of DMADP in total substrate pool. This study highlights a major interspecific variation in [CO2 ]-responsiveness of isoprene emission and conclusively links this variation to interspecific variability in [CO2 ] effects on substrate availability and intermediate pool size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Bahtijor Rasulov
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Talts
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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Jamloki A, Bhattacharyya M, Nautiyal MC, Patni B. Elucidating the relevance of high temperature and elevated CO 2 in plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) production. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07709. [PMID: 34430728 PMCID: PMC8371220 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are plant products that are discontinuously distributed throughout the plant kingdom. These secondary compounds have various chemical groups and are named according to their chemical constituents. For their ability to defend biotic and abiotic stresses they are considered as plants' defensive compounds. These metabolites take part in plant protection from insects, herbivores, and extreme environmental conditions. They are indirectly involved in plants’ growth and development. Secondary metabolites are also used by people in the form of medicines, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, colors, fragrances, flavorings, food additives, biopesticides, and drugs development. However, the increase in atmospheric temperature by several anthropogenic activities majorly by the combustion of hydrocarbons is a great issue now. On the other hand, climate change leaves an impact on the quality and quantity of plant secondary metabolites. It is measured that several greenhouse gases (GHGs) are present in the atmosphere, like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), nitrous oxides (NOx), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Ozone (O3), etc. CO2, the major greenhouse gas is essential for photosynthesis. On the other hand, CO2 plays a significant role in the up-regulation of atmospheric temperature. Plants produce various types of primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, membrane lipids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll as well as a variety of secondary metabolites from photosynthesis. The high temperature in the atmosphere creates heat stress for plants. As a matter of fact many morphological, physiological and biochemical changes occur in the plant. The high temperature invariably elicits the production of several secondary metabolites within plants. Various strategies have been universally documented to improve the production of PSMs. With this objective, the focus of the current review is to further investigate and discuss futuristic scenarios the effect of elevated CO2 and high temperature on PSMs production which may perhaps beneficial for pharmaceutical industries, biotechnology industries, and also in climate change researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jamloki
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Malini Bhattacharyya
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M C Nautiyal
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Babita Patni
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, Uttarakhand, India
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Antioxidant Defenses in Plants: A Dated Topic of Current Interest. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060855. [PMID: 34071788 PMCID: PMC8228735 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains producing ACC deaminase on photosynthesis, isoprene emission, ethylene formation and growth of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. in response to water deficit. J Biotechnol 2021; 331:53-62. [PMID: 33727083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural sustainability is an increasing need considering the challenges posed by climate change and rapid human population growth. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may represent an excellent, new agriculture practice to improve soil quality while promoting growth and yield of important crop species subjected to water stress conditions. In this study, two PGPR strains with 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity were co-inoculated in velvet bean plants to verify the physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to progressive water stress. The results of our study show that the total biomass and the water use efficiency of inoculated plants were higher than uninoculated plants at the end of the water stress period. These positive effects may be derived from a lower root ACC content (-45 %) in water-stressed inoculated plants than in uninoculated ones resulting in lower root ethylene emission. Furthermore, the ability of inoculated plants to maintain higher levels of both isoprene emission, a priming compound that may help to protect leaves from oxidative damage, and carbon assimilation during water stress progression may indicate the underlining metabolic processes conferring water stress tolerance. Overall, the experimental results show that co-inoculation with ACC deaminase PGPR positively affects tolerance to water deficit, confirming the potential for biotechnological applications in water-stressed agricultural areas.
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13
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Seasonal Variation of Biogenic and Anthropogenic VOCs in a Semi-Urban Area Near Sydney, Australia. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role in the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol, the two most important air pollutants in Sydney, Australia. Despite their importance, there are few available VOC measurements in the area. In this paper, we discuss continuous GC-MS measurements of 10 selected VOCs between February (summer in the southern hemisphere) and June (winter in the southern hemisphere) of 2019 in a semi-urban area between natural eucalypt forest and the Sydney metropolitan fringe. Combined, isoprene, methacrolein, methyl-vinyl-ketone, α-pinene, p-cymene, eucalyptol, benzene, toluene xylene and tri-methylbenzene provide a reasonable representation of variability in the total biogenic VOC (BVOC) and anthropogenic VOC (AVOC) loading in the area. Seasonal changes in environmental conditions were reflected in observed BVOC concentrations, with a summer peak of 8 ppb, dropping to approximately 0.1 ppb in winter. Isoprene, and its immediate oxidation products methacrolein (MACR) and methyl-vinyl-ketone (MVK), dominated BVOC concentrations during summer and early autumn, while monoterpenes comprised the larger fraction during winter. Temperature and solar radiation drive most of the seasonal variation observed in BVOCs. Observed levels of isoprene, MACR and MVK in the atmosphere are closely related with variations in temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), but chemistry and meteorology may play a more important role for the monoterpenes. Using a nonlinear model, temperature explains 51% and PAR 38% of the isoprene, MACR and MVK variation. Eucalyptol dominated the observed monoterpene fraction (contributing ~75%), with p-cymene (20%) and α-pinene (5%) also present. AVOCs maintain an average concentration of ~0.4 ppb, with a slight decrease during autumn–winter. The low AVOC concentrations observed indicate a relatively small anthropogenic influence, generally occurring when (rare) northerly winds transport Sydney emissions to the measurement site. The site is influenced by domestic, commercial and vehicle AVOC emissions. Our observed AVOC concentrations can be explained by the seasonal changes in meteorology and the emissions in the area as listed in the NSW emissions inventory and thereby act as an independent validation of this inventory. We conclude that the variations in atmospheric composition observed during the seasons are an important variable to consider when formulating air pollution control policies over Sydney given the influence of biogenic sources during summer, autumn and winter.
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Sun Z, Shen Y, Niinemets Ü. Responses of isoprene emission and photochemical efficiency to severe drought combined with prolonged hot weather in hybrid Populus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7364-7381. [PMID: 32996573 PMCID: PMC7906789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene emissions have been considered as a protective response of plants to heat stress, but there is limited information of how prolonged heat spells affect isoprene emission capacity, particularly under the drought conditions that often accompany hot weather. Under combined long-term stresses, presence of isoprene emission could contribute to the maintenance of the precursor pool for rapid synthesis of essential isoprenoids to repair damaged components of leaf photosynthetic apparatus. We studied changes in leaf isoprene emission rate, photosynthetic characteristics, and antioxidant enzyme activities in two hybrid Populus clones, Nanlin 1388 (relatively high drought tolerance) and Nanlin 895 (relatively high thermotolerance) that were subjected to long-term (30 d) soil water stress (25% versus 90% soil field capacity) combined with a natural heat spell (day-time temperatures of 35-40 °C) that affected both control and water-stressed plants. Unexpectedly, isoprene emissions from both the clones were similar and the overall effects of drought on the emission characteristics were initially minor; however, treatment effects and clonal differences increased with time. In particular, the isoprene emission rate only increased slightly in the Nanlin 895 control plants after 15 d of treatment, whereas it decreased by more than 5-fold in all treatment × clone combinations after 30 d. The reduction in isoprene emission rate was associated with a decrease in the pool size of the isoprene precursor dimethylallyl diphosphate in all cases at 30 d after the start of treatment. Net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, the openness of PSII centers, and the effective quantum yield all decreased, and non-photochemical quenching and catalase activity increased in both control and water-stressed plants. Contrary to the hypothesis of protection of leaf photosynthetic apparatus by isoprene, the data collectively indicated that prolonged stress affected isoprene emissions more strongly than leaf photosynthetic characteristics. This primarily reflected the depletion of isoprene precursor pools under long-term severe stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Sun
- School of Forestry and Bio-Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang A&F University State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Shen
- School of Forestry and Bio-Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- School of Forestry and Bio-Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu, Tallinn, Estonia
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15
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Agati G, Brunetti C, Fini A, Gori A, Guidi L, Landi M, Sebastiani F, Tattini M. Are Flavonoids Effective Antioxidants in Plants? Twenty Years of Our Investigation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1098. [PMID: 33182252 PMCID: PMC7695271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether flavonoids play significant antioxidant roles in plants challenged by photooxidative stress of different origin has been largely debated over the last few decades. A critical review of the pertinent literature and our experimentation as well, based on a free-of-scale approach, support an important antioxidant function served by flavonoids in plants exposed to a wide range of environmental stressors, the significance of which increases with the severity of stress. On the other side, some questions need conclusive answers when the putative antioxidant functions of plant flavonoids are examined at the level of both the whole-cell and cellular organelles. This partly depends upon a conclusive, robust, and unbiased definition of "a plant antioxidant", which is still missing, and the need of considering the subcellular re-organization that occurs in plant cells in response to severe stress conditions. This likely makes our deterministic-based approach unsuitable to unveil the relevance of flavonoids as antioxidants in extremely complex biological systems, such as a plant cell exposed to an ever-changing stressful environment. This still poses open questions about how to measure the occurred antioxidant action of flavonoids. Our reasoning also evidences the need of contemporarily evaluating the changes in key primary and secondary components of the antioxidant defense network imposed by stress events of increasing severity to properly estimate the relevance of the antioxidant functions of flavonoids in an in planta situation. In turn, this calls for an in-depth analysis of the sub-cellular distribution of primary and secondary antioxidants to solve this still intricate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Institute of Applied Physics ‘Carrara’, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto F.no, I-50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Agriculural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no, I-50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (F.S.)
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16
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Yuan X, Feng Z, Shang B, Calatayud V, Paoletti E. Ozone exposure, nitrogen addition and moderate drought dynamically interact to affect isoprene emission in poplar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139368. [PMID: 32454335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution can induce changes in plant growth and metabolism, and in turn, affects isoprene emission (ISO), but the extent of these effects may be modified by co-occurring soil water and nitrogen (N) availability. To date, however, much less is known about the combined effects of two of these factors on isoprene emission from plants. We investigated for the first time the combined effects of O3 exposure (CF, charcoal-filtered air; EO3, non-filtered air plus 40 ppb of O3), N addition (N0, no additional N; N50, 50 kg ha-1 year-1 of N) and moderate drought (WW, well-watered; WR, 40% of WW irrigation) on photosynthetic carbon assimilation and ISO emission in hybrid poplar at both leaf- and plant-level over time. Consistent with leaf-level photosynthesis (Pnleaf) and ISO (ISOleaf) responses, plant-level ISO (ISOplant) responses to O3, N addition and moderate drought were more marked after long exposure (September) than short exposure duration (July). EO3 significantly decreased ISOleaf and Pnleaf, while WR and N50 significantly increased them. Although O3 and water interacted significantly to affect Pnleaf over the exposure duration, neither N50 nor WR mitigated the negative effects of EO3 on ISOleaf. When ISO was scaled up to the plant level, the WR-induced increase in ISOleaf under EO3 was offset by a reduction in total leaf area. By contrast, effects of EO3 on ISOplant were not changed by N addition. Our results highlight that the dynamic effects on ISO emission change over the exposure duration depending on involved co-occurring factors and evaluation scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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17
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Abstract
The terrestrial biosphere-atmosphere interface provides a key chemical, biological, and physical lower boundary for the atmosphere. The presence of vegetation itself modifies the physical boundary, or the biogeophysical aspects of the system, by controlling important climate drivers such as soil moisture, light environment, and temperature. The leaf surface area of the terrestrial biosphere provides additional surface area for emissions, and it can be up to 55% of the total Earth's surface area during the boreal summer. Vegetation also influences the biogeochemical aspects of the system by emitting a broad suite of reactive trace gases such as biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and climate-relevant primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP). Many of these emissions are a function of meteorological and climatological conditions at the surface, including temperature, light environment, soil moisture, and winds. Once emitted, they can be processed in the troposphere through a suite of chemical reactions. BVOC can contribute to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), and PBAP can rupture to form smaller particles with climatic relevance. These emissions and subsequent aerosol products can influence atmospheric processes that affect the surface climate, such as the attenuation of radiation, the formation of greenhouse gases such as ozone that can feedback to surface air temperature, and the alteration of clouds and subsequent precipitation. These atmospheric changes can then feedback to the land surface and emissions themselves, creating positive or negative feedback loops that can dampen or amplify the emission response. For the dominant BVOC isoprene, the feedback response to temperature can be positive or negative depending on ambient temperatures that drive isoprene emissions. The feedback response to soil moisture and precipitation can be positive, negative, or uncoupled depending on the moisture content of the soil and the total atmospheric aerosol loading. For light, the isoprene response can be positive or negative depending on the role of diffuse light. Overall, these feedbacks highlight the dynamical response of the biosphere to changing atmospheric conditions across a range of time scales, from minutes for trace gases and aerosols, to months for phenological changes, to years for land cover and land use change. The dynamic aspect of this system requires us to understand, simulate, and predict the complex feedbacks between the biosphere and atmosphere and understand their role in the simulation and understanding of climate and global change. From the observational perspective, these feedbacks are challenging to identify in observations, and predictive modeling tools provide a crucial link for understanding how these feedbacks will change under warming climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Steiner
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, United States
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18
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Faralli M, Li M, Varotto C. Shoot Characterization of Isoprene and Ocimene-Emitting Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants under Contrasting Environmental Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E477. [PMID: 32283654 PMCID: PMC7238224 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are among the most abundant biogenic volatile compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants, and mediate both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we provide for the first time a comparative analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively emitting isoprene and ocimene. Transgenic lines and Columbia-0 (Col-0) Arabidopsis were characterized under optimal, water stress, and heat stress conditions. Under optimal conditions, the projected leaf area (PLA), relative growth rate, and final dry weight were generally higher in transgenics than Col-0. These traits were associated to a larger photosynthetic capacity and CO2 assimilation rate at saturating light. Isoprene and ocimene emitters displayed a moderately higher stress tolerance than Col-0, showing higher PLA and gas-exchange traits throughout the experiments. Contrasting behaviors were recorded for the two overexpressors under water stress, with isoprene emitters showing earlier stomatal closure (conservative behavior) than ocimene emitters (non-conservative behavior), which might suggest different induced strategies for water conservation and stress adaptation. Our work indicates that (i) isoprene and ocimene emitters resulted in enhanced PLA and biomass under optimal and control conditions and that (ii) a moderate stress tolerance is induced when isoprene and ocimene are constitutively emitted in Arabidopsis, thus providing evidence of their role as a potential preferable trait for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy; (M.F.); (M.L.)
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19
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Taylor TC, Smith MN, Slot M, Feeley KJ. The capacity to emit isoprene differentiates the photosynthetic temperature responses of tropical plant species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2448-2457. [PMID: 30993708 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental research shows that isoprene emission by plants can improve photosynthetic performance at high temperatures. But whether species that emit isoprene have higher thermal limits than non-emitting species remains largely untested. Tropical plants are adapted to narrow temperature ranges and global warming could result in significant ecosystem restructuring due to small variations in species' thermal tolerances. We compared photosynthetic temperature responses of 26 co-occurring tropical tree and liana species to test whether isoprene-emitting species are more tolerant to high temperatures. We classified species as isoprene emitters versus non-emitters based on published datasets. Maximum temperatures for net photosynthesis were ~1.8°C higher for isoprene-emitting species than for non-emitters, and thermal response curves were 24% wider; differences in optimum temperatures (Topt ) or photosynthetic rates at Topt were not significant. Modelling the carbon cost of isoprene emission, we show that even strong emission rates cause little reduction in the net carbon assimilation advantage over non-emitters at supraoptimal temperatures. Isoprene emissions may alleviate biochemical limitations, which together with stomatal conductance, co-limit photosynthesis above Topt . Our findings provide evidence that isoprene emission may be an adaptation to warmer thermal niches, and that emitting species may fare better under global warming than co-occurring non-emitting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Kenneth J Feeley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
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20
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Aspinwall MJ, Pfautsch S, Tjoelker MG, Vårhammar A, Possell M, Drake JE, Reich PB, Tissue DT, Atkin OK, Rymer PD, Dennison S, Van Sluyter SC. Range size and growth temperature influence Eucalyptus species responses to an experimental heatwave. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1665-1684. [PMID: 30746837 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding forest tree responses to climate warming and heatwaves is important for predicting changes in tree species diversity, forest C uptake, and vegetation-climate interactions. Yet, tree species differences in heatwave tolerance and their plasticity to growth temperature remain poorly understood. In this study, populations of four Eucalyptus species, two with large range sizes and two with comparatively small range sizes, were grown under two temperature treatments (cool and warm) before being exposed to an equivalent experimental heatwave. We tested whether the species with large and small range sizes differed in heatwave tolerance, and whether trees grown under warmer temperatures were more tolerant of heatwave conditions than trees grown under cooler temperatures. Visible heatwave damage was more common and severe in the species with small rather than large range sizes. In general, species that showed less tissue damage maintained higher stomatal conductance, lower leaf temperatures, larger increases in isoprene emissions, and less photosynthetic inhibition than species that showed more damage. Species exhibiting more severe visible damage had larger increases in heat shock proteins (HSPs) and respiratory thermotolerance (Tmax ). Thus, across species, increases in HSPs and Tmax were positively correlated, but inversely related to increases in isoprene emissions. Integration of leaf gas-exchange, isoprene emissions, proteomics, and respiratory thermotolerance measurements provided new insight into mechanisms underlying variability in tree species heatwave tolerance. Importantly, warm-grown seedlings were, surprisingly, more susceptible to heatwave damage than cool-grown seedlings, which could be associated with reduced enzyme concentrations in leaves. We conclude that species with restricted range sizes, along with trees growing under climate warming, may be more vulnerable to heatwaves of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Angelica Vårhammar
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm Possell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John E Drake
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, New York
| | - Peter B Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Minnesota
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Siobhan Dennison
- Department of Biological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven C Van Sluyter
- Department of Biological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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21
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Parveen S, Rashid MHU, Inafuku M, Iwasaki H, Oku H. Molecular regulatory mechanism of isoprene emission under short-term drought stress in the tropical tree Ficus septica. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:440-453. [PMID: 30445554 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted by many plants and is thought to function as an antioxidant under stressful conditions. However, the detailed regulatory mechanism of isoprene emission in relation to the antioxidant system remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we explored the molecular regulatory mechanism of isoprene emission under short-term drought stress in the tropical tree Ficus septica Burm.f. We found that the soil moisture content gradually decreased from 55% on Day 1 (D1) to 23% (wilting point) on D5 after withholding water for 4 days and then returning to the initial level following re-watering on D6. On D5, drought-stressed plants had more than twofold higher isoprene emission and 90.6% lower photosynthesis rates, 99.5% lower stomatal conductance and 82.3% lower transpiration rates than well-watered control plants. It was also estimated that the isoprene concentration inside the leaf greatly increased on D5 due to the increased isoprene emission rate and reduced stomatal conductance. Among the traits related to the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, which is responsible for isoprene biosynthesis, the isoprene synthase (IspS) protein level was positively correlated with the isoprene emission rate in stressed plants. The transcripts of the antioxidant genes peroxidase 2 (POD2), POD4, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 2 (Cu-ZnSOD2) and manganese superoxide dismutase 1 (Mn-SOD1) also increased during the drying period, while those of ascorbate peroxidase 1 (APX1) decreased. However, there was only a weak correlation between isoprene emission and antioxidant enzyme gene expression, indicating that the regulation of isoprene biosynthesis is not directly linked to the antioxidant defense network in drought-stressed F. septica. These findings suggest that the post-transcriptional regulation of IspS led to the observed change in isoprene emission rate, which enhanced the quenching of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in combination with the increased antioxidant enzyme activity, conferred tolerance to drought stress in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanaz Parveen
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Harun-Ur- Rashid
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Masashi Inafuku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Iwasaki
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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22
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de Souza VF, Niinemets Ü, Rasulov B, Vickers CE, Duvoisin Júnior S, Araújo WL, Gonçalves JFDC. Alternative Carbon Sources for Isoprene Emission. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:1081-1101. [PMID: 30472998 PMCID: PMC6354897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and other plastidial isoprenoids are produced primarily from recently assimilated photosynthates via the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. However, when environmental conditions limit photosynthesis, a fraction of carbon for MEP pathway can come from extrachloroplastic sources. The flow of extrachloroplastic carbon depends on the species and on leaf developmental and environmental conditions. The exchange of common phosphorylated intermediates between the MEP pathway and other metabolic pathways can occur via plastidic phosphate translocators. C1 and C2 carbon intermediates can contribute to chloroplastic metabolism, including photosynthesis and isoprenoid synthesis. Integration of these metabolic processes provide an example of metabolic flexibility, and results in the synthesis of primary metabolites for plant growth and secondary metabolites for plant defense, allowing effective use of environmental resources under multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil; University of Amazonas State, Manaus, AM 69050-010, Brazil
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Bahtijor Rasulov
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, EcoSciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | | | - Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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23
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Brunetti C, Loreto F, Ferrini F, Gori A, Guidi L, Remorini D, Centritto M, Fini A, Tattini M. Metabolic plasticity in the hygrophyte Moringa oleifera exposed to water stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1640-1654. [PMID: 30137639 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, introduction of many fast-growing hygrophilic, and economically valuable plants into xeric environments has occurred. However, production and even survival of these species may be threatened by harsh climatic conditions unless an effective physiological and metabolic plasticity is available. Moringa oleifera Lam., a multipurpose tree originating from humid sub-tropical regions of India, is widely cultivated in many arid countries because of its multiple uses. We tested whether M. oleifera can adjust primary and secondary metabolism to efficiently cope with increasing water stress. It is shown that M. oleifera possesses an effective isohydric behavior. Water stress induced a quick and strong stomatal closure, driven by abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation, and leading to photosynthesis inhibition with consequent negative effects on biomass production. However, photochemistry was not impaired and maximal fluorescence and saturating photosynthesis remained unaffected in stressed leaves. We report for the first time that M. oleifera produces isoprene, and show that isoprene emission increased three-fold during stress progression. It is proposed that higher isoprene biosynthesis helps leaves cope with water stress through its antioxidant or membrane stabilizing action, and also indicates a general MEP (methylerythritol 4-phosphate) pathway activation that further helps protect photosynthesis under water stress. Increased concentrations of antioxidant flavonoids were also observed in water stressed leaves, and probably cooperate in limiting irreversible effects of the stress in M. oleifera leaves. The observed metabolic and phenotypic plasticity may facilitate the establishment of M. oleifera in xeric environments, sustaining the economic and environmental value of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Trees and Timber Institute, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Trees and Timber Institute, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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24
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Holopainen JK, Virjamo V, Ghimire RP, Blande JD, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Kivimäenpää M. Climate Change Effects on Secondary Compounds of Forest Trees in the Northern Hemisphere. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1445. [PMID: 30333846 PMCID: PMC6176061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary compounds (PSCs), also called secondary metabolites, have high chemical and structural diversity and appear as non-volatile or volatile compounds. These compounds may have evolved to have specific physiological and ecological functions in the adaptation of plants to their growth environment. PSCs are produced by several metabolic pathways and many PSCs are specific for a few plant genera or families. In forest ecosystems, full-grown trees constitute the majority of plant biomass and are thus capable of producing significant amounts of PSCs. We summarize older literature and review recent progress in understanding the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on PSC production of forest trees and PSC behavior in forest ecosystems. The roles of different PSCs under stress and their important role in protecting plants against abiotic and biotic factors are also discussed. There was strong evidence that major climate change factors, CO2 and warming, have contradictory effects on the main PSC groups. CO2 increases phenolic compounds in foliage, but limits terpenoids in foliage and emissions. Warming decreases phenolic compounds in foliage but increases terpenoids in foliage and emissions. Other abiotic stresses have more variable effects. PSCs may help trees to adapt to a changing climate and to pressure from current and invasive pests and pathogens. Indirect adaptation comes via the effects of PSCs on soil chemistry and nutrient cycling, the formation of cloud condensation nuclei from tree volatiles and by CO2 sequestration into PSCs in the wood of living and dead forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmo K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Virjamo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Rajendra P. Ghimire
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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25
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Taylor TC, McMahon SM, Smith MN, Boyle B, Violle C, van Haren J, Simova I, Meir P, Ferreira LV, de Camargo PB, da Costa ACL, Enquist BJ, Saleska SR. Isoprene emission structures tropical tree biogeography and community assembly responses to climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:435-446. [PMID: 29974469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The prediction of vegetation responses to climate requires a knowledge of how climate-sensitive plant traits mediate not only the responses of individual plants, but also shifts in the species and functional compositions of whole communities. The emission of isoprene gas - a trait shared by one-third of tree species - is known to protect leaf biochemistry under climatic stress. Here, we test the hypothesis that isoprene emission shapes tree species compositions in tropical forests by enhancing the tolerance of emitting trees to heat and drought. Using forest inventory data, we estimated the proportional abundance of isoprene-emitting trees (pIE) at 103 lowland tropical sites. We also quantified the temporal composition shifts in three tropical forests - two natural and one artificial - subjected to either anomalous warming or drought. Across the landscape, pIE increased with site mean annual temperature, but decreased with dry season length. Through time, pIE strongly increased under high temperatures, and moderately increased following drought. Our analysis shows that isoprene emission is a key plant trait determining species responses to climate. For species adapted to seasonal dry periods, isoprene emission may tradeoff with alternative strategies, such as leaf deciduousness. Community selection for isoprene-emitting species is a potential mechanism for enhanced forest resilience to climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21307, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Hardner & Gullison Associates, LLC, 15 Woodland Drive, Amherst, NH, 03031, USA
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (UMR 5175), CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Joost van Haren
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Road, Oracle, AZ, 85623, USA
| | - Irena Simova
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Praha, 11636, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Leandro V Ferreira
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Plinio B de Camargo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, 13400-970, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C L da Costa
- Centro de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66017-970, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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26
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Wang B, Shuman J, Shugart HH, Lerdau MT. Biodiversity matters in feedbacks between climate change and air quality: a study using an individual-based model. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1223-1231. [PMID: 29603469 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air quality is closely associated with climate change via the biosphere because plants release large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that mediate both gaseous pollutants and aerosol dynamics. Earlier studies, which considered only leaf physiology and simply scale up from leaf-level enhancements of emissions, suggest that climate warming enhances whole forest VOC emissions, and these increased VOC emissions aggravate ozone pollution and secondary organic aerosol formation. Using an individual-based forest VOC emissions model, UVAFME-VOC, that simulates system-level emissions by explicitly simulating forest community dynamics to the individual tree level, ecological competition among the individuals of differing size and age, and radiative transfer and leaf function through the canopy, we find that climate warming only sometimes stimulates isoprene emissions (the single largest source of non-methane hydrocarbon) in a southeastern U.S. forest. These complex patterns result from the combination of higher temperatures' stimulating emissions at the leaf level but decreasing the abundance of isoprene-emitting taxa at the community level by causing a decline in the abundance of isoprene-emitting species (Quercus spp.). This ecological effect eventually outweighs the physiological one, thus reducing overall emissions. Such reduced emissions have far-reaching implications for the climate-air-quality relationships that have been established on the paradigm of warming-enhancement VOC emissions from vegetation. This local scale modeling study suggests that community ecology rather than only individual physiology should be integrated into future studies of biosphere-climate-chemistry interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Shuman
- Terrestrial Sciences Section, Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, USA
| | - Herman H Shugart
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Manuel T Lerdau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
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27
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Deciphering the role of IspD (2‑C‑methyl‑D‑erythritol 4‑phosphate cytidyltransferase) enzyme as a potential therapeutic drug target against Plasmodium vivax. Gene 2018; 675:240-253. [PMID: 29958953 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of isoprenoids (MEP Pathway) in apicoplast has an important role during the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium, as it is the sole pathway to provide the major isoprene units required as metabolic precursor for various housekeeping activities. With the intensifying need to identify a novel therapeutic drug target against Plasmodium, the MEP pathway and its components are considered as potential therapeutic targets, due to the difference in the isoprenoid synthesis route (MVA) functional in the host cells. While few major components have already been studied from this pathway for their potential as a drug target, IspD (2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate cytidyltransferase) enzyme, the enzyme catalyzing the third step of the pathway has only been tested against a synthetic compound from Malaria box called MMV008138, which also has not shown adequate inhibitory activity against P. vivax IspD. In the present study, to validate the potential of PvIspD as a drug target, various antimicrobial agents were screened for their inhibition possibilities, using in-vitro High Throughput Screening (HTS) technique. Shortlisted antimicrobial drug molecules like Cefepime, Tunicamycin and Rifampicin were further validated by in-vitro biochemical enzyme inhibition assays where they showed activity at nanomolar concentrations suggesting them or their derivatives as prospective future antimalarials. This study also confirmed the in-vivo expression of PvIspD protein during asexual stages by sub-cellular localization in apicoplast and explores the importance of the IspD enzyme in the development of new therapeutics.
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28
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Saleem AR, Brunetti C, Khalid A, Della Rocca G, Raio A, Emiliani G, De Carlo A, Mahmood T, Centritto M. Drought response of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with ACC deaminase and IAA producing rhizobacteria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191218. [PMID: 29447189 PMCID: PMC5814102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the major constraints limiting agricultural production worldwide and is expected to increase in the future. Limited water availability causes significant effects to plant growth and physiology. Plants have evolved different traits to mitigate the stress imposed by drought. The presence of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could play an important role in improving plant performances and productivity under drought. These beneficial microorganisms colonize the rhizosphere of plants and increase drought tolerance by lowering ethylene formation. In the present study, we demonstrate the potential to improve the growth of velvet bean under water deficit conditions of two different strains of PGPR with ACCd (1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate deaminase) activity isolated from rainfed farming system. We compared uninoculated and inoculated plants with PGPR to assess: a) photosynthetic performance and biomass; b) ACC content and ethylene emission from leaves and roots; c) leaf isoprene emission. Our results provided evidence that under drought conditions inoculation with PGPR containing the ACCd enzyme could improve plant growth compared to untreated plants. Ethylene emission from roots and leaves of inoculated velvet bean plants was significantly lower than uninoculated plants. Moreover, isoprene emission increased with drought stress progression and was higher in inoculated plants compared to uninoculated counterparts. These findings clearly illustrate that selected PGPR strains isolated from rainfed areas could be highly effective in promoting plant growth under drought conditions by decreasing ACC and ethylene levels in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aansa Rukya Saleem
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Azeem Khalid
- Department of Environmental Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid and Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Gianni Della Rocca
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Aida Raio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna De Carlo
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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