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Vagka E, Gnardellis C, Lagiou A, Notara V. Smartphone Use and Social Media Involvement in Young Adults: Association with Nomophobia, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and Self-Esteem. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:920. [PMID: 39063496 PMCID: PMC11277010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Excessive smartphone use and dependence on social media give rise to multiple issues that negatively affect the overall well-being of individuals. Nomophobia is characterized as a "digital disease" due to the unlimited use of smartphone devices. The aim of this study is to examine smartphone use and social media involvement in association with nomophobia and psychological traits (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem) of young adults. A cross-sectional investigation was conducted on 1408 Greek undergraduate students aged 18 to 25 years, using an anonymous self-reported questionnaire. Study data were collected through the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Participants' social media engagement was summarized through four variables: use of social media applications, number of friends, number of followers, and number of messages exchanged daily on social media. High levels of nomophobia were associated with high engagement in social media and, thereby, with a high number of friends. The same applies to participants with high/normal self-esteem compared to those with low. Regarding stress, anxiety and depression were not associated with digital network use, while elevated stress and anxiety seemed to play a negative role in the number of online followers. In addition, high levels of anxiety were correlated to an increased number of messages exchanged through social media applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissavet Vagka
- Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (A.L.); (V.N.)
| | - Charalambos Gnardellis
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Areti Lagiou
- Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (A.L.); (V.N.)
| | - Venetia Notara
- Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (A.L.); (V.N.)
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West M, Rice S, Vella-Brodrick D. Adolescent Social Media Use through a Self-Determination Theory Lens: A Systematic Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:862. [PMID: 39063439 PMCID: PMC11277189 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21070862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media is an integral part of adolescents' lives and has a strong influence on development and wellbeing. Research examining adolescent social media use and wellbeing is confusing as findings are inconsistent, inconclusive and contradictory. To address this issue, digital wellbeing scholars recommend that researchers adopt a theoretical approach with the aim of increasing meaningfulness and applicability of findings. Hence, this review applies self-determination theory to investigate how adolescent social media use supports and thwarts the basic psychological needs of relatedness, autonomy and competence. Satisfaction of all three psychological needs is essential for optimal development and wellbeing. METHODS A scoping review was conducted using a systematic search of five databases relating to adolescent social media use. The preferred items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (extension for scoping reviews) was applied resulting in 86 included studies. RESULTS Adolescent social media use both supports and thwarts relatedness, autonomy and competence. The findings highlighted how different aspects of adolescent social media use (including intra-personal, inter-personal, situational and environmental factors) contribute to the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs. CONCLUSIONS This review illustrates how social media can be both beneficial and detrimental to satisfying the basic psychological needs of relatedness, autonomy and competence. This is important when considering that if psychological needs are satisfied or frustrated in adolescence, the repercussions can have a cascading effect throughout adulthood. This review identifies gaps in the literature and provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique West
- Centre for Wellbeing Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia;
| | - Simon Rice
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia;
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Bai J, Song X, Song J. People's attitudes toward others' positive self-presentations and demotivation self-presentations on SNS. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104160. [PMID: 38281388 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
People tend to make positive self-presentations on social networking sites (SNS). We aim to compare people's attitudes toward others' positive self-presentations on SNS and its mechanism. The sample in Experimental 1 included 71 Chinese college students. We measured participants' attitudes to others' positive self-presentation, life details self-presentation, and demotivation self-presentation on SNS. Results from Experiment 1 showed that participants preferred others' life details self-presentations over positive self-presentations, and mostly disliked demotivation self-presentations. In Experiment 2, with another sample, we tested idealization, perceived interpersonal distance, stress, anxiety, and depression as mediators of participants' attitudes toward others' positive self-presentation. The results suggested that feelings of depression and interpersonal distance play a mediating role in the relationship between the self-presentation types and people's likability of these posts. The results have implications for understanding why people dislike positive self-presentations on SNS. Positive self-presentations lead people to feel more depressed and far interpersonally distanced from the sharer, and thus they are less likely to like positive self-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- Institute of Psychology, School of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Institute of Psychology, School of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Institute of Psychology, School of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
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Stangl FJ, Riedl R, Kiemeswenger R, Montag C. Negative psychological and physiological effects of social networking site use: The example of Facebook. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1141663. [PMID: 37599719 PMCID: PMC10435997 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Social networking sites (SNS), with Facebook as a prominent example, have become an integral part of our daily lives and more than four billion people worldwide use SNS. However, the (over-)use of SNS also poses both psychological and physiological risks. In the present article, we review the scientific literature on the risk of Facebook (over-)use. Addressing this topic is critical because evidence indicates the development of problematic Facebook use ("Facebook addiction") due to excessive and uncontrolled use behavior with various psychological and physiological effects. We conducted a review to examine the scope, range, and nature of prior empirical research on the negative psychological and physiological effects of Facebook use. Our literature search process revealed a total of 232 papers showing that Facebook use is associated with eight major psychological effects (perceived anxiety, perceived depression, perceived loneliness, perceived eating disorders, perceived self-esteem, perceived life satisfaction, perceived insomnia, and perceived stress) and three physiological effects (physiological stress, human brain alteration, and affective experience state). The review also describes how Facebook use is associated with these effects and provides additional details on the reviewed literature, including research design, sample, age, and measures. Please note that the term "Facebook use" represents an umbrella term in the present work, and in the respective sections it will be made clear what kind of Facebook use is associated with a myriad of investigated psychological variables. Overall, findings indicate that certain kinds of Facebook use may come along with significant risks, both psychologically and physiologically. Based on our review, we also identify potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian J. Stangl
- Digital Business Institute, School of Business and Management, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Steyr, Austria
| | - René Riedl
- Digital Business Institute, School of Business and Management, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Steyr, Austria
- Institute of Business Informatics – Information Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Roman Kiemeswenger
- Institute of Business Informatics – Information Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Tumblr Facts: Antecedents of Self-Disclosure across Different Social Networking Sites. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1257-1271. [PMID: 36135225 PMCID: PMC9498212 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12090087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research investigating antecedents of online self-disclosure pointed out two perspectives: social compensation and enhancement hypotheses, showing controversial findings. Furthermore, most contributions have focused on social networking sites (SNSs) considered mainstream, like Facebook and Instagram, and such results are often considered universally valid for all SNSs. Tumblr is a less-studied SNS with peculiar features—such as anonymity, higher control over the presentation of personal aspects, supportive communities—that could particularly lead individuals to self-disclose. As prior contributions highlighted that the features and affordances could define how a medium will be used, this paper aims to investigate the antecedents of online self-disclosure on Tumblr and other mainstream SNSs. We run a survey on 559 Tumblr users (aged 13−70; M = 28.86; SD = 12.34). T-test showed that Tumblr users have a higher willingness to self-disclose on Tumblr compared to another SNSs (t = 22.44, p < 0.001). A path analysis model confirmed the predictive role of some psychological variables on self-disclosure on Tumblr but not on mainstream SNSs. In particular, self-disclosure on Tumblr was predicted by self-esteem, negative emotionality, and preference for online social interactions, which was in turn predicted by social anxiety. These findings partially supported both social compensation and enhancement hypotheses, indicating that the phenomenon is more complex than expected.
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Tian L, Zhai R, Dai P, Cui J. How different online self-presentations relate to life satisfaction differently in college students: The role of positive online feedback and self-esteem. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-16. [PMID: 36035249 PMCID: PMC9399981 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the Internet age, some online factors, such as online self-presentation, related to life satisfaction have received much attention. However, it is unclear whether and how different strategies of online self-presentation are linked to an individual's life satisfaction differently. Accordingly, the present study examined the possible different relationships between different online self-presentations and life satisfaction with a sample of 460 Chinese college students. Using a series of questionnaires, a moderated mediation model was built in which positive online feedback was a mediator and self-esteem was a moderator. The results indicated that: (1) positive self-presentation was negatively associated with college students' life satisfaction, whereas honest self-presentation was positively related to it; (2) positive online feedback was a significant mediator in such relationships; (3) the mediation process was moderated by self-esteem. Specifically, positive self-presentation was negatively related to positive online feedback only for high self-esteem college students, but negatively associated with life satisfaction only for low self-esteem ones. By contrast, honest self-presentation was positively associated with positive online feedback despite the level of self-esteem, but positively linked with life satisfaction only for those with low self-esteem. The findings suggest that honest rather than positive online self-presentation should be conducive to college students' life satisfaction, particularly for those with low self-esteem. The implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruonan Zhai
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengyan Dai
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jieling Cui
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Cingel DP, Carter MC, Krause HV. Social Media and Self-Esteem. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 45:101304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Maheux AJ, Roberts SR, Nesi J, Widman L, Choukas-Bradley S. Longitudinal associations between appearance-related social media consciousness and adolescents' depressive symptoms. J Adolesc 2022; 94:264-269. [PMID: 35353426 PMCID: PMC8974358 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Frequent social media use among adolescents is associated with depressive symptoms, though prior work has overwhelmingly used cross-sectional designs and focused on "screen time." Subjective social media experiences, such as the concern with one's physical appearance on social media, may be more relevant to adolescents' depressive symptoms than mere frequency of use. Appearance-related social media consciousness (ASMC) is the preoccupation with one's physical attractiveness in social media photos and has been associated with depressive symptoms above and beyond frequency of social media use in prior cross-sectional work. METHODS In this brief report, we assessed this association longitudinally over 1 year within a diverse sample of highschool adolescents in the Southeastern US (n = 163, M age = 16.19; 55.8% girls; 44.8% White, 23.9% Black, 26.4% Hispanic/Latinx; 49.7% received free or reduced-price lunch). RESULTS Baseline ASMC was associated with higher depressive symptoms 1 year later, even when controlling for time spent on social media. Although girls reported higher levels of ASMC, associations were similar for adolescent boys and girls. No evidence was found that heightened depressive symptoms at baseline were associated with higher ASMC 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the importance of physical appearance concerns on social media-above and beyond the frequency of use-in the development of depressive symptoms among adolescents. Implications for future research to examine the role of subjective social media experiences in adolescents' depressive symptoms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J. Maheux
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, USA, 19716
| | - Savannah R. Roberts
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, USA, 19716
| | - Jacqueline Nesi
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior; 222 Richmond St., Providence, RI 02903,Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, 1 Hoppin St., Suite 204, Providence, RI, 02903, United States
| | - Laura Widman
- North Carolina State University, Department of Psychology, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, USA 27695-7650
| | - Sophia Choukas-Bradley
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, USA, 19716
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Limniou M, Ascroft Y, McLean S. Differences between Facebook and Instagram Usage in Regard to Problematic Use and Well-Being. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:141-150. [PMID: 34664031 PMCID: PMC8514204 DOI: 10.1007/s41347-021-00229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the association of well-being (e.g., self-esteem, depression symptoms, and loneliness) with Facebook usage (i.e., number of friends and frequency of use) has been investigated by many researchers, only a limited number of studies have scrutinised Facebook against Instagram use. The aim of this study is not only to address this literature gap but also to explore whether problematic use and well-being differ between Facebook and Instagram users in relation to the number of received "likes" and Facebook friends/Instagram followers, as well as the importance of these "likes" and friends/followers. Sixty-nine Facebook users and 66 Instagram users completed an online questionnaire, including self-esteem, loneliness, depression, and problematic Internet use items. Overall, Instagram users exhibited significantly higher problematic use behaviour compared to Facebook users. Age and importance of "followers" were negatively associated with problematic use of Instagram, whilst only the importance of "likes" was negatively associated with Facebook. The number of Facebook "friends" was positively associated with depressive symptoms, but this was not the case for the number of Instagram "followers". It is important to note that the number of "likes" was only negatively associated with self-esteem, but there was no association with loneliness. A potential explanation between the differences in the two platforms and well-being might be related to their different functionalities, for example, Instagram is an image-oriented platform that may boost users' self-esteem through post "likes" but only when the users are strongly connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Limniou
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yasmin Ascroft
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah McLean
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Heyman JL, Kerr LG, Human LJ. Social Media Use Predicts Greater Liking in In-Person Initial Interactions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:1393-1405. [PMID: 34496679 PMCID: PMC9364229 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211040964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Does how people generally engage with their online social networks relate to offline initial social interactions? Using a large-scale study of first impressions (N = 806, Ndyad = 4,565), we examined how different indicators of social media use relate to the positivity of dyadic in-person first impressions, from the perspective of the participants and their interaction partners. Many forms of social media use (e.g., Instagram, Snapchat, passive) were associated with liking and being liked by others more, although some forms of use (e.g., Facebook, active) were not associated with liking others or being liked by others. Furthermore, most associations held controlling for extraversion and narcissism. Thus, while some social media use may be generally beneficial for offline social interactions, some may be unrelated, highlighting the idea that how, rather than how much, people use social media can play a role in their offline social interactions.
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Lucibello KM, Vani MF, Koulanova A, deJonge ML, Ashdown-Franks G, Sabiston CM. #quarantine15: A content analysis of Instagram posts during COVID-19. Body Image 2021; 38:148-156. [PMID: 33892438 PMCID: PMC9760216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There has been a surge in "quarantine15" social media posts during the self-isolation and lockdowns associated with the COVID-19 global pandemic. Given the influence of other body and weight-centered social media content (e.g., Fitspiration, Fatspiration) on body image and weight stigmatizing thoughts and attitudes, characterizing the features of quarantine15 content is an imperative first step towards understanding its impact on those who view it. Therefore, the present study is a content analysis of quarantine15 content on Instagram. A total of 668 posts were sampled using the hashtag quarantine15, and systematically analyzed for features related to positive and negative body image, as well as weight stigma. The results showed that the posts containing human figures (57.5 %) showcased individuals who were perceived as lower-weight (88.8 %), White (70.3 %), and women (87 %). Approximately one-third (34.4 %) of the images containing individuals were considered objectifying. Posts also perpetuated the controllability of weight through diet (51.5 %) and physical activity (27.5 %), while 46.9 % expressed dislike towards higher-weight bodies. Future experimental research in this area will be important for understanding both the acute and long-term effects of viewing quarantine15 content on body image, weight stigmatizing attitudes and thoughts, and internalized weight stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison F. Vani
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyona Koulanova
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa L. deJonge
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Garcia Ashdown-Franks
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine M. Sabiston
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Corresponding author at: Department of Kinesiology, University of Toronto. 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada
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Marengo D, Montag C, Sindermann C, Elhai JD, Settanni M. Examining the links between active Facebook use, received likes, self-esteem and happiness: A study using objective social media data. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2020.101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Problematic Internet Use in Adolescents from Divorced Families: The Role of Family Factors and Adolescents' Self-Esteem. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073385. [PMID: 33805855 PMCID: PMC8037960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Family functioning is salient in explaining adolescents’ problematic internet use (PIU), and precisely this family functioning is under pressure after parental divorce. Moreover, growing up with divorced parents is identified as a risk factor for PIU. Therefore, examining which factors are associated with adolescents’ PIU after divorce is particularly important. Based on self-report data from N = 244 adolescents of divorced families (49.6% boys, M = 13.42), structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the associations of PIU with interparental conflict, triangulation, maternal and paternal warmth, and adolescents’ self-esteem. Potential buffering effects of self-esteem were tested, as well as gender differences in associations. The results showed that more triangulation and less maternal warmth were related to higher levels of PIU, but these effects disappeared after adding self-esteem to the models. Adolescent self-esteem did not significantly buffer the effects of the different family factors on PIU, nor were there any significant gender differences in association. Hence, especially adolescents’ self-esteem seems to be a key aspect for PIU in adolescents from divorced families.
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Shao R, Shi Z, Zhang D. Social Media and Emotional Burnout Regulation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Multilevel Approach. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e27015. [PMID: 33661753 PMCID: PMC7968478 DOI: 10.2196/27015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In February 2020, the Chinese government imposed a complete lockdown of Wuhan and other cities in Hubei Province to contain a spike of COVID-19 cases. Although such measures are effective in preventing the spread of the virus, medical professionals strongly voiced a caveat concerning the pandemic emotional burnout at the individual level. Although the lockdown limited individuals' interpersonal communication with people in their social networks, it is common that individuals turn to social media to seek and share health information, exchange social support, and express pandemic-generated feelings. OBJECTIVE Based on a holistic and multilevel perspective, this study examines how pandemic-related emotional exhaustion enacts intrapersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal emotional regulation strategies, and then evaluates the effectiveness of these strategies, with a particular interest in understanding the role of hyperpersonal-level regulation or social media-based regulation. METHODS Using an online panel, this study sampled 538 Chinese internet users from Hubei Province, the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Survey data collection lasted for 12 days from February 7-18, 2020, two weeks after Hubei Province was placed under quarantine. The sample had an average age of 35 (SD 10.65, range 18-78) years, and a majority were married (n=369, 68.6%). RESULTS Using structural equation modeling, this study found that intrapersonal-level (B=0.22; β=.24; P<.001) and interpersonal-level (B=0.35; β=.49; P<.001) emotional regulation strategies were positively associated with individuals' outcome reappraisal. In contrast with intrapersonal and interpersonal regulations, hyperpersonal (social media-based) regulation strategies, such as disclosing and retweeting negative emotions, were negatively related to the outcome reappraisal (B=-1.00; β=-.80; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous literature, intrapersonal-level regulation (eg, cognitive reappraisal, mindfulness, and self-kindness) and interpersonal-level supportive interaction may generate a buffering effect on emotional exhaustion and promote individuals' reappraisal toward the stressful situation. However, hyperpersonal-level regulation may exacerbate the experienced negative emotions and impede reappraisal of the pandemic situation. It is speculated that retweeting content that contains pandemic-related stress and anxiety may cause a digital emotion contagion. Individuals who share other people's negative emotional expressions on social media are likely to be affected by the negative affect contagion. More importantly, the possible benefits of intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion regulations may be counteracted by social media or hyperpersonal regulation. This suggests the necessity to conduct social media-based health communication interventions to mitigate the social media-wide negative affect contagion if lockdown policies related to highly infectious diseases are initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruosi Shao
- The Donald P Bellisairo College of Communications, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Zhen Shi
- The Research Center for Journalism and Social Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- The Research Center for Journalism and Social Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Course-Choi J, Hammond L. Social Media Use and Adolescent Well-Being: A Narrative Review of Longitudinal Studies. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 24:223-236. [PMID: 33103917 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a narrative review of longitudinal studies investigating the impact of social media (SM) use on adolescent well-being from 2006 to 2019. A topic of popular concern, most research to date has been cross-sectional, limiting the inferences that can be drawn to correlational observations. Longitudinal studies add valuable input to extant scholarship, and they have begun to emerge in the literature. A systematic search of PsychINFO, Web of Science, and Assia conducted in January 2019 identified 14 papers meeting inclusion criteria. The article summarizes the evidence and highlights emerging trends. Most notably, research distinguishing type of SM use, as opposed to mere frequency of SM use, is producing more significant results, suggesting a need for study designs that are able to capture the complexities of SM engagement beyond time spent online. The review also sets out the limitations of the current studies, which include unvalidated, self-report exposure measures and a failure to consider conditional effects. Addressing these challenges will present avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Course-Choi
- Salomons Institute for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Tunbridge Wells, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Hammond
- Salomons Institute for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Tunbridge Wells, United Kingdom
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Duan W, He C, Tang X. Why Do People Browse and Post on WeChat Moments? Relationships among Fear of Missing Out, Strategic Self-Presentation, and Online Social Anxiety. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 23:708-714. [PMID: 32845716 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the mediating and moderating roles of positive and honest self-presentations in the relationship between fear of missing out (FoMO) and online social anxiety (OSA). A total of 796 social media users were recruited online. These participants completed a questionnaire package, which included a section on demographic information, the Positive Self-Presentation and Honest Self-Presentation Scales, the FoMO Scale, and the Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users. Both positive and honest self-presentations partially mediated the relationship between FoMO and OSA, with the former acting as an accelerative mediating factor. Honest self-presentation had a buffering moderating role between FoMO and OSA. Positive self-presentation showed marginal gender differences on the moderating effect. Positive and honest self-presentations clarified the "double-edged sword" effects on the relationship between FoMO and OSA. Honest self-presentation, rather than positive self-presentation, buffered OSA. Results can be used as reference to develop interventions on self-presentation strategies to relieve OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Duan
- Social and Public Administration School, Department of Social Work, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chen He
- Department of Sociology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Tang
- Department of Philosophy, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Klichowski M. People Copy the Actions of Artificial Intelligence. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1130. [PMID: 32655434 PMCID: PMC7325932 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Selkie E, Adkins V, Masters E, Bajpai A, Shumer D. Transgender Adolescents' Uses of Social Media for Social Support. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:275-280. [PMID: 31690534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transgender adolescents are at higher risk for negative mental health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidality, compared with cisgender adolescents. Social media may be an effective venue for addressing these health disparities because most adolescents have access to online information and socialization. This study used qualitative inquiry to explore transgender adolescents' uses of social media for social support. METHODS Transgender adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 years with a social media profile were recruited from a pediatric gender clinic in the Midwestern U.S. A 30- to 60-minute semistructured interview assessed ways participants used social media to access transgender-related support. Thematic analysis was used to develop categories and code the transcripts. Coding discrepancies were resolved by two researchers following initial coding. RESULTS Results represent data from 25 interviews comprising 13 transmasculine, 11 transfeminine, and one nonbinary participant(s), with 68% of the sample identifying as white, non-Hispanic. Categories emerged regarding forms of support participants received from transgender-related online communities including emotional support through peers and role models, appraisal support for validating their experiences, and informational support for navigating health decisions and educating family and friends. Participants also referenced negative experiences, including harassment and exclusionary behavior online. CONCLUSIONS Social media platforms represent hubs of community for transgender adolescents. These communities provide emotional, appraisal, and informational support that transgender youth may not otherwise be able to access. Future research should use the affordances of social media to identify approaches to addressing health disparities and improving the well-being of transgender adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Selkie
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | | | | | - Anita Bajpai
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Auburn Hills, Michigan
| | - Daniel Shumer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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[Mediators of Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescence as Possible Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2020; 68:690-710. [PMID: 31957561 DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2019.68.8.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mediators of Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescence as Possible Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Social media are omnipresent in the lives of adolescents. Problematic use of social media has been linked to adverse mental health outcomes including depression, anxiety, suicidality, self-harm, body dissatisfaction and eating pathology. Preliminary evidence suggests that interventions aiming at reducing the amount of time spent in social media and changing dysfunctional beliefs about social media use are promising. However, the mechanisms of change of these interventions with regard to mental health remain unclear. Therefore, this review first provides an overview of the association between social media and mental health and then identifies mediators of this relationship as potential mechanisms of change of interventions targeting problematic media use in adolescents. The identified mediators encompass social comparison, decreased self-esteem, fear of missing out, sleep problems and increased rumination. Future studies should apply a longitudinal design, should investigate additional confounding variables (e. g. age, level of psychopathology) and should also focus on positive effects of social media use on mental health. Thereby, this line of research has the potential to improve our understanding how social media use exerts its effects and based thereupon to develop new or optimize current interventions on problematic social media use to improve mental health in adolescents by targeting the identified mediators.
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Luo M, Hancock JT. Self-disclosure and social media: motivations, mechanisms and psychological well-being. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 31:110-115. [PMID: 31563107 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-disclosure is pervasive on social media and has significant implications for psychological well-being. In this review we synthesize recent research on the motivations, mechanisms and effects of self-disclosure on well-being and then propose a framework that highlights the bidirectional relationship between self-disclosure and well-being. The framework details the mechanisms by which self-disclosure on social media can influence well-being and how self-disclosure fulfills particular needs of individuals with different well-being characteristics. We call for future research to examine the proposed bi-directional relationship, especially studies designed to tease out causal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufan Luo
- Department of Communication Stanford University, United States
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21
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Lowe-Calverley E, Grieve R. Thumbs up: A thematic analysis of image-based posting and liking behaviour on social media. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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