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Labonté K, Fantino M, Nielsen DE. Disentangling inhibition toward food and non-food stimuli across two hunger levels: An fNIRS study. Appetite 2024; 203:107678. [PMID: 39277924 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
While individuals tend to display poorer inhibitory control toward food-related than neutral stimuli, it is unclear whether this challenge is specific to food or extends to other pleasant stimuli. Uncertainty also remains regarding the general impact of hunger on inhibition. To address these questions, we used a within-subjects design whereby 44 healthy adults completed two go/no-go tasks including no-go images of highly palatable foods and no-go images of animals matched for valence and physical properties. Both tasks were completed one week apart in either a fed or a fasted state. Prefrontal cortex activity was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Poorer behavioral inhibition was observed when participants needed to withhold their response to images of food compared to animals, regardless of hunger state. In addition, more commission errors were made in the fasted compared to the fed condition, regardless of the type of image to avoid responding to. Responses to go trials were slower when these trials were interspersed with food compared to animal no-go trials. However, hunger did not influence go response time. Greater activation was observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during blocks of trials with (vs. without) no-go images, but brain activity did not differ according to the type of no-go image. The effect of hunger on prefrontal brain activity was also not significant. Exploratory correlations showed that food-related inhibition deficits were positively related to self-reported impulsivity, but unrelated to body mass index. This study suggests that even among healthy adults, food-related inhibitory control may have a unique behavioral signature beyond general inhibition toward pleasant stimuli. Hunger also exerts an independent influence on general inhibitory capabilities, highlighting the importance of carefully controlling hunger levels in inhibition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Labonté
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Manon Fantino
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Daiva E Nielsen
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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van den Hoek Ostende MM, Schwarz U, Gawrilow C, Kaup B, Svaldi J. Modality Matters: Fasted Individuals Inhibit Food Stimuli Better Than Neutral Stimuli for Words, but Not for Pictures. Nutrients 2024; 16:2190. [PMID: 39064633 PMCID: PMC11279540 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the effect different modalities (pictures and words) of food stimuli have on inhibitory control under different homeostatic states. To this end, the homeostatic state was altered by asking participants to fast for 16 h (n = 67) or eat lunch as usual (n = 76) before completing an online stop-signal task with modal (pictures) and amodal (words) food and valenced-matched non-food stimuli. The inclusion of non-food stimuli allowed us to test the food specificity of the effect. We found a significant Group × Modality × Stimulus Type interaction (F(1,141) = 5.29, p = 0.023, ηp2 = 0.036): fasted individuals had similar inhibitory capacity for modal and amodal food stimuli but better inhibitory capacity for non-food words compared to images, while there were no inhibitory differences in dependence on either modality or stimulus type in satiated individuals. Thus, we were able to show that inhibitory capacities to modal compared to amodal stimuli depend on participants' current state of fasting. Future studies should focus on how this lowered inhibitory capacity influences food intake, as well as the role of stimulus valence in cognitive processing, to clarify potential implications for dieting and weight loss training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechteld M. van den Hoek Ostende
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Tuebingen, Schleichstr. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (U.S.); (C.G.); (B.K.); (J.S.)
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3
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Forester G, Wonderlich JA, Bottera AR, Dougherty EN, Day M, Pearson CM, Peterson CB, Anderson LM. Behaviourally assessed negative urgency is uniquely associated with binge-eating frequency. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2024. [PMID: 38977861 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Binge eating appears to be associated with impulsivity, especially in response to negative affect (i.e., negative urgency). However, negative urgency is typically assessed via self-report, which captures only some aspects of urgency and may be subject to bias. Few studies have examined impulsivity following experimental manipulations of affect in binge-eating samples. METHOD In the present study, individuals who engage in regular binge eating completed a behavioural impulsivity (go/no-go) task with high- and low-calorie food stimuli, once following negative affect induction and once following neutral affect induction. RESULTS Greater behavioural impulsivity to high-calorie food cues while in a negative (and not a neutral) affective state was associated with more frequent binge-eating behaviour. Further, this behavioural measure of negative urgency uniquely accounted for variance in binge-eating frequency when controlling for self-reported negative urgency, suggesting that behavioural measures may be a useful complement to self-report measures. DISCUSSION These findings provide novel and compelling evidence for the relationship between negative urgency and binge eating, highlighting negative urgency as a potentially important target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Forester
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Joseph A Wonderlich
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth N Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maya Day
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carolyn M Pearson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa M Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Güner E, Aktaç Ş. Time-restricted feeding can increase food-related impulsivity: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38648081 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2024.2344139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although an increasing number of studies show that time-restricted feeding may improve metabolic health, studies examining the behavioral effects of this eating pattern are limited. This study examined the effect of time-restricted feeding on impulsivity in adults. METHODS Thirty adults aged 25-41 years participated in this randomized controlled trial. The intervention group followed time-restricted feeding for 4 weeks and there was no energy restriction in the intervention group (n = 15) or control group (n = 15). Impulsivity was assessed before and after the intervention with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the Go/NoGo task. RESULTS The compliance rate (the percentage of days when participants had a feeding time of ≤ 8 hours/day) of the intervention group to the time-restricted feeding pattern was 92.38 ± 4.24%. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 total score of the intervention group increased from 55.53 ± 6.37 to 59.47 ± 7.67 (p = 0.02). During the Go/NoGo task, an indicator of inhibitory control, the reaction time to food and non-food stimuli was significantly shortened in the intervention group (respectively; p = 0.009, p = 0.01). In the control group, no significant change was detected in impulsivity determined by the BIS-11 or Go/NoGo task. DISCUSSION This study showed that although time-restricted feeding may reduce body weight, it can lead to increased impulsivity and impaired inhibitory control.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04960969.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Güner
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Şule Aktaç
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Burdick R, Bayne D, Hitchcock M, Gilmore-Bykovskyi A, Shune S, Rogus-Pulia N. The Impact of Modifiable Preoral Factors on Swallowing and Nutritional Outcomes in Healthy Adults: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:4860-4895. [PMID: 37931134 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Swallowing has previously been characterized as consisting of four phases; however, it has become apparent that these four phases are not truly discrete and may be influenced by factors occurring prior to bolus entrance into the oral cavity (i.e., preoral factors). Still, the relationship between these factors and swallowing remains poorly understood. The aim of this review was to synthesize and characterize the literature pertaining to the influence of preoral factors on swallowing and nutritional outcomes in healthy individuals. METHOD We performed a scoping review, searching the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Scopus. Search terms included those related to swallowing, experience of preoral factors, and exclusionary terminology to reduce animal and pediatric literature. Our initial search revealed 5,560 unique articles, of which 153 met our inclusionary criteria and were accepted into the review. RESULTS Of the accepted articles, 78% were focused exclusively on nutritional outcomes, 17% were focused on both swallowing and nutritional outcomes, and 5% were focused on solely swallowing outcomes. Of the preoral factors examined, 99% were exteroceptive in nature (17% olfactory, 44% visual, 21% auditory, 7% tactile, 11% other), while 1% were proprioceptive in nature. CONCLUSIONS This review supports the influence of preoral factors on swallowing and nutritional outcomes. However, there is a large emphasis on the visual modality and on nutritional outcomes. Nearly none of the literature found in this review directly measured swallowing safety, efficiency, or physiology. Future work will benefit from a larger focus on proprioceptive preoral factors as they relate to swallowing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Burdick
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Veterans' Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - David Bayne
- Communication Disorders and Sciences Program, University of Oregon, Eugene
| | | | - Andrea Gilmore-Bykovskyi
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Samantha Shune
- Communication Disorders and Sciences Program, University of Oregon, Eugene
| | - Nicole Rogus-Pulia
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Veterans' Hospital, Madison, WI
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Age-related differences in food-specific inhibitory control: Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence in healthy aging. Appetite 2023; 183:106478. [PMID: 36746027 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of older adults in the United States is estimated to nearly double from 52 million to 95 million by 2060. Approximately 80-85% of older adults are diagnosed with a chronic health condition. Many of these chronic health conditions are influenced by diet and physical activity, suggesting improved diet and eating behaviors could improve health-related outcomes. One factor that might improve dietary habits in older adults is food-related inhibitory control. We tested whether food-related inhibitory control, as measured via behavioral data (response time, accuracy) and scalp-recorded event-related potentials (ERP; N2 and P3 components), differed between younger and older adults over age 55. Fifty-nine older adults (31 females [52.5%], Mage = 64, SDage = 7.5) and 114 younger adults (82 females [71.9%], Mage = 20.8) completed two go/no-go tasks, one inhibiting to high-calorie stimuli and one inhibiting to low-calorie stimuli, while electroencephalogram (EEG) data were recorded. Older adults had slower overall response times than younger adults, but this was not specific to either food task. There was not a significant difference in accuracy between younger and older adults, but both groups' accuracy and response times were significantly better during the high-calorie task than the low-calorie task. For both the N2 and P3 ERP components, younger adults had larger no-go ERP amplitudes than older adults, but this effect was not food-specific, reflecting overall generalized lower inhibitory control processing in older adults. P3 amplitude for the younger adults demonstrated a specific food-related effect (greater P3 amplitude for high-calorie no-go than low-calorie no-go) that was not present for older adults. Findings support previous research demonstrating age-related differences in inhibitory control though those differences may not be specific to inhibiting towards food.
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Preuss-van Viersen H, Kirschbaum-Lesch I, Eskic J, Lukes S, Pydd J, Derks L, Hammerle F, Legenbauer T. Modified cue exposure for adolescents with binge eating behaviour: study protocol of a randomised pilot trial called EXI (ea)T. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067626. [PMID: 36963795 PMCID: PMC10039999 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Binge eating (BE) behaviour is highly prevalent in adolescents, and can result in serious metabolic derangements and overweight in the long term. Weakened functioning of the behavioural inhibition system is one potential pathway leading to BE. Food cue exposure focusing on expectancy violation (CEEV) is a short intervention for BE that has proven effective in adults but has never been tested in adolescents. Thus, the current randomised pilot trial evaluates the feasibility of CEEV for adolescents and its efficacy in reducing eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) of binge food items. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The trial will include N=76 female adolescents aged between 13 and 20 years with a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder (BED) or their subthreshold forms based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Participants will be randomly assigned to two sessions of CEEV or behavioural analysis (BA), a classical cognitive-behavioural therapy-based intervention. The primary endpoint is the change in EAH measured according to ad libitum consumption of personally preferred binge food in a bogus taste test at post-test based on the intention-to-treat population. Key secondary endpoints are changes in EAH of standardised binge food at post-test, in EAH at 3-month follow-up (FU) and in food craving after induction of food cue reactivity at post-test and FU. To identify further valid outcome parameters, we will assess effects of CEEV compared with BA on global ED psychopathology, BE frequency within the last 28 days, body weight, response inhibition and emotion regulation abilities. Treatment groups will be compared using analysis of covariance with intervention as fixed factor and body mass index at baseline as covariate. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This clinical trial has been approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Medical Association of Rhineland-Palatinate and the Medical Faculty of the Ruhr-University Bochum. The collected data will be disseminated locally and internationally through publications in relevant peer-reviewed journals and will be presented at scientific and clinical conferences. Participants data will only be published in an anonymised form. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DRKS00024009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Preuss-van Viersen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Inken Kirschbaum-Lesch
- LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Jasmina Eskic
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophie Lukes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Pydd
- LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Laura Derks
- LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Florian Hammerle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Legenbauer
- LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
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Labonté K, Nielsen DE. Measuring food-related inhibition with go/no-go tasks: Critical considerations for experimental design. Appetite 2023; 185:106497. [PMID: 36893916 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of go/no-go tasks to assess inhibitory control over food stimuli is becoming increasingly popular. However, the wide variability in the design of these tasks makes it difficult to fully leverage their results. The goal of this commentary was to provide researchers with crucial aspects to consider when designing food-related go/no-go experiments. We examined 76 studies that used food-themed go/no-go tasks and extracted characteristics related to participant population, methodology, and analysis. Based on our observations of common issues that can influence study conclusions, we stress the importance for researchers to design an appropriate control condition and match stimuli between experimental conditions in terms of emotional and physical properties. We also emphasize that stimuli should be tailored to the participants under study, whether at the individual or group level. To ensure that the task truly measures inhibitory abilities, researchers should promote the establishment of a prepotent response pattern by presenting more go than no-go trials and by using short trials. Researchers should also pre-specify the criteria used to identify potentially invalid data. While go/no-go tasks represent valuable tools for studying food cognition, researchers should choose task parameters carefully and justify their methodological and analytical decisions in order to ensure the validity of results and promote best practices in food-related inhibition research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Labonté
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Daiva E Nielsen
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Van Royen A, Van Malderen E, Desmet M, Goossens L, Verbeken S, Kemps E. Go or no-go? An assessment of inhibitory control training using the GO/NO-GO task in adolescents. Appetite 2022; 179:106303. [PMID: 36067871 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescence is a critical period for the onset of unhealthy eating habits. One important contributing factor is poor inhibitory control (IC), a cognitive skill that enables behavior regulation. IC training appears successful in countering unhealthy eating in adults, but evidence in adolescents is scarce. In addition, the mechanism of change from IC training remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess changes in IC during a single session of IC training in adolescents. The effectiveness of the training was assessed by comparing the experimental group to a matched control group. METHOD A community sample of 57 adolescents between 10 and 18 years was recruited (Mage = 16.61, SDage = 2.52, 73.7% girls, Madj.BMI = 105.17, SDadj.BMI = 18.81). IC was assessed before, during, and after the training using a GO/NO-GO task. Indices of IC were commission errors (CE; incorrectly responding on a no-go trial) and reaction time (RT) on go trials. RESULTS CE rates among adolescents who received the IC training were the highest during the training and decreased significantly after the training. However, there were no differences in CE before compared to after the training. No differences were found in RT before, during or after the training. In addition, compared to the control group, the experimental group showed no significant differences in either CE or RT before, during or after the training. DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to assess changes in IC after an IC training in a community sample of adolescents. Results of this study further elucidate the complex role of IC in adolescents' unhealthy eating habits. Future studies should seek to corroborate these findings in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Van Royen
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eva Van Malderen
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maurane Desmet
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Kemps
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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Grol M, Cásedas L, Oomen D, Spronk DB, Fox E. Uncontrolled eating in healthy women has limited influence on food cue reactivity and food-related inhibitory control. Appetite 2022; 168:105767. [PMID: 34687826 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled eating-in the general population-is characterized by overeating, hedonic hunger and being drawn towards palatable foods. Theoretically, it is the result of a strong food reward signal in relation to a poor ability to exert inhibitory control. How food consumption influences inhibitory control and food cue sensitivity, and how this relates to the continued urge to eat, remains unclear. We used fMRI in order to investigate the neural mechanism underlying food cue reactivity and food-specific response inhibition (go-nogo task), by comparing women reporting high (n = 21) versus low/average (n = 19) uncontrolled eating across two sessions: during an inter-meal state and after consumption of a high-caloric snack. We found no effects of individual differences in uncontrolled eating, food consumption, nor their interaction on food cue reactivity. Differences in uncontrolled eating and food consumption did interact in modulating activity in an occipital-parietal network, extending from left lateral superior occipital cortex to visual cortex, cuneal cortex, and precuneus during response inhibition of non-food stimuli, areas previously associated with successful nogo-vs. go-trials. Yet, behavioural performance on the go-nogo task was not modulated by uncontrolled eating nor food consumption. Women with a low/average tendency for uncontrolled eating may need more cognitive resources to support successful response inhibition of non-food stimuli during food 'go' blocks in an inter-meal state, whereas women with a high tendency for uncontrolled eating showed this after food consumption. However, considering current and previous findings, it seems that individual differences in uncontrolled eating in healthy women have only limited influence on food cue reactivity and food-related inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Grol
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Luis Cásedas
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Danna Oomen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Elaine Fox
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
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Rothwell J, Antal A, Burke D, Carlsen A, Georgiev D, Jahanshahi M, Sternad D, Valls-Solé J, Ziemann U. Central nervous system physiology. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:3043-3083. [PMID: 34717225 PMCID: PMC8863401 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This is the second chapter of the series on the use of clinical neurophysiology for the study of movement disorders. It focusses on methods that can be used to probe neural circuits in brain and spinal cord. These include use of spinal and supraspinal reflexes to probe the integrity of transmission in specific pathways; transcranial methods of brain stimulation such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, which activate or modulate (respectively) the activity of populations of central neurones; EEG methods, both in conjunction with brain stimulation or with behavioural measures that record the activity of populations of central neurones; and pure behavioural measures that allow us to build conceptual models of motor control. The methods are discussed mainly in relation to work on healthy individuals. Later chapters will focus specifically on changes caused by pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK, (J. Rothwell)
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Burke
- Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Antony Carlsen
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dejan Georgiev
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Dagmar Sternad
- Departments of Biology, Electrical & Computer Engineering, and Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josep Valls-Solé
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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Voigt K, Giddens E, Stark R, Frisch E, Moskovsky N, Kakoschke N, Stout JC, Bellgrove MA, Andrews ZB, Verdejo-Garcia A. The Hunger Games: Homeostatic State-Dependent Fluctuations in Disinhibition Measured with a Novel Gamified Test Battery. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062001. [PMID: 34200678 PMCID: PMC8230368 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food homeostatic states (hunger and satiety) influence the cognitive systems regulating impulsive responses, but the direction and specific mechanisms involved in this effect remain elusive. We examined how fasting, and satiety, affect cognitive mechanisms underpinning disinhibition using a novel framework and a gamified test-battery. Thirty-four participants completed the test-battery measuring three cognitive facets of disinhibition: attentional control, information gathering and monitoring of feedback, across two experimental sessions: one after overnight fasting and another after a standardised meal. Homeostatic state was assessed using subjective self-reports and biological markers (i.e., blood-derived liver-expressed antimicrobial protein 2 (LEAP-2), insulin and leptin). We found that participants who experienced greater subjective hunger during the satiety session were more impulsive in the information gathering task; results were not confounded by changes in mood or anxiety. Homeostatic state did not significantly influence disinhibition mechanisms linked to attentional control or feedback monitoring. However, we found a significant interaction between homeostatic state and LEAP-2 on attentional control, with higher LEAP-2 associated with faster reaction times in the fasted condition only. Our findings indicate lingering hunger after eating increases impulsive behaviour via reduced information gathering. These findings identify a novel mechanism that may underpin the tendency to overeat and/or engage in broader impulsive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Voigt
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (K.V.); (E.G.); (E.F.); (N.M.); (N.K.); (J.C.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Emily Giddens
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (K.V.); (E.G.); (E.F.); (N.M.); (N.K.); (J.C.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Romana Stark
- Department of Physiology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (R.S.); (Z.B.A.)
| | - Emma Frisch
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (K.V.); (E.G.); (E.F.); (N.M.); (N.K.); (J.C.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Neda Moskovsky
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (K.V.); (E.G.); (E.F.); (N.M.); (N.K.); (J.C.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Naomi Kakoschke
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (K.V.); (E.G.); (E.F.); (N.M.); (N.K.); (J.C.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Julie C. Stout
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (K.V.); (E.G.); (E.F.); (N.M.); (N.K.); (J.C.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Mark A. Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (K.V.); (E.G.); (E.F.); (N.M.); (N.K.); (J.C.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- Department of Physiology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (R.S.); (Z.B.A.)
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (K.V.); (E.G.); (E.F.); (N.M.); (N.K.); (J.C.S.); (M.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9905-5374
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Food reward sensitivity, impulsivity, and weight change during and after a 3-month weight loss program. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243530. [PMID: 33306690 PMCID: PMC7732120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Greater sensitivity to food rewards and higher levels of impulsivity (and an interaction between these variables, termed “reinforcement pathology”) have been associated with obesity in cross-sectional studies. Less is known regarding how these constructs may impact attempts at weight loss or longer-term weight loss maintenance. Methods We provided 75 adults (69%Female, 84%White, age = 50.8y, BMI = 31.2kg/m2) with a 3-month Internet-based weight loss program and assessed weight, food reward sensitivity (via the Power of Food Scale [PFS]), and impulsivity (via Go No-Go [GNG] and Delay Discounting [DD] computer tasks) at baseline and at Months 3, 6, 9, and 12. No additional intervention was provided Months 3–12. Multi-level mixed-effect models were used to examine changes in PFS, GNG, and DD over time and associations between these measures and weight loss/regain. Results Participants lost 6.0±1.1kg Months 0–3 and regained 2.4±1.1kg Months 3–12. Across time points, higher PFS scores were associated with higher weight, p = .007; however, there were no significant associations between GNG or DD and weight nor between the interactions of PFS and GNG or DD and weight, ps>.05. There were significant decreases from Months 0–3 in PFS, GNG, and DD, ps < .05; however, neither baseline values nor changes were significantly associated with weight change and there were no significant associations between the interactions of PFS and GNG or DD and weight change, ps>.05. Conclusion Results demonstrated an association between food reward sensitivity and weight. Further, decreases in both food reward sensitivity and impulsivity were observed during an initial weight loss program, but neither baseline levels nor improvements were associated with weight change. Taken together, results suggest that the constructs of food reward sensitivity, impulsivity, and reinforcement pathology may have limited clinical utility within behavioral weight management interventions. Future intervention studies should examine whether food-related impulsivity tasks lead to a similar pattern of results.
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Response inhibition according to the stimulus and food type in exogenous obesity. Appetite 2020; 150:104651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mas M, Brindisi MC, Chabanet C, Chambaron S. Implicit food odour priming effects on reactivity and inhibitory control towards foods. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228830. [PMID: 32516338 PMCID: PMC7282641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The food environment can interact with cognitive processing and influence eating behaviour. Our objective was to characterize the impact of implicit olfactory priming on inhibitory control towards food, in groups with different weight status. Ninety-one adults completed a modified Affective Shifting Task: they had to detect target stimuli and ignore distractor stimuli while being primed with non-attentively perceived odours. We measured reactivity and inhibitory control towards food pictures. Priming effects were observed on reactivity: participants with overweight and obesity were slower when primed with pear and pound cake odour respectively. Common inhibitory control patterns toward foods were observed between groups. We suggest that non-attentively perceived food cues influence bottom-up processing by activating distinguished mental representations according to weight status. Also, our data show that cognitive load influences inhibitory control toward foods. Those results contribute to understanding how the environment can influence eating behaviour in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Mas
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claude Brindisi
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Chabanet
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphanie Chambaron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Perceptual salience influences food choices independently of health and taste preferences. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2020; 5:2. [PMID: 31900744 PMCID: PMC6942074 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-019-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Making decisions about food is a critical part of everyday life and a principal concern for a number of public health issues. Yet, the mechanisms involved in how people decide what to eat are not yet fully understood. Here, we examined the role of visual attention in healthy eating intentions and choices. We conducted two-alternative forced choice tests of competing food stimuli that paired healthy and unhealthy foods that varied in taste preference. We manipulated their perceptual salience such that, in some cases, one food item was more perceptually salient than the other. In addition, we manipulated the cognitive load and time pressure to test the generalizability of the salience effect. Results Manipulating salience had a powerful effect on choice in all situations; even when an unhealthy but tastier food was presented as an alternative, healthy food options were selected more often when they were perceptually salient. Moreover, in a second experiment, food choices on one trial impacted food choices on subsequent trials; when a participant chose the healthy option, they were more likely to choose a healthy option again on the next trial. Furthermore, robust effects of salience on food choice were observed across situations of high cognitive load and time pressure. Conclusions These results have implications both for understanding the mechanisms of food-related decision-making and for implementing interventions that might make it easier for people to make healthy eating choices.
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De Pretto M, Hartmann L, Garcia-Burgos D, Sallard E, Spierer L. Stimulus Reward Value Interacts with Training-induced Plasticity in Inhibitory Control. Neuroscience 2019; 421:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Meule A, Richard A, Dinic R, Blechert J. Effects of a Smartphone-Based Approach-Avoidance Intervention on Chocolate Craving and Consumption: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e12298. [PMID: 31682584 PMCID: PMC6858611 DOI: 10.2196/12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeatedly pushing high-calorie food stimuli away based on joystick movements has been found to reduce approach biases toward these stimuli. Some studies also found that such avoidance training reduced consumption of high-calorie foods. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test effects of a smartphone-based approach-avoidance intervention on chocolate craving and consumption, to make such interventions suitable for daily use. METHODS Within a 10-day period, regular chocolate eaters (n=105, 86% female) performed five sessions during which they continuously avoided (ie, swiped upward) chocolate stimuli (experimental group, n=35), performed five sessions during which they approached and avoided chocolate stimuli equally often (placebo control group, n=35), or did not perform any training sessions (inactive control group, n=35). Training effects were measured during laboratory sessions before and after the intervention period and further continuously through daily ecological momentary assessment. RESULTS Self-reported chocolate craving and consumption as well as body fat mass significantly decreased from pre- to postmeasurement across all groups. Ecological momentary assessment reports evidenced no differences in chocolate craving and consumption between intervention days and rest days as a function of the group. CONCLUSIONS A smartphone-based approach-avoidance training did not affect eating-related and anthropometric measures over and above measurement-based changes in this study. Future controlled studies need to examine whether other techniques of modifying food approach tendencies show an add-on benefit over conventional, monitoring-based intervention effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION AsPredicted 8203; https://aspredicted.org/pt9df.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Richard
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Radomir Dinic
- Department of MultiMediaTechnology, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Puch, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Wollenhaupt C, Wilke L, Erim Y, Rauh M, Steins-Loeber S, Paslakis G. The association of leptin secretion with cognitive performance in patients with eating disorders. Psychiatry Res 2019; 276:269-277. [PMID: 31125904 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study is an investigation of neuropsychological performance in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder and hormonal secretion patterns for ghrelin, leptin, insulin, and glucose. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in a cohort of n = 30 female patients suffering from eating disorders as well as n = 20 control females. All participants underwent the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Trail Making Test (TMT), and a go/no-go task using food vs. neutral stimuli. Patients with anorexia nervosa differed from controls in their leptin response to the OGTT. While the four groups under investigation did not differ in neuropsychological performance, we found leptin responses to the OGTT to be associated with performance in the food-specific go/no-go task. These preliminary results may indicate a putative association between leptin concentrations and neuropsychological performance, particularly in measures of inhibitory control. Further studies investigating the role of leptin in impulsive behaviors in eating disorders would be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Wollenhaupt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Leonhard Wilke
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Yesim Erim
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto Friedrich University of Bamberg, Markusplatz 3, Bamberg 96047, Germany
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 Canada.
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Meule A, Richard A, Lender A, Dinic R, Brockmeyer T, Rinck M, Blechert J. Measuring approach-avoidance tendencies towards food with touchscreen-based arm movements. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1789-1800. [PMID: 31055649 PMCID: PMC7479004 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most tasks for measuring automatic approach-avoidance tendencies do not resemble naturalistic approach-avoidance behaviors. Therefore, we developed a paradigm for the assessment of approach-avoidance tendencies towards palatable food, which is based on arm and hand movements on a touchscreen, thereby mimicking real-life grasping or warding movements. In Study 1 (n = 85), an approach bias towards chocolate-containing foods was found when participants reached towards the stimuli, but not when these stimuli had to be moved on the touchscreen. This approach bias towards food observed in grab movements was replicated in Study 2 (n = 60) and Study 3 (n = 94). Adding task features to disambiguate distance change through either corresponding image zooming (Study 2) or emphasized self-reference (Study 3) did not moderate this effect. Associations between approach bias scores and trait and state chocolate craving were inconsistent across studies. Future studies need to examine whether touchscreen-based approach-avoidance tasks reveal biases towards other stimuli in the appetitive or aversive valence domain and relate to relevant interindividual difference variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Anna Richard
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Anja Lender
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Radomir Dinic
- Department of MultiMedia Technology, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Puch, Austria
| | - Timo Brockmeyer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Jones A, Robinson E, Duckworth J, Kersbergen I, Clarke N, Field M. The effects of exposure to appetitive cues on inhibitory control: A meta-analytic investigation. Appetite 2018; 128:271-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Paslakis G, Maas S, Gebhardt B, Mayr A, Rauh M, Erim Y. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa clinical trial on the effects of an estrogen-progestin combination as add-on to inpatient psychotherapy in adult female patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:93. [PMID: 29631553 PMCID: PMC5891970 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for novel treatment approaches in anorexia nervosa (AN). While there is broad knowledge with regard to altered appetite regulation and neuropsychological deficits in AN patients on the one hand, and the effects of estrogen replacement upon neuropsychological performance in healthy subjects on the other, up to now, no study has implemented estrogen replacement in AN patients, in order to examine its effects upon AN-associated and general psychopathology, neuropsychological performance and concentrations of peptide components of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and within appetite-regulating circuits. METHODS This is a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial on the effects of a 10-week oral estrogen replacement (combination of ethinyl estradiol 0.03 mg and dienogest 2 mg) in adult female AN patients. The primary target is the assessment of the impact of sex hormone replacement upon neuropsychological performance by means of a neuropsychological test battery consisting of a test for verbal intelligence, the Trail making test A and B, a Go/No-go paradigm with food cues and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Secondary targets include a) the examination of safety and tolerability (as mirrored by the number of adverse events), b) assessments of the impact upon eating disorder-specific psychopathology by means of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), c) the influence upon anxiety using the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI), d) assessments of plasma cortisol levels during a dexamethasone-suppression test and appetite-regulating plasma peptides (ghrelin, leptin, insulin, glucose) during an oral glucose tolerance test and, e) a possible impact upon the prescription of antidepressants. DISCUSSION This is the first study of its kind. There are no evidence-based psychopharmacological options for the treatment of AN. Thus, the results of this clinical trial may have a relevant impact on future treatment regimens. Novel approaches are necessary to improve rates of AN symptom remission and increase the rapidity of treatment response. Identifying the underlying biological (e.g. neuroendocrinological) factors that maintain AN or may predict patient treatment response represent critical future research directions. Continued efforts to incorporate novel pharmacological aspects into treatments will increase access to evidence-based care and help reduce the burden of AN. TRIAL REGISTRATION European Clinical Trials Database, EudraCT number 2015-004184-36, registered November 2015; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03172533 , retrospectively registered May 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Paslakis
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Maas
- Center for Clinical Studies, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Gebhardt
- Center for Clinical Studies, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mayr
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Universitätsstrasse 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Loschgestraße 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yesim Erim
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Jones A, Hardman CA, Lawrence N, Field M. Cognitive training as a potential treatment for overweight and obesity: A critical review of the evidence. Appetite 2017; 124:50-67. [PMID: 28546010 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the effectiveness and candidate mechanisms of action of psychological interventions which aim to either (a) improve the capacity for self-regulatory, reflective processes or (b) reduce the impact of automatic appetitive processes, in an attempt to influence food intake and associated weight-gain. Our aim was to examine three important issues regarding each type of intervention: i) whether the intervention influenced behaviour in the laboratory, ii) whether the intervention influenced behaviour and/or body mass index in the real world, and iii) whether the proposed mechanism of action was supported by evidence. We systematically searched three commonly used databases and identified 32 articles which were relevant to at least one of these issues. The majority of studies attempted to manipulate food intake in the laboratory using associative learning paradigms, in normal-weight female participants. Most of the laboratory studies demonstrated the predicted effects of interventions on behaviour in the laboratory, but studies that attempted to translate these interventions outside of the laboratory yielded more mixed findings. The hypothesised mechanisms of action received inconsistent support across studies. We identified several limitations which may complicate interpretation of findings in this area, including heterogeneity of study methods, small sample sizes, and absence of adequate control groups. We provide recommendations for future studies that aim to develop and evaluate these promising interventions for the reduction of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Liverpool, UK.
| | | | | | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Liverpool, UK
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Meule A. Reporting and Interpreting Task Performance in Go/No-Go Affective Shifting Tasks. Front Psychol 2017; 8:701. [PMID: 28536544 PMCID: PMC5422529 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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Meule A. Dieting and Food Cue-Related Working Memory Performance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1944. [PMID: 28018277 PMCID: PMC5155494 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functioning (e.g., working memory) is tightly intertwined with self-regulation. For example, food cue-elicited craving has been found to impair working memory performance. Furthermore, current dieters have been found to show lower working memory performance than non-dieters. Recent research, however, suggests that it is crucial to consider dieting success in addition to current dieting status or restrained eating in order to reveal cognitive mechanisms that are associated with successful eating-related self-regulation. The current study investigated food cue-related working memory performance as a function of dieting status and dieting success in female students. Participants performed an n-back task with pictures of food and neutral objects. Reaction time in response to food pictures was slower than in response to neutral pictures, whereas omission errors did not differ between picture types. Current food craving was increased after performing the food block, but not after the neutral block. There was an indirect effect of current dieting status on higher food craving after the food block, which was mediated by slower reaction time to food vs. neutral pictures. Furthermore, higher dieting success was associated with fewer omission errors in the food vs. neutral block in current dieters. There were no relationships of restrained eating with current food craving and task performance. Results further highlight the need to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful dieting in addition to current dieting status or restrained eating when examining possible mechanisms of overeating or successful restraint. Although palatable food cues induce food craving regardless of dieting success, they may boost executive functioning in successful dieters, which helps them to overcome these temptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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26
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Training motor responses to food: A novel treatment for obesity targeting implicit processes. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 49:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang Y, Dong D, Todd J, Du J, Yang Z, Lu H, Chen H. Neural correlates of restrained eaters’ high susceptibility to food cues: An fMRI study. Neurosci Lett 2016; 631:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Gardiner CK, Karoly HC, Bryan AD. Commentary: Differential associations between obesity and behavioral measures of impulsivity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:949. [PMID: 27444563 PMCID: PMC4914830 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Casey K Gardiner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
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Meule A, Platte P. Attentional bias toward high-calorie food-cues and trait motor impulsivity interactively predict weight gain. Health Psychol Open 2016; 3:2055102916649585. [PMID: 28070402 PMCID: PMC5193291 DOI: 10.1177/2055102916649585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong bottom-up impulses and weak top-down control may interactively lead to overeating and, consequently, weight gain. In the present study, female university freshmen were tested at the start of the first semester and again at the start of the second semester. Attentional bias toward high- or low-calorie food-cues was assessed using a dot-probe paradigm and participants completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Attentional bias and motor impulsivity interactively predicted change in body mass index: motor impulsivity positively predicted weight gain only when participants showed an attentional bias toward high-calorie food-cues. Attentional and non-planning impulsivity were unrelated to weight change. Results support findings showing that weight gain is prospectively predicted by a combination of weak top-down control (i.e. high impulsivity) and strong bottom-up impulses (i.e. high automatic motivational drive toward high-calorie food stimuli). They also highlight the fact that only specific aspects of impulsivity are relevant in eating and weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Petra Platte
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Price M, Lee M, Higgs S. Food-specific response inhibition, dietary restraint and snack intake in lean and overweight/obese adults: a moderated-mediation model. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:877-82. [PMID: 26592733 PMCID: PMC4856731 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The relationship between response inhibition and obesity is currently unclear. This may be because of inconsistencies in methodology, design limitations and the use of narrow samples. In addition, dietary restraint has not been considered, yet restraint has been reported to moderate performance on behavioural tasks of response inhibition. The aim of this study was to investigate performance on both a food-based and a neutral stimuli go/no-go task, which addresses current design limitations, in lean and overweight/obese adults. The moderating role of dietary restraint in the relationship between body composition, response inhibition and snack intake was also measured. SUBJECTS/METHODS Lean and overweight/obese, males and females (N=116) completed both a food-based and neutral category control go/no-go task, in a fully counterbalanced repeated-measures design. A bogus taste-test was then completed, followed by a self-report measure of dietary restraint. RESULTS PROCESS moderated-mediation analysis showed that overweight/obese, compared with lean, participants made more errors on the food-based (but not the neutral) go/no-go task, but only when they were low in dietary restraint. Performance on the food-based go/no-go task predicted snack intake across the sample. Increased intake in the overweight, low restrainers was fully mediated by increased errors on the food-based (but not the neutral) go/no-go task. CONCLUSIONS Distinguishing between high and low restrained eaters in the overweight/obese population is crucial in future obesity research incorporating food-based go/no-go tasks. Poor response inhibition to food cues predicts overeating across weight groups, suggesting weight loss interventions and obesity prevention programmes should target behavioural inhibition training in such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Price
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - M Lee
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Facets of impulsivity interactively predict body fat and binge eating in young women. Appetite 2015; 87:352-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Combined effects of cognitive bias for food cues and poor inhibitory control on unhealthy food intake. Appetite 2015; 87:358-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
The incentive sensitisation model of obesity suggests that modification of the dopaminergic associated reward systems in the brain may result in increased awareness of food-related visual cues present in the current food environment. Having a heightened awareness of these visual food cues may impact on food choices and eating behaviours with those being most aware of or demonstrating greater attention to food-related stimuli potentially being at greater risk of overeating and subsequent weight gain. To date, research related to attentional responses to visual food cues has been both limited and conflicting. Such inconsistent findings may in part be explained by the use of different methodological approaches to measure attentional bias and the impact of other factors such as hunger levels, energy density of visual food cues and individual eating style traits that may influence visual attention to food-related cues outside of weight status alone. This review examines the various methodologies employed to measure attentional bias with a particular focus on the role that attentional processing of food-related visual cues may have in obesity. Based on the findings of this review, it appears that it may be too early to clarify the role visual attention to food-related cues may have in obesity. Results however highlight the importance of considering the most appropriate methodology to use when measuring attentional bias and the characteristics of the study populations targeted while interpreting results to date and in designing future studies.
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Meule A, Teran CB, Berker J, Gründel T, Mayerhofer M, Platte P. On the differentiation between trait and state food craving: Half-year retest-reliability of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r) and the Food Cravings Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S). J Eat Disord 2014; 2:25. [PMID: 25356313 PMCID: PMC4212121 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-014-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food craving refers to an intense desire to consume a specific food. The Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQs) assess food cravings on a trait and a state level. METHOD The current study examined half-year retest-reliability of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r) and the Food Cravings Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S) and reports associations with current food deprivation in female students. RESULTS The FCQ-T-r had higher retest-reliability (r tt = .74) than the FCQ-S (r tt = .39). Although trait food craving was correlated with state food craving, it was unaffected by current food deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Although state and trait food craving are interdependent, the FCQs are able to differentiate between the two. As scores of the FCQ-T-r represent a stable trait, but are also sensitive to changes in eating behavior, they may be useful for the investigation of the course of eating disorders and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- />Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- />Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Carina Beck Teran
- />Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Berker
- />Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Gründel
- />Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Petra Platte
- />Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Meule A, Kübler A. Double trouble. Trait food craving and impulsivity interactively predict food-cue affected behavioral inhibition. Appetite 2014; 79:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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