1
|
Ballester J, Marchand WR, Philip NS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for methamphetamine use disorder: A scoping review within the neurocircuitry model of addiction. Psychiatry Res 2024; 338:115995. [PMID: 38852478 PMCID: PMC11209858 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The use of methamphetamine in the United States is increasing, contributing now to the "fourth wave" in the national opioid epidemic crisis. People who suffer from methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) have a higher risk of death. No pharmacological interventions are approved by the FDA and psychosocial interventions are only moderately effective. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a relatively novel FDA-cleared intervention for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Several lines of research suggest that TMS could be useful for the treatment of addictive disorders, including MUD. We will review those published clinical trials that show potential effects on craving reduction of TMS when applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) also highlighting some limitations that affect their generalizability and applicability. We propose the use of the Koob and Volkow's neurocircuitry model of addiction as a frame to explain the brain effects of TMS in patients with MUD. We will finally discuss new venues that could lead to a more individualized and effective treatment of this complex disorder including the use of neuroimaging, the exploration of different areas of the brain such as the frontopolar cortex or the salience network and the use of biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ballester
- Substance Abuse Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - W R Marchand
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; VISN-19 Whole Health Flagship Site, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - N S Philip
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Burns JW, Gerhart J, Smith DA, Porter L, Rye B, Keefe F. Concurrent and lagged associations among pain medication use, pain, and negative affect: a daily diary study of people with chronic low back pain. Pain 2024; 165:1559-1568. [PMID: 38334493 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT People with chronic pain often attempt to manage pain and concurrent emotional distress with analgesic substances. Habitual use of such substances-even when not opioid-based-can pose side effect risks. A negative reinforcement model has been proposed whereby relief of pain and emotional distress following medication consumption increases the likelihood that the experience of elevated pain and distress will spur further medication use. People with chronic low back pain (N = 105) completed electronic diary assessments 5 times/day for 14 consecutive days. Lagged and cross-lagged analyses focused on links between time 1 pain and negative affect (NA) and time 2 analgesic medication use and vice versa. Sex differences were also explored. Primary results were as follows: (1) participants on average reported taking analgesic medication during 41.3% of the 3-hour reporting epochs (29 times over 14 days); (2) time 1 within-person increases in pain and NA predicted time 2 increases in the likelihood of ingesting analgesic medications; (3) time 1 within-person increases in medication use predicted time 2 decreases in pain and NA; and (4) lagged associations between time 1 pain/NA and time 2 medication use were strongest among women. Findings suggest that the use of analgesic medications for many people with chronic pain occurs frequently throughout the day. Results support the validity of a negative reinforcement model where pain and distress lead to pain medication use, which in turn leads to relief from pain and distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Burns
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James Gerhart
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - David A Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Laura Porter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bonny Rye
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Francis Keefe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lavalley CA, Mehta MM, Taylor S, Chuning AE, Stewart JL, Huys QJM, Khalsa SS, Paulus MP, Smith R. Computational Mechanisms Underlying Multi-Step Planning Deficits in Methamphetamine Use Disorder. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.27.24309581. [PMID: 38978681 PMCID: PMC11230339 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.27.24309581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Current theories suggest individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (iMUDs) have difficulty considering long-term outcomes in decision-making, which could contribute to risk of relapse. Aversive interoceptive states (e.g., stress, withdrawal) are also known to increase this risk. The present study analyzed computational mechanisms of planning in iMUDs, and examined the potential impact of an aversive interoceptive state induction. A group of 40 iMUDs and 49 healthy participants completed two runs of a multi-step planning task, with and without an anxiogenic breathing resistance manipulation. Computational modeling revealed that iMUDs had selective difficulty identifying the best overall plan when this required enduring negative short-term outcomes - a mechanism referred to as aversive pruning. Increases in reported craving before and after the induction also predicted greater aversive pruning in iMUDs. These results highlight a novel mechanism that could promote poor choice in recovering iMUDs and create vulnerability to relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Taylor
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Anne E Chuning
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Jennifer L Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
- University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Quentin J M Huys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
- University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
- University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
- University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goldman CM, Takahashi T, Lavalley CA, Li N, Taylor S, Chuning AE, Hodson R, Stewart JL, Wilson RC, Khalsa SS, Paulus MP, Smith R. Individuals with Methamphetamine Use Disorder Show Reduced Directed Exploration and Learning Rates Independent of an Aversive Interoceptive State Induction. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.17.24307491. [PMID: 38826438 PMCID: PMC11142260 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.24307491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Methamphetamine Use Disorder (MUD) is associated with substantially reduced quality of life. Yet, decisions to use persist, due in part to avoidance of anticipated withdrawal states. However, the specific cognitive mechanisms underlying this decision process, and possible modulatory effects of aversive states, remain unclear. Here, 56 individuals with MUD and 58 healthy comparisons (HCs) performed a decision task, both with and without an aversive interoceptive state induction. Computational modeling measured the tendency to test beliefs about uncertain outcomes (directed exploration) and the ability to update beliefs in response to outcomes (learning rates). Compared to HCs, those with MUD exhibited less directed exploration and slower learning rates, but these differences were not affected by aversive state induction. These results suggest novel, state-independent computational mechanisms whereby individuals with MUD may have difficulties in testing beliefs about the tolerability of abstinence and in adjusting behavior in response to consequences of continued use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ning Li
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
| | | | | | - Rowan Hodson
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
| | - Jennifer L. Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Robert C. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Sahib S. Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ghaderi S, Amani Rad J, Hemami M, Khosrowabadi R. Dysfunctional feedback processing in male methamphetamine abusers: Evidence from neurophysiological and computational approaches. Neuropsychologia 2024; 197:108847. [PMID: 38460774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) as a major public health risk is associated with dysfunctional neural feedback processing. Although dysfunctional feedback processing in people who are substance dependent has been explored in several behavioral, computational, and electrocortical studies, this mechanism in MUDs requires to be well understood. Furthermore, the current understanding of latent components of their behavior such as learning speed and exploration-exploitation dilemma is still limited. In addition, the association between the latent cognitive components and the related neural mechanisms also needs to be explored. Therefore, in this study, the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms of feedback processing of such impairment, and age/gender-matched healthy controls are evaluated within a probabilistic learning task with rewards and punishments. Mathematical modeling results based on the Q-learning paradigm suggested that MUDs show less sensitivity in distinguishing optimal options. Additionally, it may be worth noting that MUDs exhibited a slight decrease in their ability to learn from negative feedback compared to healthy controls. Also through the lens of underlying neural mechanisms, MUDs showed lower theta power at the medial-frontal areas while responding to negative feedback. However, other EEG measures of reinforcement learning including feedback-related negativity, parietal-P300, and activity flow from the medial frontal to lateral prefrontal regions, remained intact in MUDs. On the other hand, the elimination of the linkage between value sensitivity and medial-frontal theta activity in MUDs was observed. The observed dysfunction could be due to the adverse effects of methamphetamine on the cortico-striatal dopamine circuit, which is reflected in the anterior cingulate cortex activity as the most likely region responsible for efficient behavior adjustment. These findings could help us to pave the way toward tailored therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Ghaderi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Amani Rad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hemami
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khosrowabadi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chmiel J, Malinowska A, Rybakowski F, Leszek J. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness in the Treatment of Methamphetamine Addiction Symptoms: Does Neuroplasticity Play a Role? Brain Sci 2024; 14:320. [PMID: 38671972 PMCID: PMC11047954 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine is a highly stimulating psychoactive drug that causes life-threatening addictions and affects millions of people around the world. Its effects on the brain are complex and include disturbances in the neurotransmitter systems and neurotoxicity. There are several known treatment methods, but their effectiveness is moderate. It must be emphasised that no drugs have been approved for treatment. For this reason, there is an urgent need to develop new, effective, and safe treatments for methamphetamine. One of the potential treatments is mindfulness meditation. In recent years, this technique has been researched extensively in the context of many neurological and psychiatric disorders. METHODS This review explores the use of mindfulness in the treatment of methamphetamine addiction. Searches were conducted in the PubMed/Medline, Research Gate, and Cochrane databases. RESULTS Ten studies were identified that used mindfulness-based interventions in the treatment of methamphetamine addiction. The results show that mindfulness is an effective form of reducing hunger, risk of relapses, stress indicators, depression, and aggression, alone or in combination with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Mindfulness also improved the cognitive function in addicts. The included studies used only behavioural measures. The potential mechanisms of mindfulness in addiction were explained, and it was proposed that it can induce neuroplasticity, alleviating the symptoms of addiction. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from the studies suggest that mindfulness may be an effective treatment option for methamphetamine addiction, used alone or in combination with tDCS. However, further high-quality research is required to establish the role of this treatment option in this field. The use of neuroimaging and neurophysiological measures is fundamental to understand the mechanisms of mindfulness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Chmiel
- Institute of Neurofeedback and tDCS Poland, 70-393 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Filip Rybakowski
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, 54-235 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
May AC, Burrows K, Kuplicki R, Paulus MP, Stewart JL. Amphetamine use disorder is associated with striatum hypoactivation during anticipation of loss and reward. J Psychopharmacol 2024; 38:236-246. [PMID: 38279659 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231222355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated ventral striatum function has been proposed as one important process occurring in individuals with substance use disorder. This study investigates the role of altered reward and loss anticipation, which is an important component of impaired decision-making, impulsivity, and vulnerability to relapse in individuals with amphetamine use disorder (AMP). AIMS To determine whether AMP is associated with blunted striatum, prefrontal cortex, and insula signals during win and loss anticipation. METHODS Participants with and without AMP (AMP+ n = 46, AMP- n = 90) from the Tulsa 1000 study completed a monetary incentive delay (MID) task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Group main effects indicated that: (1) AMP+ exhibited lower bilateral caudate/putamen and left nucleus accumbens signal than AMP- across anticipation of wins and losses; and (2) AMP+ showed slower reaction times than AMP- during loss anticipation. Group*condition interactions demonstrated that AMP+ exhibited greater right amygdala signal than AMP- while anticipating large wins, a pattern that reversed when anticipating small losses. Left caudate/putamen attenuations in AMP+ during small loss anticipation were also evident. Groups did not differ in prefrontal or insula signals. CONCLUSIONS AMP+ individuals have altered neural processing and response patterns during reward and loss anticipation, potentially reflecting impairments in dopamine function, which may influence their decision-making and reactions to different win/loss scenarios. These findings help to explain why AMP+ have difficulty with decision-making and exhibit a heightened focus on immediate rewards or punishments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April C May
- Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Centers (MIRECC), Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer L Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang M, Chen L, Ren Z, Wang Z, Luo W. Applications of TMS in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25565. [PMID: 38420394 PMCID: PMC10900420 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine abuse results in a host of social and medical issues. Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) can hinder the brain and impair cognitive functions and mental health. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive approach in the treatment of MUD. Recent studies have demonstrated encouraging and positive effects of TMS on the craving, affective symptoms, sleep quality, and cognitive functions in individuals with MUD. The regulation of specific brain activities through TMS has also been found to be a contributing factor to these positive outcomes. It is essential to employ more techniques, participants, and stimulation parameters and targets in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Ziwei Ren
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116029, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Geng P, Fan N, Ling R, Guo H, Lu Q, Chen X. The perception of Mandarin speech conveying communicative functions in Chinese heroin addicts. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299331. [PMID: 38394164 PMCID: PMC10889662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction can cause severe damage to the human brain, leading to significant problems in cognitive processing, such as irritability, speech distortions, and exaggeration of negative stimuli. Speech plays a fundamental role in social interaction, including both the production and perception. The ability to perceive communicative functions conveyed through speech is crucial for successful interpersonal communication and the maintaining good social relationships. However, due to the limited number of previous studies, it remains unclear whether the cognitive disorder caused by drug addiction affects the perception of communicative function conveyed in Mandarin speech. To address this question, we conducted a perception experiment involving sixty male participants, including 25 heroin addicts and 35 healthy controls. The experiment aimed to examine the perception of three communicative functions (i.e., statement, interrogative, and imperative) under three background noise conditions (i.e., no noise, SNR [Signal to Noise Ratio] = 10, and SNR = 0). Eight target sentences were first recorded by two native Mandarin speakers for each of the three communicative functions. Each half was then combined with Gaussian White Noise under two background noise conditions (i.e., SNR = 10 and SNR = 0). Finally, 48 speech stimuli were included in the experiment with four options provided for perceptual judgment. The results showed that, under the three noise conditions, the average perceptual accuracies of the three communicative functions were 80.66% and 38% for the control group and the heroin addicts, respectively. Significant differences were found in the perception of the three communicative functions between the control group and the heroin addicts under the three noise conditions, except for the recognition of imperative under strong noise condition (i.e., SNR = 0). Moreover, heroin addicts showed good accuracy (around 50%) in recognizing imperative and poor accuracy (i.e., lower than the chance level) in recognizing interrogative. This paper not only fills the research gap in the perception of communicative functions in Mandarin speech among drug addicts but also enhances the understanding of the effects of drugs on speech perception and provides a foundation for the speech rehabilitation of drug addicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puyang Geng
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxue Fan
- Information Security and Social Management Innovation Lab, Shanghai Open University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Ling
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Qimeng Lu
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingwen Chen
- Network Security Team, Public Security Department of Guangxi Province, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hleihil M, Benke D. Restoring GABA B receptor expression in the ventral tegmental area of methamphetamine addicted mice inhibits locomotor sensitization and drug seeking behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1347228. [PMID: 38384279 PMCID: PMC10879384 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1347228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to psychostimulants such as methamphetamine (METH) induces neuronal adaptations in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These changes lead to persistently enhanced neuronal activity causing increased dopamine release and addictive phenotypes. A factor contributing to increased dopaminergic activity in this system appears to be reduced GABAB receptor-mediated neuronal inhibition in the VTA. Dephosphorylation of serine 783 (Ser783) of the GABAB2 subunit by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) appears to trigger the downregulation GABAB receptors in psychostimulant-addicted rodents. Therefore, preventing the interaction of GABAB receptors with PP2A using an interfering peptide is a promising strategy to restore GABAB receptor-mediated neuronal inhibition. We have previously developed an interfering peptide (PP2A-Pep) that inhibits the GABAB receptors/PP2A interaction and thereby restores receptor expression under pathological conditions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that restoration of GABAB receptor expression in the VTA of METH addicted mice reduce addictive phenotypes. We found that the expression of GABAB receptors was significantly reduced in the VTA and nucleus accumbens but not in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of METH-addicted mice. Infusion of PP2A-Pep into the VTA of METH-addicted mice restored GABAB receptor expression in the VTA and inhibited METH-induced locomotor sensitization as assessed in the open field test. Moreover, administration of PP2A-Pep into the VTA also reduced drug seeking behavior in the conditioned place preference test. These observations underscore the importance of VTA GABAB receptors in controlling addictive phenotypes. Furthermore, this study illustrates the value of interfering peptides targeting diseases-related protein-protein interactions as an alternative approach for a potential development of selective therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hleihil
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zolfaghari S, Sarbaz Y, Shafiee‐Kandjani AR. Analysing the behaviour change of brain regions of methamphetamine abusers using electroencephalogram signals: Hope to design a decision support system. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13362. [PMID: 38380772 PMCID: PMC10898830 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Long-term use of methamphetamine (meth) causes cognitive and neuropsychological impairments. Analysing the impact of this substance on the human brain can aid prevention and treatment efforts. In this study, the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of meth abusers in the abstinence period and healthy subjects were recorded during eyes-closed and eyes-opened states to distinguish the brain regions that meth can significantly influence. In addition, a decision support system (DSS) was introduced as a complementary method to recognize substance users accompanied by biochemical tests. According to these goals, the recorded EEG signals were pre-processed and decomposed into frequency bands using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) method. For each frequency band, energy, KS entropy, Higuchi and Katz fractal dimensions of signals were calculated. Then, statistical analysis was applied to select features whose channels contain a p-value less than 0.05. These features between two groups were compared, and the location of channels containing more features was specified as discriminative brain areas. Due to evaluating the performance of features and distinguishing the two groups in each frequency band, features were fed into a k-nearest neighbour (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLP) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifiers. The results indicated that prolonged consumption of meth has a considerable impact on the brain areas responsible for working memory, motor function, attention, visual interpretation, and speech processing. Furthermore, the best classification accuracy, almost 95.8%, was attained in the gamma band during the eyes-closed state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zolfaghari
- Biological System Modeling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Yashar Sarbaz
- Biological System Modeling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Ali Reza Shafiee‐Kandjani
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stewart JL. Aversive Salience in Stimulant Addiction Demands Your Attention! Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:202-203. [PMID: 38143098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu R, Wang D, Fan F, Fu F, Wei D, Tang S, Tian Y, Chen J, Li Y, Zhou H, Wang L, Zhang X. Differences in the prevalence and clinical correlates of depressive symptoms in male patients with methamphetamine and heroin use disorder in a Chinese Han population. Am J Addict 2024; 33:48-57. [PMID: 37644677 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Comorbidity of substance use disorders and depression is a common phenomenon. It is well known that opioid addiction is neurobiologically distinct from psychostimulant addiction. However, direct comparisons of comorbid depressive symptoms in patients with methamphetamine (METH) use disorder (MAUD) and heroin use disorders (HUD) have been lacking until now. METHODS A total of 353 patients with methamphetamine use disorder, 76 patients with HUD, and 203 healthy controls were recruited. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-SF), the Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) and the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF) were used to measure participants' depressive symptoms, drug craving, and childhood abuse or neglect, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 35.41% (125/353) in MAUD and 56.57% (43/76) in MAUD, significantly higher than the 22.66% (46/203) in healthy controls. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the total BDI score between the MAUD and HUD groups (F = 5.02, df = 1, 372, p = .026). Among MAUD, years of education, history of incarceration, month of abstinence and negative reinforcement scores were associated with depressive symptoms (all p < .05). Among HUD, duration of drug use, childhood emotional abuse and sexual abuse were associated with depressive symptoms (all p < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms differ between MAUD and HUD, adding to the existing literature. Therefore, treatment and intervention programs should be designed to address these unique correlates in HUD and MAUD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Fan
- Psychological Health Center, Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Fabing Fu
- Psychological Health Center, Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Dejun Wei
- Psychological Health Center, Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Psychological Health Center, Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ren Z, Mu L, Wang L, Xia L, Song P, Wang Y, Li J, Duan F, Li H, Tang H, Wang W, Zhu L, Zhang L, Song X, Wang Y, Zhao W, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Shao W, Zhang X, Jiao D. Predictive role of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression in the efficacy of intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation modalities for treating methamphetamine use disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 156:209189. [PMID: 37866441 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) can cause impulsive behavior, anxiety, and depression. Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in MUD patients by intermittent theta burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS-rTMS) is effective in reducing cravings, impulsive behavior, anxiety, and depression. The purpose of this study was to explore whether these psychological factors helped to predict MUD patients' responses to iTBS-rTMS treatment. METHODS Fifty MUD patients and sixty healthy subjects matched for general conditions were used as study subjects. The study randomly divided MUD patients into iTBS-rTMS and sham stimulation groups and received 20 sessions of real or sham iTBS-rTMS treatment, and the study collected cue-related evoked craving data before and after treatment. All subjects completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). RESULTS The MUD patients showed significantly higher levels of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression than the healthy subjects. The MUD patients who received the real treatment had significantly lower impulsivity, anxiety, and depression scores, and better treatment effects on cravings than the sham stimulation group. The Spearman rank correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the baseline BIS-11 and the reduction rate (RR) of BIS-11 and RR of SDS were positively correlated with the decrease in cravings in the iTBS-rTMS group. ROC curve analysis showed that RR of SDS (AUC = 91.6 %; 95 % CI = 0.804-1.000) had predictive power to iTBS- rTMS therapeutic efficacy, the cutoff value is 15.102 %. CONCLUSIONS iTBS-rTMS had a good therapeutic effect in MUD patients and the baseline impulsivity, the improved depression and impulsivity were associated with therapeutic effect of iTBS-rTMS. The improved depression had the potential to predict the efficacy of the iTBS-rTMS modality for MUD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Ren
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Linlin Mu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Lijin Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Lingling Xia
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Peipei Song
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Junda Li
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Fan Duan
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Haonan Li
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Huajun Tang
- Compulsory Isolated Drug Rehabilitation Center, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Xun Song
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Yuqiong Zhu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Ze Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Wenyi Shao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Dongliang Jiao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Taylor S, Lavalley CA, Hakimi N, Stewart JL, Ironside M, Zheng H, White E, Guinjoan S, Paulus MP, Smith R. Active learning impairments in substance use disorders when resolving the explore-exploit dilemma: A replication and extension of previous computational modeling results. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 252:110945. [PMID: 37717307 PMCID: PMC10635739 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorders (SUDs) represent a major public health risk. Yet, our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain these disorders remains incomplete. In a recent computational modeling study, we found initial evidence that SUDs are associated with slower learning rates from negative outcomes and less value-sensitive choice (low "action precision"), which could help explain continued substance use despite harmful consequences. METHODS Here we aimed to replicate and extend these results in a pre-registered study with a new sample of 168 individuals with SUDs and 99 healthy comparisons (HCs). We performed the same computational modeling and group comparisons as in our prior report (doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108208) to confirm previously observed effects. After completing all pre-registered replication analyses, we then combined the previous and current datasets (N = 468) to assess whether differences were transdiagnostic or driven by specific disorders. RESULTS Replicating prior results, SUDs showed slower learning rates for negative outcomes in both Bayesian and frequentist analyses (partial η2=.02). Previously observed differences in action precision were not confirmed. Learning rates for positive outcomes were also similar between groups. Logistic regressions including all computational parameters as predictors in the combined datasets could differentiate several specific disorders from HCs, but could not differentiate most disorders from each other. CONCLUSIONS These results provide robust evidence that individuals with SUDs adjust behavior more slowly in the face of negative outcomes than HCs. They also suggest this effect is common across several different SUDs. Future research should examine its neural basis and whether learning rates could represent a new treatment target or moderator of treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Taylor
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | - Navid Hakimi
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Evan White
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Morawetz C, Berboth S, Chirokoff V, Chanraud S, Misdrahi D, Serre F, Auriacombe M, Fatseas M, Swendsen J. Mood Variability, Craving, and Substance Use Disorders: From Intrinsic Brain Network Connectivity to Daily Life Experience. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:940-955. [PMID: 36775712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorders (SUDs) are major contributors to morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, and this global burden is attributable in large part to the chronic nature of these conditions. Increased mood variability might represent a form of emotional dysregulation that may have particular significance for the risk of relapse in SUD, independent of mood severity or diagnostic status. However, the neural biomarkers that underlie mood variability remain poorly understood. METHODS Ecological momentary assessment was used to assess mood variability, craving, and substance use in real time in 54 patients treated for addiction to alcohol, cannabis, or nicotine and 30 healthy control subjects. Such data were jointly examined relative to spectral dynamic causal modeling of effective brain connectivity within 4 networks involved in emotion generation and regulation. RESULTS Differences in effective connectivity were related to daily life variability of emotional states experienced by persons with SUD, and mood variability was associated with craving intensity. Relative to the control participants, effective connectivity was decreased for patients in the prefrontal control networks and increased in the emotion generation networks. Findings revealed that effective connectivity within the patient group was modulated by mood variability. CONCLUSIONS The intrinsic causal dynamics in large-scale neural networks underlying emotion regulation play a predictive role in a patient's susceptibility to experiencing mood variability (and, subsequently, craving) in daily life. The findings represent an important step toward informing interventional research through biomarkers of factors that increase the risk of relapse in persons with SUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Morawetz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Stella Berboth
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentine Chirokoff
- National Centre for Scientific Research UMR 5287 - Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; École pratique des hautes études, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Chanraud
- National Centre for Scientific Research UMR 5287 - Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; École pratique des hautes études, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - David Misdrahi
- National Centre for Scientific Research UMR 5287 - Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fuschia Serre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 6033 - Sleep, Addiction and Neuropsychiatry, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Auriacombe
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 6033 - Sleep, Addiction and Neuropsychiatry, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Melina Fatseas
- National Centre for Scientific Research UMR 5287 - Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joel Swendsen
- National Centre for Scientific Research UMR 5287 - Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; École pratique des hautes études, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Miranda A, Perry W, Umlauf A, Young JW, Morgan EE, Minassian A. A Pilot Assessment of the Effects of HIV and Methamphetamine Dependence on Socially Dysregulated Behavior in the Human Behavioral Pattern Monitor. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:2617-2628. [PMID: 36738342 PMCID: PMC9898694 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-03987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in social cognition are seen in both people living with HIV (PWH) and people with a history of methamphetamine (METH) dependence. Dually affected individuals may experience additive negative effects on social cognition due to these conditions. We evaluated social cognition in 4 diagnostic groups (HIV-/METH-, HIV-/METH+, HIV+/METH-, HIV+/METH+). First, we used traditional social-emotional functioning assessments, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and the Faux Pas Task, to determine any significant effects of METH dependence and HIV on social cognition. Next, we quantified social cognition using the Human Behavioral Pattern Monitor by evaluating social behavior represented by interaction with novel objects. METH dependence significantly affected social-emotional functions and HIV significantly affected on object interactions, however no significant additive effects were observed using these methods. The nuanced relationship between HIV and METH dependence suggests that other factors (i.e., adaptive life skills) likely mediate social cognition-related behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alannah Miranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erin E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence on Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Scott R. Methamphetamine dependence in Australia-why is 'ice' (crystal meth) so addictive? PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2023; 31:671-704. [PMID: 39118784 PMCID: PMC11305059 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2023.2206870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Australia has one of the highest rates in the world of the use of the crystalline form of methamphetamine, a highly addictive stimulant that is often associated with a chronic, relapsing dependency. Methamphetamine use is associated with both acquisitive and violent offending, which cause substantial personal and societal costs. Whilst the short-term euphoria and stimulation provide a positive reinforcement to methamphetamine use, the aversive states of withdrawing from methamphetamine and the associated craving, which may last up to five weeks into abstinence, underlie the negative reinforcement to continued methamphetamine use. Although many methamphetamine-dependent users experience high levels of psychological distress, it is likely that less than half engage with treatment or support services, and current intervention and treatment programmes have high discontinuation rates. Stigma and discrimination, even from paramedics and health clinicians, are prominent barriers to methamphetamine-dependent users accessing treatment in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russ Scott
- West Moreton Prison Mental Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Smith R, Lavalley CA, Taylor S, Stewart JL, Khalsa SS, Berg H, Ironside M, Paulus MP, Aupperle R. Elevated decision uncertainty and reduced avoidance drives in depression, anxiety and substance use disorders during approach-avoidance conflict: a replication study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2023; 48:E217-E231. [PMID: 37339816 PMCID: PMC10281720 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.220226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decision-making under approach-avoidance conflict (AAC; e.g., sacrificing quality of life to avoid feared outcomes) may be affected in multiple psychiatric disorders. Recently, we used a computational (active inference) model to characterize information processing differences during AAC in individuals with depression, anxiety and/or substance use disorders. Individuals with psychiatric disorders exhibited increased decision uncertainty (DU) and reduced sensitivity to unpleasant stimuli. This preregistered study aimed to determine the replicability of this processing dysfunction. METHODS A new sample of participants completed the AAC task. Individual-level computational parameter estimates, reflecting decision uncertainty and sensitivity to unpleasant stimuli ("emotion conflict"; EC), were obtained and compared between groups. Subsequent analyses combining the prior and current samples allowed assessment of narrower disorder categories. RESULTS The sample in the present study included 480 participants: 97 healthy controls, 175 individuals with substance use disorders and 208 individuals with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Individuals with substance use disorders showed higher DU and lower EC values than healthy controls. The EC values were lower in females, but not males, with depression and/or anxiety disorders than in healthy controls. However, the previously observed difference in DU between participants with depression and/or anxiety disorders and healthy controls did not replicate. Analyses of specific disorders in the combined samples indicated that effects were common across different substance use disorders and affective disorders. LIMITATIONS There were differences, although with small effect size, in age and baseline intellectual functioning between the previous and current sample, which may have affected replication of DU differences in participants with depression and/or anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION The now robust evidence base for these clinical group differences motivates specific questions that should be addressed in future research: can DU and EC become behavioural treatment targets, and can we identify neural substrates of DU and EC that could be used to measure severity of dysfunction or as neuromodulatory treatment targets?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Smith
- From the Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla., USA
| | | | - Samuel Taylor
- From the Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla., USA
| | | | - Sahib S Khalsa
- From the Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla., USA
| | - Hannah Berg
- From the Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla., USA
| | - Maria Ironside
- From the Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla., USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- From the Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla., USA
| | - Robin Aupperle
- From the Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Okla., USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Taylor S, Lavalley CA, Hakimi N, Stewart JL, Ironside M, Zheng H, White E, Guinjoan S, Paulus MP, Smith R. Active learning impairments in substance use disorders when resolving the explore-exploit dilemma: A replication and extension of previous computational modeling results. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.03.23288037. [PMID: 37066197 PMCID: PMC10104213 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.23288037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Substance use disorders (SUDs) represent a major public health risk. Yet, our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain these disorders remains incomplete. In a recent computational modeling study, we found initial evidence that SUDs are associated with slower learning rates from negative outcomes and less value-sensitive choice (low "action precision"), which could help explain continued substance use despite harmful consequences. Methods Here we aimed to replicate and extend these results in a pre-registered study with a new sample of 168 individuals with SUDs and 99 healthy comparisons (HCs). We performed the same computational modeling and group comparisons as in our prior report (doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108208) to confirm previously observed effects. After completing all pre-registered replication analyses, we then combined the previous and current datasets (N = 468) to assess whether differences were transdiagnostic or driven by specific disorders. Results Replicating prior results, SUDs showed slower learning rates for negative outcomes in both Bayesian and frequentist analyses (η 2 =.02). Previously observed differences in action precision were not confirmed. Logistic regressions including all computational parameters as predictors in the combined datasets could differentiate several specific disorders from HCs, but could not differentiate most disorders from each other. Conclusions These results provide robust evidence that individuals with SUDs have more difficulty adjusting behavior in the face of negative outcomes than HCs. They also suggest this effect is common across several different SUDs. Future research should examine its neural basis and whether learning rates could represent a new treatment target or moderator of treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Taylor
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | - Navid Hakimi
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Evan White
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen YH, Yang J, Wu H, Beier KT, Sawan M. Challenges and future trends in wearable closed-loop neuromodulation to efficiently treat methamphetamine addiction. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1085036. [PMID: 36911117 PMCID: PMC9995819 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1085036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving abstinence from drugs is a long journey and can be particularly challenging in the case of methamphetamine, which has a higher relapse rate than other drugs. Therefore, real-time monitoring of patients' physiological conditions before and when cravings arise to reduce the chance of relapse might help to improve clinical outcomes. Conventional treatments, such as behavior therapy and peer support, often cannot provide timely intervention, reducing the efficiency of these therapies. To more effectively treat methamphetamine addiction in real-time, we propose an intelligent closed-loop transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) neuromodulation system based on multimodal electroencephalogram-functional near-infrared spectroscopy (EEG-fNIRS) measurements. This review summarizes the essential modules required for a wearable system to treat addiction efficiently. First, the advantages of neuroimaging over conventional techniques such as analysis of sweat, saliva, or urine for addiction detection are discussed. The knowledge to implement wearable, compact, and user-friendly closed-loop systems with EEG and fNIRS are reviewed. The features of EEG and fNIRS signals in patients with methamphetamine use disorder are summarized. EEG biomarkers are categorized into frequency and time domain and topography-related parameters, whereas for fNIRS, hemoglobin concentration variation and functional connectivity of cortices are described. Following this, the applications of two commonly used neuromodulation technologies, transcranial direct current stimulation and TMS, in patients with methamphetamine use disorder are introduced. The challenges of implementing intelligent closed-loop TMS modulation based on multimodal EEG-fNIRS are summarized, followed by a discussion of potential research directions and the promising future of this approach, including potential applications to other substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Chen
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hemmings Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kevin T Beier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li Y, Tian Y, Fan F, Chen J, Fu F, Zhu R, Wei D, Tang S, Zhou H, Wang D, Zhang X. Prevalence, demographics, and clinical correlates of antisocial personality disorder in Chinese methamphetamine patients. Am J Addict 2023; 32:47-53. [PMID: 36403120 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is very common among methamphetamine (MA) patients, but very few studies have been conducted in China. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical correlates of ASPD among Chinese MA patients. METHODS We recruited 627 MA patients and collected demographic and MA use data through one-on-one semi-structured interviews. ASPD was measured by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). The Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) and visual analog scale (VAS) were used to assess drug cravings. RESULTS The prevalence rate of ASPD among MA patients was 27.59% (173/627). Patients with ASPD had greater age at the first onset, duration of MA use, length of abstinence, VAS, DDQ desire and intention, negative reinforcement, and total DDQ scores than patients without ASPD. Stepwise binary logistic regression analysis revealed that age, age at the first onset, length of abstinence, and DDQ-negative reinforcement were independently associated with ASPD in MA patients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the prevalence of ASPD is high among Chinese MA patients. Furthermore, some demographic and clinical variables are associated with ASPD in MA patients. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE We focused our study on the clinical profile of ASPD and the reasons for its high prevalence in Chinese methamphetamine patients. We identified several demographic and clinical variables as correlates of the occurrence of ASPD in methamphetamine patients, which provides evidence for ASPD comorbidity in methamphetamine patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Fan
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fabing Fu
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dejun Wei
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Huixia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Relationship between Depression and Cognitive Inhibition in Men with Heroin or Methamphetamine Use Disorder in First-Time Mandatory Detoxification. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 11:healthcare11010070. [PMID: 36611530 PMCID: PMC9819117 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that males with substance use disorder (SUD) in their first mandatory detoxification experience high rates of depression. It is unknown whether this high depression incidence contributes to impaired inhibition. In this work, two studies were undertaken to examine the role of depression in cognitive inhibition in heroin and methamphetamine withdrawal. We used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the self-control scale (SCS) to explore the relationship between depression and impulse inhibition in patients participating in mandatory drug treatment for the first time (Study 1). The results showed that depression negatively predicted impulse inhibition. The Stroop color-word interference task was used to explore the role of patients' depression in their inhibitory abilities (Study 2). The results showed that the high-depression group had weaker inhibition performances in the Stroop color-word interference task compared to the low-depression group. This study shows that cognitive inhibition is weaker in people with high-depression addiction than in those with low depression. This result suggests that attention should be paid to the role of depressive comorbidity when conducting working memory training treatment for substance addiction.
Collapse
|
24
|
Li J, Jiang W, Zhu R, Fan F, Fu F, Wei D, Tang S, Tian Y, Chen J, Li Y, Zhou H, Wang L, Wang D, Zhang XY. Depression in Chinese men with methamphetamine dependence: Prevalence, correlates and relationship with alexithymia. J Affect Disord 2022; 319:235-243. [PMID: 36162653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The comorbidity between substance use disorder and major depressive disorder is a typical dual diagnosis in the field of substance addiction. However, the prevalence and correlates of depression in methamphetamine addicts and whether it is associated with drug craving and alexithymia have been rarely reported in the Chinese population. METHODS We recruited 585 methamphetamine-dependent males from a drug rehabilitation center in China and 203 healthy controls. Demographic and drug use data were collected. Depression was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N·I.). Methamphetamine cravings and alexithymia were assessed using the Desire for Drugs Questionnaire (DDQ) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS). RESULTS The prevalence rate of depression in methamphetamine-dependent men was 16.58 % (97/585). The scores of DDQ desire and intention, DDQ negative reinforcement, total DDQ, difficulty identifying feelings (DIF), difficulty describing feelings (DDF), and total TAS score of depressed patients were higher than those of non-depressed patients. However, only DDQ negative reinforcement score, DIF, DDF, and total TAS score remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Additionally, logistic regression analysis found that age, DIF score, and DDQ negative reinforcement score were significant factors contributing to depression in methamphetamine-dependent men. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the prevalence of depression is significantly higher in methamphetamine-dependent men than in the healthy Chinese population. Furthermore, age, components of alexithymia and drug craving are risk factors for depression in methamphetamine addicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Fan
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Fabing Fu
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Dejun Wei
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Al-Hakeim HK, Altufaili MF, Almulla AF, Moustafa SR, Maes M. Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Lowered Antioxidant Defenses Predict Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223694. [PMID: 36429122 PMCID: PMC9688750 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND a significant percentage of methamphetamine (MA) dependent patients develop psychosis. The associations between oxidative pathways and MA-induced psychosis (MIP) are not well delineated. OBJECTIVE the aim of this study is to delineate whether acute MA intoxication in MA dependent patients is accompanied by increased nitro-oxidative stress and whether the latter is associated with MIP. METHOD we recruited 30 healthy younger males and 60 acutely intoxicated males with MA dependence and assessed severity of MA use and dependence and psychotic symptoms during intoxication, and serum oxidative toxicity (OSTOX) biomarkers including oxidized high (oxHDL) and low (oxLDL)-density lipoprotein, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO), and antioxidant defenses (ANTIOX) including HDL-cholesterol, zinc, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and catalase-1. RESULTS a large part (50%, n = 30) of patients with MA dependence could be allocated to a cluster characterized by high psychosis ratings including delusions, suspiciousness, conceptual disorganization and difficulties abstract thinking and an increased OSTOX/ANTIOX ratio. Partial Least Squares analysis showed that 29.9% of the variance in MIP severity (a first factor extracted from psychosis, hostility, excitation, mannerism, and formal thought disorder scores) was explained by HDL, TAC and zinc (all inversely) and oxLDL (positively). MA dependence and dosing explained together 44.7% of the variance in the OSTOX/ANTIOX ratio. CONCLUSIONS MA dependence and intoxication are associated with increased oxidative stress and lowered antioxidant defenses, both of which increase risk of MIP during acute intoxication. MA dependence is accompanied by increased atherogenicity due to lowered HDL and increased oxLDL and oxHDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbas F. Almulla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Shatha Rouf Moustafa
- Clinical Analysis Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- School of Medicine, Barwon Health, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maneesang W, Hengpraprom S, Kalayasiri R. Effectiveness of Mindfulness - Based Therapy and Counseling programs (MBTC) on relapses to methamphetamine dependence at a substance dependency treatment center. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114886. [PMID: 36252419 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This non-concurrent controlled intervention study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Mindfulness - Based Therapy and Counseling programs (MBTC) on the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder among 70 individuals (37 females) receiving methamphetamine dependency treatment. Participants were divided into a control group undergoing the usual program and an experimental group using MBTC plus the usual program at a treatment center in Thailand. The study was conducted using the Methamphetamine Craving Questionnaire, urine Color Immunochromatographic Assay and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Stress, depression, and mindfulness were also assessed. MBTC comprised of practicing mindfulness for 90-120 min weekly for eight weeks. Participants were assessed before and after the treatment(s) and at follow-ups visits at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. Mean age (30.3 ± 5.8 years), age of first methamphetamine use (18.2 ± 4.5 years) and other demographics did not differ between groups. At six-month follow-up, the experimental group had significantly lower craving (-7.89, 95%CI = -15.47, -0.32), stress (-7.44, 95%CI = -12.21, -2.67), and depression (-2.95, 95%CI = -5.31, -0.6) and statistically significant higher mindfulness scores (12.86, 95%CI = 9.37, 16.35) than the control group. In addition, methamphetamine relapse in the MBTC group (5/35, 14.3%) was significantly lower than the control group (16/35, 45.7%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjaree Maneesang
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Rd, Wang Mai, Khet Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sarunya Hengpraprom
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Rd, Wang Mai, Khet Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Rasmon Kalayasiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Methamphetamine Induces Systemic Inflammation and Anxiety: The Role of the Gut–Immune–Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911224. [PMID: 36232524 PMCID: PMC9569811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive drug abused by millions of users worldwide, thus becoming a global health concern with limited management options. The inefficiency of existing treatment methods has driven research into understanding the mechanisms underlying METH-induced disorders and finding effective treatments. This study aims to understand the complex interactions of the gastrointestinal–immune–nervous systems following an acute METH dose administration as one of the potential underlying molecular mechanisms concentrating on the impact of METH abuse on gut permeability. Findings showed a decreased expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and EpCAm in intestinal tissue and the presence of FABP-1 in sera of METH treated mice suggests intestinal wall disruption. The increased presence of CD45+ immune cells in the intestinal wall further confirms gut wall inflammation/disruption. In the brain, the expression of inflammatory markers Ccl2, Cxcl1, IL-1β, TMEM119, and the presence of albumin were higher in METH mice compared to shams, suggesting METH-induced blood–brain barrier disruption. In the spleen, cellular and gene changes are also noted. In addition, mice treated with an acute dose of METH showed anxious behavior in dark and light, open field, and elevated maze tests compared to sham controls. The findings on METH-induced inflammation and anxiety may provide opportunities to develop effective treatments for METH addiction in the future.
Collapse
|
28
|
Li X, Zhou Y, Zhang G, Lu Y, Zhou C, Wang H. Behavioral and Brain Reactivity Associated With Drug-Related and Non-Drug-Related Emotional Stimuli in Methamphetamine Addicts. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:894911. [PMID: 35814947 PMCID: PMC9263505 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.894911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMethamphetamine addicts can experience severe emotional processing disorders, with abnormal responses to emotional and drug-related stimuli. These aberrant behaviors are one of the key factors leading to relapse. Nevertheless, the characteristics of addicts’ responses to drug-related stimuli and their responses to emotional stimuli remain controversial.Methods52 methamphetamine addicts from China passively viewed three different categories of images: Drug-related; positive emotional; and negative emotional. In the first task, participants completed a 9-point Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) scale, rating the valence of each image. In the second, they performed a cued-action task while electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded.ResultDrug-related images were rated negatively, with an average rating of 3.57. However, reaction times to drug-related stimuli were significantly faster than for negative stimuli (p = 0.030), and were indistinguishable from positive stimuli (p > 0.99). Similarly, EPN amplitudes evoked by drug-related images were significantly larger than those evoked by negative stimuli (p < 0.001), but no different than positive stimuli (p > 0.99). LPP amplitudes evoked by drug-related stimuli were significantly smaller than those evoked by negative (p < 0.001) and positive stimuli (p = 0.004).ConclusionDespite negative self-assessments of drug-related imagery, MA-addicts reaction times were no slower than positive reactions. Similarly, drug-related and positive imagery EPN amplitudes were indistinguishable. Together, these results suggest increased attentional resources were allocated to the processing of drug-related stimuli and the pathways responsible partially overlap with the those recruited in processing positive emotional imagery in addicts. Moreover, in the late stage of visual processing, MA-addicts showed reduced brain activity in response to drug-related stimuli, suggesting reverse inhibition in response preparation and emotional appraisal. These findings may provide a reference for clinicians treating drug-taking behavior and for the development of new models of rehabilitation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiawen Li
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Center for Mind & Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yingzhi Lu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbiao Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongbiao Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Effects of acute exercise on craving and cortical hemodynamics under drug-cue exposure in MA-dependent individuals. Neurosci Lett 2022; 781:136672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
Dakhili A, Sangchooli A, Jafakesh S, Zare-Bidoky M, Soleimani G, Batouli SAH, Kazemi K, Faghiri A, Oghabian MA, Ekhtiari H. Cue-induced craving and negative emotion disrupt response inhibition in methamphetamine use disorder: Behavioral and fMRI results from a mixed Go/No-Go task. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109353. [PMID: 35249000 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-related cue-reactivity, dysfunctional negative emotion processing, and response-disinhibition constitute three core aspects of methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). These phenomena have been studied independently, but the neuroscientific literature on their interaction in addictive disorders remains scant. METHODS 62 individuals with MUD were scanned when responding to the geometric Go or No-Go cues superimposed over blank, neutral, negative-emotional and drug-related background images. Neural correlates of drug and negative-emotional cue-reactivity, response-inhibition and their interactions were estimated, and methamphetamine cue-reactivity was compared between individuals with MUD and 23 healthy controls. Relationships between behavioral characteristics and observed activations were investigated. RESULTS Individuals with MUD had longer reaction times and more errors in drug and negative-emotional compared to blank blocks, and more omission errors in drug compared to neutral blocks. They showed higher drug cue-reactivity than controls across prefrontal, fusiform, and visual regions (Z > 3.1, p-corrected<0.05). Response-inhibition was associated with precuneal, inferior parietal, anterior cingulate, temporal, and inferior frontal activations (Z > 3.1, p-corrected<0.05). Response-inhibition in drug cue blocks coincided with higher activations in the visual cortex and lower activations in the paracentral lobule and superior and inferior frontal gyri, while inhibition during negative-emotional blocks led to higher superior parietal, fusiform, and lateral occipital activations (Z > 3.1, p-corrected<0.05). CONCLUSION Drug cue-reactivity may impair response inhibition partly through activating dis-inhibitory regions, while temporal and parietal activations associated with response-inhibition in negative blocks suggest compensatory activity. Results suggest that drug and negative-emotional cue-reactivity influence response-inhibition, and the study of these interactions may aid mechanistic understanding of methamphetamine use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Dakhili
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group. (NIAG), Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran; Medical Physics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arshiya Sangchooli
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Jafakesh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Zare-Bidoky
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid-Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Soleimani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Kazemi
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ashkan Faghiri
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Oghabian
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group. (NIAG), Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran; Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen F, Sun J, Chen C, Zhang Y, Zou L, Zhang Z, Chen M, Wu H, Tian W, Liu Y, Xu Y, Luo H, Zhu M, Yu J, Wang Q, Wang K. Quercetin Mitigates Methamphetamine-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior Through Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:829886. [PMID: 35295707 PMCID: PMC8919775 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.829886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) abuse results in neurotoxic outcomes, including increased anxiety and depression. Studies have reported an association between MA exposure and anxiety, nonetheless, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we developed a mouse model of anxiety-like behavior induced by MA administration. RNA-seq was then performed to profile the gene expression patterns of hippocampus (HIPP), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in signaling pathways related to psychiatric disorders and mitochondrial function. Based on these, mitochondria was hypothesized to be involved in MA-induced anxiety. Quercetin, as a mitochondrial protector, was used to investigate whether to be a potential treatment for MA-induced anxiety; accordingly, it alleviated anxiety-like behavior and improved mitochondrial impairment in vivo. Further experiments in vitro suggested that quercetin alleviated the dysfunction and morphological abnormalities of mitochondria induced by MA, via decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and increasing the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ATP production. Moreover, the study examined the effect of quercetin on astrocytes activation and neuroinflammation, and the results indicated that it significantly attenuated the activation of astrocytes and reduced the levels of IL-1β, TNFα but not IL-6. In light of these findings, quantitative evidence is presented in the study supporting the view that MA can evoke anxiety-like behavior via the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction. Quercetin exerted antipsychotic activity through modulation of mitochondrial function and neuroinflammation, suggesting its potential for further therapeutic development in MA-induced anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengrong Chen
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiaxue Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongjin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Center for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Organ Transplant, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zunyue Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongjin Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Weiwei Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Liu
- The School of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huayou Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juehua Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Center for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tianhua College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wallis D, Coatsworth JD, Mennis J, Riggs NR, Zaharakis N, Russell MA, Brown AR, Rayburn S, Radford A, Hale C, Mason MJ. Predicting Self-Medication with Cannabis in Young Adults with Hazardous Cannabis Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031850. [PMID: 35162872 PMCID: PMC8834899 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Using cannabis to reduce psychological and physical distress, referred to as self-medication, is a significant risk factor for cannabis use disorder. To better understand this high-risk behavior, a sample of 290 young adults (ages 18–25; 45.6% female) were recruited from two U.S. universities in January and February of 2020 to complete a survey about their cannabis use and self-medication. Results: seventy-six percent endorsed using cannabis to reduce problems such as anxiety, sleep, depression, pain, loneliness, social discomfort, and concentration. When predicting reasons for self-medication with cannabis, logistic regression models showed that lower CUDIT-R scores, experiencing withdrawal, living in a state where cannabis was illegal, and being female were all associated with higher rates of self-medication. Withdrawal symptoms were tested to predict self-medication with cannabis, and only insomnia and loss of appetite were significant predictors. To further explore why young adults self-medicate, each of the original predictors were regressed on seven specified reasons for self-medication. Young adults experiencing withdrawal were more likely to self-medicate for pain. Participants living where cannabis is legal were less likely to self-medicate for anxiety and depression. Living where cannabis is illegal also significantly predicted self-medicating for social discomfort—though the overall model predicting social discomfort was statistically non-significant. Finally, female participants were more likely to self-medicate for anxiety. These results suggest widespread self-medication among young adults with likely CUD and underscore the complexity of their cannabis use. The findings have implications for understanding why young adults use cannabis in relation to psychological and physical distress and for accurately treating young adults with cannabis use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Wallis
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1618 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (N.Z.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.D.C.); (M.J.M.)
| | - J. Douglas Coatsworth
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1618 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (N.Z.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.D.C.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Jeremy Mennis
- Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Nathaniel R. Riggs
- CSU Prevention Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (N.R.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Nikola Zaharakis
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1618 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (N.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Michael A. Russell
- Biobehavioral Health, Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Aaron R. Brown
- Department of Social Work, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA;
| | - Stephanie Rayburn
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Aubrie Radford
- CSU Prevention Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (N.R.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Christopher Hale
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1618 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (N.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Michael J. Mason
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1618 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (N.Z.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.D.C.); (M.J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bağci B, Düsmez S, Zorlu N, Bahtiyar G, Isikli S, Bayrakci A, Heinz A, Schad DJ, Sebold M. Computational analysis of probabilistic reversal learning deficits in male subjects with alcohol use disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:960238. [PMID: 36339830 PMCID: PMC9626515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.960238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder is characterized by perseverative alcohol use despite negative consequences. This hallmark feature of addiction potentially relates to impairments in behavioral flexibility, which can be measured by probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) paradigms. We here aimed to examine the cognitive mechanisms underlying impaired PRL task performance in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUDP) using computational models of reinforcement learning. METHODS Twenty-eight early abstinent AUDP and 27 healthy controls (HC) performed an extensive PRL paradigm. We compared conventional behavioral variables of choices (perseveration; correct responses) between groups. Moreover, we fitted Bayesian computational models to the task data to compare differences in latent cognitive variables including reward and punishment learning and choice consistency between groups. RESULTS AUDP and HC did not significantly differ with regard to direct perseveration rates after reversals. However, AUDP made overall less correct responses and specifically showed decreased win-stay behavior compared to HC. Interestingly, AUDP showed premature switching after no or little negative feedback but elevated proneness to stay when accumulation of negative feedback would make switching a more optimal option. Computational modeling revealed that AUDP compared to HC showed enhanced learning from punishment, a tendency to learn less from positive feedback and lower choice consistency. CONCLUSION Our data do not support the assumption that AUDP are characterized by increased perseveration behavior. Instead our findings provide evidence that enhanced negative reinforcement and decreased non-drug-related reward learning as well as diminished choice consistency underlie dysfunctional choice behavior in AUDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Başak Bağci
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Selin Düsmez
- Department of Psychiatry, Midyat State Hospital, Mardin, Turkey
| | - Nabi Zorlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Bahtiyar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bingöl State Hospital, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Serhan Isikli
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Adem Bayrakci
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel J Schad
- Department of Psychology, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gu X, Yang B, Gao S, Yan LF, Xu D, Wang W. Prefrontal fNIRS-based clinical data analysis of brain functions in individuals abusing different types of drugs. J Biomed Semantics 2021; 12:21. [PMID: 34823598 PMCID: PMC8620253 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-021-00256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The activation degree of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) functional area in drug abusers is directly related to the craving for drugs and the tolerance to punishment. Currently, among the clinical research on drug rehabilitation, there has been little analysis of the OFC activation in individuals abusing different types of drugs, including heroin, methamphetamine, and mixed drugs. Therefore, it becomes urgently necessary to clinically investigate the abuse of different drugs, so as to explore the effects of different types of drugs on the human brain. Methods Based on prefrontal high-density functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), this research designs an experiment that includes resting and drug addiction induction. Hemoglobin concentrations of 30 drug users (10 on methamphetamine, 10 on heroin, and 10 on mixed drugs) were collected using fNIRS and analyzed by combining algorithm and statistics. Results Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Support vector machine (SVM) and Machine-learning algorithm was implemented to classify different drug abusers. Oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) activations in the OFC of different drug abusers were statistically analyzed, and the differences were confirmed. Innovative findings: in both the Right-OFC and Left-OFC areas, methamphetamine abusers had the highest degree of OFC activation, followed by those abusing mixed drugs, and heroin abusers had the lowest. The same result was obtained when OFC activation was investigated without distinguishing the left and right hemispheres. Conclusions The findings confirmed the significant differences among different drug abusers and the patterns of OFC activations, providing a theoretical basis for personalized clinical treatment of drug rehabilitation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Gu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Banghua Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Shouwei Gao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Lin Feng Yan
- Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ding Xu
- Shanghai Drug Rehabilitation Administration Bureau, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fletcher JB, Reback CJ. Optimizing outpatient treatment outcomes among methamphetamine-using gay and bisexual men through a computerized depression intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 136:108663. [PMID: 34801284 PMCID: PMC8940664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression is a common sequelae of frequent methamphetamine use, and may influence rates of engagement in sexual risk-taking among methamphetamine-using cisgender gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). The study team hypothesized that layering a brief, computerized depression intervention (i.e., MoodGym; based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [CBT] and Interpersonal Therapy) on top of a long-running outpatient methamphetamine treatment program (based on CBT and Contingency Management) for GBMSM could optimize reductions in methamphetamine use and sexual risk-taking among program participants. METHODS This pilot study, which also included analysis of historical data, employed nearest-neighbor matching algorithms to match current pilot study participants (N = 39) to prior participants of an outpatient methamphetamine treatment program (N = 703) and employed treatment effects analyses to determine the observed effects of adding depression intervention content to GBMSM-specific methamphetamine treatment. RESULTS Pilot study participants who received the MoodGym intervention were significantly less likely to submit methamphetamine-metabolite positive urine samples (Adjusted Treatment Effect [ATE] = -0.72; p < 0.01), and evidenced significantly greater reductions in receptive condomless anal intercourse with non-primary partners in the past 30 days (ATE = -1.39; p < 0.05), relative to prior participants of the outpatient methamphetamine treatment program who did not receive depression intervention content. CONCLUSION Preliminary results suggest layering a brief computerized depression intervention onto outpatient methamphetamine treatment for GBMSM may optimize reductions in methamphetamine use and/or sexual risk-taking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathy J Reback
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., United States of America; David Geffen School of Medicine, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gaming to relieve tension or anxiety and associations with health functioning, substance use and physical violence in high school students. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 140:461-467. [PMID: 34147933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gaming is popular among youth and gaming disorders have been introduced recently into psychiatric nomenclature systems. Motivations underlying gaming may include involvement to reduce negative emotional states and thus may link to psychiatric and overall health. Thus, the extent to which adolescents engage in gaming to relieve anxiety warrants additional investigation. Data from 2005 Connecticut high-school students were used to examine how adolescents who reported gaming to relieve tension or anxiety differed from those who reported gaming but not to relieve tension or anxiety on measures of demographics, academic performance, general health, extracurricular activities, dysphoria/depression symptoms, substance use, and aggressive or violent behaviors. Chi-square analyses and binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were conducted. Gaming to relieve anxiety was more prevalent in boys and Hispanic and Asian adolescents and associated with less extracurricular involvement, poorer academic performance, increased cigarette and other drug use, problematic internet use, and depression. Participants with gaming to relieve tension or anxiety were also more likely to report weapon-carrying, missing school because they felt unsafe, having been threatened with a weapon, having engaged in physical fights, and having experienced injuries from fights. As gaming to relieve anxiety was related to mental-health- and functioning-related measures, additional research is needed to examine the precise natures of these relationships and to translate the information into improved intervention strategies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Kosciolek T, Victor TA, Kuplicki R, Rossi M, Estaki M, Ackermann G, Knight R, Paulus MP. Individuals with substance use disorders have a distinct oral microbiome pattern. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 15:100271. [PMID: 34589776 PMCID: PMC8474247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorder emerges from a complex interaction between genetic predisposition, life experiences, exposure, and subsequent adaptation of biological systems to the repeated use of drugs. Recently, investigators have proposed that the human microbiota may play a role in brain health and disease. In particular, the human oral microbiome is a distinct and diverse ecological niche with its composition influenced by external factors such as lifestyle, diet, and oral hygiene. This investigation examined whether individuals with substance use disorder (SU) show a different oral microbiome pattern and whether this pattern is sufficient to delineate the SU group from healthy comparison (HC) subjects. METHODS Participants were a sub-sample (N = 177) of the Tulsa 1000 (T-1000) project. We analyzed 123 SU and 54 HC subjects using 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing to characterize the oral microbiome. RESULTS The groups differed significantly based on the UniFrac distance, a phylogenetic-based measure of beta diversity, but did not differ in alpha diversity. Using a machine learning approach, microbiome features combined with socio-demographic variables successfully categorized group membership with 87%-92% accuracy, even after controlling for external factors such as smoking or alcohol consumption. SU individuals with relatively lower diversity also reported higher levels of negative reinforcement experiences associated with their primary substance of abuse. CONCLUSIONS Oral microbiome features are useful to sufficiently differentiate SU from HC subjects. There is some evidence that subjects whose drug use is driven by negative reinforcement show an impoverished oral microbiome. Taken together, the oral microbiome may help to understand the dysfunctional biological processes that promote substance use or may be pragmatically useful as a risk or severity biological marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kosciolek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Maret Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mehrbod Estaki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gail Ackermann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang B, Gu X, Gao S, Xu D. Classification accuracy and functional difference prediction in different brain regions of drug abuser prefrontal lobe basing on machine-learning. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:5692-5706. [PMID: 34517508 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Taking different types of addictive drugs such as methamphetamine, heroin, and mixed drugs causes brain functional Changes. Based on the prefrontal functional near-infrared spectroscopy, this study was designed with an experimental paradigm that included the induction of resting and drug addiction cravings. Hemoglobin concentrations of 30 drug users (10 on methamphetamine, 10 on heroin, and 10 on mixed type) were collected. For these three types of individuals, the convolutional neural networks (CNN) was designed to classify eight Brodmann areas and the entire prefrontal area, and the average accuracy of the three classifications on each functional area was obtained. As a result, the classification accuracy was lower on the left side than on the right in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of the drug users, while it was higher on the left than on the right in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), frontopolar prefrontal cortex (FPC), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Then the differences in eight functional areas between the three types of individuals were statistically analyzed, and results showed significant differences in the right VLPFC and right OFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banghua Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xuelin Gu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shouwei Gao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ding Xu
- Shanghai Drug Rehabilitation Administration Bureau, Shanghai 200080, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Moustafa AA, Bello A, Maurushat A. The Role of User Behaviour in Improving Cyber Security Management. Front Psychol 2021; 12:561011. [PMID: 34220596 PMCID: PMC8253569 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.561011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Information security has for long time been a field of study in computer science, software engineering, and information communications technology. The term 'information security' has recently been replaced with the more generic term cybersecurity. The goal of this paper is to show that, in addition to computer science studies, behavioural sciences focused on user behaviour can provide key techniques to help increase cyber security and mitigate the impact of attackers' social engineering and cognitive hacking methods (i.e., spreading false information). Accordingly, in this paper, we identify current research on psychological traits and individual differences among computer system users that explain vulnerabilities to cyber security attacks and crimes. Our review shows that computer system users possess different cognitive capabilities which determine their ability to counter information security threats. We identify gaps in the existing research and provide possible psychological methods to help computer system users comply with security policies and thus increase network and information security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Marcs Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abubakar Bello
- School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alana Maurushat
- School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen L, Ru Q, Xiong Q, Zhou M, Yue K, Wu Y. The Role of Chinese Herbal Therapy in Methamphetamine Abuse and its Induced Psychiatric Symptoms. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679905. [PMID: 34040537 PMCID: PMC8143530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated intake of methamphetamine (METH) leads to drug addiction, the inability to control intake, and strong drug cravings. It is also likely to cause psychiatric impairments, such as cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety. Because the specific neurobiological mechanisms involved are complex and have not been fully and systematically elucidated, there is no established pharmacotherapy for METH abuse. Studies have found that a variety of Chinese herbal medicines have significant therapeutic effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms and have the advantage of multitarget comprehensive treatment. We conducted a systematic review, from neurobiological mechanisms to candidate Chinese herbal medicines, hoping to provide new perspectives and ideas for the prevention and treatment of METH abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ru
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Yue
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sauchinone Blocks Ethanol Withdrawal-Induced Anxiety but Spares Locomotor Sensitization: Involvement of Nitric Oxide in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6670212. [PMID: 34035825 PMCID: PMC8116157 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6670212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Both the positive (manifested by locomotor sensitization) and negative (withdrawal symptoms) reinforcing effects of ethanol (EtOH) involve central nitric oxide (NO) signaling. Sauchinone (a bioactive lignan in Saururus chinensis) has been shown to improve methamphetamine-induced behavioral and neurochemical changes via the NO signaling pathway. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of sauchinone on locomotor sensitization and anxiety during EtOH withdrawal (EtOHW). Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 1.5 g/kg/day of EtOH (20%, vol/vol) via intraperitoneal injection for 28 days, followed by a 3-day withdrawal. During withdrawal, the rats were given intragastric sauchinone (2.5, 7.5, or 25 mg/kg/day) once a day. EtOH locomotor sensitization was determined by challenging EtOHW rats with 0.75 g/kg EtOH, while EtOHW-induced anxiety was assessed using the elevated plus maze (EPM). None of the three doses of sauchinone affected EtOH locomotor sensitization. However, in the EPM, treatment of EtOHW rats with sauchinone at 7.5 or 25 mg/kg/day increased both the number of entries into and the time spent in the open arms. Moreover, the two doses of sauchinone inhibited the oversecretion of plasma corticosterone during EtOHW. In the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), EtOHW increased NO production, enhanced gene and protein expression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS), and also elevated protein levels of corticotropin-releasing factor, which were all inhibited by 25 mg/kg/day sauchinone. In an in vitro experiment, sauchinone (3, 10, and 30 μM) inhibited H2O2-stimulated nNOS protein expression in neuronal PC12 cells. Finally, intra-BNST infusion of sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor, after sauchinone (25 mg/kg/day) administration, abolished its expected anxiolytic effect. Taken together, these results indicate that sauchinone attenuates anxiety-like behavior in rats during EtOHW but spares EtOH locomotor sensitization, and the anxiolytic effect is mediated via the NO signaling pathway in the BNST.
Collapse
|
42
|
Stadtler H, Shaw G, Neigh GN. Mini-review: Elucidating the psychological, physical, and sex-based interactions between HIV infection and stress. Neurosci Lett 2021; 747:135698. [PMID: 33540057 PMCID: PMC9258904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress is generally classified as any mental or emotional strain resulting from difficult circumstances, and can manifest in the form of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or other neurocognitive disorders. Neurocognitive disorders such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD are large contributors to disability worldwide, and continue to affect individuals and communities. Although these disorders affect men and women, women are disproportionately represented among those diagnosed with affective disorders, a result of both societal gender roles and physical differences. Furthermore, the incidence of these neurocognitive disorders is augmented among People Living with HIV (PLWH); the physical ramifications of stress increase the likelihood of HIV acquisition, pathogenesis, and treatment, as both stress and HIV infection are characterized by chronic inflammation, which creates a more opportunistic environment for HIV. Although the stress response is facilitated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, when the response involves a psychological component, additional brain regions are engaged. The impact of chronic stress exposure and the origin of individual variation in stress responses and resilience are at least in part attributable to regions outside the primary stress circuity, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between stress and HIV, how these interact with sex, and to understand the physical ramifications of these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stadtler
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gladys Shaw
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu X, Jin X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Ma J. Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on the Psychology and Behavior of Patients on Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Wuhan, China: A Clinical Observational Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:653662. [PMID: 33859585 PMCID: PMC8042146 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.653662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is a national strategy adopted for the treatment of heroin dependency in China. The sudden outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the resultant social isolation in Wuhan have also had a significant negative impact on local patients undertaking MMT. In this study, 76 patients on MMT from the Wuhan First Health Clinic were selected as the research objects to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as the withdrawal symptoms and craving and substance use. Our results revealed that, during the outbreak, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score, HAMA score, HAMD score, and craving in the included patients was significantly higher than that at the baseline and post-epidemic (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively); the positive rate of morphine and methamphetamine urine test was significantly lower than that the post-epidemic (p = 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively); the amount of tobacco used during the outbreak and the post-epidemic period was significantly higher than that at the baseline (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively), while the amount of alcohol consumed at the outbreak was significantly higher than at the baseline and the post-epidemic (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively). The negative emotions aroused by the COVID-19 outbreak and the accompanying social isolation to patients on MMT are an important factor of negative reinforcement that adversely affected the patients' craving for drugs and the consumption of legal substances. This finding suggests the need to strengthen the psychological counseling for patients on MMT during severe epidemic, actively alleviating the negative emotions, reducing the risk of substance abuse, and strengthening drug management after the epidemic to prevent the rise of substance (legal or illegal) abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Liu
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohan Jin
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Nursing, Xinyang Vocation and Technical College, Xinyang, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|