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Ramanujam H, Palaniyandi K. Tuberculosis in wild animals in India. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2007-2027. [PMID: 38771446 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
India is renowned for its complex megadiverse ecosystems and abundant biodiversity. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) often remains synonymous with Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. The domain of tuberculosis (TB) among wild animals, induced by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms (MTBC), is often underexplored and underreported in India. Within this context, instances of wild animal tuberculosis (wTB) have manifested across both captive and free-roaming animals. The sources contributing to wTB in animals can be human, animal, or environmental factors, thus illuminating the complex transmission pathways. The diagnosis of wTB continues to pose a formidable challenge, a consequence of the expansive taxonomic diversity in both the host and the pathogen. Complications inherent in acquiring samples from wildlife, the absence of standardized diagnostic protocols, limited insights into infection prevalence, and resource constraints compound diagnosis. Amidst these, adopting the comprehensive One Health paradigm surfaces as an imperative, accentuating the interconnectedness bridging human, animal, and environmental health. Recognizing key stakeholders and fostering intersectoral collaboration to provide enhanced diagnostic techniques driven by skilled personnel and advanced infrastructure play pivotal roles in a comprehensive strategy. Additionally, leveraging vaccination efforts contributes to effective control. A national wTB surveillance program is a cornerstone, ensuring an integrated and holistic approach to disease management. Through this review, we delve into the current landscape of wTB in India, unveiling its multifaceted challenges, and further explore the multifarious strategies that the One Health approach proffers in this dynamic endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Ramanujam
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, #1, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Kannan Palaniyandi
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, #1, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chennai, 600031, India.
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2
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Goosen WJ, Moodley S, Ghielmetti G, Moosa Y, Zulu T, Smit T, Kleynhans L, Kerr TJ, Streicher EM, Hanekom WA, Warren RM, Wong EB, Miller MA. Identification and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis DNA in GeneXpert® MTB/RIF ultra-positive, culture-negative sputum from a rural community in South Africa. One Health 2024; 18:100702. [PMID: 38487729 PMCID: PMC10937233 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the presence of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) DNA in archived human sputum samples previously collected from residents who reside adjacent to the M. bovis-endemic Hluhluwe-iMfolozi wildlife park, South Africa (SA). Sixty-eight sputum samples were GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra-positive for M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) DNA but culture negative for M. tuberculosis. Amplification and Sanger sequencing of hsp65 and rpoB genes from DNA extracted from stored heat-inactivated sputum samples confirmed the presence of detectable amounts of MTBC from 20 out of the 68 sputum samples. Region of difference PCR, spoligotyping and gyrB long-read amplicon deep sequencing identified M. bovis (n = 10) and M. tuberculosis (n = 7). Notably, M. bovis spoligotypes SB0130 and SB1474 were identified in 4 samples, with SB0130 previously identified in local cattle and wildlife and SB1474 exclusively in African buffaloes in the adjacent park. M. bovis DNA in sputum, from people living near the park, underscores zoonotic transmission potential in SA. Identification of spoligotypes specifically associated with wildlife only and spoligotypes found in livestock as well as wildlife, highlights the complexity of TB epidemiology at wildlife-livestock-human interfaces. These findings support the need for integrated surveillance and control strategies to curb potential spillover and for the consideration of human M. bovis infection in SA patients with positive Ultra results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynand J. Goosen
- Department of Science and Innovation – National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Sashen Moodley
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Department of Science and Innovation – National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yumna Moosa
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Thando Zulu
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Theresa Smit
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Vukuzazi Team
- Department of Science and Innovation – National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Leanie Kleynhans
- Department of Science and Innovation – National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tanya J. Kerr
- Department of Science and Innovation – National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth M. Streicher
- Department of Science and Innovation – National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robin M. Warren
- Department of Science and Innovation – National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Emily B. Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michele A. Miller
- Department of Science and Innovation – National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
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Liu Q, Yang M, Zhang H, Ma W, Fu X, Li H, Gao S. A colorimetric tandem combination of CRISPR/Cas12a with dual functional hybridization chain reaction for ultra-sensitive detection of Mycobacterium bovis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3220-3230. [PMID: 38717230 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02200e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis poses a global infectious threat to humans and animals. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a sensitive, precise, and easy-to-readout strategy. Here, a novel tandem combination of a CRISPR/Cas12a system with dual HCR (denoted as CRISPR/Cas12a-D-HCR) was constructed for detecting Mycobacterium bovis. Based on the efficient trans-cleavage activity of the active CRISPR/Cas12a system, tandem-dsDNA with PAM sites was established using two flexible hairpins, providing multiple binding sites with CRISPR/Cas12a for further amplification. Furthermore, the activation of Cas12a initiated the second hybridization chain reaction (HCR), which integrated complete G-quadruplex sequences to assemble the hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme. With the addition of H2O2 and ABTS, a colorimetric signal readout strategy was achieved. Consequently, CRISPR/Cas12a-D-HCR achieved a satisfactory detection linear range from 20 aM to 50 fM, and the limit of detection was as low as 2.75 aM with single mismatched recognition capability, demonstrating good discrimination of different bacterial species. Notably, the practical application performance was verified via the standard addition method, with the recovery ranging from 96.0% to 105.2% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging from 0.95% to 6.45%. The proposed CRISPR/Cas12a-D-HCR sensing system served as a promising application for accurate detection in food safety and agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China.
| | - Mei Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China.
| | - He Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China.
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China.
| | - Xin Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China.
| | - Huiqing Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China.
| | - Sainan Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China.
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Vera-Salmoral E, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Gómez-Gascón L, Larenas-Muñoz F, Tarradas C, Gómez-Laguna J, Huerta B. Assessment of the diagnostic performance of intradermal tuberculin test and post-mortem inspection for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis according to WOAH guidelines. Res Vet Sci 2024; 168:105159. [PMID: 38266351 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) constitutes a global challenge for public and animal health with still some deficiencies regarding its diagnosis. This study aimed to estimate the accuracy of the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT) and post-mortem inspection for different diagnostic objectives following WOAH guidelines. Tissue samples from 59 microbiological culture/PCR-positive and 58 microbiological culture/PCR-negative cattle were evaluated. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, the positive and negative probability indices as well as the positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of each technique were estimated for different pretest probabilities. The SIT with strict interpretation demonstrated moderate precision in confirming the absence of infection in populations historically free of bTB, with a 12.1% rate of false positives, but also detecting positive animals in the early stage of the eradication programs, with a 13.6% rate of false negatives. The diagnostic performance for ruling out bTB was notably high (NPV > 90%) in animals with a pre-test probability (PTP) below 42%. Post-mortem inspection constituted an interesting alternative tool to confirm suspected and positive cases for SIT, particularly in areas with bTB prevalence exceeding 19%, where implementing SIT and eradication measures may be impractical. In these areas, the likelihood that animals with tuberculosis-like lesions are affected by the disease surpasses 90%. Similarly, in herds with a PTP below 25%, the absence of bTB could be confidently ruled out with over 90% certainty. These findings highlight the effectiveness of SIT and post-mortem inspection as valuable techniques for current eradication programs and controlling bTB in high-prevalence areas where molecular techniques may not be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vera-Salmoral
- Department of Animal Health, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Department of Animal Health, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tarradas
- Department of Animal Health, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Belén Huerta
- Department of Animal Health, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Cooke DM, Clarke C, Kerr TJ, Warren RM, Witte C, Miller MA, Goosen WJ. Detection of Mycobacterium bovis in nasal swabs from communal goats ( Capra hircus) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1349163. [PMID: 38419629 PMCID: PMC10899470 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1349163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, presents a significant threat to both livestock industries and public health. Mycobacterium bovis tests rely on detecting antigen specific immune responses, which can be influenced by exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria, test technique, and duration and severity of infection. Despite advancements in direct M. bovis detection, mycobacterial culture remains the primary diagnostic standard. Recent efforts have explored culture-independent PCR-based methods for identifying mycobacterial DNA in respiratory samples. This study aimed to detect M. bovis in nasal swabs from goats (Capra hircus) cohabiting with M. bovis-infected cattle in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Nasal swabs were collected from 137 communal goats exposed to M. bovis-positive cattle and 20 goats from a commercial dairy herd without M. bovis history. Swabs were divided into three aliquots for analysis. The first underwent GeneXpert® MTB/RIF Ultra assay (Ultra) screening. DNA from the second underwent mycobacterial genus-specific PCR and Sanger sequencing, while the third underwent mycobacterial culture followed by PCR and sequencing. Deep sequencing identified M. bovis DNA in selected Ultra-positive swabs, confirmed by region-of-difference (RD) PCR. Despite no other evidence of M. bovis infection, viable M. bovis was cultured from three communal goat swabs, confirmed by PCR and sequencing. Deep sequencing of DNA directly from swabs identified M. bovis in the same culture-positive swabs and eight additional communal goats. No M. bovis was found in commercial dairy goats, but various NTM species were detected. This highlights the risk of M. bovis exposure or infection in goats sharing pastures with infected cattle. Rapid Ultra screening shows promise for selecting goats for further M. bovis testing. These techniques may enhance M. bovis detection in paucibacillary samples and serve as valuable research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M. Cooke
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Charlene Clarke
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanya J. Kerr
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robin M. Warren
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carmel Witte
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- The Center for Wildlife Studies, South Freeport, ME, United States
| | - Michele A. Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wynand J. Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Dwyer R, Witte C, Buss P, Warren R, Miller M, Goosen W. Antemortem detection of Mycobacterium bovis in nasal swabs from African rhinoceros. Sci Rep 2024; 14:357. [PMID: 38172248 PMCID: PMC10764836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection has been identified in black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros populations in Kruger National Park, South Africa. However, it is unknown whether M. bovis infected rhinoceros, like humans and cattle, can shed mycobacteria in respiratory secretions. Limited studies have suggested that rhinoceros with subclinical M. bovis infection may present minimal risk for transmission. However, recent advances that have improved detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members in paucibacillary samples warranted further investigation of rhinoceros secretions. In this pilot study, nasal swab samples from 75 rhinoceros with defined infection status based on M. bovis antigen-specific interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) results were analysed by GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra, BACTEC MGIT and TiKa-MGIT culture. Following culture, speciation was done using targeted PCRs followed by Sanger sequencing for mycobacterial species identification, and a region of difference (RD) 4 PCR. Using these techniques, MTBC was detected in secretions from 14/64 IGRA positive rhinoceros, with viable M. bovis having been isolated in 11 cases, but not in any IGRA negative rhinoceros (n = 11). This finding suggests the possibility that MTBC/M. bovis-infected rhinoceros may be a source of infection for other susceptible animals sharing the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dwyer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Carmel Witte
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- The Center for Wildlife Studies, P.O. Box 56, South Freeport, ME, 04078, USA
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Michele Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Wynand Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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Pohlin F, Frei C, Meyer LCR, Roch FF, Quijada NM, Conrady B, Neubauer V, Hofmeyr M, Cooper D, Stalder G, Wetzels SU. Capture and transport of white rhinoceroses ( Ceratotherium simum) cause shifts in their fecal microbiota composition towards dysbiosis. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad089. [PMID: 38026796 PMCID: PMC10673814 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Translocations of Rhinocerotidae are commonly performed for conservation purposes but expose the animals to a variety of stressors (e.g. prolonged fasting, confinement, novel environment, etc.). Stress may change the composition of gut microbiota, which can impact animal health and welfare. White rhinoceroses in particular can develop anorexia, diarrhea and enterocolitis after translocation. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of age, sex and translocation on the rhinoceros' fecal bacterial microbiota composition. fecal samples were collected from rhinoceroses at capture (n = 16) and after a >30-hour road transport (n = 7). DNA was isolated from these samples and submitted for 16S rRNA V3-V4 phylotyping. Alpha diversity indices of the rhinoceros' fecal microbiota composition of different age, sex and before and after transport were compared using non-parametric statistical tests and beta diversity indices using Permutational Multivariate Analysis Of Variance (PERMANOVA). Resulting P-values were alpha-corrected (Padj.). Alpha and beta diversity did not differ between rhinoceroses of different age and sex. However, there was a significant difference in beta diversity between fecal samples collected from adult animals at capture and after transport. The most abundant bacterial phyla in samples collected at capture were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (85.76%), represented by Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Prevotellaceae families. The phyla Proteobacteria (Padj. = 0.009) and Actinobacteria (Padj. = 0.012), amongst others, increased in relative abundance from capture to after transport encompassing potentially pathogenic bacterial families such as Enterobacteriaceae (Padj. = 0.018) and Pseudomonadaceae (Padj. = 0.022). Important commensals such as Spirochaetes (Padj. = 0.009), Fibrobacteres (Padj. = 0.018) and Lachnospiraceae (Padj. = 0.021) decreased in relative abundance. These results indicate that the stressors associated with capture and transport cause an imbalanced fecal microbiota composition in white rhinoceroses that may lead to potentially infectious intestinal disorders. This imbalance may result from recrudescence of normally innocuous pathogens, increased shedding of pathogens or increased vulnerability to new pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Pohlin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Carolin Frei
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Unit for Food Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Unit for Food Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Narciso M Quijada
- Unit for Food Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Parque Científico de Villamayor, Calle Río Duero 12, 37185 Villamayor (Salamanca), Spain
| | - Beate Conrady
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädterstr. 38, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Neubauer
- Unit for Food Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- FFoQSI - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Hofmeyr
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Great Plains Conservation and Rhinos Without Borders, Boseja, Maun, Botswana
- Rhino Recovery Fund/Wildlife Conservation Network and Oak Foundation, 1 Kingsway, London WC2B 6AN, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Cooper
- Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Cascades 3202, South Africa
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie U Wetzels
- Unit for Food Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- FFoQSI - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Tierarztpraxis Brugger, Kitzsteinhornstraße 43, 5700 Zell am See, Austria
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Klever AM, Alexander KA, Almeida D, Anderson MZ, Ball RL, Beamer G, Boggiatto P, Buikstra JE, Chandler B, Claeys TA, Concha AE, Converse PJ, Derbyshire KM, Dobos KM, Dupnik KM, Endsley JJ, Endsley MA, Fennelly K, Franco-Paredes C, Hagge DA, Hall-Stoodley L, Hayes D, Hirschfeld K, Hofman CA, Honda JR, Hull NM, Kramnik I, Lacourciere K, Lahiri R, Lamont EA, Larsen MH, Lemaire T, Lesellier S, Lee NR, Lowry CA, Mahfooz NS, McMichael TM, Merling MR, Miller MA, Nagajyothi JF, Nelson E, Nuermberger EL, Pena MT, Perea C, Podell BK, Pyle CJ, Quinn FD, Rajaram MVS, Mejia OR, Rothoff M, Sago SA, Salvador LCM, Simonson AW, Spencer JS, Sreevatsan S, Subbian S, Sunstrum J, Tobin DM, Vijayan KKV, Wright CTO, Robinson RT. The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria 9 (MHM9): A conference report. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 142:102377. [PMID: 37531864 PMCID: PMC10529179 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria (MHM) meeting series brings together basic scientists, clinicians and veterinarians to promote robust discussion and dissemination of recent advances in our knowledge of numerous mycobacterial diseases, including human and bovine tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection, Hansen's disease (leprosy), Buruli ulcer and Johne's disease. The 9th MHM conference (MHM9) was held in July 2022 at The Ohio State University (OSU) and centered around the theme of "Confounders of Mycobacterial Disease." Confounders can and often do drive the transmission of mycobacterial diseases, as well as impact surveillance and treatment outcomes. Various confounders were presented and discussed at MHM9 including those that originate from the host (comorbidities and coinfections) as well as those arising from the environment (e.g., zoonotic exposures), economic inequality (e.g. healthcare disparities), stigma (a confounder of leprosy and TB for millennia), and historical neglect (a confounder in Native American Nations). This conference report summarizes select talks given at MHM9 highlighting recent research advances, as well as talks regarding the historic and ongoing impact of TB and other infectious diseases on Native American Nations, including those in Southwestern Alaska where the regional TB incidence rate is among the highest in the Western hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Marie Klever
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen A Alexander
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; CARACAL/Chobe Research Institute Kasane, Botswana
| | - Deepak Almeida
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Gillian Beamer
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Paola Boggiatto
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jane E Buikstra
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bruce Chandler
- Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, AK, USA
| | - Tiffany A Claeys
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Aislinn E Concha
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Converse
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith M Derbyshire
- Division of Genetics, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kathryn M Dupnik
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Fennelly
- Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México, USA
| | | | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Courtney A Hofman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer R Honda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Natalie M Hull
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, The Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Aveedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Lacourciere
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Elise A Lamont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Sandrine Lesellier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental & Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife,Nancy, France
| | - Naomi R Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Najmus S Mahfooz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Marlena R Merling
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Michele A Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nelson
- Microbial Paleogenomics Unit, Dept of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria T Pena
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Claudia Perea
- Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Charlie J Pyle
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fred D Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Oscar Rosas Mejia
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | | | - Saydie A Sago
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Liliana C M Salvador
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew W Simonson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - K K Vidya Vijayan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, and Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caelan T O Wright
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, OH, USA.
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Gumbo R, Goosen WJ, Buss PE, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Lyashchenko K, Warren RM, van Helden PD, Miller MA, Kerr TJ. "Spotting" Mycobacterium bovis infection in leopards ( Panthera pardus) - novel application of diagnostic tools. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216262. [PMID: 37727792 PMCID: PMC10505734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the causative agent of animal tuberculosis (TB) which poses a threat to many of South Africa's most iconic wildlife species, including leopards (Panthera pardus). Due to limited tests for wildlife, the development of accurate ante-mortem tests for TB diagnosis in African big cat populations is urgently required. The aim of this study was to evaluate currently available immunological assays for their ability to detect M. bovis infection in leopards. Methods Leopard whole blood (n=19) was stimulated using the QuantiFERON Gold Plus In-Tube System (QFT) to evaluate cytokine gene expression and protein production, along with serological assays. The GeneXpert® MTB/RIF Ultra (GXU®) qPCR assay, mycobacterial culture, and speciation by genomic regions of difference PCR, was used to confirm M. bovis infection in leopards. Results Mycobacterium bovis infection was confirmed in six leopards and individuals that were tuberculin skin test (TST) negative were used for comparison. The GXU® assay was positive using all available tissue homogenates (n=5) from M. bovis culture positive animals. Mycobacterium bovis culture-confirmed leopards had greater antigen-specific responses, in the QFT interferon gamma release assay, CXCL9 and CXCL10 gene expression assays, compared to TST-negative individuals. One M. bovis culture-confirmed leopard had detectable antibodies using the DPP® Vet TB assay. Conclusion Preliminary results demonstrated that immunoassays and TST may be potential tools to identify M. bovis-infected leopards. The GXU® assay provided rapid direct detection of infected leopards. Further studies should aim to improve TB diagnosis in wild felids, which will facilitate disease surveillance and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachiel Gumbo
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wynand J. Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter E. Buss
- South African National Parks, Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Skukuza State Veterinary Office, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Skukuza, South Africa
| | | | - Robin M. Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul D. van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele A. Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tanya J. Kerr
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Davey S. Challenges to the control of Mycobacterium bovis in livestock and wildlife populations in the South African context. Ir Vet J 2023; 76:14. [PMID: 37491403 PMCID: PMC10369683 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-023-00246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was first diagnosed in cattle in South Africa in 1880 and proclaimed a controlled disease in 1911. Testing of cattle for bTB is voluntary and only outbreaks of disease are reported to the National Department of Agriculture so the prevalence of the disease in cattle is largely unknown. There is a Bovine Tuberculosis Scheme which is aimed at the control of bTB in cattle but the same measures of test and slaughter, and the quarantining of the property apply to wildlife as well. bTB was first diagnosed in wildlife in a greater kudu in the Eastern Cape in 1928 and has to date been found in 24 mammalian wildlife species. The African buffalo has become a maintenance host of the disease, which is considered endemic in the Kruger National Park, the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park and the Madikwe Game Park. Control of bTB at the wildlife-livestock interface is difficult because of spill-over and spill-back between species. Only buffalo are required by law to be tested before translocation, but bTB has been introduced to the Madikwe Game Park probably by the translocation of other infected wildlife species. There is no national control strategy for the control of bTB in wildlife. Indirect tests have been developed to test for bTB in eight species, 6 of which can be considered endangered. More research needs to be done to develop an effective and efficient vaccine to combat the transmission of bTB within and between species. New policies need to be developed that are effective, affordable and encompassing to control the spread of bTB in South Africa.
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11
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Rossi G, Shih BBJ, Egbe NF, Motta P, Duchatel F, Kelly RF, Ndip L, Sander M, Tanya VN, Lycett SJ, Bronsvoort BM, Muwonge A. Unraveling the epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis using whole-genome sequencing combined with environmental and demographic data. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1086001. [PMID: 37266384 PMCID: PMC10230100 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1086001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
When studying the dynamics of a pathogen in a host population, one crucial question is whether it transitioned from an epidemic (i.e., the pathogen population and the number of infected hosts are increasing) to an endemic stable state (i.e., the pathogen population reached an equilibrium). For slow-growing and slow-evolving clonal pathogens such as Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine (or animal) and zoonotic tuberculosis, it can be challenging to discriminate between these two states. This is a result of the combination of suboptimal detection tests so that the actual extent of the pathogen prevalence is often unknown, as well as of the low genetic diversity, which can hide the temporal signal provided by the accumulation of mutations in the bacterial DNA. In recent years, the increased availability, efficiency, and reliability of genomic reading techniques, such as whole-genome sequencing (WGS), have significantly increased the amount of information we can use to study infectious diseases, and therefore, it has improved the precision of epidemiological inferences for pathogens such as M. bovis. In this study, we use WGS to gain insights into the epidemiology of M. bovis in Cameroon, a developing country where the pathogen has been reported for decades. A total of 91 high-quality sequences were obtained from tissue samples collected in four abattoirs, 64 of which were with complete metadata. We combined these with environmental, demographic, ecological, and cattle movement data to generate inferences using phylodynamic models. Our findings suggest M. bovis in Cameroon is slowly expanding its epidemiological range over time; therefore, endemic stability is unlikely. This suggests that animal movement plays an important role in transmission. The simultaneous prevalence of M. bovis in co-located cattle and humans highlights the risk of such transmission being zoonotic. Therefore, using genomic tools as part of surveillance would vastly improve our understanding of disease ecology and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Rossi
- The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh – Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Centre of Expertise on Animal Diseases Outbreaks, EPIC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Bo-Ju Shih
- The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh – Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nkongho Franklyn Egbe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Motta
- The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Florian Duchatel
- The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh – Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Francis Kelly
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Samantha J. Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh – Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Centre of Expertise on Animal Diseases Outbreaks, EPIC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barend Mark Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh – Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Centre of Expertise on Animal Diseases Outbreaks, EPIC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh – Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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12
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Cooke DM, Goosen WJ, Burgess T, Witte C, Miller MA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detection in rural goat herds in South Africa using Bayesian latent class analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 257:110559. [PMID: 36739737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis affects a wide range of domestic and wild animal species, including goats (Capra hircus). In South Africa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) testing and surveillance in domestic goats is not widely applied, potentially leading to under recognition of goats as a potential source of M. bovis spread to cattle as well as humans and wildlife. The aim of this study was to estimate diagnostic test performance for four assays and determine whether M. bovis infection was present in goats sharing communal pastures with M. bovis positive cattle in the Umkhanyakude district of Northern Zululand, KwaZulu Natal. In 2019, 137 M. bovis-exposed goats were screened for MTBC infection with four diagnostic tests: the in vivo single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (SICCT), in vitro QuantiFERON®-TB Gold (QFT) bovine interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), QFT bovine interferon gamma induced protein 10 (IP-10) release assay (IPRA), and nasal swabs tested with the Cepheid GeneXpert® MTB/RIF Ultra (GXU) assay for detection of MTBC DNA. A Bayesian latent class analysis was used to estimate MTBC prevalence and diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity. Among the 137 M. bovis-exposed goats, positive test results were identified in 15/136 (11.0%) goats by the SICCT; 4/128 (3.1%) goats by the IPRA; 2/128 (1.6%) goats by the IGRA; and 26/134 (19.4%) nasal swabs by the GXU. True prevalence was estimated by our model to be 1.1%, suggesting that goats in these communal herds are infected with MTBC at a low level. Estimated posterior means across the four evaluated assays ranged from 62.7% to 80.9% for diagnostic sensitivity and from 82.9% to 97.9% for diagnostic specificity, albeit estimates of the former (diagnostic sensitivity) were dependent on model assumptions. The application of a Bayesian latent class analysis and multiple ante-mortem test results may improve detection of MTBC, especially when prevalence is low. Our results provide a foundation for further investigation to confirm infection in communal goat herds and identify previously unrecognized sources of intra- and inter-species transmission of MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Cooke
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research 8000, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research 8000, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Tristan Burgess
- Center for Wildlife Studies, P.O. Box 56 South Freeport, ME 04078, USA.
| | - Carmel Witte
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research 8000, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Center for Wildlife Studies, P.O. Box 56 South Freeport, ME 04078, USA.
| | - Michele A Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research 8000, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
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13
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Kasir D, Osman N, Awik A, El Ratel I, Rafei R, Al Kassaa I, El Safadi D, Salma R, El Omari K, Cummings KJ, Kassem II, Osman M. Zoonotic Tuberculosis: A Neglected Disease in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Diseases 2023; 11:diseases11010039. [PMID: 36975589 PMCID: PMC10047434 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the etiologic agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), a serious infectious disease in both humans and animals. BTB is a zoonotic disease primarily affecting cattle and occasionally humans infected through close contact with infected hosts or the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Zoonotic tuberculosis is strongly associated with poverty and poor hygiene, and low- and middle-income countries bear the brunt of the disease. BTB has been increasingly recognized as a growing public health threat in developing countries. However, the lack of effective surveillance programs in many of these countries poses a barrier to accurately determining the true burden of this disease. Additionally, the control of BTB is threatened by the emergence of drug-resistant strains that affect the effectiveness of current treatment regimens. Here, we analyzed current trends in the epidemiology of the disease as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of M. bovis in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, a region that includes several developing countries. Following PRISMA guidelines, a total of 90 studies conducted in the MENA region were selected. Our findings revealed that the prevalence of BTB among humans and cattle varied significantly according to the population size and country in the MENA region. Most of the available studies were based on culture and/or PCR strategies and were published without including data on antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing. Our findings highlighted the paramount need for the use of appropriate diagnostic tools and the implementation of sustainable control measures, especially at the human/animal interface, in the MENA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Kasir
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Tripoli & North Lebanon, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Nour Osman
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1100, Lebanon
| | - Aicha Awik
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Imane El Ratel
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Imad Al Kassaa
- Fonterra Research and Development Center, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Dima El Safadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Rayane Salma
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Tripoli & North Lebanon, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Tripoli & North Lebanon, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Kevin J. Cummings
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Issmat I. Kassem
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Marwan Osman
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-607-262-4219
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14
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Gonzalo X, Yrah S, Broda A, Laurenson I, Claxton P, Kostrzewa M, Drobniewski F, Larrouy-Maumus G. Performance of lipid fingerprint by routine matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:387.e1-387.e6. [PMID: 36270589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rapid detection of bacterial pathogens at species and sub-species levels is crucial for appropriate treatment, infection control, and public health management. Currently, one of the challenges in clinical microbiology is the discrimination of mycobacterial sub-species within the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Our objective was to evaluate the ability of a biosafe mycobacterial lipid-based approach to identify MTBC cultures and sub-species. METHODS A blinded study was conducted using 90 mycobacterial clinical isolate strains comprising MTBC strains sub-cultured in Middlebrook 7H11 medium supplemented with 10% oleic-acid, dextrose, catalase growth supplement and incubated for up to 6 weeks at 37°C and using the following seven reference strains (M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M canettii, M. africanum, M. pinnipedii, M. caprae, M. bovis, and M. bovis BCG) grown under the same conditions, to set the reference lipid database and test it against the 90 MTBC clinical isolates. Cultured mycobacteria were heat-inactivated and loaded onto the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization target followed by the addition of the matrix. Acquisition of the data was performed using the positive ion mode. RESULTS Based on the identification of clear and defined lipid signatures from the seven reference strains, the method that we developed was fast (<10 minutes) and produced interpretable profiles for all but four isolates, caused by poor ionization giving an n = 86 with interpretable spectra. The sensitivity and specificity of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight were 94.4 (95% CI, 86.4-98.5) and 94.4 (95% CI, 72.7-99.9), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Mycobacterial lipid profiling provides a means of rapid, safe, and accurate discrimination of species within the MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Gonzalo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shih Yrah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Broda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Laurenson
- Scottish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Claxton
- Scottish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francis Drobniewski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald Larrouy-Maumus
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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High-Specificity Test Algorithm for Bovine Tuberculosis Diagnosis in African Buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) Herds. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121393. [PMID: 36558727 PMCID: PMC9784303 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ante-mortem bovine tuberculosis (bTB) tests for buffaloes include the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 release assay (IPRA). Although parallel test interpretation increases the detection of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis)-infected buffaloes, these algorithms may not be suitable for screening buffaloes in historically bTB-free herds. In this study, the specificities of three assays were determined using M. bovis-unexposed herds, historically negative, and a high-specificity diagnostic algorithm was developed. Serial test interpretation (positive on both) using the IGRA and IPRA showed significantly greater specificity (98.3%) than individual (90.4% and 80.9%, respectively) tests or parallel testing (73%). When the SCITT was added, the algorithm had 100% specificity. Since the cytokine assays had imperfect specificity, potential cross-reactivity with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) was investigated. No association was found between NTM presence (in oronasal swab cultures) and positive cytokine assay results. As a proof-of-principle, serial testing was applied to buffaloes (n = 153) in a historically bTB-free herd. Buffaloes positive on a single test (n = 28) were regarded as test-negative. Four buffaloes were positive on IGRA and IPRA, and M. bovis infection was confirmed by culture. These results demonstrate the value of using IGRA and IPRA in series to screen buffalo herds with no previous history of M. bovis infection.
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16
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Sridhara AA, Johnathan-Lee A, Elahi R, Lambotte P, Esfandiari J, Boschiroli ML, Kerr TJ, Miller MA, Holder T, Jones G, Vordermeier HM, Marpe BN, Thacker TC, Palmer MV, Waters WR, Lyashchenko KP. Differential detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to chimeric antigens in bovine tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 253:110499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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17
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Cooke DM, Goosen WJ, Witte C, Miller MA. Field evaluation of the tuberculin skin test for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in communal goats (Capra hircus) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 252:110486. [PMID: 36116328 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In South Africa, animal tuberculosis (TB) control programs predominantly focus on domestic cattle and African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) despite increasing global reports of tuberculosis in goats (Capra hircus). Left undetected, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infected goats may hinder TB eradication efforts in cattle and increase zoonotic risk to humans. Since the publication of animal TB testing guidelines in 2018, prescribing the use of the tuberculin skin test (TST) for goats in South Africa by the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform, and Rural Development (DALRRD), there have been no published reports of any field application of the prescribed test criteria in goat herds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of these DALRRD guidelines using the single intradermal cervical tuberculin test (SICT) and the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (SICCT). Between October and December 2020, 495 goats from communal pastures of Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN), where M. bovis infection has been identified in cattle and where cattle and goats cohabitate, were tested using the SICT and SICCT (M. bovis-exposed group). Additionally, 277 goats from a commercial Saanen dairy herd, with no history of M. bovis, were also tested (M. bovis-unexposed group). Estimated apparent prevalence of TST positive goats was determined based on published test interpretation criteria as described by DALRRD. When proportions of test-positive goats were compared between different DALRRD criteria, the ≥ 4 mm cut-off criterion for the SICCT resulted in the lowest proportion of positive results in the presumably uninfected group (1/277 positive in the unexposed group). The apparent prevalence of TB in the exposed group was estimated at 3.0% (95% CI: 1.7-4.9%), which is similar to previous reports of M. bovis prevalence in cattle from this area (6%). The detection of a significantly greater proportion of SICCT positive goats in the M. bovis-exposed group compared to the unexposed group suggests that MTBC infection is present in this population. Further investigations should be undertaken, in conjunction with confirmatory molecular tests, mycobacterial culture, and advanced pathogen sequencing to establish whether MTBC infection in domestic goats is a true under-recognized threat to the eradication of animal TB in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Cooke
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South Africa.
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South Africa.
| | - Carmel Witte
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South Africa; Conservation Science Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Michele A Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South Africa.
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Gumbo R, Sylvester TT, Parsons SDC, Buss PE, Warren RM, van Helden PD, Miller MA, Kerr TJ. Comparison of interferon gamma release assay and CXCL9 gene expression assay for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in African lions (Panthera leo). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:989209. [PMID: 36189358 PMCID: PMC9523132 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.989209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection has been identified in both domestic and wild animals and may threaten the conservation of vulnerable species including African lions (Panthera leo). There is a need to develop accurate ante-mortem tools for detection of M. bovis infection in African big cat populations for wildlife management and disease surveillance. The aim of this study was to compare the performances of two immunological assays, the QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus (QFT) Mabtech Cat interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and QFT CXCL9 gene expression assay (GEA), which have both shown diagnostic potential for M. bovis detection in African lions. Lion whole blood (n=47), stimulated using the QFT platform, was used for measuring antigen-specific CXCL9 expression and IFN-γ production and to assign M. bovis infection status. A subset (n=12) of mycobacterial culture-confirmed M. bovis infected and uninfected African lions was used to compare the agreement between the immunological diagnostic assays. There was no statistical difference between the proportions of test positive African lions tested by the QFT Mabtech Cat IGRA compared to the QFT CXCL9 GEA. There was also a moderate association between immunological diagnostic assays when numerical results were compared. The majority of lions had the same diagnostic outcome using the paired assays. Although the QFT Mabtech Cat IGRA provides a more standardized, commercially available, and cost-effective test compared to QFT CXCL9 GEA, using both assays to categorize M. bovis infection status in lions will increase confidence in results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachiel Gumbo
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Tashnica T. Sylvester
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Sven D. C. Parsons
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Afrivet Business Management, Newmark Estate Office Park, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter E. Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Robin M. Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Paul D. van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Michele A. Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Michele A. Miller,
| | - Tanya J. Kerr
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Ncube P, Bagheri B, Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Sampson SL. Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1845. [PMID: 36144447 PMCID: PMC9503773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host-pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host-pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Samantha Leigh Sampson
- DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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20
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Adaptation and Diagnostic Potential of a Commercial Cat Interferon Gamma Release Assay for the Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in African Lions (Panthera leo). Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070765. [PMID: 35890010 PMCID: PMC9317741 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection in wildlife, including lions (Panthera leo), has implications for individual and population health. Tools for the detection of infected lions are needed for diagnosis and disease surveillance. This study aimed to evaluate the Mabtech Cat interferon gamma (IFN-γ) ELISABasic kit for detection of native lion IFN-γ in whole blood samples stimulated using the QuantiFERON® TB Gold Plus (QFT) platform as a potential diagnostic assay. The ELISA was able to detect lion IFN-γ in mitogen-stimulated samples, with good parallelism, linearity, and a working range of 15.6–500 pg/mL. Minimal matrix interference was observed in the recovery of domestic cat rIFN-γ in lion plasma. Both intra- and inter-assay reproducibility had a coefficient of variation less than 10%, while the limit of detection and quantification were 7.8 pg/mL and 31.2 pg/mL, respectively. The diagnostic performance of the QFT Mabtech Cat interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) was determined using mycobacterial antigen-stimulated samples from M. bovis culture-confirmed infected (n = 8) and uninfected (n = 4) lions. A lion-specific cut-off value (33 pg/mL) was calculated, and the sensitivity and specificity were determined to be 87.5% and 100%, respectively. Although additional samples should be tested, the QFT Mabtech Cat IGRA could identify M. bovis-infected African lions.
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21
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Lack of Exposure to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Chilean Cervids, and Evidence of a New Mycobacterium-Like Sequence. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:680-684. [PMID: 35512300 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Screening of serum and fecal samples from huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) and pudu (Pudu puda) from southern Chile for Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) found all but four samples Mycobacterium-negative. The positive sequences showed only 92-93% similarity with MAP and were from remote Isla Riesco populations.
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22
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Conserving rhinoceros in the face of disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206438119. [PMID: 35714286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206438119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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23
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Goosen WJ, Clarke C, Kleynhans L, Kerr TJ, Buss P, Miller MA. Culture-Independent PCR Detection and Differentiation of Mycobacteria spp. in Antemortem Respiratory Samples from African Elephants ( Loxodonta Africana) and Rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium Simum, Diceros Bicornis) in South Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:709. [PMID: 35745564 PMCID: PMC9230505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since certain Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, such as M. bovis, are endemic in specific South African wildlife reserves and zoos, cases of clinically important nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in wildlife may be neglected. Additionally, due to the inability of tests to differentiate between the host responses to MTBC and NTM, the diagnosis of MTBC may be confounded by the presence of NTMs. This may hinder control efforts. These constraints highlight the need for enhanced rapid detection and differentiation methods for MTBC and NTM, especially in high MTBC burden areas. We evaluated the use of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra, the Hain CMdirect V1.0 line probe assay, and novel amplicon sequencing PCRs targeting the mycobacterial rpoB and ku gene targets, directly on antemortem African elephant (n = 26) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (n = 22) and trunk washes (n = 21) and rhinoceros (n = 23) BALF (n = 23), with known MTBC culture-positive and NTM culture-positive results. Our findings suggest that the Ultra is the most sensitive diagnostic test for MTBC DNA detection directly in raw antemortem respiratory specimens and that the rpoB PCR is ideal for Mycobacterium genus DNA detection and species identification through amplicon sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynand J. Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Charlene Clarke
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Tanya J. Kerr
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, Skukuza 1350, South Africa;
| | - Michele A. Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
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Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in free-ranging rhinoceros in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120656119. [PMID: 35666877 PMCID: PMC9214499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120656119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
African rhinoceros survival is threatened by poaching, habitat loss, and climate effects. The presence of Mycobacterium bovis in wild populations creates an additional potential threat to health and conservation programs. This study reports a large survey of M. bovis infection in free-ranging rhinoceros. Our findings confirm a widespread, high infection burden in the rhinoceros population of Kruger National Park, South Africa and identify risk factors for infection. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the spread of bovine tuberculosis in complex ecosystems. This study reflects the complexity of investigating a multihost pathogen in a previously naïve system. It provides an opportunity to increase awareness of the global impact that tuberculosis can have on animal populations, food security, and conservation. Mycobacterium bovis infection, which is a prominent cause of bovine tuberculosis, has been confirmed by mycobacterial culture in African rhinoceros species in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. In this population-based study of the epidemiology of M. bovis in 437 African rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis, Ceratotherium simum), we report an estimated prevalence of 15.4% (95% CI: 10.4 to 21.0%), based on results from mycobacterial culture and an antigen-specific interferon gamma release assay from animals sampled between 2016 and 2020. A significant spatial cluster of cases was detected near the southwestern park border, although infection was widely distributed. Multivariable logistic regression models, including demographic and spatiotemporal variables, showed a significant, increasing probability of M. bovis infection in white rhinoceros based on increased numbers of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) herds in the vicinity of the rhinoceros sampling location. Since African buffaloes are important maintenance hosts for M. bovis in KNP, spillover of infection from these hosts to white rhinoceros sharing the environment is suspected. There was also a significantly higher proportion of M. bovis infection in black rhinoceros in the early years of the study (2016–2018) than in 2019 and 2020, which coincided with periods of intense drought, although other temporal factors could be implicated. Species of rhinoceros, age, and sex were not identified as risk factors for M. bovis infection. These study findings provide a foundation for further epidemiological investigation of M. bovis, a multihost pathogen, in a complex ecosystem that includes susceptible species that are threatened and endangered.
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Sridhara AA, Johnathan-Lee A, Elahi R, Sikar-Gang A, Lambotte P, Esfandiari J, de Juan L, Gortazar C, Marpe BN, Thacker TC, Palmer MV, Waters WR, Lyashchenko KP. Potential for improved detection of bovine tuberculosis by targeting combined blood biomarkers in multi-test algorithms. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 248:110419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Qin X, Wang B, Li X, Ding Y, Yang X, Zhou Y, Xu W, Xu M, Gu C. Toluidine blue-assisted synthesis of functionalized M (M=Cu, Co, Zn)-metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical immunoassay of proteins. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Clarke C, Cooper DV, Miller MA, Goosen WJ. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA in oronasal swabs from infected African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). Sci Rep 2022; 12:1834. [PMID: 35115633 PMCID: PMC8813999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), is the causative agent of bovine TB (bTB) in animals. Spread occurs through inhalation or ingestion of bacilli transmitted from infected individuals. Early and accurate detection of infected African buffaloes shedding M. bovis is essential for interrupting transmission. In this pilot study, we determined if MTBC DNA could be detected in M. bovis infected buffalo oronasal secretions using a molecular transport media (PrimeStore MTM) with oronasal swabs and a rapid qPCR assay (Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra). Bovine TB test-positive buffaloes were culled, then tissue samples and oronasal swabs collected post-mortem for mycobacterial culture and Ultra testing, respectively. The Ultra detected MTBC DNA in 5/12 swabs from M. bovis culture-confirmed buffaloes. Oronasal swabs from M. bovis negative buffaloes (n = 20) were negative on Ultra, indicating the high specificity of this test. This study showed that MTM can successfully preserve MTBC DNA in oronasal swabs. The proportion of MTBC positive oronasal swabs was higher than expected and suggests that the Ultra may be an additional method for identifying infected buffaloes. Further studies are needed to confirm the utility of the Ultra assay with oronasal swabs as an assay to evaluate possible MTBC shedding in buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Clarke
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - David V Cooper
- Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba, 3935, South Africa
| | - Michele A Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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CYTOKINE-RELEASE ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS INFECTION IN CHEETAH ( ACINONYX JUBATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1113-1122. [PMID: 34998280 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of species-specific assays for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, such as bovine tuberculosis, poses a threat to the management of wildlife populations, especially for vulnerable species such as cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). The aim of this study was to identify and develop a cell-mediated immunological cytokine-release assay that could distinguish between Mycobacterium bovis-infected and uninfected cheetahs using commercially available feline cytokine ELISA and domestic cat (Felis catus) recombinant proteins. Antibodies against domestic cat cytokines, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), were screened for cross-reactivity with plasma cytokines from cheetah whole blood stimulated using QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus (QFT) tubes. Evidence of cytokine production in response to QFT mitogen stimulation was observed in all four ELISA assays. However only the Mabtech Cat IFN-γ ELISABasic kit could distinguish between M. bovis-infected (n = 1) and uninfected (n = 1) cheetahs and was therefore selected for further evaluation. A preliminary cheetah specific cutoff value (11 pg/ml) for detecting M. bovis infection using the Mabtech Cat IFN-γ release assay was calculated using a M. bovis uninfected cheetah cohort. Although this study only included one confirmed M. bovis culture-positive and one M. bovis culture-negative cheetah, the Mabtech Cat IFN-γ release assay demonstrated its potential for diagnostic application in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Shah
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarad Paudel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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