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Buendia‐Roldan I, Martínez‐Espinosa K, Aguirre M, Aguilar‐Duran H, Palma‐Lopez A, Palacios Y, Ruiz A, Ramón‐Luing LA, Ocaña‐Guzmán R, Pérez‐Rubio G, Falfán‐Valencia R, Selman M, Chavez‐Galan L. Persistence of lung structural and functional alterations at one year post-COVID-19 is associated with increased serum PD-L2 levels and altered CD4/CD8 ratio. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1305. [PMID: 39031504 PMCID: PMC11259001 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent respiratory symptoms and lung abnormalities post-COVID-19 are public health problems. This study evaluated biomarkers to stratify high-risk patients to the development or persistence of post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease. METHODS One hundred eighteen patients discharged with residual lung abnormalities compatible with interstitial lung disease (COVID-ILD patients) after a severe COVID-19 were followed for 1 year (post-COVID-ILD patients). Physical examination, pulmonary function tests, and chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were performed. Soluble forms (s) of PD-L1, PD-L2, TIM-3, and GAL-9 were evaluated in serum and cell culture supernatant, as well as T-cells subsets and the transmembrane expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on the cell surface. RESULTS Eighty percent of the post-COVID-ILD patients normalized their lung function at 1-year follow-up, 8% presented COVID-independent ILD, and 12% still showed functional and HRCT alterations. PD-L2 levels were heterogeneous during acute COVID-19 (aCOVID); patients who increased (at least 30%) their sPD-L2 levels at 1 year post-COVID-19 and exhibited altered CD4/CD8 ratio showed persistence of chest tomographic and functional alterations. By contrast, patients who decreased sPD-L2 displayed a complete lung recovery. sPD-L1, sTIM-3, and sGAL-9 increased significantly during aCOVID and decreased in all patients after 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION Increased sPD-L2 and an altered CD4/CD8 ratio after 12 months of aCOVID are associated with the persistence of lung lesions, suggesting that they may contribute to lung damage post-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Buendia‐Roldan
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Maria‐Jose Aguirre
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | - Hiram Aguilar‐Duran
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | - Alexia Palma‐Lopez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | - Yadira Palacios
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | - Andy Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | - Lucero A. Ramón‐Luing
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | - Ranferi Ocaña‐Guzmán
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | - Gloria Pérez‐Rubio
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Moisés Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
| | - Leslie Chavez‐Galan
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío VillegasMexico CityMexico
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Portacci A, Iorillo I, Maselli L, Amendolara M, Quaranta VN, Dragonieri S, Carpagnano GE. The Role of Galectins in Asthma Pathophysiology: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4271-4285. [PMID: 38785528 PMCID: PMC11119966 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a group of β-galactoside-binding proteins with several roles in immune response, cellular adhesion, and inflammation development. Current evidence suggest that these proteins could play a crucial role in many respiratory diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, and respiratory infections. From this standpoint, an increasing body of evidence have recognized galectins as potential biomarkers involved in several aspects of asthma pathophysiology. Among them, galectin-3 (Gal-3), galectin-9 (Gal-9), and galectin-10 (Gal-10) are the most extensively studied in human and animal asthma models. These galectins can affect T helper 2 (Th2) and non-Th2 inflammation, mucus production, airway responsiveness, and bronchial remodeling. Nevertheless, while higher Gal-3 and Gal-9 concentrations are associated with a stronger degree of Th-2 phlogosis, Gal-10, which forms Charcot-Leyden Crystals (CLCs), correlates with sputum eosinophilic count, interleukin-5 (IL-5) production, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) secretion. Finally, several galectins have shown potential in clinical response monitoring after inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and biologic therapies, confirming their potential role as reliable biomarkers in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Portacci
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (I.I.); (L.M.); (M.A.); (S.D.); (G.E.C.)
| | - Ilaria Iorillo
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (I.I.); (L.M.); (M.A.); (S.D.); (G.E.C.)
| | - Leonardo Maselli
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (I.I.); (L.M.); (M.A.); (S.D.); (G.E.C.)
| | - Monica Amendolara
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (I.I.); (L.M.); (M.A.); (S.D.); (G.E.C.)
| | | | - Silvano Dragonieri
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (I.I.); (L.M.); (M.A.); (S.D.); (G.E.C.)
| | - Giovanna Elisiana Carpagnano
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (I.I.); (L.M.); (M.A.); (S.D.); (G.E.C.)
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Shete A, Ghate M, Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Patil S, Shidhaye P, Bai G, Matsuba T, Pharande P, Mahajan B, Randive A, Mukherjee A, Hattori T. Dynamics of Matricellular Protein Levels in Blood Predict Recovery in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection. Viruses 2024; 16:664. [PMID: 38793546 PMCID: PMC11126111 DOI: 10.3390/v16050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation in tuberculosis (TB) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (HIV/TB) modifies their clinical course. We prospectively measured osteopontin (OPN), full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9), and total-Gal9 (T-Gal9) levels in 32 patients with HIV/TB coinfection treated with anti-tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapies over 6-18 months to determine the amelioration of inflammatory conditions in response to the therapies. We observed a significant time-dependent decrease in FL-Gal9 in both pulmonary TB (PTB, n = 20) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB, n = 12) patients. The levels of T-Gal9, OPN, and CRP decreased significantly after treatment in only PTB patients. We calculated the inflammatory score (INS) indicating immunologic recovery based on the decline in OPN, FL-Gal9, T-Gal9, and CRP levels. Baseline levels of T-Gal9 and OPN positively correlated with INS in all TB and only PTB patients, respectively, indicating that their levels predict better recovery. In contrast, FL-Gal9 levels at the second visit negatively correlated with INS in EPTB patients. The decrease rate in OPN levels at the second visit also correlated positively with INS in PTB patients. Women showed a higher INS and lower levels of FL-Gal9 than men. The patients with moderate grade severity on chest X-ray had higher CD4 cell numbers than those with limited grade severity. Monitoring these markers will help to predict and assess the response to therapy as well as to devise strategies to reduce the complications caused by chronic immune activation in patients with HIV/TB coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Manisha Ghate
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-0018, Japan;
| | - Sandip Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Pallavi Shidhaye
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Gaowa Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China;
| | - Takashi Matsuba
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University of Medical Sciences, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan;
| | - Pratiksha Pharande
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Bharati Mahajan
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Aarti Randive
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-0018, Japan;
- Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka City 420-0881, Japan
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Chagan-Yasutan H, He N, Arlud S, Fang J, Hattori T. The elevation of plasma galectin-9 levels in patients with psoriasis and its associations with inflammatory and immune checkpoint molecules in skin tissues. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110741. [PMID: 38092632 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder that mainly affects the skin, with an estimated global prevalence of 2-3%. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin capable of promoting or suppressing the progression of infectious and immune-mediated diseases. Here, we determined if the expression of Gal-9 is observed in psoriasis. Gal-9 levels were measured in plasma of psoriasis (n = 62) and healthy control (HC) (n = 31) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, skin samples from seven patients were screened for RNA transcriptomes and the expression of Gal-9 was compared with inflammatory, immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) and Foxp3. The plasma Gal-9 levels in patients with psoriasis were significantly higher (841 pg/mL) than in HCs (617 pg/mL) (P < 0.0001) and were associated with white blood cell numbers, eosinophils (%) and alanine transaminase. The levels of inflammatory molecules IL-36B, IL-17RA, IL-6R, IL-10, IRF8, TGFb1, and IL-37, and those of ICMs of Tim-3, CTLA-4, CD86, CD80, PD-1LG2, CLEC4G, and Foxp3 were significantly correlated with Gal-9 (LGALS9) in skin. However, HMGB1, CD44, CEACAM1 and PDL1-known to be associated with a variety of Gal-9 biological functions were not correlated with LGALS9. Thus, it is likely that Gal-9 expression affects the disease state of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Medicine Hospital, Hohhot 010065, China; Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama 716-8508, Japan.
| | - Nagongbilige He
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Medicine Hospital, Hohhot 010065, China; The Inner Mongolia Institute of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot 010010, China.
| | - Sarnai Arlud
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Medicine Hospital, Hohhot 010065, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Medicine Hospital, Hohhot 010065, China; The Inner Mongolia Institute of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama 716-8508, Japan; Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, 4-27-2 Kita Ando Aoi-ku, Shizuoka City 420-0881, Japan.
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5
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Karamese M, Gumus A, Atalay E, Tutuncu EE. Assessment of the levels of some prognostic biomolecules (galectins, ACE2, SCUBE1/2/3) in COVID-19 patients. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:1329-1337. [PMID: 37910069 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our aim was to investigate the differences between healthy people and COVID-19 patients in terms of some immunological biomolecules, especially including those related to the inflammation process. Materials & methods: A total of 180 participants (90 healthy controls and 90 COVID-19 patients) were included. The expression levels of eight different inflammation-related biomolecules were measured by the ELISA technique. Results: The mean levels of ACE2, ANG1-7, GAL3, GAL9, SCUBE1, SCUBE2 and SCUBE3 were elevated in COVID-19 patients when compared with healthy controls, while the mean level of GAL2 was lower in COVID-19 patients than controls. Conclusion: To understand the cytokine storm mechanism and related parameters, more detailed studies should be performed investigating more related biomolecules and related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karamese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kafkas University, Faculty of Medicine, Kars, 36100, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Gumus
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kafkas University, Faculty of Medicine, Kars, 36100, Turkey
| | - Eray Atalay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kafkas University, Faculty of Medicine, Kars, 36100, Turkey
| | - Emin E Tutuncu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
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Meira C, Silva J, Quadros H, Silva L, Barreto B, Rocha V, Bomfim L, Santos E, Soares M. Galectins in Protozoan Parasitic Diseases: Potential Applications in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Cells 2023; 12:2671. [PMID: 38067100 PMCID: PMC10705098 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitute a group of diseases that generally develop in tropical or subtropical climatic conditions and are related to poverty. Within the spectrum of NTDs, diseases caused by protozoa such as malaria, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis exhibit elevated mortality rates, thereby constituting a substantial public health concern. Beyond their protozoan etiology, these NTDs share other similarities, such as the challenge of control and the lack of affordable, safe, and effective drugs. In view of the above, the need to explore novel diagnostic predictors and therapeutic targets for the treatment of these parasitic diseases is evident. In this context, galectins are attractive because they are a set of lectins bound to β-galactosides that play key roles in a variety of cellular processes, including host-parasite interaction such as adhesion and entry of parasites into the host cells, and participate in antiparasitic immunity in either a stimulatory or inhibitory manner, especially the galectins-1, -2, -3, and -9. These functions bestow upon galectins significant therapeutic prospects in the context of managing and diagnosing NTDs. Thus, the present review aims to elucidate the potential role of galectins in the diagnosis and treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Meira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Jaqueline Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Helenita Quadros
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Laís Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Breno Barreto
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Larissa Bomfim
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Emanuelle Santos
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Milena Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
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Bojarska-Junak A, Kowalska W, Chocholska S, Szymańska A, Tomczak W, Zarobkiewicz MK, Roliński J. Prognostic Potential of Galectin-9 mRNA Expression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5370. [PMID: 38001630 PMCID: PMC10670166 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9), very poorly characterized in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), was chosen in our study to examine its potential role as a CLL biomarker. The relation of Gal-9 expression in malignant B-cells and other routinely measured CLL markers, as well as its clinical relevance are poorly understood. Gal-9 mRNA expression was quantified with RT-qPCR in purified CD19+ B-cells of 100 CLL patients and analyzed in the context of existing clinical data. Our results revealed the upregulation of Gal-9 mRNA in CLL cells. High Gal-9 mRNA expression was closely associated with unfavorable prognostic markers. In addition, Gal-9 expression in leukemic cells was significantly elevated in CLL patients who did not respond to the first-line therapy compared to those who did respond. This suggests its potential predictive value. Importantly, Gal-9 was an independent predictor for the time to treatment parameters. Thus, we can suggest an adverse role of Gal-9 expression in CLL. Interestingly, it is possible that Gal-9 expression is induced in B-cells by EBV infection, so we determined the patients' EBV status. Our suggestion is that EBV coinfection could worsen prognosis in CLL, partly due to Gal-9 expression upregulation caused by EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bojarska-Junak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Wioleta Kowalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Sylwia Chocholska
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (S.C.); (W.T.)
| | - Agata Szymańska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Waldemar Tomczak
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (S.C.); (W.T.)
| | - Michał Konrad Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
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Berentschot JC, Drexhage HA, Aynekulu Mersha DG, Wijkhuijs AJM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Koopmans MPG, Voermans JJC, Hendriks RW, Nagtzaam NMA, de Bie M, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Bek LM, Ribbers GM, van den Berg-Emons RJG, Aerts JGJV, Dik WA, Hellemons ME. Immunological profiling in long COVID: overall low grade inflammation and T-lymphocyte senescence and increased monocyte activation correlating with increasing fatigue severity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254899. [PMID: 37881427 PMCID: PMC10597688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection develop long COVID with fatigue as one of the most disabling symptoms. We performed clinical and immune profiling of fatigued and non-fatigued long COVID patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Methods Long COVID symptoms were assessed using patient-reported outcome measures, including the fatigue assessment scale (FAS, scores ≥22 denote fatigue), and followed up to one year after hospital discharge. We assessed inflammation-related genes in circulating monocytes, serum levels of inflammation-regulating cytokines, and leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets, including major monocyte subsets and senescent T-lymphocytes, at 3-6 months post-discharge. Results We included 37 fatigued and 36 non-fatigued long COVID patients and 42 HCs. Fatigued long COVID patients represented a more severe clinical profile than non-fatigued patients, with many concurrent symptoms (median 9 [IQR 5.0-10.0] vs 3 [1.0-5.0] symptoms, p<0.001), and signs of cognitive failure (41%) and depression (>24%). Immune abnormalities that were found in the entire group of long COVID patients were low grade inflammation (increased inflammatory gene expression in monocytes, increased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines) and signs of T-lymphocyte senescence (increased exhausted CD8+ TEMRA-lymphocytes). Immune profiles did not significantly differ between fatigued and non-fatigued long COVID groups. However, the severity of fatigue (total FAS score) significantly correlated with increases of intermediate and non-classical monocytes, upregulated gene levels of CCL2, CCL7, and SERPINB2 in monocytes, increases in serum Galectin-9, and higher CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts. Conclusion Long COVID with fatigue is associated with many concurrent and persistent symptoms lasting up to one year after hospitalization. Increased fatigue severity associated with stronger signs of monocyte activation in long COVID patients and potentially point in the direction of monocyte-endothelial interaction. These abnormalities were present against a background of immune abnormalities common to the entire group of long COVID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Berentschot
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda J. C. Voermans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi W. Hendriks
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. A. Nagtzaam
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maaike de Bie
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Majanka H. Heijenbrok-Kal
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Rijndam Rehabilitation, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - L. Martine Bek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerard M. Ribbers
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Rijndam Rehabilitation, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Joachim G. J. V. Aerts
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Dik
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merel E. Hellemons
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Du L, Bouzidi MS, Gala A, Deiter F, Billaud JN, Yeung ST, Dabral P, Jin J, Simmons G, Dossani ZY, Niki T, Ndhlovu LC, Greenland JR, Pillai SK. Human galectin-9 potently enhances SARS-CoV-2 replication and inflammation in airway epithelial cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad030. [PMID: 37127426 PMCID: PMC10668544 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused a global economic and health crisis. Recently, plasma levels of galectin-9 (Gal-9), a β-galactoside-binding lectin involved in immune regulation and viral immunopathogenesis, were reported to be elevated in the setting of severe COVID-19 disease. However, the impact of Gal-9 on SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunopathology remained to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that Gal-9 treatment potently enhances SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells (AECs), including immortalized AECs and primary AECs cultured at the air-liquid interface. Gal-9-glycan interactions promote SARS-CoV-2 attachment and entry into AECs in an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-dependent manner, enhancing the binding of the viral spike protein to ACE2. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that Gal-9 and SARS-CoV-2 infection synergistically induced the expression of key pro-inflammatory programs in AECs, including the IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, EIF2, and TNFα signaling pathways. Our findings suggest that manipulation of Gal-9 should be explored as a therapeutic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0134, USA
| | - Mohamed S Bouzidi
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0134, USA
| | - Akshay Gala
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0134, USA
| | - Fred Deiter
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0410, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Yeung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Prerna Dabral
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0134, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0134, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0134, USA
| | - Zain Y Dossani
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0134, USA
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Kagawa University, Kagawa 760-0016, Japan
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - John R Greenland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0410, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0134, USA
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10
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Shete A, Wagh V, Sawant J, Shidhaye P, Sane S, Rao A, Kulkarni S, Ghate M. Antiretroviral Treatment-Induced Galectin-9 Might Impact HIV Viremia in Addition to Contributing to Inflammaging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12273. [PMID: 37569647 PMCID: PMC10418429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-9 induces HIV reactivation and also contributes to non-AIDS events through inflammaging. Hence, it is important to assess its levels in HIV-infected individuals to determine their association with HIV viremia and other comorbidities. METHODS Plasma galectin-9 levels were estimated in viremic (n = 152) and aviremic (n = 395) individuals on first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). They were assessed for correlation with HIV-1 viral load (VL), CD4 count, and ART duration, as well as for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULT Plasma galectin-9 levels correlated positively with VL (r = 0.507, p < 0.0001) and ART duration (r = 0.308, p = 0.002) and negatively with CD4 count (r = -0.186, p < 0.0001). Area under the curve for galectin-9/CD4 count ratio for identifying viremic individuals was 0.906. Sensitivity and specificity of the ratio at a cutoff of 14.47 were 90.13% and 70.05%, respectively, for detecting viremic individuals. Further, galectin-9 levels correlated with cystatin C (r = 0.239, p = 0.0183), IL-18 (r = 0.311, p = 0.006), and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.220, p = 0.0355). Galectin-9-induced HIV reactivation was significantly lower in individuals on long-term ART than those on short-term ART. CONCLUSION The galectin-9-to-CD4 count ratio indicated the potential of galectin-9 as a cheaper monitoring tool to detect HIV viremia. Strategies for countering the effects of galectin-9 for controlling HIV viremia and non-AIDS events are urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India; (V.W.); (J.S.); (P.S.); (A.R.); (S.K.); (M.G.)
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11
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Pełech A, Ruszała M, Niebrzydowska-Tatus M, Bień K, Kimber-Trojnar Ż, Czuba M, Świstowska M, Leszczyńska-Gorzelak B. Do Serum Galectin-9 Levels in Women with Gestational Diabetes and Healthy Ones Differ before or after Delivery? A Pilot Study. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040697. [PMID: 37189444 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disease that occurs during pregnancy, with the placenta playing an important role in its pathophysiology. Currently, the role of galectin-9 in the development of GDM is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare galectin-9 concentrations in healthy pregnant women and those with GDM. Galectin-9 levels were assessed in serum samples taken both just before and after delivery, as well as in urine samples collected in the postpartum period. Maternal body composition and hydration status were evaluated using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. There were no statistically significant differences in the concentration of galectin-9 in women with GDM compared to healthy pregnant women in their serum samples taken just before delivery, nor in their serum and urine samples collected in the early postpartum period. However, serum galectin-9 concentrations taken before delivery were positively correlated with BMI and parameters related to the amount of adipose tissue assessed in the early postpartum period. Additionally, there was a correlation between serum galectin-9 concentrations taken before and after delivery. Galectin-9 is unlikely to become a diagnostic marker for GDM. However, this subject requires further clinical research in larger groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pełech
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Ruszała
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Bień
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Żaneta Kimber-Trojnar
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Czuba
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Świstowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
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12
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Plasma N-Cleaved Galectin-9 Is a Surrogate Marker for Determining the Severity of COVID-19 and Monitoring the Therapeutic Effects of Tocilizumab. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043591. [PMID: 36835000 PMCID: PMC9964849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is known to contribute to antiviral responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Increased circulating Gal-9 in COVID-19 is associated with COVID-19 severity. In a while, the linker-peptide of Gal-9 is susceptible to proteolysis that can cause the change or loss of Gal-9 activity. Here, we measured plasma levels of N-cleaved-Gal9, which is Gal9 carbohydrate-recognition domain at the N-terminus (NCRD) with attached truncated linker peptide that differs in length depending on the type of proteases, in COVID-19. We also investigated the time course of plasma N-cleaved-Gal9 levels in severe COVID-19 treated with tocilizumab (TCZ). As a result, we observed an increase in plasma N-cleaved-Gal9 levels in COVID-19 and its higher levels in COVID-19 with pneumonia compared to the mild cases (healthy: 326.1 pg/mL, mild: 698.0 pg/mL, and with pneumonia: 1570 pg/mL). N-cleaved-Gal9 levels were associated with lymphocyte counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), D-dimer, and ferritin levels, and ratio of percutaneous oxygen saturation to fraction of inspiratory oxygen (S/F ratio) in COVID-19 with pneumonia and discriminated different severity groups with high accuracy (area under the curve (AUC): 0.9076). Both N-cleaved-Gal9 and sIL-2R levels were associated with plasma matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 levels in COVID-19 with pneumonia. Furthermore, a decrease in N-cleaved-Gal9 levels was associated with a decrease of sIL-2R levels during TCZ treatment. N-cleaved-Gal9 levels showed a moderate accuracy (AUC: 0.8438) for discriminating the period before TCZ from the recovery phase. These data illustrate that plasma N-cleaved-Gal9 is a potential surrogate marker for assessing COVID-19 severity and the therapeutic effects of TCZ.
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13
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Bailly C. Contribution of the TIM-3/Gal-9 immune checkpoint to tropical parasitic diseases. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106792. [PMID: 36509129 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical parasitic diseases (NTD) are prevalent in many countries and cost-effective treatments remain urgently needed. Novel approaches have been proposed to address these diseases through an action on immune co-inhibitory checkpoints which are exploited by parasites to evade the immune system. Among these checkpoints, TIM-3 has been shown to play a key role in antiparasitic immunity via a repression and functional attenuation of CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cells. The present review discusses the role of the TIM-3/galectin-9 checkpoint in seven major NTD: Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and malaria (3 trypanosomatid infections), schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, echinococcosis and filariasis (4 helminth infections). In each case, the role of the checkpoint has been analyzed and the use of anti-TIM-3 antibodies evaluated as a potential therapeutic approach. In general, the parasitic infection is coupled with an upregulation of TIM-3 expressed on T cells, but not necessarily with an exhaustion of those T cells. In several cases, the use of anti-TIM-3 antibodies represent a possible strategy to reinforce the clearance and to reduce the parasite load. Promising data have been reported in cases of leishmaniasis, malaria and schistosomiasis, whereas a similar approach proved much less efficient (if not deleterious) in cases of echinococcosis and the Chagas disease. Nevertheless, the TIM-3 checkpoint warrants further consideration as a potential immune target to combat these pathologies, using antibodies or drugs capable of reducing directly or indirectly the expression and function of the checkpoint, to restore an immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Lille (Wasquehal), 59290, France; University of Lille, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006, Lille, France.
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14
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Kruk L, Braun A, Cosset E, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Galectin functions in cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1052959. [PMID: 36873388 PMCID: PMC9981828 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1052959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that regulate many cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence indicates that galectins influence many steps of cancer development by inducing the recruitment of immune cells to the inflammatory sites and modulating the effector function of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Recent studies described that different isoforms of galectins can induce platelet adhesion, aggregation, and granule release through the interaction with platelet-specific glycoproteins and integrins. Patients with cancer and/or deep-venous thrombosis have increased levels of galectins in the vasculature, suggesting that these proteins could be important contributors to cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of galectins in inflammatory and thrombotic events, influencing tumor progression and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of anti-cancer therapies targeting galectins in the pathological context of cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Cosset
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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15
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Kim ST, Muñoz-Grajales C, Dunn SE, Schneider R, Johnson SR, Touma Z, Ahmad Z, Bonilla D, Atenafu EG, Hiraki LT, Bookman A, Wither J. Interferon and interferon-induced cytokines as markers of impending clinical progression in ANA + individuals without a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease diagnosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:21. [PMID: 36765391 PMCID: PMC9912609 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-02997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of interferons (IFNs) are a characteristic feature of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) and may be useful in predicting impending symptomatic progression in anti-nuclear antibody-positive (ANA+) individuals lacking a SARD diagnosis. Typically, these are measured by their effect on gene expression in the blood, which has limited their utility in clinical settings. Here, we assessed whether the measurement of serum IFN-α or selected IFN-induced cytokines accurately mirrors IFN-induced gene expression in ANA+ individuals and investigated their utility as biomarkers of clinical progression. METHODS A total of 280 subjects were studied, including 50 ANA- healthy controls, 160 ANA+ individuals without a SARD diagnosis (96 asymptomatic, 64 with undifferentiated connective tissue disease), and 70 SARD patients. IFN-induced gene expression was measured by nanoString and cytokine levels by ELISA or Simoa. ANA+ individuals lacking a SARD diagnosis who had the new onset of SARD criteria over the subsequent 2 years were defined as progressors. RESULTS Measurement of IFN-α levels by high-sensitivity ELISA or Simoa correlated much better with IFN-induced gene expression than measurement of CXCL-10 or Galectin-9 levels. Despite this, high CXCL-10 and Galectin-9 levels were better predictors of subsequent progression in ANA+ individuals than measures of IFN-α or IFN-induced gene expression with the optimal combination of predictive cytokines (CXCL-10 and IFN-α as measured by ELISA), resulting in a specificity and positive predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSION Easily performed ELISA assays for CXCL-10 and IFN-α can be used to predict ANA+ individuals at high risk of imminent symptomatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya T. Kim
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8 Canada
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Grajales
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shannon E. Dunn
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.415502.7Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Raphael Schneider
- grid.415502.7Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.415502.7Division of Neurology, St. Michael’s Hospital Unity Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sindhu R. Johnson
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,Toronto Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Toronto Western and Mount Sinai Hospitals, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Zahi Touma
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Zareen Ahmad
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,Toronto Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Toronto Western and Mount Sinai Hospitals, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Dennisse Bonilla
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8 Canada
| | - Eshetu G. Atenafu
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Biostatistics Department, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Linda T. Hiraki
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Arthur Bookman
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Joan Wither
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Shete A, Bhat M, Sawant J, Deshpande S. Both N- and C-terminal domains of galectin-9 are capable of inducing HIV reactivation despite mediating differential immunomodulatory functionalities. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994830. [PMID: 36569879 PMCID: PMC9772452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The shock-and-kill strategy for HIV cure requires the reactivation of latent HIV followed by the killing of the reactivated cellular reservoir. Galectin-9, an immunomodulatory protein, is shown to induce HIV reactivation as well as contribute to non-AIDS- and AIDS-defining events. The protein is prone to cleavage by inflammatory proteases at its linker region separating the N- and C-terminal carbohydrate-binding domains (N- and C-CRDs) which differ in their binding specificities. It is important to study the activity of its cleaved as well as uncleaved forms in mediating HIV reactivation and immunomodulation in order to understand their role in HIV pathogenesis and their further utilization for the shock-and-kill strategy. Methodology The PBMCs of HIV patients on virally suppressive ART (n = 11) were stimulated using 350 nM of the full-length protein and N- and C-CRDs of Gal-9. HIV reactivation was determined by analyzing gag RNA copies using qPCR using isolated CD4 cells and intracellular P24 staining of PBMCs by flow cytometry. Cytokine responses induced by the full-length protein and N- and C-CRDs of Gal-9 were also assessed by flow cytometry, Luminex, and gene expression assays. Changes in T helper cell gene expression pattern after the stimulation were also determined by real-time PCR array. Results Both N- and C-CRDs of galectin-9 induced HIV reactivation in addition to the full-length galectin-9 protein. The two domains elicited higher cytokine responses than the full-length protein, possibly capable of mediating higher perturbations in the immune system if used for HIV reactivation. N-CRD was found to induce the development of Treg cells, whereas C-CRD inhibited the induction of Treg cells. Despite this, both domains elicited IL-10 secretory response although targeting different CD4 cell phenotypes. Conclusion N- and C-CRDs were found to induce HIV reactivation similar to that of the full-length protein, indicating their possible usefulness in the shock-and-kill strategy. The study indicated an anti-inflammatory role of N-CRD versus the proinflammatory properties of C-CRD of galectin-9 in HIV infection.
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A Case of COVID-19 with Acute Exacerbation after Anti-Inflammatory Treatment. REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reports5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A COVID-19 patient (53-year-old woman from Japan) was admitted to our hospital. She had a high fever (38.3 °C), cough, fatigue, and loss of appetite. She was a smoker and took migraine medication. A thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan showed no evidence of pneumonia. She was treated with antibiotics, protease inhibitors, inhalant corticosteroids, and antivirals. Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab (TCZ 400 mg) was added on day 2. On day 4, her temperature decreased, but her vital signs suddenly worsened, with an SpO2 of 70% in ambient air, a blood pressure of 70 mmHg (systolic), loss of consciousness, and tachypnea. Her CT showed bilateral lung consolidation and no pulmonary embolism. She was connected to the ventilator. On day 11, her respiratory condition improved (PaO2/FIO2 400), and she was able to withdraw from the ventilator. Her laboratory data (white cell count, ferritin, d-Dimer, C-reactive protein, and β2-microglobulin) did not increase even at the time of exacerbation, except for Galectin-9 (Gal-9). The plasma Gal-9 levels increased 2.3 times from before the administration of TCZ, followed by a swift decrease associated with improvements in respiratory status. She was discharged on day 16. Patients with TCZ-treated COVID-19 require careful observation.
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18
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Possibility to Open Up New Areas by COVID-19 Infection. REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reports5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase of COVID-19 cases has brought the number of patients to 513 million [...]
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19
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Abstract
Disasters such as the magnitude-9 Great East Japan Earthquake occur periodically. We considered this experience while developing measures against a predicted earthquake in the Nankai Trough. This report includes a summary of 10 disastrous infectious diseases for which a countermeasures seminar was held. Thirty-five speakers from twenty-one organizations performed the lectures. Besides infectious diseases, conference topics also included disaster prevention and mitigation methods. In addition, the development of point-of-care tests, biomarkers for diagnosis, and severity assessments for infectious diseases were introduced, along with epidemics of infectious diseases affected by climate. Of the 28 pathogens that became a hot topic, 17 are viruses, and 14 out of these 17 (82%) are RNA viruses. Of the 10 seminars, the last 2 targeted only COVID-19. It was emphasized that COVID-19 is not just a disaster-related infection but a disaster itself. The first seminar on COVID-19 provided immunological and epidemiological knowledge and commentary on clinical practices. During the second COVID-19 seminar, vaccine development, virological characteristics, treatment of respiratory failure, biomarkers, and human genetic susceptibility for infectious diseases were discussed. Conducting continuous seminars is important for general infectious controls.
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20
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Premeaux TA, Moser CB, McKhann A, Hoenigl M, Laws EI, Aquino DL, Lederman MM, Landay AL, Gianella S, Ndhlovu LC. Plasma galectin-9 as a predictor of adverse non-AIDS events in persons with chronic HIV during suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2021; 35:2489-2495. [PMID: 34366381 PMCID: PMC8631144 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) still experience an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, presumably driven by chronic inflammation, yet predictors of discrete or combinatorial outcomes remain unclear. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a driver of both inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses, has been associated with HIV disease progression and multimorbidity. OBJECTIVE To determine whether plasma Gal-9 levels are associated with the occurrence of specific non-AIDS events (NAEs) in PWH initiating ART. DESIGN We performed a nested case-control study of PWH enrolled from 2001 to 2009 and evaluated pre-ART (66 cases, 97 controls), a year post-ART (112 cases, 211 controls), and immediately preceding an event (89 cases, 162 controls). Events included myocardial infarction/stroke, malignancy, serious bacterial infection, or death. METHODS Plasma Gal-9 levels were assessed by ELISA. Conditional logistic regression assessed associations with NAEs and Spearman's correlations compared Gal-9 with other previously assessed biomarkers. RESULTS NAEs occurred at a median of 2.8 years (1.7-4.6) after ART initiation. Higher Gal-9 levels were associated with increased risk of NAEs at year 1 and preevent [odds ratio (OR) per 1 interquartile range = 1.4-1.6; all P < 0.05], specifically myocardial infarction/stroke at year 1 (OR = 1.9; P = 0.029). Gal-9 also correlated with multiple inflammatory and immune activation predictors of NAEs (all timepoints). CONCLUSION Elevated Gal-9 levels are predictive of deleterious NAEs, particularly cardiovascular complications. Whether the Gal-9 pathway, potentially binding to its putative ligands, is active in the pathogenesis of these outcomes warrants further investigation to determine if targeting Gal-9 may slow or reverse the risk of NAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Premeaux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Carlee B. Moser
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research in the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ashley McKhann
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research in the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Elizabeth I. Laws
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Draven L. Aquino
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Hattori T, Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Bai G, Chagan-Yasutan H, Shete A, Telan EF, Takahashi A, Ashino Y, Matsuba T. Both Full-Length and Protease-Cleaved Products of Osteopontin Are Elevated in Infectious Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081006. [PMID: 34440210 PMCID: PMC8394573 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating full-length osteopontin (FL-OPN) is elevated in plasma from patients with various infectious diseases, such as adult T-cell leukemia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), hepatitis virus infection, leptospirosis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS/TB, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Proteolysis of OPN by thrombin, matrix metalloproteases, caspase 8/3, cathepsin D, plasmin, and enterokinase generates various cleaved OPNs with a variety of bioactivities by binding to different target cells. Moreover, OPN is susceptible to gradual proteolysis. During inflammation, one of the cleaved fragments, N-terminal thrombin-cleaved OPN (trOPN or OPN-Arg168 [OPN-R]), induces dendritic cell (DC) adhesion. Further cleavage by carboxypeptidase B2 or carboxypeptidase N removes Arg168 from OPN-R to OPN-Leu167 (OPN-L). Consequently, OPN-L decreases DC adhesion. In particular, the differences in plasma level over time are observed between FL-OPN and its cleaved OPNs during inflammation. We found that the undefined OPN levels (mixture of FL-OPN and cleaved OPN) were elevated in plasma and reflected the pathology of TB and COVID-19 rather than FL-OPN. These infections are associated with elevated levels of various proteases. Inhibition of the cleavage or the activities of cleaved products may improve the outcome of the therapy. Research on the metabolism of OPN is expected to create new therapies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hattori
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-866-22-9469
| | - Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
| | - Gaowa Bai
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, International Mongolian Medicine Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010065, China
| | - Ashwnini Shete
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India;
| | - Elizabeth Freda Telan
- STD AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, San Lazaro Hospital, Manila 1003, Philippines;
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai 982-8502, Japan;
| | - Takashi Matsuba
- Department of Animal Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyusyu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan;
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