Zinc in Human Health and Infectious Diseases

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lettuce and Spring Onion on Human Health in Kumasi, Ghana

Introduction

The demand and consumption of vegetables are significantly increasing worldwide, which has resulted in urban farming on anthropogenic sites. This study assessed the concentrations of some selected heavy metals in lettuce and spring onion in line with the WHO/FAO required standard and its implications on human health.

Methods

The study was carried out in Kumasi, within moist semi-deciduous forest vegetation, Ghana. The digested samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Ni, and Zn) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS Model AA 400p). Analysis of variance was used to test the level of significance at α = .05.

Results

The study found mean concentrations of chromium and iron in lettuce and spring onion to be below detection level (BDL) in all study sites based on WHO/FAO permissible level. Also, while copper in lettuce was BDL at all the sites, there were higher mean concentration of copper in spring onion at BSGS (131.5 ± 0.31 mg/kg) and BSG (120.8 ± 0.01 mg/kg). The mean concentration of nickel in lettuce (137.15 ± 0.0231) and spring onion (173.55 ± 0.02 mg/kg) at BSGS were higher than WHO/FAO permissible level. Mean concentration of zinc in both lettuce and spring onion were higher than WHO/FAO permissible level in all the study sites, except zinc in spring onion at KT. The ANOVA test statistics showed no significant difference among the concentrations of heavy metals in all sites, except zinc in lettuce and nickel in spring onion. The study found cancer risk factor for nickel, which exceeded the benchmark of 1 × 10-6 for both lettuce and spring onion, indicating that long-term consumption could increase the risk of cancer in consumers.

Conclusion

The study's findings call for strict regulation and regular monitoring of heavy metals in vegetables cultivated at anthropogenic sites in urban areas to ensure food safety and consumer health.

Mono- and Binuclear Complexes in a Centrifuge-Less Cloud-Point Extraction System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Zinc(II)

The hydrophobic reagent 6-hexyl-4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol (HTAR) was investigated as part of a cloud-point extraction (CPE) system for the spectrophotometric determination of Zn(II). In the system, complexes with different stoichiometries, including 1:1 and 2:2 (Zn:HTAR), are formed. Their ground-state equilibrium geometries were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G level of theory. The obtained structures were then used to calculate vertical excitation energies in order to generate theoretical UV/Vis absorption spectra. The comparison between theoretical and experimental spectra demonstrated that, under optimal conditions, a binuclear complex containing oxygen-bridging atoms is the dominant species. The absorbance was found to be linearly dependent on the concentration of Zn(II) within the range of 15.7 to 209 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.9996). The fraction extracted (%E), logarithm of the conditional extraction constant (log Kex), and molar absorption coefficient (ε) at λmax = 553 nm were calculated to be 98.3%, 15.9, and 4.47 × 105 L mol-1 cm-1, respectively. The method developed is characterized by simplicity, convenience, profitability, sensitivity, and ecological friendliness. It has been successfully applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical and industrial samples.

The interplay between oxidative stress, zinc, and metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a functional endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology that has been associated with chronic disease and comorbidities including adverse metabolic and cardiac disorders. This review aims to evaluate the role of oxidative stress and zinc in the metabolic dysfunction observed in PCOS, with a focus on insulin resistance. Recent studies indicate that oxidative stress markers are elevated in PCOS and correlate with hyperandrogenemia, obesity, and insulin resistance. Zinc, an essential trace element, is crucial for metabolic processes, particularly in the pancreas for beta-cell function and glucagon secretion. Insufficient zinc levels have been linked to diabetes, obesity, and lipid metabolism disorders. This review aims to highlight the interplay between oxidative stress, zinc, and metabolic dysfunction in PCOS, suggesting that zinc supplementation could mitigate some metabolic and endocrine manifestations of PCOS.

Zinc and Diabetes: A Connection between Micronutrient and Metabolism

Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem and a major contributor to mortality and morbidity. The management of this condition typically involves using oral antidiabetic medication, insulin, and appropriate dietary modifications, with a focus on macronutrient intake. However, several human studies have indicated that a deficiency in micronutrients, such as zinc, can be associated with insulin resistance as well as greater glucose intolerance. Zinc serves as a chemical messenger, acts as a cofactor to increase enzyme activity, and is involved in insulin formation, release, and storage. These diverse functions make zinc an important trace element for the regulation of blood glucose levels. Adequate zinc levels have also been shown to reduce the risk of developing diabetic complications. This review article explains the role of zinc in glucose metabolism and the effects of its inadequacy on the development, progression, and complications of diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, it describes the impact of zinc supplementation on preventing diabetes mellitus. The available information suggests that zinc has beneficial effects on the management of diabetic patients. Although additional large-scale randomized clinical trials are needed to establish zinc's clinical utility further, efforts should be made to increase awareness of its potential benefits on human health and disease.

Highly Sensitive and Selective Recognition of Zn2⁺ and Fe2⁺ Ions Using a Novel Thiophene-Derived Hydrazone Dual Fluorometric Sensor

The selective detection of Zn2⁺ and Fe2⁺ ions is critical in environmental and biological studies. Schiff base chemosensors hold promise, but exploration of thiophene-derived variants remains limited. This work introduces a novel thiophene-derived Schiff base sensor (TBH), synthesized through the condensation reaction of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde with benzil-bis-hydrazone, for the selective detection of Zn2⁺ and Fe2⁺ ions. TBH exhibits remarkable selectivity, with a significant 185-fold fluorescence enhancement for Zn2⁺ and complete quenching 99% for Fe2⁺, allowing for distinct detection of both ions. Notably, TBH demonstrates high binding affinity towards Zn2⁺ and Fe2⁺, even in the presence of competing cations, forming stable 1:1 complexes. This finding is supported by absorption and emission titration studies and FT-IR analysis as well. This easily synthesized, rapid and cost-effective sensor offers a promising approach for sensitive and differentiated dual detection of Zn2⁺ and Fe2⁺ in environmental and biological systems.

Zinc gluconate improves atopic dermatitis by modulating CXCL10 release of keratinocytes via PPARα activation

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with complex causes involving immune factors. The presence of essential trace elements that support immune system function can influence the development of this condition. This study investigated how serum trace elements impact the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Upon analyzing serum microelements in AD patients and control subjects, it was observed that patients with AD had notably lower zinc levels. Genomic analysis of AD skin revealed distinct gene expression patterns, specifically the increased expression of CXCL10 in the epidermis. The heightened levels of CXCL10 in AD skin lesions were found to correlate with reduced serum zinc levels. Treatment with zinc gluconate showed reduced chemotactic response and CXCL10 release, suggesting its potential to regulate CXCL10 expression of keratinocytes in AD. The mechanism behind this involved the downregulation of STAT phosphorylation through activating PPARα. In the AD-like dermatitis mouse model, zinc gluconate therapy decreased serum IgE levels, alleviated skin lesion severity, reduced skin thickness, and lowered CXCL10 expression, demonstrating its efficacy in managing AD-like skin conditions. These findings indicate that zinc gluconate can reduce inflammation in keratinocytes by activating PPARα, inhibiting STAT signaling, and decreasing CXCL10 release, thus highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for AD.

Zinc as a Possible Critical Element to Prevent Harmful Effects of COVID-19 on Testicular Function: a Narrative Review

Research into innovative non-pharmacological therapeutic routes via the utilization of natural elements like zinc (Zn) has been motivated by the discovery of new severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) variants and the ineffectiveness of certain vaccination treatments during COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, research on SARS-COV-2's viral cellular entry and infection mechanism has shown that it may seriously harm reproductive system cells and impair testicular function in young men and adolescents, which may lead to male infertility over time. In this context, we conducted a narrative review to give an overview of the data pertaining to Zn's critical role in testicular tissue, the therapeutic use of such micronutrients to enhance male fertility, as well as in the potential mitigation of COVID-19, with the ultimate goal of elucidating the hypothesis of the potential use of Zn supplements to prevent the possible harmful effects of SARS-COV2 infection on testis physiological function, and subsequently, on male fertility.

Postnatal zinc deficiency due to giardiasis disrupts hippocampal and cerebellar development

BACKGROUND

Giardiasis and zinc deficiency have been identified as serious health problems worldwide. Although Zn depletion is known to occur in giardiasis, no work has investigated whether changes occur in brain structures.

METHODS

Three groups of gerbils were used: control (1), orogastrically inoculated on day 3 after birth with trophozoites of two isolates of Giardia intestinalis (HGINV/WB) group (2 and 3). Estimates were made at five ages covering: establishment of infection, Giardia population growth, natural parasite clearance and a post-infection age. QuantiChrome zinc assay kit, cresyl violet staining and TUNEL technique were used.

RESULTS

A significant decrease (p<0.01) in tissue zinc was observed and persisted after infection. Cytoarchitectural changes were observed in 75% of gerbils in the HGINV or WB groups. Ectopic pyramidal neurons were found in the cornus ammonis (CA1-CA3). At 60 and 90 days of age loss of lamination was clearly visible in CA1. In the dentate gyrus (DG), thinning of the dorsal lamina and abnormal thickening of the ventral lamina were observed from 30 days of age. In the cerebellum, we found an increase (p<0.01) in the thickness of the external granular layer (EGL) at 14 days of age that persisted until day 21 (C 3 ± 0.3 μm; HGINV 37 ± 5 μm; WB 28 ± 3 μm); Purkinje cell population estimation showed a significant decrease; a large number of apoptotic somas were observed scattered in the molecular layer; in 60 and 90 days old gerbils we found granular cell heterotopia and Purkinje cell ectopia. The pattern of apoptosis was different in the cerebellum and hippocampus of parasitized gerbils.

CONCLUSION

The morphological changes found suggest that neuronal migration is affected by zinc depletion caused by giardiasis in early postnatal life; for the first time, the link between giardiasis-zinc depletion and damaged brain structures is shown. This damage may explain the psychomotor/cognitive delay associated with giardiasis. These findings are alarming. Alterations in zinc metabolism and signalling are known to be involved in many brain disorders, including autism.

Fostering healthy aging through selective nutrition: A long-term comparison of two dietary patterns and their holistic impact on mineral status in middle-aged individuals-A randomized controlled intervention trial in Germany

Aging is associated with a decline in physiological functions and an increased risk of age-related diseases, emphasizing the importance of identifying dietary strategies for healthy aging. Minerals play a crucial role in maintaining optimal health during aging, making them relevant targets for investigation. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effect of different dietary pattern on mineral status in the elderly. We included 502 individuals aged 50-80 years in a 36-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) (NutriAct study). This article focuses on the results within the two-year intervention period. NutriAct is not a mineral-modulating-targeted intervention study, rather examining nutrition in the context of healthy aging in general. However, mineral status might be affected in an incidental manner. Participants were assigned to either NutriAct dietary pattern (proportionate intake of total energy consumption (%E) of 35-45 %E carbohydrates, 35-40 %E fats, and 15-25 %E protein) or the German Nutrition Society (DGE) dietary pattern (proportionate intake of total energy consumption (%E) of 55 %E carbohydrates, 30 %E fats, and 15 %E protein), differing in the composition of macronutrients. Data from 368 participants regarding dietary intake (energy, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc) and serum mineral concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, iodine, and manganese, free zinc, and selenoprotein P were analyzed at baseline, as well as after 12 and 24 months to gain comprehensive insight into the characteristics of the mineral status. Additionally, inflammatory status - sensitive to changes in mineral status - was assessed by measurement of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. At baseline, inadequate dietary mineral intake and low serum concentrations of zinc and selenium were observed in both dietary patterns. Throughout two years, serum zinc concentrations decreased, while an increase of serum selenium, manganese and magnesium concentrations was observable, likely influenced by both dietary interventions. No significant changes were observed for serum calcium, iron, copper, or iodine concentrations. In conclusion, long-term dietary interventions can influence serum mineral concentrations in a middle-aged population. Our findings provide valuable insights into the associations between dietary habits, mineral status, and disease, contributing to dietary strategies for healthy aging.

The Cancer Antioxidant Regulation System in Therapeutic Resistance

Antioxidants play a pivotal role in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to induce oxidative stress. In the context of cancer development, cancer cells adeptly maintain elevated levels of both ROS and antioxidants through a process termed "redox reprogramming". This balance optimizes the proliferative influence of ROS while simultaneously reducing the potential for ROS to cause damage to the cell. In some cases, the adapted antioxidant machinery can hamper the efficacy of treatments for neoplastic diseases, representing a significant facet of the resistance mechanisms observed in cancer therapy. In this review, we outline the contribution of antioxidant systems to therapeutic resistance. We detail the fundamental constituents of these systems, encompassing the central regulatory mechanisms involving transcription factors (of particular importance is the KEAP1/NRF2 signaling axis), the molecular effectors of antioxidants, and the auxiliary systems responsible for NADPH generation. Furthermore, we present recent clinical trials based on targeted antioxidant systems for the treatment of cancer, assessing the potential as well as challenges of this strategy in cancer therapy. Additionally, we summarize the pressing issues in the field, with the aim of illuminating a path toward the emergence of novel anticancer therapeutic approaches by orchestrating redox signaling.

Colorimetric and Fluorometric N-Acylhydrazone-based Chemosensors for Detection of Single to Multiple Metal Ions: Design Strategies and Analytical Applications

The development of optical sensors for metal ions has gained significant attention due to their broad applications in biology, the environment, and medicine. Colorimetric and fluorometric detection methods are particularly valued for their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high detection limits, and analytical power. Among various chemical probes, the hydrazone functional group stands out for its extensive study and utility, owing to its ease of synthesis and adaptability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of N-acylhydrazone-based probes, serving as highly effective colorimetric and fluorometric chemosensors for a diverse range of metal ions. Probes are categorized into single-ion, dual-ion, and multi-ion chemosensors, each further classified based on the detected metal(s). Additionally, the review discusses detection modes, detection limits, association constants, and spectroscopic measurements.

Strategies for inducing and validating zinc deficiency and zinc repletion

Given the growing interest in the role of zinc in the onset and progression of diseases, there is a crucial demand for reliable methods to modulate zinc homeostasis. Using a dietary approach, we provide validated strategies to alter whole-body zinc in mice, applicable across species. For confirmation of zinc status, animal growth rates as well as plasma and urine zinc levels were evaluated. The accessible and cost-effective methodology outlined will increase scientific rigor, ensuring reproducibility in studies exploring the impact of zinc deficiency and repletion on the onset and progression of diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This methods paper details dietary approaches to alter zinc homeostasis in rodents and qualitative and quantitative methods to ensure the zinc status of experimental animals. The outlined accessible and cost-effective protocol will elevate scientific rigor, ensuring reproducibility in studies exploring the impact of zinc deficiency and repletion on the onset and progression of a multitude of health conditions and diseases.

Effective antibacterial agents in modern wound dressings: a review

Wound infections are a significant concern in healthcare, leading to long healing times. Traditional approaches for managing wound infections rely heavily on systemic antibiotics, which are associated with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the development of alternative antibacterial materials for wound care has gained considerable attention. In today's world, new generations of wound dressing are commonly used to heal wounds. These new dressings keep the wound and the area around it moist to improve wound healing. However, this moist environment can also foster an environment that is favorable for the growth of bacteria. Excessive antibiotic use poses a significant threat to human health and causes bacterial resistance, so new-generation wound dressings must be designed and developed to reduce the risk of infection. Wound dressings using antimicrobial compounds minimize wound bacterial colonization, making them the best way to avoid open wound infection. We aim to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the latest advancements in antibacterial materials for wound management.

A prognostic and immune related risk model based on zinc homeostasis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The dysfunction of zinc homeostasis participates in the early and advancing malignancy of HCC. However, the prognostic ability of zinc homeostasis in HCC has not been clarified yet. Here, we showed a zinc-homeostasis related risk model in HCC. Five signature genes including ADAMTS5, PLOD2, PTDSS2, KLRB1, and UCK2 were screened out via survival analyses and regression algorithms to construct the nomogram with clinical characteristics. Experimental researches indicated that UCK2 participated in the progression of HCC. Patients with higher risk scores always had worse outcomes and were more associated with immune suppression according to the analyses of immune related-pathway activation, cell infiltration, and gene expression. Moreover, these patients were likely to exhibit more sensitivity to sorafenib and other antitumor drugs. This study highlights the significant prognostic role of zinc homeostasis and suggests potential treatment strategies in HCC.

Zinc, Copper, and Iron in Selected Skin Diseases

Trace elements are essential for maintaining the body's homeostasis, and their special role has been demonstrated in skin physiology. Among the most important trace elements are zinc, copper, and iron. A deficiency or excess of trace elements can be associated with an increased risk of skin diseases, so increasing their supplementation or limiting intake can be helpful in dermatological treatment. In addition, determinations of their levels in various types of biological material can be useful as additional tests in dermatological treatment. This paper describes the role of these elements in skin physiology and summarizes data on zinc, copper, and iron in the course of selected, following skin diseases: psoriasis, pemphigus vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris and seborrheic dermatitis. In addition, this work identifies the potential of trace elements as auxiliary tests in dermatology. According to preliminary studies, abnormal levels of zinc, copper, and iron are observed in many skin diseases and their determinations in serum or hair can be used as auxiliary and prognostic tests in the course of various dermatoses. However, since data for some conditions are conflicting, clearly defining the potential of trace elements as auxiliary tests or elements requiring restriction/supplement requires further research.

Immunomodulation through Nutrition Should Be a Key Trend in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

An organism's ability to function properly depends not solely on its diet but also on the intake of nutrients and non-nutritive bioactive compounds that exert immunomodulatory effects. This principle applies both to healthy individuals and, in particular, to those with concomitant chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. However, the current food industry and the widespread use of highly processed foods often lead to nutritional deficiencies. Numerous studies have confirmed the occurrence of immune system dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. This article elucidates the impact of specific nutrients on the immune system function, which maintains homeostasis of the organism, with a particular emphasis on type 2 diabetes. The role of macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, and selected substances, such as omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, and alpha-lipoic acid, was taken into consideration, which outlined the minimum range of tests that ought to be performed on patients in order to either directly or indirectly determine the severity of malnutrition in this group of patients.

Strategies for Inducing and Validating Zinc Deficiency and Zinc Repletion

Given the growing interest in the role of zinc in the onset and progression of diseases, there is a crucial demand for reliable methods to modulate zinc homeostasis. Using a dietary approach, we provide validated strategies to alter whole-body zinc in mice, applicable across species. For confirmation of zinc status, animal growth rates as well as plasma and urine zinc levels were evaluated. The accessible and cost-effective methodology outlined will increase scientific rigor, ensuring reproducibility in studies exploring the impact of zinc deficiency and repletion on the onset and progression of diseases.

Interactions between zinc and NRF2 in vascular redox signalling

Recent evidence highlights the importance of trace metal micronutrients such as zinc (Zn) in coronary and vascular diseases. Zn2+ plays a signalling role in modulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase and protects the endothelium against oxidative stress by up-regulation of glutathione synthesis. Excessive accumulation of Zn2+ in endothelial cells leads to apoptotic cell death resulting from dysregulation of glutathione and mitochondrial ATP synthesis, whereas zinc deficiency induces an inflammatory phenotype, associated with increased monocyte adhesion. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor known to target hundreds of different genes. Activation of NRF2 affects redox metabolism, autophagy, cell proliferation, remodelling of the extracellular matrix and wound healing. As a redox-inert metal ion, Zn has emerged as a biomarker in diagnosis and as a therapeutic approach for oxidative-related diseases due to its close link to NRF2 signalling. In non-vascular cell types, Zn has been shown to modify conformations of the NRF2 negative regulators Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein 1 (KEAP1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and to promote degradation of BACH1, a transcriptional suppressor of select NRF2 genes. Zn can affect phosphorylation signalling, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinases and protein kinase C, which facilitate NRF2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Notably, several NRF2-targeted proteins have been suggested to modify cellular Zn concentration via Zn exporters (ZnTs) and importers (ZIPs) and the Zn buffering protein metallothionein. This review summarises the cross-talk between reactive oxygen species, Zn and NRF2 in antioxidant responses of vascular cells against oxidative stress and hypoxia/reoxygenation.

Role of zinc in health and disease

This review provides a concise overview of the cellular and clinical aspects of the role of zinc, an essential micronutrient, in human physiology and discusses zinc-related pathological states. Zinc cannot be stored in significant amounts, so regular dietary intake is essential. ZIP4 and/or ZnT5B transport dietary zinc ions from the duodenum into the enterocyte, ZnT1 transports zinc ions from the enterocyte into the circulation, and ZnT5B (bidirectional zinc transporter) facilitates endogenous zinc secretion into the intestinal lumen. Putative promoters of zinc absorption that increase its bioavailability include amino acids released from protein digestion and citrate, whereas dietary phytates, casein and calcium can reduce zinc bioavailability. In circulation, 70% of zinc is bound to albumin, and the majority in the body is found in skeletal muscle and bone. Zinc excretion is via faeces (predominantly), urine, sweat, menstrual flow and semen. Excessive zinc intake can inhibit the absorption of copper and iron, leading to copper deficiency and anaemia, respectively. Zinc toxicity can adversely affect the lipid profile and immune system, and its treatment depends on the mode of zinc acquisition. Acquired zinc deficiency usually presents later in life alongside risk factors like malabsorption syndromes, but medications like diuretics and angiotensin-receptor blockers can also cause zinc deficiency. Inherited zinc deficiency condition acrodermatitis enteropathica, which occurs due to mutation in the SLC39A4 gene (encoding ZIP4), presents from birth. Treatment involves zinc supplementation via zinc gluconate, zinc sulphate or zinc chloride. Notably, oral zinc supplementation may decrease the absorption of drugs like ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and risedronate.

Zinc status or supplementation and its relation to soil-transmitted helminthiasis in children: A systematic review

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) parasitic infection is known as one of the most common infections around the world affecting more than a quarter of the world's population. The relationship between STH infections and micronutrient deficiencies are closely related and often coexist among the affected population. The study, therefore, aimed to summarise the available literature focusing on the effect of zinc status/deficiency or supplementation on STH infection or reinfection in children. For this purpose, we adopted a systematic approach and searched the existing literature on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. A search term was entered to retrieve the available data. A total of 12 articles were included in this review after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Most of the included studies reported a lower zinc status in children affected with any parasitic infection. Regarding the effect of zinc status and supplementation on parasitic infection in children, we found only a few studies (n = 4) with inconsistent result findings. This review reported that children infected with STH have lower zinc levels; however, a limited number of studies showed the effect of zinc supplements on the risk of STH warrants the need for further studies in this regard.

Harnessing the power of nutritional antioxidants against adrenal hormone imbalance-associated oxidative stress

Oxidative stress, resulting from dysregulation in the secretion of adrenal hormones, represents a major concern in human health. The present review comprehensively examines various categories of endocrine dysregulation within the adrenal glands, encompassing glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. Additionally, a comprehensive account of adrenal hormone disorders, including adrenal insufficiency, Cushing's syndrome, and adrenal tumors, is presented, with particular emphasis on their intricate association with oxidative stress. The review also delves into an examination of various nutritional antioxidants, namely vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, selenium, zinc, polyphenols, coenzyme Q10, and probiotics, and elucidates their role in mitigating the adverse effects of oxidative stress arising from imbalances in adrenal hormone levels. In conclusion, harnessing the power of nutritional antioxidants has the potential to help with oxidative stress caused by an imbalance in adrenal hormones. This could lead to new research and therapeutic interventions.

Edible Insects: A New Sustainable Nutritional Resource Worth Promoting

Edible insects are a highly nutritious source of protein and are enjoyed by people all over the world. Insects contain various other nutrients and beneficial compounds, such as lipids, vitamins and minerals, chitin, phenolic compounds, and antimicrobial peptides, which contribute to good health. The practice of insect farming is far more resource-efficient compared to traditional agriculture and animal husbandry, requiring less land, energy, and water, and resulting in a significantly lower carbon footprint. In fact, insects are 12 to 25 times more efficient than animals in converting low-protein feed into protein. When it comes to protein production per unit area, insect farming only requires about one-eighth of the land needed for beef production. Moreover, insect farming generates minimal waste, as insects can consume food and biomass that would otherwise go to waste, contributing to a circular economy that promotes resource recycling and reuse. Insects can be fed with agricultural waste, such as unused plant stems and food scraps. Additionally, the excrement produced by insects can be used as fertilizer for crops, completing the circular chain. Despite the undeniable sustainability and nutritional benefits of consuming insects, widespread acceptance of incorporating insects into our daily diets still has a long way to go. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the nutritional value of edible insects, the development of farming and processing technologies, and the problems faced in the marketing of edible insect products and insect foods to improve the reference for how people choose edible insects.

Zinc Uptake by HIV-1 Viral Particles: An Isotopic Study

Zinc, an essential trace element that serves as a cofactor for numerous cellular and viral proteins, plays a central role in the dynamics of HIV-1 infection. Among the viral proteins, the nucleocapsid NCp7, which contains two zinc finger motifs, is abundantly present viral particles and plays a crucial role in coating HIV-1 genomic RNA, thus concentrating zinc within virions. In this study, we investigated whether HIV-1 virus production impacts cellular zinc homeostasis and whether isotopic fractionation occurs between the growth medium, the producing cells, and the viral particles. We found that HIV-1 captures a significant proportion of cellular zinc in the neo-produced particles. Furthermore, as cells grow, they accumulate lighter zinc isotopes from the medium, resulting in a concentration of heavier isotopes in the media, and the viruses exhibit a similar isotopic fractionation to the producing cells. Moreover, we generated HIV-1 particles in HEK293T cells enriched with each of the five zinc isotopes to assess the potential effects on the structure and infectivity of the viruses. As no strong difference was observed between the HIV-1 particles produced in the various conditions, we have demonstrated that enriched isotopes can be accurately used in future studies to trace the fate of zinc in cells infected by HIV-1 particles. Comprehending the mechanisms underlying zinc absorption by HIV-1 viral particles offers the potential to provide insights for developing future treatments aimed at addressing this specific facet of the virus's life cycle.

How Does Zinc Improve Salinity Tolerance? Mechanisms and Future Prospects

Salinity stress (SS) is a serious abiotic stress and a major constraint to agricultural productivity across the globe. High SS negatively affects plant growth and yield by altering soil physio-chemical properties and plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. The application of micronutrients is considered an important practice to mitigate the adverse effects of SS. Zinc (Zn) is an important nutrient that plays an imperative role in plant growth, and it could also help alleviate the effects of salt stress. Zn application improves seed germination, seedling growth, water uptake, plant water relations, nutrient uptake, and nutrient homeostasis, therefore improving plant performance and saline conditions. Zn application also protects the photosynthetic apparatus from salinity-induced oxidative stress and improves stomata movement, chlorophyll synthesis, carbon fixation, and osmolytes and hormone accumulation. Moreover, Zn application also increases the synthesis of secondary metabolites and the expression of stress responsive genes and stimulates antioxidant activities to counter the toxic effects of salt stress. Therefore, to better understand the role of Zn in plants under SS, we have discussed the various mechanisms by which Zn induces salinity tolerance in plants. We have also identified diverse research gaps that must be filled in future research programs. The present review article will fill the knowledge gaps on the role of Zn in mitigating salinity stress. This review will also help readers to learn more about the role of Zn and will provide new suggestions on how this knowledge can be used to develop salt tolerance in plants by using Zn.

Multifunctional role of zinc in human health: an update

Zinc is a multipurpose trace element for the human body, as it plays a crucial part in various physiological processes, such as cell growth and development, metabolism, cognitive, reproductive, and immune system function. Its significance in human health is widely acknowledged, and this has led the scientific community towards more research that aims to uncover all of its beneficial properties, especially when compared to other essential metal ions. One notable area where zinc has shown beneficial effects is in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including cancer. This review aims to explain the involvement of zinc in specific health conditions such as cancer, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, as well as its impact on the gut microbiome.

Geochemical composition and potential health risks of geophagic materials: an example from a rural area in the Limpopo Province of South Africa

Geophagy is a common practice among rural population of the Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality area in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Although, the practice might be beneficial to the health of the consumers, its negative effects could overshadow the positive effects and might lead to detrimental health issues. The present work sought to investigate the geochemical composition as well as pH and organic matter (OM) content of geophagic materials commonly consumed in the study area. Furthermore, assessment of the potential health risk of the materials on geophagic individuals was also considered. Twelve samples were collected in the study area and analysed by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for major and trace elements composition. The results showed higher concentrations of non-essential elements (e.g., As, Cr, Pb) than the proposed recommended daily standards intake, suggesting a potential health risk. The alkaline nature (pH 6.80 to 9.22) of the studied samples might affect the bioacessibility of some essential elements. Furthermore, the OM content (> 0.7%) observed in some of the studied samples may retain pathogenic micro-organisms detrimental to health. Although As and Cr presented a low bioaccessible fraction (< 16.0%), health risk assessment revealed that their concentrations represented a hazard (HQ > 1) and might induce non-carcinogenic health threats to geophagic individuals. Based on the geochemical analysis, pH and OM content as well as health risk assessment findings, the studied geophagic materials are not considered suitable for human consumption. The practice should therefore be discouraged amongst the population in the study area to avoid possible detrimental health issues.

Proposal to Screen for Zinc and Selenium in Patients with IgA Deficiency

The increase in life expectancy can be a consequence of the world's socioeconomic, sanitary and nutritional conditions. Some studies have demonstrated that individuals with a satisfactory diet variety score present a lower risk of malnutrition and better health status. Zinc and selenium are important micronutrients that play a role in many biochemical and physiological processes of the immune system. Deficient individuals can present both innate and adaptive immunity abnormalities and increased susceptibility to infections. Primary immunodeficiency diseases, also known as inborn errors of immunity, are genetic disorders classically characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection and/or dysregulation of a specific immunologic pathway. IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary antibody deficiency. This disease is defined as serum IgA levels lower than 7 mg/dL and normal IgG and IgM levels in individuals older than four years. Although many patients are asymptomatic, selected patients suffer from different clinical complications, such as pulmonary infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and malignancy. Knowing the nutritional status as well as the risk of zinc and selenium deficiency could be helpful for the management of IgAD patients.

OBJECTIVES

to investigate the anthropometric, biochemical, and nutritional profiles and the status of zinc and selenium in patients with IgAD.

METHODS

in this descriptive study, we screened 16 IgAD patients for anthropometric and dietary data, biochemical evaluation and determination of plasma and erythrocyte levels of zinc and selenium.

RESULTS

dietary intake of zinc and selenium was adequate in 75% and 86% of the patients, respectively. These results were consistent with the plasma levels (adequate levels of zinc in all patients and selenium in 50% of children, 25% of adolescents and 100% of adults). However, erythrocyte levels were low for both micronutrients (deficiency for both in 100% of children, 75% of adolescents and 25% of adults).

CONCLUSION

our results highlight the elevated prevalence of erythrocyte zinc and selenium deficiency in patients with IgAD, and the need for investigation of these micronutrients in their follow-up.

Risk Assessment of Micronutrients Deficiency in Vegetarian or Vegan Children: Not So Obvious

Vegetarian diets have gained in popularity worldwide and therefore an increasing number of children may be exposed to the resulting nutritional consequences. Among them, the risk of micronutrient shortfall is particularly of concern. This narrative review aims to assess and discuss the relevance of micronutrient deficiency risk based on the available data. It mainly draws attention to iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamins B12 and D intake. Diets that are more restrictive in animal source foods, such as vegan diets, have a greater likelihood of nutritional deficiencies. However, the actual risk of micronutrient deficiency in vegetarian children is relatively difficult to assert based on the limitations of evidence due to the lack of well-designed studies. The risk of vitamin B12 deficiency must be considered in newborns from vegan or macrobiotic mothers and children with the most restrictive diet, as well as the risk of iron, zinc, and iodine deficiency, possibly by performing the appropriate tests. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet exposes a low risk if it uses a very varied diet with a sufficient intake of dairy products. Vegan and macrobiotic diets should be avoided during pregnancy and childhood. There is a need for education and nutrition guidance and the need for supplementation should be assessed individually.

Improving Dietary Zinc Bioavailability Using New Food Fortification Approaches: A Promising Tool to Boost Immunity in the Light of COVID-19

Zinc is a powerful immunomodulatory trace element, and its deficiency in the body is closely associated with changes in immune functions and viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. The creation of new forms of zinc delivery to target cells can make it possible to obtain smart chains of food ingredients. Recent evidence supports the idea that the optimal intake of zinc or bioactive compounds in appropriate supplements should be considered as part of a strategy to generate an immune response in the human body. Therefore, controlling the amount of this element in the diet is especially important for populations at risk of zinc deficiency, who are more susceptible to the severe progression of viral infection and disease, such as COVID-19. Convergent approaches such as micro- and nano-encapsulation develop new ways to treat zinc deficiency and make zinc more bioavailable.

Nutritional Support for Alcoholic Liver Disease

Malnutrition is a common finding in alcohol use disorders and is associated with the prognosis of patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). These patients also frequently show deficiencies in vitamins and trace elements, increasing the likelihood of anemia and altered cognitive status. The etiology of malnutrition in ALD patients is multifactorial and complex and includes inadequate dietary intake, abnormal absorption and digestion, increased skeletal and visceral protein catabolism, and abnormal interactions between ethanol and lipid metabolism. Most nutritional measures derive from general chronic liver disease recommendations. Recently, many patients with ALD have been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, which requires individualized treatment via nutritional therapy to avoid overnutrition. As ALD progresses to cirrhosis, it is frequently complicated by protein–energy malnutrition and sarcopenia. Nutritional therapy is also important in the management of ascites and hepatic encephalopathy as liver failure progresses. The purpose of the review is to summarize important nutritional therapies for the treatment of ALD.

High Dietary Zinc Intake Is Associated with Shorter Leukocyte Telomere Length, Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α: A Study of China Adults

OBJECTIVES

Diet can influence peripheral leukocyte telomere length (LTL), and various micronutrients have been reported to correlate with it. Zinc is known for its antioxidant properties and immunomodulatory effects. However, there are few epidemiological investigations on the relationship between dietary zinc intake and LTL. This study analyzed the association between dietary zinc and LTL and the potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress among them.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional and community-based study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

599 participants from rural communities in the Changping suburb of Beijing, China, were recruited.

MEASUREMENTS

Serum lipid profile, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), oxidative stress marker, and inflammatory cytokines levels were measured. Detailed dietary data were obtained using a 24 h food recall. LTL was assessed using a real-time PCR assay. Spearman analysis, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and general linear regression models were used to determine the association between dietary zinc intake and LTL. Simple regulatory models were also applied to analyze the role of inflammation and oxidative stress among them.

RESULTS

A total of 482 subjects were ultimately included in this analysis. Spearman analysis showed that dietary zinc intake and zinc intake under energy density were negatively correlated with LTL (r=-0.142 and -0.126, all P <0.05) and positively correlated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (r=0.138 and 0.202, all P <0.05) while only dietary zinc without energy adjustment had a positive correlation with superoxide dismutase (SOD). RCS (P for non-linearity=0.933) and multiple linear regression (B=-0.084, P=0.009) indicated a negative linear association between dietary zinc and LTL. The adjustment of TNF-α rather than SOD could abolish the relationship. The mediation model suggested that the unfavorable effect of dietary zinc on LTL was mediated by TNF-α.

CONCLUSIONS

High dietary zinc may correlate with telomere attrition, and TNF-α can act as a mediator in this relationship. In the future, more extensive cohort studies are needed to further explore the relationship between dietary zinc and cellular aging and the specific mechanisms.