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Patel AA, Mohamed AH, Rizaev J, Mallick AK, Qasim MT, Abdulmonem WA, Jamal A, Hattiwale HM, Kamal MA, Ahmad F. Application of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the umbilical cord or Wharton's jelly and their extracellular vesicles in the treatment of various diseases. Tissue Cell 2024; 89:102415. [PMID: 38851032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originating from the umbilical cord (UC) or Wharton's jelly (WJ) have attracted substantial interest due to their potential to augment therapeutic approaches for a wide range of disorders. These cells demonstrate a wide range of capabilities in the process of differentiating into a multitude of cell types. Additionally, they possess a significant capacity for proliferation and are conveniently accessible. Furthermore, they possess a status of being immune-privileged, exhibit minimal tumorigenic characteristics, and raise minimal ethical concerns. Consequently, they are well-suited candidates for tissue regeneration and the treatment of diseases. Additionally, UC-derived MSCs offer a substantial yield compared to other sources. The therapeutic effects of these MSCs are closely associated with the release of nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), containing lipids, microRNAs, and proteins that facilitate intercellular communication. Due to their reduced tumorigenic and immunogenic characteristics, in addition to their convenient manipulability, EVs have arisen as a viable alternative for the management of disorders. The favorable characteristics of UC-MSCs or WJ-MSCs and their EVs have generated significant attention in clinical investigations encompassing diverse pathologies. Therefore, we present a review encompassing current preclinical and clinical investigations, examining the implications of UC-MSCs in diverse diseases, including those affecting bone, cartilage, skin, liver, kidney, neural, lung, cardiovascular, muscle, and retinal tissues, as well as conditions like cancer, diabetes, sepsis, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyub Ali Patel
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma'a H Mohamed
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hilla, Babil 51001, Iraq.
| | - Jasur Rizaev
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare management, Rector, Samarkand State Medical University, 18, Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Ayaz Khurram Mallick
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maytham T Qasim
- College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroonrashid M Hattiwale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Azhar Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Nguyen VVT, Welsh JA, Tertel T, Choo A, van de Wakker SI, Defourny KAY, Giebel B, Vader P, Padmanabhan J, Lim SK, Nolte‐'t Hoen ENM, Verhaar MC, Bostancioglu RB, Zickler AM, Hong JM, Jones JC, EL Andaloussi S, van Balkom BWM, Görgens A. Inter-laboratory multiplex bead-based surface protein profiling of MSC-derived EV preparations identifies MSC-EV surface marker signatures. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12463. [PMID: 38868945 PMCID: PMC11170075 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising regenerative therapeutics that primarily exert their effects through secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). These EVs - being small and non-living - are easier to handle and possess advantages over cellular products. Consequently, the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs is increasingly investigated. However, due to variations in MSC-EV manufacturing strategies, MSC-EV products should be considered as highly diverse. Moreover, the diverse array of EV characterisation technologies used for MSC-EV characterisation further complicates reliable interlaboratory comparisons of published data. Consequently, this study aimed to establish a common method that can easily be used by various MSC-EV researchers to characterise MSC-EV preparations to facilitate interlaboratory comparisons. To this end, we conducted a comprehensive inter-laboratory assessment using a novel multiplex bead-based EV flow cytometry assay panel. This assessment involved 11 different MSC-EV products from five laboratories with varying MSC sources, culture conditions, and EV preparation methods. Through this assay panel covering a range of mostly MSC-related markers, we identified a set of cell surface markers consistently positive (CD44, CD73 and CD105) or negative (CD11b, CD45 and CD197) on EVs of all explored MSC-EV preparations. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed distinct surface marker profiles associated with specific preparation processes and laboratory conditions. We propose CD73, CD105 and CD44 as robust positive markers for minimally identifying MSC-derived EVs and CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD45 and CD79 as reliable negative markers. Additionally, we highlight the influence of culture medium components, particularly human platelet lysate, on EV surface marker profiles, underscoring the influence of culture conditions on resulting EV products. This standardisable approach for MSC-EV surface marker profiling offers a tool for routine characterisation of manufactured EV products in pre-clinical and clinical research, enhances the quality control of MSC-EV preparations, and hopefully paves the way for higher consistency and reproducibility in the emerging therapeutic MSC-EV field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- The Measuring Stick, LtdPeterboroughUK
- Advanced Technology GroupBecton DickinsonSan JoseCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Andre Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Simonides I. van de Wakker
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kyra A. Y. Defourny
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- CDL ResearchUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jayanthi Padmanabhan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Esther N. M. Nolte‐'t Hoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - R. Beklem Bostancioglu
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST)Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer CenterStockholmSweden
| | - Antje M. Zickler
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST)Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer CenterStockholmSweden
- Karolinska ATMP CenterANA FuturaHuddingeSweden
| | - Jia Mei Hong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Jennifer C. Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Samir EL Andaloussi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST)Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer CenterStockholmSweden
- Karolinska ATMP CenterANA FuturaHuddingeSweden
| | | | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST)Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer CenterStockholmSweden
- Karolinska ATMP CenterANA FuturaHuddingeSweden
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Ding Z, Greenberg ZF, Serafim MF, Ali S, Jamieson JC, Traktuev DO, March K, He M. Understanding molecular characteristics of extracellular vesicles derived from different types of mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic translation. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE 2024; 3:100034. [PMID: 38957857 PMCID: PMC11218754 DOI: 10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied for decades as candidates for cellular therapy, and their secretome, including secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), has been identified to contribute significantly to regenerative and reparative functions. Emerging evidence has suggested that MSC-EVs alone, could be used as therapeutics that emulate the biological function of MSCs. However, just as with MSCs, MSC-EVs have been shown to vary in composition, depending on the tissue source of the MSCs as well as the protocols employed in culturing the MSCs and obtaining the EVs. Therefore, the importance of careful choice of cell sources and culture environments is receiving increasing attention. Many factors contribute to the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs, including the source tissue, isolation technique, and culturing conditions. This review illustrates the molecular landscape of EVs derived from different types of MSC cells along with culture strategies. A thorough analysis of publicly available omic datasets was performed to advance the precision understanding of MSC-EVs with unique tissue source-dependent molecular characteristics. The tissue-specific protein and miRNA-driven Reactome ontology analysis was used to reveal distinct patterns of top Reactome ontology pathways across adipose, bone marrow, and umbilical MSC-EVs. Moreover, a meta-analysis assisted by an AI technique was used to analyze the published literature, providing insights into the therapeutic translation of MSC-EVs based on their source tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zachary F. Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Maria Fernanda Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Samantha Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Julia C. Jamieson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dmitry O. Traktuev
- UF Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Keith March
- UF Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Almeria C, Weiss R, Keck M, Weber V, Kasper C, Egger D. Dynamic cultivation of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for the production of extracellular vesicles in a 3D bioreactor system. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:279-293. [PMID: 38349512 PMCID: PMC10902030 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE 3D cell culture and hypoxia have been demonstrated to increase the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, a process for the production of MSC-EVs in a novel 3D bioreactor system under normoxic and hypoxic conditions was established and the resulting EVs were characterized. METHODS Human adipose-derived MSCs were seeded and cultured on a 3D membrane in the VITVO® bioreactor system for 7 days. Afterwards, MSC-EVs were isolated and characterized via fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry with staining against annexin V (Anx5) as a marker for EVs exposing phosphatidylserine, as well as CD73 and CD90 as MSC surface markers. RESULTS Cultivation of MSC in the VITVO® bioreactor system demonstrated a higher concentration of MSC-EVs from the 3D bioreactor (9.1 × 109 ± 1.5 × 109 and 9.7 × 109 ± 3.1 × 109 particles/mL) compared to static 2D culture (4.2 × 109 ± 7.5 × 108 and 3.9 × 109 ± 3.0 × 108 particles/mL) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, respectively. Also, the particle-to-protein ratio as a measure for the purity of EVs increased from 3.3 × 107 ± 1.1 × 107 particles/µg protein in 2D to 1.6 × 108 ± 8.3 × 106 particles/µg protein in 3D. Total MSC-EVs as well as CD73-CD90+ MSC-EVs were elevated in 2D normoxic conditions. The EV concentration and size did not differ significantly between normoxic and hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSION The production of MSC-EVs in a 3D bioreactor system under hypoxic conditions resulted in increased EV concentration and purity. This system could be especially useful in screening culture conditions for the production of 3D-derived MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarra Almeria
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Weiss
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Maike Keck
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Egger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Padinharayil H, Varghese J, Wilson C, George A. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Characteristics and applications in disease pathology and management. Life Sci 2024; 342:122542. [PMID: 38428567 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a role in tissue regeneration and homeostasis because of inherent immunomodulatory capacity and the production of factors that encourage healing. There is substantial evidence that MSCs' therapeutic efficacy is primarily determined by their paracrine function including in cancers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are basic paracrine effectors of MSCs that reside in numerous bodily fluids and cell homogenates and play an important role in bidirectional communication. MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) offer a wide range of potential therapeutic uses that exceed cell treatment, while maintaining protocell function and having less immunogenicity. We describe characteristics and isolation methods of MSC-EVs, and focus on their therapeutic potential describing its roles in tissue repair, anti-fibrosis, and cancer with an emphasis on the molecular mechanism and immune modulation and clinical trials. We also explain current understanding and challenges in the clinical applications of MSC-EVs as a cell free therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Padinharayil
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 05, Kerala, India; PG & Research Department of Zoology, St. Thomas College, Kozhencherry, Pathanamthitta, Kerala 689641, India
| | - Jinsu Varghese
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, St. Thomas College, Kozhencherry, Pathanamthitta, Kerala 689641, India
| | - Cornelia Wilson
- Canterbury Christ Church University, Natural Applied Sciences, Life Science Industry Liaison Lab, Discovery Park, Sandwich CT139FF, United Kingdom.
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 05, Kerala, India.
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6
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Ateeq M, Broadwin M, Sellke FW, Abid MR. Extracellular Vesicles' Role in Angiogenesis and Altering Angiogenic Signaling. Med Sci (Basel) 2024; 12:4. [PMID: 38249080 PMCID: PMC10801520 DOI: 10.3390/medsci12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessels formation from existing vasculature, plays a vital role in development, wound healing, and various pathophysiological conditions. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as crucial mediators in intercellular communication and have gained significant attention for their role in modulating angiogenic processes. This review explores the multifaceted role of EVs in angiogenesis and their capacity to modulate angiogenic signaling pathways. Through comprehensive analysis of a vast body of literature, this review highlights the potential of utilizing EVs as therapeutic tools to modulate angiogenesis for both physiological and pathological purposes. A good understanding of these concepts holds promise for the development of novel therapeutic interventions targeting angiogenesis-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ateeq
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (M.A.); (M.B.); (F.W.S.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Broadwin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (M.A.); (M.B.); (F.W.S.)
| | - Frank W. Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (M.A.); (M.B.); (F.W.S.)
| | - M. Ruhul Abid
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (M.A.); (M.B.); (F.W.S.)
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7
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Caicedo A, Morales E, Moyano A, Peñaherrera S, Peña-Cisneros J, Benavides-Almeida A, Pérez-Meza ÁA, Haro-Vinueza A, Ruiz C, Robayo P, Tenesaca D, Barba D, Zambrano K, Castañeda V, Singh KK. Powering prescription: Mitochondria as "Living Drugs" - Definition, clinical applications, and industry advancements. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107018. [PMID: 38013162 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria's role as engines and beacons of metabolism and determinants of cellular health is being redefined through their therapeutic application as "Living Drugs" (LDs). Artificial mitochondrial transfer/transplant (AMT/T), encompassing various techniques to modify, enrich, or restore mitochondria in cells and tissues, is revolutionizing acellular therapies and the future of medicine. This article proposes a necessary definition for LDs within the Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Products (ATMPs) framework. While recognizing different types of LDs as ATMPs, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells, we focus on mitochondria due to their unique attributes that distinguish them from traditional cell therapies. These attributes include their inherent living nature, diverse sources, industry applicability, validation, customizability for therapeutic needs, and their capability to adapt and respond within recipient cells. We trace the journey from initial breakthroughs in AMT/T to the current state-of-the-art applications by emerging innovative companies, highlighting the need for manufacturing standards to navigate the transition of mitochondrial therapies from concept to clinical practice. By providing a comprehensive overview of the scientific, clinical, and commercial landscape of mitochondria as LDs, this article contributes to the essential dialogue among regulatory agencies, academia, and industry to shape their future in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Caicedo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Emilia Morales
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Biología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Aldana Moyano
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de investigaciones biotecnológicas IIB, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Peñaherrera
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Biología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - José Peña-Cisneros
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Abigail Benavides-Almeida
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Álvaro A Pérez-Meza
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alissen Haro-Vinueza
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Biología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Ruiz
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Doménica Tenesaca
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Barba
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kevin Zambrano
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Castañeda
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Biología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador; PhD Program in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Departments of Genetics, Dermatology and Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Rasouli M, Naeimzadeh Y, Hashemi N, Hosseinzadeh S. Age-Related Alterations in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Function: Understanding Mechanisms and Seeking Opportunities to Bypass the Cellular Aging. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:15-32. [PMID: 36642876 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230113144016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Undoubtedly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most common cell therapy candidates in clinical research and therapy. They not only exert considerable therapeutic effects to alleviate inflammation and promote regeneration, but also show low-immunogenicity properties, which ensure their safety following allogeneic transplantation. Thanks to the necessity of providing a sufficient number of MSCs to achieve clinically efficient outcomes, prolonged in vitro cultivation is indisputable. However, either following long-term in vitro expansion or aging in elderly individuals, MSCs face cellular senescence. Senescent MSCs undergo an impairment in their function and therapeutic capacities and secrete degenerative factors which negatively affect young MSCs. To this end, designing novel investigations to further elucidate cellular senescence and to pave the way toward finding new strategies to reverse senescence is highly demanded. In this review, we will concisely discuss current progress on the detailed mechanisms of MSC senescence and various inflicted changes following aging in MSC. We will also shed light on the examined strategies underlying monitoring and reversing senescence in MSCs to bypass the comprised therapeutic efficacy of the senescent MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rasouli
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Naeimzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader Hashemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Didamoony MA, Soubh AA, Atwa AM, Ahmed LA. Innovative preconditioning strategies for improving the therapeutic efficacy of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells in gastrointestinal diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2973-2993. [PMID: 37874430 PMCID: PMC10692273 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have become a global health issue and an economic burden due to their wide distribution, late prognosis, and the inefficacy of recent available medications. Therefore, it is crucial to search for new strategies for their management. In the recent decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has attracted attention as a viable option for treating a myriad of GI disorders such as hepatic fibrosis (HF), ulcerative colitis (UC), acute liver injury (ALI), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to their regenerative and paracrine properties. Importantly, recent studies have shown that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are responsible for most of the therapeutic effects of MSCs. In addition, EVs have revealed several benefits over their parent MSCs, such as being less immunogenic, having a lower risk of tumour formation, being able to cross biological barriers, and being easier to store. MSC-EVs exhibited regenerative, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrotic effects in different experimental models of GI diseases. However, a key issue with their clinical application is the maintenance of their stability and efficacy following in vivo transplantation. Preconditioning of MSC-EVs or their parent cells is one of the novel methods used to improve their effectiveness and stability. Herein, we discuss the application of MSC-EVs in several GI disorders taking into account their mechanism of action. We also summarise the challenges and restrictions that need to be overcome to promote their clinical application in the treatment of various GI diseases as well as the recent developments to improve their effectiveness. A representation of the innovative preconditioning techniques that have been suggested for improving the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-EVs in GI diseases. The pathological conditions in various GI disorders (ALI, UC, HF and NAFLD) create a harsh environment for EVs and their parents, increasing the risk of apoptosis and senescence of MSCs and thereby diminishing MSC-EVs yield and restricting their large-scale applications. Preconditioning with pharmacological agents or biological mediators can improve the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-EVs through their adaption to the lethal environment to which they are subjected. This can result in establishment of a more conducive environment and activation of numerous vital trajectories that act to improve the immunomodulatory, reparative and regenerative activities of the derived EVs, as a part of MSCs paracrine system. ALI, acute liver injury; GI diseases, gastrointestinal diseases; HF, hepatic fibrosis; HSP, heat shock protein; miRNA, microRNA; mRNA, messenger RNA; MSC-EVs, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; UC, ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar A Didamoony
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, 11829, Egypt.
| | - Ayman A Soubh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Ahram Canadian University, 4th Industrial Zone, Banks Complex, 6th of October City, Giza, 12451, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Atwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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10
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Seim RF, Herring LE, Mordant AL, Willis ML, Wallet SM, Coleman LG, Maile R. Involvement of extracellular vesicles in the progression, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of whole-body ionizing radiation-induced immune dysfunction. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188830. [PMID: 37404812 PMCID: PMC10316130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) develops after exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation and features immune suppression and organ failure. Currently, there are no diagnostics to identify the occurrence or severity of exposure and there are limited treatments and preventative strategies to mitigate ARS. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of intercellular communication that contribute to immune dysfunction across many diseases. We investigated if EV cargo can identify whole body irradiation (WBIR) exposure and if EVs promote ARS immune dysfunction. We hypothesized that beneficial EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) would blunt ARS immune dysfunction and might serve as prophylactic radioprotectants. Mice received WBIR (2 or 9 Gy) with assessment of EVs at 3 and 7 days after exposure. LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of WBIR-EVs found dose-related changes as well as candidate proteins that were increased with both doses and timepoints (34 total) such as Thromboxane-A Synthase and lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2. Suprabasin and Sarcalumenin were increased only after 9 Gy suggesting these proteins may indicate high dose/lethal exposure. Analysis of EV miRNAs identified miR-376 and miR-136, which were increased up to 200- and 60-fold respectively by both doses of WBIR and select miRNAs such as miR-1839 and miR-664 were increased only with 9 Gy. WBIR-EVs (9 Gy) were biologically active and blunted immune responses to LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages, inhibiting canonical signaling pathways associated with wound healing and phagosome formation. When given 3 days after exposure, MSC-EVs slightly modified immune gene expression changes in the spleens of mice in response to WBIR and in a combined radiation plus burn injury exposure (RCI). MSC-EVs normalized the expression of certain key immune genes such as NFκBia and Cxcr4 (WBIR), Map4k1, Ccr9 and Cxcl12 (RCI) and lowered plasma TNFα cytokine levels after RCI. When given prophylactically (24 and 3 hours before exposure), MSC-EVs prolonged survival to the 9 Gy lethal exposure. Thus, EVs are important participants in ARS. EV cargo might be used to diagnose WBIR exposure, and MSC-EVs might serve as radioprotectants to blunt the impact of toxic radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland F. Seim
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Angie L. Mordant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Micah L. Willis
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shannon M. Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Leon G. Coleman
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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11
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Meldolesi J. Role of Senescent Astrocytes in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108498. [PMID: 37239843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For many decades after their discovery, astrocytes, the abundant glial cells of the brain, were believed to work as a glue, supporting the structure and metabolic functions of neurons. A revolution that started over 30 years ago revealed many additional functions of these cells, including neurogenesis, gliosecretion, glutamate homeostasis, assembly and function of synapses, neuronal metabolism with energy production, and others. These properties have been confirmed, limited however, to proliferating astrocytes. During their aging or following severe brain stress lesions, proliferating astrocytes are converted into their no-longer-proliferating, senescent forms, similar in their morphology but profoundly modified in their functions. The changed specificity of senescent astrocytes is largely due to their altered gene expression. The ensuing effects include downregulation of many properties typical of proliferating astrocytes, and upregulation of many others, concerned with neuroinflammation, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, dysfunction of synapses, etc., specific to their senescence program. The ensuing decrease in neuronal support and protection by astrocytes induces the development, in vulnerable brain regions, of neuronal toxicity together with cognitive decline. Similar changes, ultimately reinforced by astrocyte aging, are also induced by traumatic events and molecules involved in dynamic processes. Senescent astrocytes play critical roles in the development of many severe brain diseases. The first demonstration, obtained for Alzheimer's disease less than 10 years ago, contributed to the elimination of the previously predominant neuro-centric amyloid hypothesis. The initial astrocyte effects, operating a considerable time before the appearance of known Alzheimer's symptoms evolve with the severity of the disease up to their proliferation during the final outcome. Involvement of astrocytes in other neurodegenerative diseases and cancer is now intensely investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Meldolesi
- San Raffaele Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milano-Bicocca University, Vedano al Lambro, 20854 Milan, Italy
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12
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Yang Y, Peng Y, Li Y, Shi T, Luan Y, Yin C. Role of stem cell derivatives in inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153901. [PMID: 37006266 PMCID: PMC10062329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells of mesodermal origin with the ability of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, which have all the common characteristics of stem cells and the ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, neuron-like cells and other cells. Stem cell derivatives are extracellular vesicles(EVs) released from mesenchymal stem cells that are involved in the process of body’s immune response, antigen presentation, cell differentiation, and anti-inflammatory. EVs are further divided into ectosomes and exosomes are widely used in degenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammatory diseases due to their parental cell characteristics. However, most diseases are closely related to inflammation, and exosomes can mitigate the damage caused by inflammation in terms of suppressing the inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis and promoting tissue repair. Stem cell-derived exosomes have become an emerging modality for cell-free therapy because of their high safety and ease of preservation and transportation through intercellular communication. In this review, we highlight the characteristics and functions of MSCs-derived exosomes and discuss the regulatory mechanisms of MSCs-derived exosomes in inflammatory diseases and their potential applications in clinical diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqiu Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingjuan Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyi Luan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yingyi Luan, ; Chenghong Yin,
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yingyi Luan, ; Chenghong Yin,
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13
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Heydari Z, Peshkova M, Gonen ZB, Coretchi I, Eken A, Yay AH, Dogan ME, Gokce N, Akalin H, Kosheleva N, Galea-Abdusa D, Ulinici M, Vorojbit V, Shpichka A, Groppa S, Vosough M, Todiras M, Butnaru D, Ozkul Y, Timashev P. EVs vs. EVs: MSCs and Tregs as a source of invisible possibilities. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:51-63. [PMID: 36527475 PMCID: PMC9759062 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by various cells and exist in most biological fluids. They play an important role in cell-cell signaling, immune response, and tumor metastasis, and also have theranostic potential. They deliver many functional biomolecules, including DNA, microRNAs (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), lipids, and proteins, thus affecting different physiological processes in target cells. Decreased immunogenicity compared to liposomes or viral vectors and the ability to cross through physiological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier make them an attractive and innovative option as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic carriers. Here, we highlighted two types of cells that can produce functional EVs, namely, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), discussing MSC/Treg-derived EV-based therapies for some specific diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heydari
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Peshkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ianos Coretchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Ahmet Eken
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arzu Hanım Yay
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Ensar Dogan
- Department of Medical Genetic, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Gokce
- Department of Medical Genetic, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hilal Akalin
- Department of Medical Genetic, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nastasia Kosheleva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniela Galea-Abdusa
- Genetics Laboratory, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Mariana Ulinici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Valentina Vorojbit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav Groppa
- Department of Neurology, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mihail Todiras
- Drug Research Center, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | | | - Yusuf Ozkul
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey. .,Department of Medical Genetic, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Haghighitalab A, Dominici M, Matin MM, Shekari F, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Lim R, Ahmadiankia N, Mirahmadi M, Bahrami AR, Bidkhori HR. Extracellular vesicles and their cells of origin: Open issues in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090416. [PMID: 36969255 PMCID: PMC10031021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional therapeutic approaches to treat autoimmune diseases through suppressing the immune system, such as steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are not adequately practical. Moreover, these regimens are associated with considerable complications. Designing tolerogenic therapeutic strategies based on stem cells, immune cells, and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) seems to open a promising path to managing autoimmune diseases' vast burden. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the main cell types applied to restore a tolerogenic immune status; MSCs play a more beneficial role due to their amenable properties and extensive cross-talks with different immune cells. With existing concerns about the employment of cells, new cell-free therapeutic paradigms, such as EV-based therapies, are gaining attention in this field. Additionally, EVs' unique properties have made them to be known as smart immunomodulators and are considered as a potential substitute for cell therapy. This review provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of cell-based and EV-based methods for treating autoimmune diseases. The study also presents an outlook on the future of EVs to be implemented in clinics for autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Haghighitalab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maryam M. Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rebecca Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Naghmeh Ahmadiankia
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mirahmadi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Reza Bahrami, ; Hamid Reza Bidkhori,
| | - Hamid Reza Bidkhori
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Reza Bahrami, ; Hamid Reza Bidkhori,
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15
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Yang G, Tan L, Yao H, Xiong Z, Wu J, Huang X. Long-Term Effects of Severe Burns on the Kidneys: Research Advances and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:1905-1921. [PMID: 37152866 PMCID: PMC10162109 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s404983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Burns are a seriously underestimated form of trauma that not only damage the skin system but also cause various complications, such as acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent clinical studies have shown that the proportion of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in burn patients after discharge is significantly higher than that in the general population, but the mechanism behind this is controversial. The traditional view is that CKD is associated with hypoperfusion, AKI, sepsis, and drugs administered in the early stages of burns. However, recent studies have shown that burns can cause long-term immune dysfunction, which is a high-risk factor for CKD. This suggests that burns affect the kidneys more than previously recognized. In other words, severe burns are not only an acute injury but also a chronic disease. Neglecting to study long-term kidney function in burn patients also results in a lack of preventive and therapeutic methods being developed. Furthermore, stem cells and their exosomes have shown excellent comprehensive therapeutic properties in the prevention and treatment of CKD, making them increasingly the focus of research attention. Their engineering strategy further improved the therapeutic performance. This review will focus on the research advances in burns on the development of CKD, illustrating the possible mechanism of burn-induced CKD and introducing potential biological treatment options and their engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Division of Renal Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, 044006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lishan Tan
- Division of Renal Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuying Xiong
- Division of Renal Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, People’s Republic of China
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics & Gynecology, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Venetia, 37134, Italy
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Division of Renal Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaoyan Huang; Jun Wu, Email ;
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16
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Muñiz-García A, Wilm B, Murray P, Cross MJ. Extracellular Vesicles from Human Umbilical Cord-Derived MSCs Affect Vessel Formation In Vitro and Promote VEGFR2-Mediated Cell Survival. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233750. [PMID: 36497011 PMCID: PMC9735515 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as novel tools in regenerative medicine. Angiogenesis modulation is widely studied for the treatment of ischaemic diseases, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Here, we have shown that EVs from human umbilical cord-derived MSCs can affect VEGFR2 signalling, a master regulator of angiogenesis homeostasis, via altering the phosphorylation of AKT. This translates into an inhibition of apoptosis, promoting exclusively cell survival, but not proliferation, in human microvascular endothelial cells. Interestingly, when comparing EVs from normoxic cells to those obtained from hypoxia (1% O2) preconditioned cells, hypoxia-derived EVs appear to have a slightly enhanced effect. Furthermore, when studied in a longer term endothelial-fibroblast co-culture angiogenesis model in vitro, both EV populations demonstrated a positive effect on vessel formation, evidenced by increased vessel networks with tubes of significantly larger diameters. Our data reveals that EVs selectively target components of the angiogenic pathway, promoting VEGFR2-mediated cell survival via enhancement of AKT activation. Our data show that EVs are able to enhance specific components of the VEGF signalling pathway and may have therapeutic potential to support endothelial cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñiz-García
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Michael J. Cross
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (M.J.C.)
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17
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Regenerative mesenchymal stem c
ell‐derived
extracellular vesicles: A potential alternative to c
ell‐based
therapy in viral infection and disease damage control. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1574. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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N-Glycans in Immortalized Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Are Critical for EV–Cell Interaction and Functional Activation of Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179539. [PMID: 36076936 PMCID: PMC9455930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EV) are widely considered as a cell-free therapeutic alternative to MSC cell administration, due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. However, the interaction mechanisms between EV and target cells are not fully understood. The surface glycans could be key players in EV–cell communication, being specific molecular recognition patterns that are still little explored. In this study, we focused on the role of N-glycosylation of MSC-EV as mediators of MSC-EV and endothelial cells’ interaction for subsequent EV uptake and the induction of cell migration and angiogenesis. For that, EV from immortalized Wharton’s Jelly MSC (iWJ-MSC-EV) were isolated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and treated with the glycosidase PNGase-F in order to remove wild-type N-glycans. Then, CFSE-labelled iWJ-MSC-EV were tested in the context of in vitro capture, agarose-spot migration and matrigel-based tube formation assays, using HUVEC. As a result, we found that the N-glycosylation in iWJ-MSC-EV is critical for interaction with HUVEC cells. iWJ-MSC-EV were captured by HUVEC, stimulating their tube-like formation ability and promoting their recruitment. Conversely, the removal of N-glycans through PNGase-F treatment reduced all of these functional activities induced by native iWJ-MSC-EV. Finally, comparative lectin arrays of iWJ-MSC-EV and PNGase-F-treated iWJ-MSC-EV found marked differences in the surface glycosylation pattern, particularly in N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, and fucose-binding lectins. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of N-glycans in MSC-EV to permit EV–cell interactions and associated functions.
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19
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Ibrahim R, Mndlovu H, Kumar P, Adeyemi SA, Choonara YE. Cell Secretome Strategies for Controlled Drug Delivery and Wound-Healing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2929. [PMID: 35890705 PMCID: PMC9324118 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant interest in using stem cells in the management of cutaneous wounds. However, potential safety, efficacy, and cost problems associated with whole-cell transplantation hinder their clinical application. Secretome, a collective of mesenchymal stem-cell-stored paracrine factors, and immunomodulatory cytokines offer therapeutic potential as a cell-free therapy for the treatment of cutaneous wounds. This review explores the possibility of secretome as a treatment for cutaneous wounds and tissue regeneration. The review mainly focuses on in vitro and in vivo investigations that use biomaterials and secretome together to treat wounds, extend secretome retention, and control release to preserve their biological function. The approaches employed for the fabrication of biomaterials with condition media or extracellular vesicles are discussed to identify their future clinical application in wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (R.I.); (H.M.); (P.K.); (S.A.A.)
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Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration: a next generation therapeutic tool? Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:580. [PMID: 35787632 PMCID: PMC9252569 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be widely isolated from various tissues including bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue, with the potential for self-renewal and multipotent differentiation. There is compelling evidence that the therapeutic effect of MSCs mainly depends on their paracrine action. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are fundamental paracrine effectors of MSCs and play a crucial role in intercellular communication, existing in various body fluids and cell supernatants. Since MSC-derived EVs retain the function of protocells and have lower immunogenicity, they have a wide range of prospective therapeutic applications with advantages over cell therapy. We describe some characteristics of MSC-EVs, and discuss their role in immune regulation and regeneration, with emphasis on the molecular mechanism and application of MSC-EVs in the treatment of fibrosis and support tissue repair. We also highlight current challenges in the clinical application of MSC-EVs and potential ways to overcome the problem of quality heterogeneity.
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21
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Zhang X, Wu Y, Cheng Q, Bai L, Huang S, Gao J. Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Diagnosis and Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:875376. [PMID: 35721498 PMCID: PMC9198246 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.875376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality. Therapy of CVDs is still a great challenge since many advanced therapies have been developed. Multiple cell types produce nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs), including cardiovascular system-related cells and stem cells. Compelling evidence reveals that EVs are associated with the pathophysiological processes of CVDs. Recently researches focus on the clinical transformation in EVs-based diagnosis, prognosis, therapies, and drug delivery systems. In this review, we firstly discuss the current knowledge about the biophysical properties and biological components of EVs. Secondly, we will focus on the functions of EVs on CVDs, and outline the latest advances of EVs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic agents. Finally, we will introduce the specific application of EVs as a novel drug delivery system and its application in CVDs therapy. Specific attention will be paid to summarize the perspectives, challenges, and applications on EVs’ clinical and industrial transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojing Zhang, ; Jun Gao,
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Scientific Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Qifa Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Liyang Bai
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqiang Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Sixth Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojing Zhang, ; Jun Gao,
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22
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Lyu K, Liu T, Chen Y, Lu J, Jiang L, Liu X, Liu X, Li Y, Li S. A “cell-free treatment” for tendon injuries: adipose stem cell-derived exosomes. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:75. [PMID: 35643543 PMCID: PMC9148514 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTendon injuries are widespread and chronic disorders of the musculoskeletal system, frequently caused by overload of the tendons. Currently, the most common treatment for tendon injuries is "cell-free therapy", of which exosomes, which can treat a host of diseases, including immune disorders, musculoskeletal injuries and cardiovascular diseases, are one kind. Among the many sources of exosomes, adipose-derived stem cell exosomes (ASC-Exos) have better efficacy. This is attributed not only to the ease of isolation of adipose tissue, but also to the high differentiation capacity of ASCs, their greater paracrine function, and immunomodulatory capacity compared to other exosomes. ASC-Exos promote tendon repair by four mechanisms: promoting angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions, reducing the inflammatory response, promoting tendon cell migration and proliferation, and accelerating collagen synthesis, thus accelerating tendon healing. This review focuses on describing studies of preclinical experiments with various exosomes, the characteristics of ASC-Exos and their mechanisms of action in tendon healing, as well as elaborating the limitations of ASC-Exos in clinical applications.
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One of the Primary Functions of Tissue-Resident Pluripotent Pericytes Cells May Be to Regulate Normal Organ Growth and Maturation: Implications for Attempts to Repair Tissues Later in Life. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105496. [PMID: 35628309 PMCID: PMC9146368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells were reported more than 30 years ago. Since then, their potential to repair and regenerate damaged or diseased tissues has been studied intensively in both preclinical models and human trials. Most of the need for such tissue repair/regeneration is in older populations, so much of the effort has been performed with autologous cells in older patients. However, success has been difficult to achieve. In the literature, it has been noted that such progenitor cells from younger individuals often behave with more vigorous activity and are functionally enhanced compared to those from older individuals or animals. In addition, cells with the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells or pluripotent mesenchymal regulatory cells exist in nearly all tissues and organs as pericytes since fetal life. Such evidence raises the possibility that one of the primary roles of these organ-specific cells is to regulate organ growth and maturation, and then subsequently play a role in the maintenance of organ integrity. This review will discuss the evidence to support this concept and the implications of such a concept regarding the use of these progenitor cells for the repair and regeneration of tissues damaged by injury or disease later in life. For the latter, it may be necessary to return the organ-specific progenitor cells to the functional state that contributed to their effectiveness during growth and maturation rather than attempting to use them after alterations imposed during the aging process have been established and their function compromised.
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Sanmartin MC, Borzone FR, Giorello MB, Yannarelli G, Chasseing NA. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Carriers for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:882545. [PMID: 35497332 PMCID: PMC9046597 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.882545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020. Despite advances in targeted therapies, some pharmacological drawbacks associated with anticancer chemo and immunotherapeutic agents include high toxicities, low bioavailability, and drug resistance. In recent years, extracellular vesicles emerged as a new promising platform for drug delivery, with the advantage of their inherent biocompatibility and specific targeting compared to artificial nanocarriers, such as liposomes. Particularly, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells were proposed as a source of extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy because of their intrinsic properties: high in vitro self-renewal and proliferation, regenerative and immunomodulatory capacities, and secretion of extracellular vesicles that mediate most of their paracrine functions. Moreover, extracellular vesicles are static and safer in comparison with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, which can undergo genetic/epigenetic or phenotypic changes after their administration to patients. In this review, we summarize currently reported information regarding mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles, their proper isolation and purification techniques - from either naive or engineered mesenchymal stem/stromal cells - for their application in cancer therapy, as well as available downstream modification methods to improve their therapeutic properties. Additionally, we discuss the challenges associated with extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy, and we review some preclinical and clinical data available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Sanmartin
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Raúl Borzone
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Giorello
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Yannarelli
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma Alejandra Chasseing
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Driscoll J, Yan IK, Patel T. Development of a Lyophilized Off-the-Shelf Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Acellular Therapeutic. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040849. [PMID: 35456683 PMCID: PMC9030800 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic activities elicited by mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are in part mediated through paracrine action by the release of extracellular vesicles (EV) and secreted proteins. Collectively, these MSC-derived factors, referred to as the secretome product (SP), are intrinsically therapeutic and represent an attractive alternative to cell-based therapies. Herein, we developed a lyopreservation protocol to extend the shelf-life of the MSC-SP without compromising the structural or functional integrity of the vesicular components. The SP isolated from normoxia- and anoxia-exposed MSC elicited protective effects in an in vitro model of oxidative injury and the bioactivity was retained in the lyophilized samples. Three separate formulations of MSC-SP were isolated by tangential flow filtration using sucrose, trehalose, and mannitol as lyoprotectant agents. The MSC-SPs were lyophilized using a manifold protocol and the structural and functional integrity were assessed. The trehalose formulation of SP exhibited the highest EV and protein recovery after manifold-based lyophilization. To facilitate development as a therapeutic, a shelf lyophilization protocol was developed which markedly enhanced the recovery of EV and proteins. In conclusion, lyophilization represents an efficient method to preserve the structural and functional integrity of the MSC-SP and can be used to develop an off-the-shelf therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tushar Patel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-904-956-3257; Fax: +1-904-956-3359
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26
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Liao C, Chen G, Yang Q, Liu Y, Zhou T. Potential Therapeutic Effect and Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Extracellular Vesicles in Renal Fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:824752. [PMID: 35359447 PMCID: PMC8961868 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.824752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis (RF) is central pathological pathway for kidney diseases, with the main pathological features being the aberrant accumulation of myofibroblasts that produce accumulation of extracellular matrix in the renal interstitium and glomeruli. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with RF. Current treatment strategies for RF are ineffective. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found to be able to treat organ fibrosis including RF, but they have some safety problems, such as cell rejection, carcinogenicity, and virus contamination, which limit the application of MSCs. However, current studies have found that MSCs may exert their therapeutic effect by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-EVs can transfer functional proteins and genetic material directly to the recipient cells. As non-cell membrane structures, MSC-EVs have the advantages of low immunogenicity, easy preservation, and artificial modification, but do not have the characteristics of self-replication and ectopic differentiation. Therefore, EVs are safer than MSCs for treatment, but might be less effective than MSCs. Recent studies have also found that MSC-EVs can improve renal function and pathological changes of RF. Thus, this review summarizes the therapeutic effect of MSC-EVs on RF and the mechanisms that have been discovered so far, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the further study of the role of MSC-EVs in treating RF diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | | | | | - Tianbiao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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27
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Fan C, Wang Q, Chen Y, Ye T, Fan Y. Exosomes derived from bone mesenchymal stem cells attenuate myocardial fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro via autophagy activation: the key role of miR-199a-3p/mTOR pathway. Hum Cell 2022; 35:817-835. [PMID: 35190954 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy suppression plays key a role during myocardial fibrosis (MF) progression. Exosomes from stem cells attenuate MF. The current study aimed to explain the antifibrosis effects of exosomes by focusing on microRNAs (miRs). MF was induced in rats using transverse aortic constriction (TAC) method and handled with exosomes from bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The results of in vivo assays were verified with H9c2 cells. MiR expression profile was determined using microarray detection. The influence of miR-199a-3p modulation in vivo and in vitro on the antifibrosis effect of exosomes then was assessed. Exosomes attenuated MF by inhibiting inflammation, improving tissue structure, and inhibiting fibrosis-related indicators in TAC rats, and the effects were associated with autophagy activation. In H9c2 cells, exosomes suppressed cell viability, induced cell apoptosis, inhibited fibrosis-related indicators, while and the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA would block the effect of exosomes. Based on the microarray detection, miR-199a-3p level was selected as therapeutic target. The inhibition of miR-199a-3p impaired the antifibrosis effects of exosomes on H9c2 cells, which was associated with autophagy inhibition. Collectively, exosomes from BMSCs exerted antifibrosis effects via the distant transfer of miR-199a-3p to heart tissues, which induced autophagy by inhibiting mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333 Chuan'an South Road, Chengxi Street, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qizeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333 Chuan'an South Road, Chengxi Street, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youjin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333 Chuan'an South Road, Chengxi Street, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333 Chuan'an South Road, Chengxi Street, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuncao Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333 Chuan'an South Road, Chengxi Street, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang, China.
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Ma C, He D, Tian P, Wang Y, He Y, Wu Q, Jia Z, Zhang X, Zhang P, Ying H, Jin ZB, Hu G. miR-182 targeting reprograms tumor-associated macrophages and limits breast cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114006119. [PMID: 35105806 PMCID: PMC8833194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114006119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protumor roles of alternatively activated (M2) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been well established, and macrophage reprogramming is an important therapeutic goal. However, the mechanisms of TAM polarization remain incompletely understood, and effective strategies for macrophage targeting are lacking. Here, we show that miR-182 in macrophages mediates tumor-induced M2 polarization and can be targeted for therapeutic macrophage reprogramming. Constitutive miR-182 knockout in host mice and conditional knockout in macrophages impair M2-like TAMs and breast tumor development. Targeted depletion of macrophages in mice blocks the effect of miR-182 deficiency in tumor progression while reconstitution of miR-182-expressing macrophages promotes tumor growth. Mechanistically, cancer cells induce miR-182 expression in macrophages by TGFβ signaling, and miR-182 directly suppresses TLR4, leading to NFκb inactivation and M2 polarization of TAMs. Importantly, therapeutic delivery of antagomiR-182 with cationized mannan-modified extracellular vesicles effectively targets macrophages, leading to miR-182 inhibition, macrophage reprogramming, and tumor suppression in multiple breast cancer models of mice. Overall, our findings reveal a crucial TGFβ/miR-182/TLR4 axis for TAM polarization and provide rationale for RNA-based therapeutics of TAM targeting in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dasa He
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pu Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunfei He
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiuyao Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenchang Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
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Cancer Stem Cells and Their Vesicles, Together with Other Stem and Non-Stem Cells, Govern Critical Cancer Processes: Perspectives for Medical Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020625. [PMID: 35054811 PMCID: PMC8775347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, identified several decades ago, started to attract interest at the end of the nineties when families of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), concentrated in the stroma of most organs, were found to participate in the therapy of many diseases. In cancer, however, stem cells of high importance are specific to another family, the cancer stem cells (CSCs). This comprehensive review is focused on the role and the mechanisms of CSCs and of their specific extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are composed of both exosomes and ectosomes. Compared to non-stem (normal) cancer cells, CSCs exist in small populations that are preferentially distributed to the niches, such as minor specific tissue sites corresponding to the stroma of non-cancer tissues. At niches and marginal sites of other cancer masses, the tissue exhibits peculiar properties that are typical of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of cancers. The extracellular matrix (ECM) includes components different from non-cancer tissues. CSCs and their EVs, in addition to effects analogous to those of MSCs/EVs, participate in processes of key importance, specific to cancer: generation of distinct cell subtypes, proliferation, differentiation, progression, formation of metastases, immune and therapy resistance, cancer relapse. Many of these, and other, effects require CSC cooperation with surrounding cells, especially MSCs. Filtered non-cancer cells, especially macrophages and fibroblasts, contribute to collaborative cancer transition/integration processes. Therapy developments are mentioned as ongoing preclinical initiatives. The preliminary state of clinical medicine is presented in terms of both industrial development and future treatments. The latter will be administered to specific patients together with known drugs, with the aim of eradicating their tumor growth and metastases.
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Meldolesi J. News about Therapies of Alzheimer’s Disease: Extracellular Vesicles from Stem Cells Exhibit Advantages Compared to Other Treatments. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010105. [PMID: 35052785 PMCID: PMC8773509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon its discovery, Alzheimer’s, the neurodegenerative disease that affects many millions of patients in the world, remained without an effective therapy. The first drugs, made available near the end of last century, induced some effects, which remained only marginal. More promising effects are now present, induced by two approaches. Blockers of the enzyme BACE-1 induce, in neurons and glial cells, decreased levels of Aβ, the key peptide of the Alzheimer’s disease. If administered at early AD steps, the BACE-1 blockers preclude further development of the disease. However, they have no effect on established, irreversible lesions. The extracellular vesicles secreted by mesenchymal stem cells induce therapy effects analogous, but more convenient, than the effects of their original cells. After their specific fusion to target cells, the action of these vesicles depends on their ensuing release of cargo molecules, such as proteins and many miRNAs, active primarily on the cell cytoplasm. Operationally, these vesicles exhibit numerous advantages: they exclude, by their accurate selection, the heterogeneity of the original cells; exhibit molecular specificity due to their engineering and drug accumulation; and induce effective actions, mediated by variable concentrations of factors and molecules and by activation of signaling cascades. Their strength is reinforced by their combination with various factors and processes. The recent molecular and operations changes, induced especially by the stem cell target cells, result in encouraging and important improvement of the disease. Their further development is expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Meldolesi
- San Raffaele Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University Milano-Bicocca, 20132 Milan, Italy
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32
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Phan TH, Kim SY, Rudge C, Chrzanowski W. Made by cells for cells - extracellular vesicles as next-generation mainstream medicines. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273969. [PMID: 35019142 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current medicine has only taken us so far in reducing disease and tissue damage. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membranous nanostructures produced naturally by cells, have been hailed as a next-generation medicine. EVs deliver various biomolecules, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which can influence the behaviour of specific target cells. Since EVs not only mirror composition of their parent cells but also modify the recipient cells, they can be used in three key areas of medicine: regenerative medicine, disease detection and drug delivery. In this Review, we discuss the transformational and translational progress witnessed in EV-based medicine to date, focusing on two key elements: the mechanisms by which EVs aid tissue repair (for example, skin and bone tissue regeneration) and the potential of EVs to detect diseases at an early stage with high sensitivity and specificity (for example, detection of glioblastoma). Furthermore, we describe the progress and results of clinical trials of EVs and demonstrate the benefits of EVs when compared with traditional medicine, including cell therapy in regenerative medicine and solid biopsy in disease detection. Finally, we present the challenges, opportunities and regulatory framework confronting the clinical application of EV-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Huyen Phan
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sally Yunsun Kim
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christopher Rudge
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Health Law, New Law Building F10, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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The immunology and immunotherapy for COVID-19. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e24. [PMID: 34915958 PMCID: PMC8723987 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and significantly impacts the world economy and daily life. Symptoms of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic to fever, dyspnoea, acute respiratory distress and multiple organ failure. Critical cases often occur in the elderly and patients with pre-existing conditions. By binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, SARS-CoV-2 can enter and replicate in the host cell, exerting a cytotoxic effect and causing local and systemic inflammation. Currently, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19, and immunotherapy has consistently attracted attention because of its essential role in boosting host immunity to the virus and reducing overwhelming inflammation. In this review, we summarise the immunopathogenic features of COVID-19 and highlight recent advances in immunotherapy to illuminate ideas for the development of new potential therapies.
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Thinking Quantitatively of RNA-Based Information Transfer via Extracellular Vesicles: Lessons to Learn for the Design of RNA-Loaded EVs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111931. [PMID: 34834346 PMCID: PMC8617734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50–1000 nm vesicles secreted by virtually any cell type in the body. They are expected to transfer information from one cell or tissue to another in a short- or long-distance way. RNA-based transfer of information via EVs at long distances is an interesting well-worn hypothesis which is ~15 years old. We review from a quantitative point of view the different facets of this hypothesis, ranging from natural RNA loading in EVs, EV pharmacokinetic modeling, EV targeting, endosomal escape and RNA delivery efficiency. Despite the unique intracellular delivery properties endowed by EVs, we show that the transfer of RNA naturally present in EVs might be limited in a physiological context and discuss the lessons we can learn from this example to design efficient RNA-loaded engineered EVs for biotherapies. We also discuss other potential EV mediated information transfer mechanisms, among which are ligand–receptor mechanisms.
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Bar JK, Lis-Nawara A, Grelewski PG. Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Secretome and Its Regenerative Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112018. [PMID: 34769446 PMCID: PMC8584775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the dental pulp stem (DSC) cell-derived secretome, consisting of various biomolecules, is undergoing intense research. Despite promising in vitro and in vivo studies, most DSC secretome-based therapies have not been implemented in human medicine because the paracrine effect of the bioactive factors secreted by human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) is not completely understood. In this review, we outline the current data on the hDPSC- and SHED-derived secretome as a potential candidate in the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and nerve tissue. Published reports demonstrate that the dental MSC-derived secretome/conditional medium may be effective in treating neurodegenerative diseases, neural injuries, cartilage defects, and repairing bone by regulating neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and angiogenic processes through secretome paracrine mechanisms. Dental MSC-secretomes, similarly to the bone marrow MSC-secretome activate molecular and cellular mechanisms, which determine the effectiveness of cell-free therapy. Many reports emphasize that dental MSC-derived secretomes have potential application in tissue-regenerating therapy due to their multidirectional paracrine effect observed in the therapy of many different injured tissues.
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miR-29a-3p/THBS2 Axis Regulates PAH-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910574. [PMID: 34638915 PMCID: PMC8509017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) pathology involves extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in cardiac tissues, thus promoting cardiac fibrosis progression. miR-29a-3p reportedly inhibits lung progression and liver fibrosis by regulating ECM protein expression; however, its role in PAH-induced fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-29a-3p in cardiac fibrosis progression in PAH and its influence on ECM protein thrombospondin-2 (THBS2) expression. The diagnostic and prognostic values of miR-29a-3p and THBS2 in PAH were evaluated. The expressions and effects of miR-29a-3p and THBS2 were assessed in cell culture, monocrotaline-induced PAH mouse model, and patients with PAH. The levels of circulating miR-29a-3p and THBS2 in patients and mice with PAH decreased and increased, respectively. miR-29a-3p directly targets THBS2 and regulates THBS2 expression via a direct anti-fibrotic effect on PAH-induced cardiac fibrosis. The circulating levels of miR-29a-3p and THBS2 were correlated with PAH diagnostic parameters, suggesting their independent prognostic value. miR-29a-3p targeted THBS2 expression via a direct anti-fibrotic effect on PAH-induced cardiac fibrosis, indicating miR-29a-3p acts as a messenger with promising therapeutic effects.
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