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Liu J, Xu K, Wu T, Yao L, Nguyen TT, Jeste D, Zhang X. Deciphering the 'gut-brain axis' through microbiome diversity. Gen Psychiatr 2023; 36:e101090. [PMID: 37920405 PMCID: PMC10618967 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Incentivised by breakthroughs and data generated by the high-throughput sequencing technology, this paper proposes a distance-based framework to fulfil the emerging needs in elucidating insights from the high-dimensional microbiome data in psychiatric studies. By shifting focus from traditional methods that focus on the observations from each subject to the between-subject attributes that aggregate two or more subjects' entire feature vectors, the described approach revolutionises the conventional prescription for high-dimensional observations via microbiome diversity. To this end, we enrich the classical generalised linear models to articulate the multivariable regression relationship between distance-based variables. We also discuss a robust and computationally feasible semiparametric inference technique. Benefitting from the latest advances in the semiparametric efficiency theory for such attributes, the proposed estimators enjoy robustness and good asymptotic properties that guarantee sensitivity in detecting signals between clinical outcomes and microbiome diversity. It offers a readily implementable and easily interpretable solution for deciphering the gut-brain axis in mental health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tsungchin Wu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lydia Yao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tanya T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, Stein Institute for Research on Aging, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dilip Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, Stein Institute for Research on Aging, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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2
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Jeste DV, Malaspina D, Bagot K, Barch DM, Cole S, Dickerson F, Dilmore A, Ford CL, Karcher NR, Luby J, Rajji T, Pinto-Tomas AA, Young LJ. Review of Major Social Determinants of Health in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Psychotic Disorders: III. Biology. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:867-880. [PMID: 37023360 PMCID: PMC10318888 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are nonmedical factors that significantly impact health and longevity. We found no published reviews on the biology of SDoHs in schizophrenia-spectrum psychotic disorders (SSPD). STUDY DESIGN We present an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and neurobiological processes plausibly involved in the effects of major SDoHs on clinical outcomes in SSPD. STUDY RESULTS This review of the biology of SDoHs focuses on early-life adversities, poverty, social disconnection, discrimination including racism, migration, disadvantaged neighborhoods, and food insecurity. These factors interact with psychological and biological factors to increase the risk and worsen the course and prognosis of schizophrenia. Published studies on the topic are limited by cross-sectional design, variable clinical and biomarker assessments, heterogeneous methods, and a lack of control for confounding variables. Drawing on preclinical and clinical studies, we propose a biological framework to consider the likely pathogenesis. Putative systemic pathophysiological processes include epigenetics, allostatic load, accelerated aging with inflammation (inflammaging), and the microbiome. These processes affect neural structures, brain function, neurochemistry, and neuroplasticity, impacting the development of psychosis, quality of life, cognitive impairment, physical comorbidities, and premature mortality. Our model provides a framework for research that could lead to developing specific strategies for prevention and treatment of the risk factors and biological processes, thereby improving the quality of life and increasing the longevity of people with SSPD. CONCLUSIONS Biology of SDoHs in SSPD is an exciting area of research that points to innovative multidisciplinary team science for improving the course and prognosis of these serious psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (Retired), CA, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kara Bagot
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steve Cole
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Faith Dickerson
- Department of Psychology, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Dilmore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles L Ford
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole R Karcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry (Child), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tarek Rajji
- Adult Neurodevelopment and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrián A Pinto-Tomas
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Larry J Young
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Dickerson F, Dilmore AH, Godoy-Vitorino F, Nguyen TT, Paulus M, Pinto-Tomas AA, Moya-Roman C, Zuniga-Chaves I, Severance EG, Jeste DV. The Microbiome and Mental Health Across the Lifespan. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 61:119-140. [PMID: 35947353 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The combined genetic material of the microorganisms in the human body, known as the microbiome, is being increasingly recognized as a major determinant of human health and disease. Although located predominantly on mucosal surfaces, these microorganisms have profound effects on brain functioning through the gut-brain axis. METHOD The content of the chapter is based on a study group session at the annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP). The objective was to discuss the emerging relationship between the human microbiome and mental health as relevant to ACNP's interests in developing and evaluating novel neuropsychiatric treatment strategies. The focus is on specific brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, substance use, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as on broader clinical issues such as suicidality, loneliness and wisdom in old age, and longevity. RESULTS Studies of schizophrenia indicate that the microbiome of individuals with this disorder differs from that of non-psychiatric comparison groups in terms of diversity and composition. Differences are also found in microbial metabolic pathways. An early study in substance use disorders found that individuals with this disorder have lower levels of beta diversity in their oral microbiome than a comparison group. This measure, along with others, was used to distinguish individuals with substance use disorders from controls. In terms of suicidality, there is preliminary evidence that persons who have made a suicide attempt differ from psychiatric and non-psychiatric comparison groups in measures of beta diversity. Exploratory studies in Alzheimer's disease indicate that gut microbes may contribute to disease pathogenesis by regulating innate immunity and neuroinflammation and thus influencing brain function. In another study looking at the microbiome in older adults, positive associations were found between wisdom and alpha diversity and negative associations with subjective loneliness. In other studies of older adults, here with a focus on longevity, individuals with healthy aging and unusually long lives had an abundance of specific microorganisms which distinguished them from other individuals. DISCUSSION Future studies would benefit from standardizing methods of sample collection, processing, and analysis. There is also a need for the standardized collection of relevant demographic and clinical data, including diet, medications, cigarette smoking, and other potentially confounding factors. While still in its infancy, research to date indicates a role for the microbiome in mental health disorders and conditions. Interventions are available which can modulate the microbiome and lead to clinical improvements. These include microbiome-altering medications as well as probiotic microorganisms capable of modulating the inflammation in the brain through the gut-brain axis. This research holds great promise in terms of developing new methods for the prevention and treatment of a range of human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Dickerson
- Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Amanda Hazel Dilmore
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Tanya T Nguyen
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Ibrahim Zuniga-Chaves
- Department of Bacteriology, Microbial Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily G Severance
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Tibiriçá L, Jester DJ, Jeste DV. A systematic review of loneliness and social isolation among Hispanic/Latinx older adults in the United States. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114568. [PMID: 35643058 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Loneliness and social isolation are growing public health problems in older adults, associated with physical and mental comorbidity and increased mortality. In the United States, Hispanic/Latinx individuals constitute the largest racial/ethnic minority. Studies retrieved from PsycInfo, Embase, and PubMed were examined. The initial search yielded 1476 publications. Using the updated PRISMA Flow guidelines, a total of 17 studies met our review criteria. Eight studies assessed loneliness, six evaluated social isolation, and three investigated both. The reports varied in the details of methodology, preventing meta-analyses. Differences in the experience of loneliness and social isolation between Hispanic/Latinx and White adults are not consistent. Of the three studies of loneliness or social isolation among Hispanic/Latinx groups of different national origins, two reported significant differences. Loneliness was associated with greater overall comorbidity, but two studies found higher risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in Hispanic/Latinx with loneliness. Social isolation was generally associated with worse physical health, being older, male, and unmarried, and having lower education and income, and more smoking, along with frailty and cognitive impairment. We make specific suggestions for future research on loneliness and social isolation in Hispanic/Latinx adults and offer guidelines for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Tibiriçá
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Address: 9500 Gilman Drive 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dylan J Jester
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Address: 9500 Gilman Drive 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Address: 9500 Gilman Drive 0664, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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5
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Thomas ML, Palmer BW, Lee EE, Liu J, Daly R, Tu XM, Jeste DV. Abbreviated San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE-7) and Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index (JTWI). Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:617-626. [PMID: 34857061 PMCID: PMC9844079 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610221002684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wisdom is a personality trait comprising seven components: self-reflection, pro-social behaviors, emotional regulation, acceptance of diverse perspectives, decisiveness, social advising, and spirituality. Wisdom, a potentially modifiable trait, is strongly associated with well-being. We have published a validated 28-item San Diego Wisdom Scale, the SD-WISE-28. Brief scales are necessary for use in large population-based studies and in clinical practice. The present study aimed to create an abbreviated 7-item version of the SD-WISE. METHOD Participants included 2093 people, aged 20-82 years, recruited and surveyed through the online crowdsourcing platform Amazon Mechanical Turk. The participants' mean age was 46 years, with 55% women. Participants completed the SD-WISE-28 as well as validation scales for various positive and negative constructs. Psychometric analyses (factor analysis and item response theory) were used to select one item from each of the seven SD-WISE-28 subscales. RESULTS We selected a combination of items that produced acceptable unidimensional model fit and good reliability (ω = 0.74). Item statistics suggested that all seven items were strong indicators of wisdom, although the association was weakest for spirituality. Analyses indicated that the 28-item and 7-item SD-WISE are both very highly correlated (r = 0.92) and produce a nearly identical pattern of correlations with demographic and validity variables. CONCLUSION The SD-WISE-7, and its derived Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index (JTWI) score, balances reliability and brevity for research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Barton W. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
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6
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Jeste DV. Neurobiology of "Positive Psychiatry". Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:533-535. [PMID: 35265970 PMCID: PMC9077419 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Chuang JY. Stressor-Specific Microbiota Intervention. Front Nutr 2022; 9:870665. [PMID: 35520283 PMCID: PMC9063858 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.870665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, mental disorders are diagnosed and treated by the subjective judgment of psychiatrists based on diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines, respectively. Mental disorders are heterogeneous illnesses with a substantial treatment-refractory rate. Thus, there is a great need for novel treatment approaches. This article proposes a treatment approach centered on the concept of the gut–brain axis. There is mounting evidence indicating an association between stressors, microbiota, microglia, and mental disorders. Stressors might facilitate dysbiosis, inflammation, and the occurrence of mental disorders. This novel treatment approach is based on the idea that stressor types instead of the heterogeneous psychiatric diagnosis might be closer to the neurobiological underpinnings of mental disorders. First of all, patients with treatment-resistant mental disorders will be asked to describe their major stressors. Then, clinicians will calculate the total threat score and the total deprivation score. Subsequently, treatment tailored to the major stressor type will be administered to restore a healthy gut microbiome. Presumably, treatment will be aimed at increasing microbiota diversity in those who mainly have deprivation stressors and boosting Actinobacteria in those who have mainly threat stressors. Large-scale clinical trials are warranted to test this hypothetical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yu Chuang
- Department of Psychiatry, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jie-Yu Chuang
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Liu C, Zhang X, Nguyen TT, Liu J, Wu T, Lee E, Tu XM. Partial least squares regression and principal component analysis: similarity and differences between two popular variable reduction approaches. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100662. [PMID: 35146334 PMCID: PMC8796256 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2021-100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many statistical applications, composite variables are constructed to reduce the number of variables and improve the performances of statistical analyses of these variables, especially when some of the variables are highly correlated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) are generally used for such purposes. If the variables are used as explanatory or independent variables in linear regression analysis, partial least squares (PLS) regression is a better alternative. Unlike PCA and FA, PLS creates composite variables by also taking into account the response, or dependent variable, so that they have higher correlations with the response than composites from their PCA and FA counterparts. In this report, we provide an introduction to this useful approach and illustrate it with data from a real study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Liu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tanya T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, Stein Institute for Research on Aging, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tsungchin Wu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ellen Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Stein Institute for Research on Aging, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Bai J, Zhang W, Choi D, Kim S. Methodology Considerations in Studying Mental Health, Sleep Quality, and Biopsychosocial Determinants Among Chinese and Korean Americans During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Asian Pac Isl Nurs J 2022; 6:e39760. [PMID: 36186662 PMCID: PMC9511004 DOI: 10.2196/39760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asians are one of the fastest-growing racial groups in the United States. The mental health of Asian Americans, particularly regarding depression and anxiety, needs significant attention. Various biopsychosocial factors interact to influence the risks of depression, anxiety, and sleep quality among Asian Americans. Currently, multiple methodological issues exist in the research of Asian Americans, such as limited data collection using Asian languages and inconsistent reporting of race and ethnicity data, which may be lacking entirely. All these methodological issues in research may account for the seemingly low prevalence rates of mental health problems among Asian Americans. In our study on mental health and sleep quality among Chinese and Korean Americans, we adopted multiple data collection strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic, including using culturally adaptive and validated measures as well as operating culture-sensitive procedures in the recruitment and data collection. The successful use of these strategies could promote early detection and personalized treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance among Asian Americans. These strategies would further improve health care service use in this population. International Registered Report Identifier IRRID RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047281.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbing Bai
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing Emory University Atlanta, GA United States
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing Emory University Atlanta, GA United States
| | - Daesung Choi
- Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta, GA United States
| | - Sangmi Kim
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing Emory University Atlanta, GA United States
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Microbes and geriatric mental health: past, present, and future. Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:3-5. [PMID: 33926593 PMCID: PMC8556388 DOI: 10.1017/s104161022100065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Compassion toward others and self-compassion predict mental and physical well-being: a 5-year longitudinal study of 1090 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:397. [PMID: 34282145 PMCID: PMC8287292 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of compassion in promoting health and well-being, with cross-sectional data showing an inverse correlation with loneliness. This is the first longitudinal study examining both compassion toward others (CTO) and compassion toward self (CTS) as predictors of mental and physical health outcomes including loneliness, across adult lifespan. We followed 552 women and 538 men in San Diego County for up to 7.5 (mean 4.8 and SD 2.2) years, using validated rating scales for CTO, CTS, and loneliness. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to examine age- and sex-related trajectories of CTO and CTS over time. Linear regression models were used to evaluate baseline and longitudinal relationships of CTO and CTS with mental well-being, physical well-being, and loneliness. CTS and CTO were weakly intercorrelated. Women had higher baseline CTO than men. While CTO was stable over time and across the lifespan, CTS scores had an inverse U-shaped relationship with age, peaking around age 77. There were significant baseline × slope interactions of both CTO and CTS predicting improvements in physical well-being in adults <60 years old. Increases in CTO and CTS predicted improvements in mental well-being. Higher baseline CTO and CTS as well as increases in CTO and CTS scores predicted lower loneliness scores at follow-up. Thus, CTO and CTS were associated with better mental well-being and loneliness across the adult lifespan, and physical well-being in younger adults, and are promising targets for interventions to improve health outcomes.
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Siddiqui R, Cruz Soares N, Khan NA. Crocodile Gut Microbiome Is a Potential Source of Novel Bioactive Molecules. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1260-1261. [PMID: 34151219 PMCID: PMC8205248 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, it is proposed that the crocodile gut microbiome is a valuable biomaterials resource to counter threats posed by environmental and infectious hazards to the existence of Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College
of Arts and Sciences, American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson Cruz Soares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah
Institute for Medical Research, University
of Sharjah, University
City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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