Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits

The multiple mediation impact of adolescents' physical fitness and cognitive perceptions on their objective measures - The Cogni-Action Project

OBJECTIVE

To establish whether physical fitness and cognitive self-perceptions act as mediators in the link between global fitness and cognitive performance measured objectively in adolescents. We also compared differences across sex.

METHODS

A total of 1296 adolescents (50 % girls) from grades 5 to 8 (ages 10-14) participated in this cross-sectional study. The ALPHA-fitness test battery assessed physical fitness, comprising cardiorespiratory, speed-agility, and muscular fitness components. We used the 1-5-point International Fitness Scale for physical fitness self-perception, and the 1-10 scale for cognitive performance self-perception. Objective cognitive performance was assessed using a neurocognitive battery consisting of eight tasks. Using principal component analysis, these tasks were grouped into three domains: attention, working memory, and problem solving. We examined three serial mediation models adjusted for sex, standardized body mass index, maturation, and school vulnerability index.

RESULTS

Physical fitness and cognitive self-perceptions mediated the effects on attention (B = .0027, CI = .0011 to .0047), memory (B = .0025; CI = .0003 to .0055 and B = .0035; CI = .0009 to .0063), and problem-solving (B = -.0137; CI = -.0231 to -.0052 and B = .0072; CI = .0043 to .0106). By sex, boys showed mediation in all domains, while girls only showed mediation in problem-solving.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents' perceptions play a crucial and positive mediating role in linking objective measures of physical fitness to cognitive performance outcomes, particularly when self-perceptions of physical fitness and cognition are considered together. Therefore, educating families and school/health environments about the importance of adolescent perceptions, while fostering self-awareness and reinforcing their capabilities, is essential.

Applicability of epigenetic age models to next-generation methylation arrays

BACKGROUND

Epigenetic clocks are mathematical models used to estimate epigenetic age based on DNA methylation at specific CpG sites. As new methylation microarrays are developed and older models discontinued, existing epigenetic clocks might become obsolete. Here, we explored the effects of the changes introduced in the new EPICv2 DNA methylation array on existing epigenetic clocks.

METHODS

We tested the performance of four epigenetic clocks on the probeset of the EPICv2 array using a dataset of 10,835 samples. We developed a new epigenetic age prediction model compatible across the 450 k, EPICv1, and EPICv2 microarrays and validated it on 2095 samples. We estimated technical noise and intra-subject variation using two datasets with repeated sampling. We used data from (i) cancer survivors who had undergone different therapies, (ii) breast cancer patients and controls, and (iii) an exercise-based interventional study, to test the ability of our model to detect alterations in epigenetic age acceleration in response to theoretically antiaging interventions.

RESULTS

The results of the four epiclocks tested are significantly distorted by the EPICv2 probeset, causing an average difference of up to 25 years. Our new model produced highly accurate chronological age predictions, comparable to a state-of-the-art epiclock. The model reported the lowest epigenetic age acceleration in normal populations, as well as the lowest variation across technical replicates and repeated samples from the same subjects. Finally, our model reproduced previous results of increased epigenetic age acceleration in cancer patients and in survivors treated with radiation therapy, and no changes from exercise-based interventions.

CONCLUSION

Existing epigenetic clocks require updates for full EPICv2 compatibility. Our new model translates the capabilities of state-of-the-art epigenetic clocks to the EPICv2 platform and is cross-compatible with older microarrays. The characterization of epigenetic age prediction variation provides useful metrics to contextualize the relevance of epigenetic age alterations. The analysis of data from subjects influenced by radiation, cancer, and exercise-based interventions shows that despite being good predictors of chronological age, neither a pathological state like breast cancer, a hazardous environmental factor (radiation), nor exercise (a beneficial intervention) caused significant changes in the values of the "epigenetic age" determined by these first-generation models.

Trauma-Informed Practice in Physical Activity Programs for Young People: A Systematic Review

Physical activity, sport, and physical education share many similar qualities with trauma-informed practice, including promoting relationships, inclusion, and physical and mental well-being. There is growing research and programs that incorporate trauma-informed practices into physical activity programs for young people. The aim of this systematic review was to explore current evidence-based, Trauma-Informed Physical Activity programs for young people. Four databases were searched using the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines for systematic reviews. The search identified 19 studies that highlighted most Trauma-Informed Physical Activity programs reviewed resulted in positive social, emotional, behavioral, and academic outcomes for children and adolescents. However, further research and randomized control trials are required to understand the longitudinal outcomes of Trauma-Informed Physical Activity programs for children and adolescents. Program facilitators reported on the benefits of support and professional development opportunities for trauma awareness to administer Trauma-Informed Physical Activity programs with children and young people. Implications from this study emphasize the importance of the continued design, delivery, and research of Trauma-Informed Physical Activity programs for young people exposed to trauma.

Mood, Cognitive Function, and Plasma Kynurenine Metabolites Responses Following Severe Changes in Physical Activity

PURPOSE

To monitor changes in mood, cognitive function, brain electrical activity, and circulating kynurenine pathway metabolites in response to a 3-wk severe physical activity (PA) restriction, followed by 3 wk of resumed activity adding resistance and high-intensity interval exercise training.

METHODS

Twenty healthy participants (14 males, 6 females; 25.4 ± 5.2 yr) underwent 3 wk of limited PA using forearm crutches with one leg suspended (INACT) and then 3 wk of resumed activity plus supervised resistance and high-intensity interval training sessions (ACT, three to six sessions per week). At baseline, after INACT, and then after ACT, venous blood was sampled for analysis of major kynurenine pathway metabolites, a short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaires were completed, and cognitive tests with electroencephalography were performed.

RESULTS

During INACT, the depression score on the HADS scale tended to increase (3.5 to 6.8; P = 0.065), whereas it was reduced with ACT compared with after INACT (2.8; P = 0.022). On the POMS scale, depression, fatigue, and confusion increased within INACT ( P < 0.05). Notably, subjects exhibited considerable variability, and those experiencing depression symptoms recorded by the HADS scale ( n = 4) displayed distinct mood disturbances on POMS. All HADS and POMS scores were fully restored to baseline with ACT. Neither INACT nor ACT induced significant changes in cognition, brain electrical activity, or kynurenine pathway metabolites ( P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Although young healthy individuals with 3 wk of severely restricted PA do not undergo changes in circulating kynurenine pathway metabolites, cognitive performance, and brain electrical activity, their mood response is quite variable, and depression develops in some. Three weeks of resuming mobility plus exercise training reversed the mood profile.

Differential associations of physical job demands with cognitive impairment in Korean workers aged 45 and older: a 14-year longitudinal study using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA)

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the association between subelements of physical job demands and cognitive impairment risk in middle-aged and older workers in Korea.

DESIGN

Longitudinal study using eight waves (2006-2020) of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging.

SETTING

Nationally representative sample of the Korean population aged 45 years and older.

PARTICIPANTS

2170 workers aged 45 and older at baseline.

PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES

Cognitive function was evaluated using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination and cognitive impairment was defined as a score below 24.

RESULTS

High physical strength demands were inversely associated with cognitive impairment (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.68 for 'always' vs 'never' category). Conversely, frequent heavy lifting (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.36 to 5.26) and bending, kneeling or squatting (OR 1.69, 95% CI 0.82 to 3.47) tasks were associated with increased impairment risk. Dose-response relationships were observed between all physical job demands and cognitive impairment, persisting among those with lower education but not among those with higher education.

CONCLUSIONS

Different types of physical job demands have varying relationships with cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older workers. Tasks requiring high physical strength may protect against cognitive impairment while tasks involving heavy lifting and bending, kneeling or squatting may increase the risk. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions that consider the type of physical job demands and workers' educational levels to mitigate cognitive impairment risks. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and validate these findings.

Optimizing cardiopulmonary rehabilitation duration for long COVID patients: an exercise physiology monitoring approach

The presence of prolonged symptoms after COVID infection worsens the workability and quality of life. 200 adults with long COVID syndrome were enrolled after medical, physical, and mental screening, and were divided into two groups based on their performance. The intervention group (n = 100) received supervised rehabilitation at Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University with the registration number 160/2021 between 01/APR/2021-31/DEC/2022, while an age-matched control group (n = 100) received a single check-up. To evaluate the long-term effects of the rehabilitation, the intervention group was involved in a 2- and 3-month follow-up, carrying out cardiopulmonary exercise test. Our study contributes understanding long COVID rehabilitation, emphasizing the potential benefits of structured cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in enhancing patient outcomes and well-being. Significant difference was found between intervention group and control group at baseline visit in pulmonary parameters, as forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, forced expiratory volume, transfer factor for carbon monoxide, transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide, and oxygen saturation (all p < 0.05). Our follow-up study proved that a 2-week long, patient-centered pulmonary rehabilitation program has a positive long-term effect on people with symptomatic long COVID syndrome. Our data showed significant improvement between two and three months in maximal oxygen consumption (p < 0.05). Multidisciplinary, individualized approach may be a key element of a successful cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in long COVID conditions, which improves workload, quality of life, respiratory function, and status of patients with long COVID syndrome.

Association of Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity With College Student Success and Retention

BACKGROUND

This study examined the relationship between physical activity (PA) and academic performance and retention among college students using accelerometer data while controlling for sex and socioeconomic background.

METHODS

Data were collected from 4643 first-year college students at a private university in the south-central United States who began their studies in the Fall semesters between 2015 and 2022. Daily step counts were collected using accelerometers worn as part of the institutions PA requirements. The expected family contribution was calculated based on information provided on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Grade point average (GPA) and retention data were collected directly from official university databases.

RESULTS

Female students generally had lower median age and steps count and a higher median GPA than males. The retention rates from fall to spring and fall to fall were 95.9% and 83.8%, respectively, with no significant difference in retention rates between males and females. GPA was significantly positively correlated with steps, expected family contribution, and age, and negatively correlated with being male and having an expected family contribution of zero. The fall to spring retention rate was significantly positively correlated with steps and GPA.

CONCLUSIONS

The study's findings suggest that increasing levels of PA, as measured by daily step counts, may be effective in promoting academic performance and retention, even when controlling for sex and socioeconomic background. The use of device-based measures of PA in this study contributes to the literature on this topic, and policymakers and educational institutions should consider interventions focused on academic performance and physical activity to help students persist.

Effects of conventional versus virtual reality-simulated treadmill exercise on fatigue, cognitive function, and participant satisfaction in post-COVID-19 subjects. A randomized trial

Background/objective

Post-COVID-19 subjects typically experience symptoms of fatigue, cognitive impairment, and sleep difficulty, which can be relieved by conventional aerobic exercise. Virtual Reality (VR) technology to support conventional exercise has recently gained much attention. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of traditional treadmill exercise compared to virtual reality-simulated treadmill exercise on fatigue, cognitive function, sleep quality, and participant satisfaction with the exercise program in post-COVID-19 subjects.

Methods

This single-centered, randomized, parallel-group intervention study was conducted between December 2021 and March 2022. Sixteen of twenty post-COVID-19 subjects completed this study (n1 = 8, n2 = 8). Inclusion criteria were persistent dyspnea/fatigue, mild cognitive problems, and age from 30-60 years. Exclusion criteria were previous severe COVID-19 infection and ICU admission, concomitant respiratory or cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal or neurological disease. Eligible subjects were assigned randomly to two groups: a non-VR group that received traditional treadmill aerobic exercise only and a VR group that received treadmill exercise with non-immersive VR. Both groups received moderate-intensity exercise on a treadmill at [50-60 % (peak HR－resting HR) + resting HR] for 30-45 min, three times per week, and for four weeks. The outcome measures were the Chalder Fatigue Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and participant satisfaction with the exercise program rated on a 5-point Likert scale.

Results

Both groups showed significant improvements in the Chalder Fatigue Scale, the MoCA questionnaire, and the PSQI scores after training compared to baseline (p < 0.05), without significant differences between them (p > 0.05). However, participant satisfaction with the exercise program was significantly higher in the VR group than in the non-VR group (p = 0.037).

Conclusion

A moderate-intensity 4-week treadmill exercise program with and without non-immersive VR may improve fatigue, cognitive function, and sleep quality to the same extent in COVID-19 survivors. However, participant satisfaction with the exercise program could be greater after conventional treadmill training assisted by non-immersive VR than after conventional treadmill training alone in this cohort.

Trial registration

Pan African Clinical Trials Registry, PACTR202311561948428, retrospectively registered.

The Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Interventions in the Management of Chemotherapy Physical Side Effects: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Despite advancements in cancer treatment, chemotherapy side effects significantly impact patients both physically and emotionally. While pharmacological treatments can mitigate these side effects, they may trigger additional side effects, exacerbating the overall discomfort experienced by patients; moreover, psychological factors influencing physical symptoms are beyond the reach of pharmacological interventions. Nonpharmacological interventions, however, offer the potential for complementary or alternative solutions.

OBJECTIVES

This review aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of the literature on the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions in managing the physical side effects of chemotherapy.

METHODS

This review, based on a search of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases, identified 46 relevant studies. It categorizes interventions and evaluates their effectiveness in managing common chemotherapy side effects (fatigue, nausea, pain, diarrhea, and constipation).

RESULTS

Guided imagery, tailored exercises, and Qigong show promise in reducing fatigue, while interventions like yoga and cognitive-behavioral approaches address nausea and vomiting. Pain benefits result from guided imagery and educational interventions. Limited evidence exists for diarrhea and constipation interventions, necessitating further research.

CONCLUSIONS

This review offers provisional conclusions, emphasizing the potential of integrating evidence-based nonpharmacological approaches alongside pharmacological interventions to enhance patient outcomes and reduce chemotherapy-induced side effects, considering factors such as accessibility, safety, customization, and adaptability in clinical settings.

Effects of perceived variety-support on middle school students' learning engagement in physical education: the mediating role of motivation

Introduction

High engagement in physical education (PE) could effectively develop students' motor competence and promote physical activity, which was significantly important for students' physical and mental health. Researches had shown that motivation was an important factor in explaining students' learning engagement, and variety-support as the fourth independent psychological need was a potential factor influencing students' learning motivation. However, there was a lack of empirical research evidence on the effect of perceived variety-support on middle school students' learning engagement in PE and the influencing mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the direct effect of perceived variety-support on learning engagement in PE and the mediating effect of motivation in PE on the relationship.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted and 587 middle school students from Liaoning province filled the paper-and-pencil questionnaires adopting perceived variety-support in PE scale (PVSPES), utrecht work engagement scale-student (UWES-S), and perceived locus of causality in PE scale, which had been proved to have good reliability and validity (294 boys and 293 girls, Mage=13.47 ± 0.94).

Results

The results showed three variables were significantly positively correlated with each other (r = 0.323-0.562 p < 0.01) and perceived variety-support in PE could not only directly promote middle school students' learning engagement in PE but also indirectly through the mediating effect of motivation in PE.

Discussion

Therefore, in order to better promote students' participation in PE class, we should pay more attention to satisfy students' varied PE learning needs and stimulate students' autonomous learning motivation.

Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function in Chinese adolescents

Executive function (EF) has a significant impact on career achievement in adolescence and later adulthood, and there are many factors that influence EF. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important factor in the physical fitness of adolescents and is of great significance to healthy development. However, the current association between CRF and EF in Chinese adolescents is still unclear. For this reason, this study analysed the association between CRF and EF. A three-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to investigate the demographic information, CRF, EF and multiple covariates of 1245 adolescents in China. One-way analysis of variance and chi-square test were used to compare the EF status of different CRFs. The association between CRF and EF was analysed using multiple linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for relevant confounding factors, compared with Chinese adolescents with VO2max < P25, the inhibition function reaction time, 1back reaction time, 2back reaction time, and cognitive flexibility response time of adolescents with VO2max > P75 decreased by 1.41 ms, 238.73 ms, 273.09 ms, 74.14 ms. Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with Chinese adolescents with VO2max > P75, Chinese adolescents with VO2max < P25 developed inhibitory function dysfunction (OR 2.03, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.20), 1back dysfunction (OR 6.26, 95% CI 3.94, 9.97), 2back dysfunction (OR 8.94, 95% CI 5.40, 14.82), cognitive flexibility dysfunction (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.44, 3.57) The risk was higher (P < 0.01). There is a positive association between CRF and EF in Chinese adolescents. High-grade CRF adolescents have higher EF levels, that is, shorter response times. This study provides reference and lessons for better promoting adolescents' executive function development in the future.

The Impact of Physical Activity on Memory Loss and Concentration in Adults Aged 18 or Older in the U.S. in 2020

This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the USA 2020 National Health Interview Survey database. The goal of this study is to outline the impact physical activity has on cognition and mental ability. The reason we chose to pursue this research was a result of the exponentially growing weight of economic and emotional burden caused by cognitive impairments and diseases. The main outcome was whether individuals experienced dementia symptoms such as memory loss and difficulty concentrating. The main exposure was following physical activity guidelines (none, strength only, aerobic only, both). The confounders included age, sex, region, heart disease status, smoking status, drinking status, and depression status. The sample is composed of 30,119 USA adults aged 18 or older. Of those participants, 46% were male and 54% were female. By age, 96% were 18-84 years old, and approximately 4% were 85 and older. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There was a statistically significant association between difficulty following physical activity guidelines and cognitive difficulties. Those who met aerobic only increased the odds of cognitive difficulty by 52% (OR 1.52; 95% CI: 1.34-1.74) compared with those who met both criteria. Those who met the strength criteria had 1.7 greater odds of cognitive difficulties (OR 1.70; 95% CI: 1.42-2.02) than those who met both criteria. Those who met neither of these guidelines had almost threefold greater odds of having cognitive difficulties (OR 2.64; 95% CI: 2.36-2.96) than those who met both guidelines. Researchers and healthcare providers should collaborate to encourage meeting these guidelines and addressing barriers preventing people from being physically active, such as physical limitations and access to safe recreational spaces. Future studies should address the health disparities regarding physical activity.

Physical Exercise Prevents the Cognitive Decline among Older Adults in Romania

Cognitive decline is one of the most important challenges related to the aging process, due to its important impact on individuals. Several studies have reported that physical exercise with a specific intensity and frequency is beneficial for maintaining cognitive health in the ageing population. The present study investigated the impact of general physical exercise on cognitive health in the older population in Romania. The study involved 60 individuals (60% male, 40% female), with a mean age of 60.78 years (SD = 2.97). The Health Interview Survey and The Minnesota Heart Survey assessed exercise frequency and intensity, while the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) determined mild cognitive impairment (MCI) levels. The results of the statistical analysis showed that high-intensity physical exercise at a frequency of three to four times a week at the age of 40-50 years is recommended in order to significantly reduce cognitive decline. In addition, for the age of 60 years old, the results established that engaging in physical activities of a moderate intensity with a frequency of 2-3 times per month is sufficient to maintain healthy cognition. The findings suggest that exercise can serve as a behavioral intervention to mitigate cognitive dysfunction and complement past research on its cognitive health advantages.

The impact of a 12-week tele-exercise program on cognitive function and cerebral oxygenation in patients with OSA: randomized controlled trial-protocol study

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with a number of adverse health effects, particularly on brain health. Chronic sleep disruption caused by OSA can adversely affect cognitive health. Exercise is recommended as a non-pharmacological intervention for patients who are intolerant to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and has been shown to have beneficial effects on brain health and cognitive function. This protocol aims to investigate the effects of a 12-week tele-exercise program on cognitive function and specific parameters of brain activity, including brain metabolism and oxygenation, in patients with OSA. The project aims to demonstrate the multidimensional relationship between exercise, cognition, and brain oxygenation/metabolism. Our local ethics committee has approved the study. Our population sample (Group A, OSA with cognitive impairment (CI) and tele-exercise; Group B, OSA with CI and no tele-exercise; Group C, OSA without CI and no tele-exercise) will undergo assessment both before and after a 12-week tele-exercise intervention program. This assessment will include a comprehensive battery of subjective and objective assessment tests. Data will be analyzed according to group stratification. We hypothesize a beneficial effect of tele-exercise on sleep and cognitive parameters, and we are confident that this study will raise awareness among healthcare professionals of the brain health benefits of exercise in patients with low compliance to CPAP treatment. The protocol of our manuscript entitled "The impact of a 12-week tele-exercise program on cognitive function and cerebral oxygenation in patients with OSA: Randomized Controlled Trial -Protocol Study" has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with ID NCT06467682.

Promoting Geropsychology: A Memorandum for Research, Policies, Education Programs, and Practices for Healthy Aging

BACKGROUND

This viewpoint paper reports the state of the art at a global level on research, practice and assessment, policies, and training in the clinical psychology of aging and, more specifically, in geropsychology. The main sources of information were as follows: (1) the most recent reviews of the literature available in the scientific literature; (2) the resources on the internet referable to professional and academic associations dealing with the topic; and (3) the laws, policy initiatives, and funded programs that are aimed at the diffusion and applications of mental health in aging.

METHODS

The present study aims to provide an updated and comprehensive memorandum highlighting the importance of prioritizing mental health in older adults. It seeks to promote health in general and disease prevention strategies, ensuring equitable access to mental health services integrated into primary care and designed for aging. This paper also aims to shed light on the slow development process and lack of consolidation in the adaptation of academic training at master's and doctoral levels in most developed countries, despite the long-declared importance of enhancing resources for the promotion of geropsychology.

RESULTS

The results of the present study are patchy. Although the importance of enhancing resources for the promotion of geropsychology has long been declared, the development process seems very slow, and the adaptation of academic training at master's and doctoral levels in most developed countries-those that, for demographic reasons and attitudes, should be more sensitive to the issue, does not yet seem to have consolidated.

CONCLUSIONS

Collaboration among diverse professionals is crucial for providing integrated and comprehensive care to older adults that addresses their physical, psychological, and social needs.

Orexin neurons mediate temptation-resistant voluntary exercise

Despite the well-known health benefits of physical activity, many people underexercise; what drives the prioritization of exercise over alternative options is unclear. We developed a task that enabled us to study how mice freely and rapidly alternate between wheel running and other voluntary activities, such as eating palatable food. When multiple alternatives were available, mice chose to spend a substantial amount of time wheel running without any extrinsic reward and maintained this behavior even when palatable food was added as an option. Causal manipulations and correlative analyses of appetitive and consummatory processes revealed this preference for wheel running to be instantiated by hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons (HONs). The effect of HON manipulations on wheel running and eating was strongly context-dependent, being the largest in the scenario where both options were available. Overall, these data suggest that HON activity enables an eat-run arbitration that results in choosing exercise over food.

Exploring the effects of combining health qigong and dance on working memory in middle-aged and elderly women: A preliminary investigation

OBJECTIVE

Cognitive decline represents a critical clinical and public health issue that adversely affects the quality of life for older patients and their families. This concern was exacerbated by the reduced engagement in outdoor activities among seniors during the COVID-19 pandemic, presenting substantial challenges to aging societies. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of health qigong combined with Tibetan dance on working memory in middle-aged and elderly women, and to determine its potential as a preventive strategy against cognitive disorders.

METHODS

A pilot study was conducted to compare the effects of a Health Qigong exercise intervention with those of everyday life and sports routines. The primary outcome measure was working memory assessed using a 2-Back working memory task research paradigm. Between July and September 2021, a total of 33 women were divided into four groups: two middle-aged groups (N = 18, with 8 women in the experimental group and 10 in the control group) and two elderly groups (N = 15, with 7 in the experimental group and 8 in the control group). Participants in the experimental groups underwent a 10-week intervention, consisting of three 60-min sessions per week. Each session included a warm-up, Health Qigong combined with Tibetan dance, and a cool-down. Throughout the study, all participants continued their daily routines. Response times and error rates were analyzed using a mixed-design repeated-measures analysis of variance.

RESULTS

A simple effects analysis revealed that Health Qigong combined with Tibetan dance significantly enhanced 2-Back response time and error rate in the middle-aged group. In contrast, the 2-Back error rate significantly increased in the elderly control group that did not receive the intervention (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Health Qigong demonstrates beneficial effects on middle-aged and elderly women. Combining Health Qigong with dance may serve as a preventive measure against cognitive disorders. This pioneering study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, assesses the new possibility of Health Qigong and dance, with the objective to offer more diverse indoor exercise options for middle-aged and elderly women.

Life onboard a submarine: Sleep, fatigue, and lifestyle behaviors of sailors on a circadian-aligned watchstanding schedule

This study characterizes, for the first time, the lives of U.S. Navy submariners engaged in normal, sea-based operations while following a circadian-aligned 24-h watchstanding schedule. Fifty-eight submarine crewmembers provided objective (actigraphy) and subjective (questionnaires) sleep data, and information about mood and lifestyle behaviors during 30 days underway. Projected performance scores and estimated circadian phase times were also calculated from actigraphy-based sleep/wake data. Submariners' objective (6.62 ± 0.94 h; mean ± SD) and subjective (5.90 ± 1.38 h) daily sleep quantities while underway were largely comparable to the sleep reportedly received by Sailors across other Navy platforms and watchstanding schedules. Additionally, submariners' actigraphy-predicted circadian phases shifted progressively toward better alignment with watchstanding schedules across time. Nevertheless, subjective sleep quality was low, submariners engaged in unfavorable lifestyle behaviors (lack of regular meals and exercise), and participants reported decreased mood at the completion of their underway time. Recommendations for countermeasure development are provided.

The benefits of physical exercise on older adults' cognitive function: A cohort study exploring potential mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Despite existing studies showing that physical exercise improves cognitive function in older adults either concurrently or in a delayed manner, studies examining these associations simultaneously are rare. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms in these associations remain incompletely understood.

OBJECTIVE

This study explores the concurrent and delayed (two years later) associations between physical exercise and older adults' cognitive function. This study also investigates the mediating roles of three negative physical, psychological, and social resources: limitations in daily abilities, depressive mood, and isolation from friends, as well as the moderating roles of cognitive reserve on these associations.

DESIGN

A cohort sample of 6646 Chinese older adults (Mean age = 69.28, SD = 7.03) is obtained from the 2016 and 2018 waves of the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey. Regression analysis was employed to test the concurrent and delayed associations between physical exercise and cognitive function. The bootstrap method was utilized to examine the mediating roles of limitations in daily activities, depression mood, and isolation from friends. Interaction terms were generated to investigate the moderating roles of cognitive reserve.

RESULTS

Physical exercise presents concurrent and delayed positive associations with cognitive function. Limitations in daily activities, depressive mood and isolation from friends mediate the above associations. Moreover, cognitive reserve plays a significant role in buffering the concurrent and delayed negative links between depressive mood, isolation from friends, and cognitive function, with larger negative relationships observed for older adults with lower rather than higher levels of cognitive reserve.

CONCLUSIONS

This study validates the concurrent and delayed benefits of physical exercise on older adults' cognitive function while elucidating the underlying mechanisms. These findings offer practical implications for health policies and intervention programs aimed at enhancing older adults' cognitive function.

The effect of physical exercise on cognitive function in schizophrenia patients: A GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Physical exercise has demonstrated the potential to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, although the results are limited. The objective of this meta-analysis is to synthesize the existing evidence on the impact of physical exercise on cognitive functions in schizophrenia.

METHODS

A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase was conducted. The study included controlled clinical trials on patients with schizophrenia that received physical exercise as the intervention for improving cognition. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, and the outcomes were reported using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and a 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI).

RESULTS

A total of 22 articles, including 1066 patients (565 in the intervention group and 501 in the control group), were included in the final analysis. Physical exercises significantly improved global cognition (SMD: 0.73, 95 % CI (0.46-1.00), P < 0.001), and aerobic exercise was found to have a more significant effect than resistance and mindfulness exercise (SMD: 0.76, 95 % CI (0.45-1.07), P < 0.001). The speed of processing [SMD: 0.88, 95 % CI (0.37-1.38), P = 0.001], attention [SMD: 0.61, 95 % CI (0.20-1.02), P = 0.004], and visual learning memory [SMD: 1.42, 95 % CI (0.14-2.71), P = 0.03] demonstrated significant improvement after physical exercise, while no significant effects were observed on working memory, verbal learning memory, reasoning and problem-solving, and social cognition.

CONCLUSIONS

Exercise can improve overall cognitive function in people with Schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether this improvement is significant in specific cognitive domains.

Physical Activity and Psychosocial Outcomes in Adults with Achondroplasia: An Exploratory Study

BACKGROUND

Adults with achondroplasia face physical and psychosocial challenges that may impact their health-related quality of life and mental health. This exploratory cross-sectional study aimed to investigate relationships between health-related quality of life, mental health, and physical activity levels in adults with achondroplasia, focusing on potential gender differences.

METHODS

Sixteen adults with achondroplasia (10 women, 6 men; age 37.2 ± 13.5 years) completed the Short Form Health survey, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the International Physical Activity questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric group comparisons, correlational analyses, and linear regressions were conducted.

RESULTS

Moderate physical activity showed strong positive correlations with general health (rs = 0.79, 95% CI [0.50, 0.92]), vitality (rs = 0.60, 95% CI [0.15, 0.85]), and physical functioning (rs = 0.62, 95% CI [0.18, 0.86]), on SF-36. Women reported lower quality of life scores than men across most SF-36 dimensions. Significant gender difference was observed in vitality (r = 0.61) and pain (r = 0.55). Physically active participants presented better outcomes in general health (r = 0.63) and vitality (r = 0.55) compared to inactive participants.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides preliminary evidence suggesting potential benefits of moderate-intensity physical activity on health-related quality of life and mental health among adults with achondroplasia, with notable gender differences. While limited by sample size and study design, the findings highlight the need for larger, longitudinal studies to further explore the role of physical activity in enhancing well-being in this population.

Subjective and objective measures of cognitive function are correlated in persons with Post-COVID-19 Condition: a secondary analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

It remains unclear whether subjective and objective measures of cognitive function in Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC) are correlated. The extent of correlation has mechanistic and clinical implications.

METHODS

This post-hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial contains baseline data of subjective and objective measures of cognition in a rigorously characterized cohort living with PCC. Herein, we evaluated the association between subjective and objective condition function, as measured by the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire, 20-item (PDQ-20) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Trails Making Test (TMT)-A/B, respectively.

RESULTS

A total of 152 participants comprised the baseline sample. Due to missing data, our statistical analyses included 150 for self-reported PDQ-20, 147 individuals for combined DSST-measured cognitive function (composite z-score of the Pen/Paper plus Online CogState Version, NcombinedDSST), 71 for in-person DSST-measured cognitive function (Pen/Paper Version), 70 for TMT-A-measured cognitive function, and 70 for TMT-B-measured cognitive function. After adjusting for age, sex, and education, PDQ-20 was significantly correlated with pen-and-paper DSST (β = -0.003, p = 0.002) and TMT-B (β = 0.003, p = 0.008) scores, but not with TMT-A scores (β = -0.001, p = 0.751).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, a statistically significant correlation was observed between subjective and objective cognitive functions. Clinicians providing care for individuals with PCC who have subjective cognitive function complaints may consider taking a measurement-based approach to cognition at the point of care that focuses exclusively on patient-reported measures.

The effect of physical activity on the subjective well-being of rural left-behind children: the mediating role of discrimination perceptions and loneliness

OBJECTIVE

This study explored the mediating role of perceptions of discrimination and loneliness on the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being in rural left-behind children.

METHODS

A package of surveys were administered to junior high school students and senior primary school students (n = 592) in the countryside, which including the scale of the Physical Activity Behavior Scale, Subjective Well-Being Scale, Perceived Discrimination Scale, and Loneliness Scale. Structural Equation Modeling and Bootstrap were used to analyze the data to investigate the chain mediating effect of perceived discrimination and loneliness.

RESULTS

(1) There was a positive correlation between physical activity and subjective well-being, and the direct prediction of subjective well-being was significant. (2) Physical activity negatively predicted perceptions of discrimination, and perceptions of discrimination positively predicted loneliness and negatively predicted subjective well-being, and loneliness could negatively predict subjective well-being. (3) Perception of discrimination and loneliness significantly mediated the relationship between physical activity and subjective well-being. The mediating effect consisted of indirect effects generated by 2 paths, one was that physical exercise indirectly affected subjective well-being by affecting discrimination perception, and the other was that physical exercise further acted on subjective well-being through the chain mediating effect from discrimination perception to loneliness.

CONCLUSION

Physical exercise can directly affect the subjective well-being of rural left-behind children. Physical exercise can indirectly affect left-behind children's subjective well-being through discrimination perceptions, and it can also indirectly affect left-behind children's subjective well-being through the chain mediating effect of discrimination perceptions and loneliness.

Comparison of physical activity and quality of life between obese individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and individuals with obesity hypoventilation syndrome

PURPOSE

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) and Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS) share common causal factors and comorbidities but may have a variable effect on physical activity and associated quality of life, due to differences in pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of physical activity, mental health and quality of life between matched obese patients with either OSAS or OHS, aiming to identify which of the two syndromes may impose the most severe impact on these variables, for the first time in literature.

METHODS

A total of 76 obese patients (OSAS: Ν1 = 48, OHS: N2 = 26) of similar age (58.2 ± 12.2 vs. 63.6 ± 9.8; p > 0.05), BMI (37.2 ± 6.2 vs. 40.3 ± 7.3; p > 0.05), and Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) under non-invasive ventilation, completed International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Short-Form Health Questionnaire (SF-36), Personal Well-Being (PWB) Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A and HADS-D), in this cross-sectional study.

RESULTS

Both groups had similar scores in SF-36, HADS-A and HADS-D, while prevalence of clinical cases of anxiety (HADS-A > 8) and depression (HADS-D > 8) were also similar. OSAS patients scored significantly higher in physical activity [absolute IPAQ values 1100.75(7753.5) for OSAS vs. 518(3806) for OHS; p = 0.029]. Group comparisons yielded significant differences in physical functioning (p < 0.05) and general health perceptions (p < 0.05), in favor of the OSAS group.

CONCLUSION

Both syndromes significantly affect patients' quality of life and physical activity, with the burden being heavier for OHS patients. Daily physical activity seems to be more impaired among obese OHS patients perhaps due to daytime hypercapnia.

Trajectory of brain-derived amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease: where is it coming from and where is it going?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily impacts cognitive function. Currently there are no disease-modifying treatments to stop or slow its progression. Recent studies have found that several peripheral and systemic abnormalities are associated with AD, and our understanding of how these alterations contribute to AD is becoming more apparent. In this review, we focuse on amyloid‑beta (Aβ), a major hallmark of AD, summarizing recent findings on the source of brain-derived Aβ and discussing where and how the brain-derived Aβ is cleared in vivo. Based on these findings, we propose future strategies for AD prevention and treatment, from a novel perspective on Aβ metabolism.

Cross-lagged analysis of social support, physical activity behavior, and family relationships among university students

Objective

To explore the causal relationship between social support, physical activity behavior, and family relationships among university students.

Methods

Using the Social Support Rating Scale, the Physical Activity Behavior Self-Assessment Scale, and the Family Relationships Scale, a longitudinal follow-up survey was conducted on 412 college students in Sichuan Province at 2-month intervals in March 2024 (T1) and May 2024 (T2), to analyze the interaction mechanisms between college students' social support, physical activity behaviors, and family relationships through cross-lagging.

Results

(1) There are significant gender differences in social support, physical activity behavior, and family relationships among college students. Among the cross-lagged paths found, except for the path from T1 social support to T2 family relationships (β: 0.40 > 0.21), all other cross-lagged paths are smaller for female college students compared to male college students; (2) T1 social support was able to positively predict T2 physical activity behaviors (β = 0.50, p < 0.001), and T1 physical activity behavior can also positively predict T2 social support (β = 0.18, p < 0.01), but the path value T1 social support → T2 physical activity behavior is larger than T1 physical activity behavior → T2 social support. Therefore, social support is a causal variable for physical activity behavior; (3) T1 social support positively predicts T2 family relationships (β = 0.26, p < 0.001); (4) T1 family relationships positively predict T2 physical activity behavior (β = 0.30, p < 0.001). (5) Physical activity behavior is a mediating variable between family relationships and social support, with a mediating effect size of 0.054.

Conclusion

There are gender differences in social support, physical activity behavior, and family relationships among college students; there is a longitudinal causal relationship between social support, physical activity behavior, and family relationships; social support is a causal variable of physical activity behavior, and social support is also a causal variable of family relationships, and family relationships are the Social support is a causal variable for physical activity behavior, social support is also a causal variable for family relations, and family relations are a causal variable for physical activity behavior, which has a partially mediating role in family relations and social support.

Alzheimer's disease: a review on the current trends of the effective diagnosis and therapeutics

The most prevalent cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive decline and accelerating memory loss characterize it. Alzheimer's disease advances sequentially, starting with preclinical stages, followed by mild cognitive and/or behavioral impairment, and ultimately leading to Alzheimer's disease dementia. In recent years, healthcare providers have been advised to make an earlier diagnosis of Alzheimer's, prior to individuals developing Alzheimer's disease dementia. Regrettably, the identification of early-stage Alzheimer's disease in clinical settings can be arduous due to the tendency of patients and healthcare providers to disregard symptoms as typical signs of aging. Therefore, accurate and prompt diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is essential in order to facilitate the development of disease-modifying and secondary preventive therapies prior to the onset of symptoms. There has been a notable shift in the goal of the diagnosis process, transitioning from merely confirming the presence of symptomatic AD to recognizing the illness in its early, asymptomatic phases. Understanding the evolution of disease-modifying therapies and putting effective diagnostic and therapeutic management into practice requires an understanding of this concept. The outcomes of this study will enhance in-depth knowledge of the current status of Alzheimer's disease's diagnosis and treatment, justifying the necessity for the quest for potential novel biomarkers that can contribute to determining the stage of the disease, particularly in its earliest stages. Interestingly, latest clinical trial status on pharmacological agents, the nonpharmacological treatments such as behavior modification, exercise, and cognitive training as well as alternative approach on phytochemicals as neuroprotective agents have been covered in detailed.

Feasibility of superimposed supine cycling and lower body negative pressure as an effective means of prolonging exercise tolerance in individuals experiencing persisting post-concussive symptoms: Preliminary results

To examine the feasibility, utility and safety of superimposed lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and tilt during supine cycling in individuals suffering from persisting post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Eleven individuals aged 17-31 (6 females/5 males) participated in two randomized separate visits, 1 week apart. A ramp-incremental test was performed during both visits until volitional failure. Visits included no pressure (control) or LBNP at -40 Torr (experimental) with head-up tilt at 15 degrees (females) or 30 degrees (males). Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was utilized to quantify middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), while symptom reports were filled out before and 0, 10, and 60 min post-exertion. Ratings of exertion and overall condition followed similar trends for participants across both tests. The relative increase in MCAv was blunted during the experimental condition (8%) compared to control (24%), while a greater heart rate (17 beats/min) was achieved during the LBNP condition (P = 0.047). Symptom severity at the 0 and 10 min post-exertion time points displayed negligible-to-small effect sizes between conditions (Wilcoxon's r < 0.11). Symptom reporting was lower at the 60 min post-exertion time point with these displaying a moderate effect size (Wilcoxon's r = 0.31). The combination of LBNP and tilt during supine cycling did not change the participants' subjective interpretation of the exertional test but attenuated the hyperpnia-induced vasodilatory MCAv response, while also enabling participants to achieve a higher heart rate during exercise and reduced symptoms 1 h later. As this protocol is safe and feasible, further research is warranted in this area for developing PPCS treatment options. HIGHLIGHTS: What is the central question of this study? What are the feasibility, safety and utility of combining head-up tilt with lower body negative pressure during supine cycling for blunting the increase in cerebral blood velocity seen during moderate-intensity exercise in individuals experiencing persisting post-concussion symptoms? What is the main finding and its importance? Although no differences were found in symptoms between conditions within the first 10 min following exertion, symptom severity scores showed a clinically meaningful reduction 60 min following the experimental condition compared to the non-experimental control condition.

Strategies for Achieving Better Cognitive Health in Individuals with Schizophrenia Spectrum: A Focus on the Canadian Landscape: Stratégies pour atteindre une meilleure santé cognitive chez les personnes souffrant du spectre de la schizophrénie : un regard sur le paysage canadien

BACKGROUND

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) are a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive impairment that can significantly affect daily functioning.

METHOD

We reviewed evidence-based strategies for improving cognitive function in patients with SSDs, focusing on the Canadian landscape.

RESULTS

Although antipsychotic medications can address the positive symptoms of SSDs, cognitive symptoms often persist, causing functional impairment and reduced quality of life. Moreover, cognitive function in patients with SSDs is infrequently assessed in clinical practice, and evidence-based recommendations for addressing cognitive impairment in people living with schizophrenia are limited. While cognitive remediation (CR) can improve several domains of cognitive function, most individuals with SSDs are currently not offered such an intervention. While the development of implementation strategies for CR is underway, available and emerging pharmacological treatments may help overcome the limited capacity for psychosocial approaches. Furthermore, combining pharmacological with non-pharmacological interventions may improve outcomes compared to pharmacotherapy or CR alone.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights the challenges and discusses the potential solutions related to the assessment and management of cognitive impairment to help mental health-care practitioners better manage cognitive impairment and improve daily functioning in individuals with SSDs.

Developing the PEAK mood, mind, and marks program to support university students' mental and cognitive health through physical exercise: a qualitative study using the Behaviour Change Wheel

BACKGROUND

Concerns about mental and cognitive health are common among university students. Engaging in regular physical exercise has been shown to enhance both mental health and cognitive performance, yet most students are not participating in the level of exercise required to obtain these benefits. The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) provides a framework for developing behavioural interventions that are informed by theory, evidence, and stakeholder perspectives. The current study aimed to apply the BCW to develop the PEAK Mood, Mind, and Marks program (i.e., PEAK), a behaviour change intervention designed to increase university students' exercise engagement for the benefit of their mental and cognitive health.

METHODS

PEAK was developed across three stages of the BCW: (1) understand the target behaviour, (2) identify intervention options, and (3) identify intervention content and delivery mode. Development was informed by triangulated data from a systematic literature review, co-design consultations with key stakeholders, and knowledge of relevant experts. Consultations with stakeholders involved focus groups with 25 university students and individual interviews with 10 university leaders and staff to identify barriers and facilitators to students' exercise engagement and the adoption and implementation of PEAK by universities. Template analysis was used to code transcripts to the capability, opportunity, and motivation (COM-B) model of behaviour. The BCW was applied to identify the most appropriate intervention types and behaviour change techniques (BCTs).

RESULTS

Thirty-one barriers and facilitators were identified and mapped to seven intervention types (Education; Modelling; Persuasion; Environmental Restructuring; Incentivisation; Training; and Enablement) and 26 BCTs, which were delivered across digital channels and in-person. The final intervention consisted of multiple components targeting students' capability (e.g., increasing knowledge about the mental and cognitive health benefits of exercise), opportunity (e.g., providing a flexible range of accessible exercise options and social support), and motivation (e.g., increasing the perceived importance of exercise) to exercise.

CONCLUSIONS

University students and staff describe a need and appetite for more empowering, scalable solutions to support students' mental and cognitive health. Exercise-based approaches that are informed by behaviour change frameworks, evidence, and stakeholder perspectives, such as PEAK, have the potential to address this need. Current findings will inform a pilot of PEAK to evaluate its efficacy and implementation.

Physical Activity Participation among Children and Youth with Mental Health Symptoms: Clinician Perspectives

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Physical activity supports mental health and well-being in children and youth. However, there are significant barriers to physical activity participation among individuals impacted by mental health disorders. This study investigates these barriers through the perspective of mental health clinicians who support children and youth.

METHODS

Fourteen mental health clinicians, including registered professional psychologists, psychotherapists, and social workers, were interviewed in a semi-structured format. Qualitative content analysis was performed to identify key themes, including both barriers and facilitators to physical activity.

RESULTS

Content analysis revealed that clinicians perceive both internal and external barriers and facilitators to their clients' participation in physical activity. Barriers included intrapersonal factors, such as the presence of depression, anxiety, or eating disorder symptoms; lack of motivation; and negative self-talk, as well as factors related to the influence of caregivers, financial limitations, screen time use, environmental and cultural factors, and lack of time. Facilitators included enjoyment of physical activity, knowledge about the benefits of physical activity, and caregiver participation.

CONCLUSIONS

Mental health clinicians demonstrated clear knowledge about the barriers to and facilitators of their clients' participation in physical activity. These findings provide valuable insights that can be used to support children and youth experiencing mental health difficulty to access the beneficial effects of physical activity.

The Positive Effects of Physical Activity on Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Physical activity can have positive effects on motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease, but its benefits in terms of quality of life and function are uncertain and vary based on the specific forms of activities and interventions.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to assess the current evidence on the positive effects of physical activity in people with Parkinson's disease and more specifically in relation to its potential benefits for quality of life.

METHODS

This systematic review was conducted between January and April 2024 via the PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases. Predetermined search criteria were used that included the following terms: "Parkinson's disease", "quality of life" and "physical activity".

RESULTS

A total of 1669 articles were identified. After utilizing predetermined criteria, a total of fifteen articles met the selection criteria. Statistically significant improvements in quality of life were found in seven studies. Seven studies demonstrated a significant improvement in non-motor symptoms, while nine studies showed an improvement in motor symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite heterogeneity in the study designs, interventions and clinical assessments, the articles identified in this review yielded mostly positive results in relation to physical activities. The findings reflect an improvement in motor and non-motor symptoms may translate to a better quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease.

The Impact of Different Exercise Modes in Fitness and Cognitive Indicators: Hybrid versus Tele-Exercise in Patients with Long Post-COVID-19 Syndrome

The purpose of our study was to obtain evidence that an unsupervised tele-exercise program (TEgroup) via an online platform is a feasible alternative to a hybrid mode of supervised and unsupervised exercise (HEgroup) sessions for improving fitness indexes, respiratory and cognitive functions, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients recovering from COVID-19. Forty-nine patients with long post-COVID-19 were randomly divided into two groups (HEgroup: n = 24, age 60.0 ± 9.5 years versus TEgroup: n = 25, age 58.7 ± 9.5 years). For each patient, we collected data from body composition, oxidative stress, pulmonary function, physical fitness, and cognitive function before and after the 12-week exercise rehabilitation program (ERP). Our data showed differences in both groups before and after 12-week ERP on fitness indicators, body composition, and pulmonary function indicators. Our findings demonstrated differences between groups after 12-week ERP on adjustment in the domains of cognitive function (HEgroup increased the "visuospatial" domain: 3.2 ± 1.1 versus 3.5 ± 0.8 score, p = 0.008 and TEgroup increased the "memory" domain: 3.3 ± 1.0 versus 3.8 ± 0.5 score, p = 0.003; after 12-week ERP showed differences between groups in domain "attention" TEgroup: 4.8 ± 1.5 versus HEgroup: 3.6 ± 1.8 score, p = 0.014) and the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (HEgroup increased the percent of predicted values at 0.5 ± 32.3% and TEgroup at 26.0 ± 33.1%, p < 0.001). These findings may be attributed to the different ways of learning exercise programs, resulting in the recruitment of different neural circuits.

The Bitemporal Lens Model-toward a holistic approach to chronic disease prevention with digital biomarkers

Objectives

We introduce the Bitemporal Lens Model, a comprehensive methodology for chronic disease prevention using digital biomarkers.

Materials and Methods

The Bitemporal Lens Model integrates the change-point model, focusing on critical disease-specific parameters, and the recurrent-pattern model, emphasizing lifestyle and behavioral patterns, for early risk identification.

Results

By incorporating both the change-point and recurrent-pattern models, the Bitemporal Lens Model offers a comprehensive approach to preventive healthcare, enabling a more nuanced understanding of individual health trajectories, demonstrated through its application in cardiovascular disease prevention.

Discussion

We explore the benefits of the Bitemporal Lens Model, highlighting its capacity for personalized risk assessment through the integration of two distinct lenses. We also acknowledge challenges associated with handling intricate data across dual temporal dimensions, maintaining data integrity, and addressing ethical concerns pertaining to privacy and data protection.

Conclusion

The Bitemporal Lens Model presents a novel approach to enhancing preventive healthcare effectiveness.

Effects of different exercise modes and intensities on cognitive performance, adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity in mice

Exercise can induce beneficial improvements in cognition. However, the effects of different modes and intensities of exercise have yet to be explored in detail. This study aimed to identify the effects of different exercise modes (aerobic and resistance) and intensities (low and high) on cognitive performance, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in mice. A total of 40 C57BL/6J mice were randomised into 5 groups (n = 8 mice per group): control, low-intensity aerobic exercise, high-intensity aerobic exercise, low-intensity resistance exercise, and high-intensity resistance exercise. The aerobic exercise groups underwent treadmill training, while the resistance exercise groups underwent ladder climbing training. At the end of the exercise period, cognitive performance was assessed by the Y-maze and Barnes maze. In addition, adult hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated immunohistochemically by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)/ neuronal nuclei (NeuN) co-labeling. The levels of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampus, including synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), were analyzed by western blotting. Our results showed no significant differences in cognitive performance among the groups. However, high-intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased hippocampal adult neurogenesis relative to the control. A trend towards increased adult neurogenesis was observed in the low-intensity aerobic group compared to the control group. No significant changes in synaptic plasticity were observed among all groups. Our results indicate that high-intensity aerobic exercise may be the most potent stimulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Does resistance training in older adults lead to structural brain changes associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's dementia? A narrative review

Dementia, particularly Alzheimer's Disease (AD), has links to several modifiable risk factors, especially physical inactivity. When considering the relationship between physcial activity and dementia risk, cognitive benefits are generally attributed to aerobic exercise, with resistance exercise (RE) receiving less attention. This review aims to address this gap by evaluating the impact of RE on brain structures and cognitive deficits associated with AD. Drawing insights from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) utilizing structural neuroimaging, the specific influence of RE on AD-affected brain structures and their correlation with cognitive function are discussed. Preliminary findings suggest that RE induces structural brain changes in older adults that could reduce the risk of AD or mitigate AD progression. Importantly, the impacts of RE appear to follow a dose-response effect, reversing pathological structural changes and improving associated cognitive functions if performed at least twice per week for at least six months, with greatest effects in those already experiencing some element of cognitive decline. While more research is eagerly awaited, this review contributes insights into the potential benefits of RE for cognitive health in the context of AD-related changes in brain structure and function.

Benefits of Judo Practice for Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review

This systematic literature review evaluates the benefits of judo practice designed for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Intellectual Developmental Disorders (IDDs), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review adheres to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, focusing on the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive benefits of judo. A comprehensive search across databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, B-On, and Scopus, was conducted, and relevant studies were selected based on explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sixteen intervention studies were included, which contributed to a detailed understanding of the impact of judo. The results indicated significant benefits in terms of physical activity, social interactions, emotional well-being, and cognitive functions among participants. A synthesis of results is presented, showing the overall positive effect of judo practice. This review highlights the potential of judo as supportive therapy for individuals with NDDs, advocating its inclusion in therapeutic and educational settings. Limitations due to study heterogeneity and the need for more randomized controlled trials are also discussed.

Brain functional training: a perspective article

Introduction: Physical exercise (PE) positively affects the nervous system, impacting morphology and physiology. It increases brain gray and white matter, improves cerebral blood flow, and stimulates neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and angiogenesis, promoting brain function. Although exercise already affects cognition, some training modalities place greater demands on the cognitive aspects of physical exercise, such as perceptual-motor and visual-motor training. This type of approach aims to emphasize the cognitive adaptations that occur chronically. Specifically for older people, functional training, a multi-component approach, is a promising exercise modality that stimulates functionality using multi-joint, multi-planar exercises mirroring daily activities. However, applying a greater focus on cognitive adaptations in line with the functional training proposal for maximal benefits remains underexplored. Aim: Thus, this perspective article initially explores different exercise approaches emphasizing cognitive adaptations and proposes Brain Functional Training to improve older adult's functionality. Methods: Furthermore, we explain how brain functional training can be explored to emphasize cognitive aspects based on increasing complexity to stimulate the executive function and its subdomains. Conclusion: This proposal is one alternative to combining motor and cognitive stimuli to promote autonomy and health in older people.

Enhancing brain health: Swimming-induced BDNF release and epigenetic influence in MS female mouse models

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition characterized by inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), impacting sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities. Globally, around three million individuals are affected by MS, with up to 97,000 cases in Iran attributed to genetic predispositions along with various environmental factors like smoking. Cognitive impairment affects a significant portion of patients, ranging from 45% to 70%. This study investigates the impact of regular aerobic swimming exercise for four weeks, mild cognitive impairment induced by encephalomyelitis, and their combination on the expression of microRNA-142-3p and its correlation with the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in relation to spatial memory. Twenty-one C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups. RT-PCR was used for microRNA expression analysis, and BDNF levels were assessed via western blotting. Clinical scores and animal weights were monitored daily. EAE induction led to an increase in microRNA-142-3p expression and a decrease in BDNF levels compared to the control group. Exercise inversed them significantly, and improved spatial memory. Our findings indicate that engaging in regular swimming exercise can counteract the up-regulation of miR-142-3p in brain tissue, which likely contributes to mild cognitive impairment induced by MS. Additionally, the increase in BDNF following exercise appears to be associated with miR-142-3p and the enhancement of cognitive function. Thus, the therapeutic benefits of exercise, particularly in releasing BDNF to improve cognitive function in MS patients, warrant consideration. Lifestyle modifications have the potential to effectively modulate environmental influences and ethnicity, underscoring their significance in MS management.

PEAK Mood, Mind, and Marks: a pilot study of an intervention to support university students' mental and cognitive health through physical exercise

Introduction

Regular exercise has the potential to enhance university students' mental and cognitive health. The PEAK Mood, Mind and Marks program (i.e., PEAK) is a neuroscience-informed intervention developed using the Behaviour Change Wheel to support students to exercise three or more times per week to benefit their mental and cognitive health. This pilot study assessed the impact of PEAK on exercise, mental and cognitive health, and implementation outcomes.

Methods

PEAK was delivered to 115 undergraduate university students throughout a 12-week university semester. The primary outcome was weekly exercise frequency. Secondary outcomes were: time spent engaged in moderate-vigorous exercise, sedentary behaviour and perceived mental health and cognitive health. All were measured via online self-report questionnaires. Qualitative interviews with 15 students investigated influences on engagement, the acceptability and appropriateness of PEAK, and its mechanisms of behaviour change. Paired t-tests, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests and template analysis were used to analyse quantitative and qualitative data, respectively.

Results

On average, 48.4% of students engaged in the recommended frequency of three or more exercise sessions per week. This proportion decreased towards the end of PEAK. Sedentary behaviour significantly decreased from baseline to end-point, and moderate-vigorous exercise significantly increased among students' who were non-exercisers. Mental wellbeing, stress, loneliness, and sense of belonging to the university significantly improved. There were no significant changes in psychological distress. Concentration, memory, and productivity significantly improved. Sixty-eight percent of students remained engaged in one or more components of PEAK at end-point. Qualitative data indicated students found PEAK to be acceptable and appropriate, and that it improved aspects of their capability, opportunity, and motivation to exercise.

Conclusions

Students are receptive to an exercise-based program to support their mental and cognitive health. Students exercise frequency decreased; however, these figures are likely a conservative estimate of students exercise engagement. Students valued the neuroscience-informed approach to motivational and educational content and that the program's goals aligned with their academic goals. Students identified numerous areas PEAK's content and implementation can be optimised, including use of a single digital delivery platform, more opportunities to connect with peers and to expand the content's cultural inclusivity.

Executive function and spatial abilities in physically active children: an explorative study

BACKGROUND

Regular physical activity has consistently shown promise in improving cognitive functioning among children. However, there is a shortage of comprehensive studies that delve into these benefits across various cognitive domains. This preliminary investigation aimed to discern potential disparities in cognitive performance between active and sedentary children, with a specific focus on inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and visuo-spatial working memory abilities.

METHODS

The study employed a cross-sectional design encompassing 26 children (mean age 9.53 ± 2.20 years), categorized into two groups: Active and Sedentary. Executive functions were assessed using the NEPSY-II, while visuo-spatial working memory abilities were evaluated through the table version of the Radial Arm Maze (table-RAM) task. All outputs were analyzed with One-way ANOVAS or Kruskal-Wallis Tests to assess differences between Active and Sedentary children in both executive functioning and visuo-spatial working memory processes.

RESULTS

The findings revealed that the Active group outperformed the sedentary group in inhibitory control (F1,23 = 4.99, p = 0.03*), cognitive flexibility (F1,23 = 5.77, p = 0.02*), spatial span (F1,23 = 4.40, p = 0.04*), and working memory errors (F1,23 = 8.59, p = 0.01**). Both spatial span and working memory errors are parameters closely associated with visuo-spatial working memory abilities.

CONCLUSIONS

Although preliminary, these results offer evidence of a positive link between physical activity and cognitive functioning in children. This indicates the importance of promoting active behaviors, especially within educational environments.

The impact of exercise on depression: how moving makes your brain and body feel better

PURPOSE

This study aimed to comprehensively explore and elucidate the intricate relationship between exercise and depression, and focused on the physiological mechanisms by which exercise influences the brain and body to alleviate depression symptoms. By accumulating the current research findings and neurobiological insights, this study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the therapeutic potential of exercise in the management and treatment of depression.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature by selecting relevant studies published up to October 2023. The search included randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and review articles. Keywords such as "exercise," "depression," "neurobiology," "endocrinology," and "physiological mechanisms" were used to identify pertinent sources.

RESULTS

Inflammation has been linked to depression and exercise has been shown to modulate the immune system. Regular exercise can (1) reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, potentially alleviating depressive symptoms associated with inflammation; (2) help in regulating circadian rhythms that are often disrupted in individuals with depression; and (3) improve sleep patterns, thus regulating mood and energy levels.

CONCLUSION

The mechanisms by which exercise reduces depression levels are multifaceted and include both physiological and psychological factors. Exercise can increase the production of endorphins, which are neurotransmitters associated with a positive mood and feelings of well-being. Exercise improves sleep, reduces stress and anxiety, and enhances self-esteem and social support. The implications of exercise as a treatment for depression are significant because depression is a common and debilitating mental health condition. Exercise is a low-cost, accessible, and effective treatment option that can be implemented in various settings such as primary care, mental health clinics, and community-based programs. Exercise can also be used as an adjunctive treatment along with medication and psychotherapy, which can enhance treatment outcomes.

The Role of RIN3 Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Comprehensive Review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a globally prevalent form of dementia that impacts diverse populations and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and impairments in executive memory. Although the exact mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis remain unclear, it is commonly accepted that the aggregation of misfolded proteins, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, plays a critical role. Additionally, AD is a multifactorial condition influenced by various genetic factors and can manifest as either early-onset AD (EOAD) or late-onset AD (LOAD), each associated with specific gene variants. One gene of particular interest in both EOAD and LOAD is RIN3, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. This gene plays a multifaceted role in AD pathogenesis. Firstly, upregulation of RIN3 can result in endosomal enlargement and dysfunction, thereby facilitating the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Secondly, RIN3 has been shown to impact the PICLAM pathway, affecting transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. Lastly, RIN3 has implications for immune-mediated responses, notably through its influence on the PTK2B gene. This review aims to provide a concise overview of AD and delve into the role of the RIN3 gene in its pathogenesis.

Food resources and kitchen skills plus aerobic training (FoRKS+) for black adults with hypertension: A pilot trial protocol

BACKGROUND

Midlife hypertension is associated with cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD), suggesting that blood pressure control may be a therapeutic target for dementia prevention. Given excess hypertension in non-Hispanic Black (NHB) adults, blood pressure control may also reduce ADRD disparities. We describe a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a multicomponent lifestyle-based intervention versus enhanced usual care on cognition among middle-aged NHB adults.

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN

The Food Resources and Kitchen Skills plus Aerobic Training (FoRKS+) study is a 2-arm, single-blinded trial that compares those receiving the FoRKS+ program (target N = 64) versus those receiving enhanced usual care (target N = 64) in local federally-qualified health centers. Key eligibility criteria include self-identified NHB adults between ages 35-75 with a mean systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mm/Hg obtained from 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The FoRKS+ program includes 5 weeks of hypertension self-management courses, 11 weeks of nutrition courses, and 12 weeks of aerobic training in dietitian and health coach-led virtual groups. We will collect data on primary cognitive outcomes, feasibility, hypothesized intervention mediators and moderators, and demographic and health covariates at baseline, near intervention weeks 16-, and 28 (primary outcome assessment), and week 52 follow-up. We will use mixed-effects modeling to examine intervention effects on cognition.

DISCUSSION

This pilot RCT will examine the feasibility and preliminary effects of a multicomponent lifestyle intervention on cognitive function in NHB adults, which may have implications for reducing health disparities in ADRD.

Impact of menopause-associated frailty on traumatic brain injury

Navigating menopause involves traversing a complex terrain of hormonal changes that extend far beyond reproductive consequences. Menopausal transition is characterized by a decrease in estradiol-17β (E2), and the impact of menopause resonates not only in the reproductive system but also through the central nervous system, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal domains. As women undergo menopausal transition, they become more susceptible to frailty, amplifying the risk and severity of injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Menopause triggers a cascade of changes leading to a decline in muscle mass, accompanied by diminished tone and excitability, thereby restricting the availability of irisin, a crucial hormone derived from muscles. Concurrently, bone mass undergoes reduction, culminating in the onset of osteoporosis and altering the dynamics of osteocalcin, a hormone originating from bones. The diminishing levels of E2 during menopause extend their influence on the gut microbiota, resulting in a reduction in the availability of tyrosine, tryptophan, and serotonin metabolites, affecting neurotransmitter synthesis and function. Understanding the interplay between menopause, frailty, E2 decline, and the intricate metabolisms of bone, gut, and muscle is imperative when unraveling the nuances of TBI after menopause. The current review underscores the significance of accounting for menopause-associated frailty in the incidence and consequences of TBI. The review also explores potential mechanisms to enhance gut, bone, and muscle health in menopausal women, aiming to mitigate frailty and improve TBI outcomes.

Effects of Multimodal Exercise With Augmented Reality on Cognition in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to investigate the effects of an exercise intervention using multimodal exercise with augmented reality and multimodal exercise-only on cognitive function in older adults living in a community dwelling.

DESIGN

Quasi-experimental research study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

In this control study, 78 participants were divided into 2 experimental groups (with sessions 3 times a week for 12 weeks) and a control group (CG).

METHODS

EG1 participated in a multimodal exercise-only intervention program, EG2 participated in a multimodal exercise program with augmented reality exergames, and CG continued its usual activities. Participants were assessed at baseline and postintervention after 12 weeks.

RESULTS

Comparison between baseline and postintervention at 12 weeks showed significant improvements in executive functions, verbal fluency, choice reaction time, and dual task in EG1, whereas there were improvements in general cognition, executive functions, verbal fluency, discrimination reaction time, and depression in EG2 (P ≤ .05). The clinical effect sizes of the interventions were large for overall cognition, executive functions, and reaction time on single- and dual-task reaction time in EG1 and for overall cognition, executive functions, and verbal fluency in EG2.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

The intervention programs showed significant improvements in several cognitive domains. The multimodal exercise-only showed improvements in more variables than the multimodal exercise with augmented reality, but the augmented reality group showed greater changes between baseline and postintervention.

The Effect of Physical Activity Levels on Cognitive Performance: Research in Portuguese Adolescents

The literature unequivocally acknowledges the numerous health benefits that physical activity (PA) provides. However, in other variables, such as cognitive performance (CP), the PA characteristics required to elicit favorable benefits remain controversial, particularly among adolescents. The aim was to investigate the evolution of CP in adolescents over the school year, as well as the role of regular PA levels. The study included 366 adolescents (boys n = 154), between 12 and 20 years old (15.46 ± 1.63), from middle school (n = 123) and high school (n = 243). CP was assessed through a face-to-face interview employing the Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument. The variation in CP (∆CP) was determined by the difference between the value of the final assessment (end of the school year) and the initial assessment (start of the school year). PA was assessed using accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X+). The CP score improved from the initial to the final assessment (37.80 ± 9.26 vs. 40.45 ± 10.05) (t = -6.135; p < 0.001; Glass's Delta = 0.37. Multiple linear regression revealed that age (ß = -0.332; t = -4.255; p < 0.001) and high-intensity PA (ß = 0.283; t = 3.627; p < 0.001) accounted for 17.2% of the variation in ∆CP. CP improved significantly over the school year, emphasizing the significance of age and vigorous PA in ∆CP in adolescents.

Benefit of cardiac rehabilitation in acute heart failure patients with cognitive impairment

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cognitive impairment among patients with acute heart failure (AHF), its prognosis, and the effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on these patients' outcomes.

Methods

Overall, 247 consecutive AHF patients (median age, 60 years; males, 78.5 %) were evaluated from March 2015 to May 2021. Patients received an AHF disease management program coordinated by an HF specialist nurse and underwent a Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological battery-screening test (LNNB-S) assessment during admission. Cognitive impairment was defined as an LNNB-S score ≥10. Patients who underwent at least one session of phase II CR and continued with the home-based exercise program were considered to have received CR. The primary endpoint was composite all-cause mortality or readmission after a 3.30-year follow-up (interquartile range, 1.69-5.09 years).

Results

Cognitive impairment occurred in 53.0 % and was associated with significantly higher composite endpoint, all-cause mortality, and readmission rates (p=<0.001, 0.001, and 0.015, respectively). In the total cohort, 40.9 % of patients experienced the composite endpoint. Multivariate analysis showed that the peak VO2 was a significant predictor of the composite endpoint. After adjustment, CR significantly decreased the event rate of the composite endpoint and the all-cause mortality in patients with cognitive impairment (log-rank p = 0.024 and 0.009, respectively). However, CR did not have a significant benefit on the composite endpoint and the all-cause mortality in patients without cognitive impairment (log-rank p = 0.682 and 0.701, respectively).

Conclusion

Cognitive impairment is common in AHF patients and can lead to poor outcomes. CR is a standard treatment to improve prognosis.

Causal Selection of Covariates in Regression Calibration for Mismeasured Continuous Exposure

Regression calibration as developed by Rosner, Spiegelman, and Willett is used to adjust the bias in effect estimates due to measurement error in continuous exposures. The method involves two models: a measurement error model relating the mismeasured exposure to the true (or gold-standard) exposure and an outcome model relating the mismeasured exposure to the outcome. However, no comprehensive guidance exists for determining which covariates should be included in each model. In this article, we investigate the selection of the minimal and most efficient covariate adjustment sets under a causal inference framework. We show that to address the measurement error, researchers must adjust for, in both measurement error and outcome models, any common causes (1) of true exposure and the outcome and (2) of measurement error and the outcome. We also show that adjusting for so-called prognostic variables that are independent of true exposure and measurement error in the outcome model, may increase efficiency, while adjusting for any covariates that are associated only with true exposure generally results in efficiency loss in realistic settings. We apply the proposed covariate selection approach to the Health Professional Follow-up Study dataset to study the effect of fiber intake on cardiovascular disease. Finally, we extend the originally proposed estimators to a nonparametric setting where effect modification by covariates is allowed.