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Vitali H, Campus C, Signorini S, De Giorgis V, Morelli F, Varesio C, Pasca L, Sammartano A, Gori M. Blindness affects the developmental trajectory of the sleeping brain. Neuroimage 2024; 286:120508. [PMID: 38181867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays a crucial role in brain development, sensory information processing, and consolidation. Sleep spindles are markers of these mechanisms as they mirror the activity of the thalamocortical circuits. Spindles can be subdivided into two groups, slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz), which are each associated with different functions. Specifically, fast spindles oscillate in the high-sigma band and are associated with sensorimotor processing, which is affected by visual deprivation. However, how blindness influences spindle development has not yet been investigated. We recorded nap video-EEG of 50 blind/severely visually impaired (BSI) and 64 sighted children aged 5 months to 6 years old. We considered aspects of both macro- and micro-structural spindles. The BSI children lacked the evolution of developmental spindles within the central area. Specifically, young BSI children presented low central high-sigma and high-beta (25-30 Hz) event-related spectral perturbation and showed no signs of maturational decrease. High-sigma and high-beta activity in the BSI group correlated with clinical indices predicting perceptual and motor disorders. Our findings suggest that fast spindles are pivotal biomarkers for identifying an early developmental deviation in BSI children. These findings are critical for initial therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Vitali
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, Genoa 16152, Italy; DIBRIS, University of Genova, Genoa 16145, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, Genoa 16152, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Federica Morelli
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Costanza Varesio
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Ludovica Pasca
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Alessia Sammartano
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, Genoa 16152, Italy.
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Di Bella P, Attardi AG, Butera A, Mancini A, Calabrò N, Lo Re EG, Trimarchi G, Nicotera AG, Di Rosa G, Giudice DL. Semi-Automatic Analysis of Specific Electroencephalographic Patterns during NREM2 Sleep in a Pediatric Population after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Pers Med 2024; 14:152. [PMID: 38392585 PMCID: PMC10890158 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The post-COVID-19 condition is defined by the World Health Organization as the persistence of symptoms or development of new symptoms three months after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, lasting for at least two months without a clear explanation. Neuropsychiatric disorders associated with this condition include asthenia, memory and concentration problems, and sleep disturbances. Our study aims to investigate sleep patterns following SARS-CoV-2 infection using EEG findings and a sleep quality questionnaire completed by parents (Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children-SDSC). Notably, our investigation is based on a convenience sample. The patients in our sample, aged 1 to 14 years, are not currently taking any medications; rather, they are undergoing follow-up assessments at the Child Neuropsychiatry department of the University Hospital of Messina for neurodevelopmental evaluations. Specifically, we are analyzing amplitude and power spectrum data in the first five minutes of NREM2 sleep, calculated from EEG recordings obtained via bipolar leads within three months after the onset of the disease. These results will be compared with controls performed on the same subjects in the six months preceding the infection. The focus of the study was sleep spindles, which are generated by the thalamocortical systems and play a role in sleep modulation, memory, and learning. Preliminary analysis suggests a predominant increase in the slow component of the spindles in the right-frontal lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Di Bella
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "G. Martino" University Hospital, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Gaia Attardi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "G. Martino" University Hospital, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Ambra Butera
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "G. Martino" University Hospital, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Arianna Mancini
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "G. Martino" University Hospital, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Nunzia Calabrò
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "G. Martino" University Hospital, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Elisa Giuseppa Lo Re
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "G. Martino" University Hospital, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Trimarchi
- SIR-Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Lo Giudice
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Özbudak P, Özaslan A, Temel EÜ, Güney E, Serdaroğlu A, Arhan E. New Electrographic Marker? Evaluation of Sleep Spindles in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:4-10. [PMID: 36259661 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221134025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common developmental disorders in childhood which lasts lifelong. Sleep structure and sleep spindle features are disorganized in ADHD. In this study, we aimed to look for a new, simple, inexpensive, and an easily detectable electrographic marker in the diagnosis of ADHD by using electroencephalography (EEG). Method: We included treatment free 35 patients with ADHD and 32 healthy children (HC) who were examined by polysomnography (PSG) and EEG for sleep disorders. The ADHD group were separated into three groups according to predominant presentations of ADHD. We determined the sleep staging and slow and fast sleep spindles, calculated each spindle's amplitude, frequency, activity, duration and density at non rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stage 2. Results: Slow sleep spindle's amplitude, duration, density and activity are significantly higher in ADHD group (most significant in ADHD-I) than the HC group (p < 0,05). Sleep spindle's features are not statistically significant between in ADHD subgroups. Conclusions: In children with ADHD, slow sleep spindles showed higher amplitude, activity, density and duration in the frontal regions. These results indicate that slow sleep spindles in children with ADHD may reflect executive dysfunction and slow frontal spindles may be useful as a new electrographic marker in children with ADHD. This is the first study of its kind evaluating all aspects of sleep spindles in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Özbudak
- Department of Child Neurology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Ülgen Temel
- Department of Child Neurology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Güney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Serdaroğlu
- Department of Child Neurology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Arhan
- Department of Child Neurology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Ujma PP, Bódizs R, Dresler M, Simor P, Purcell S, Stone KL, Yaffe K, Redline S. Multivariate prediction of cognitive performance from the sleep electroencephalogram. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120319. [PMID: 37574121 PMCID: PMC10661862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cognitive performance is a key function whose biological foundations have been partially revealed by genetic and brain imaging studies. The sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) is tightly linked to structural and functional features of the central nervous system and serves as another promising biomarker. We used data from MrOS, a large cohort of older men and cross-validated regularized regression to link sleep EEG features to cognitive performance in cross-sectional analyses. In independent validation samples 2.5-10% of variance in cognitive performance can be accounted for by sleep EEG features, depending on the covariates used. Demographic characteristics account for more covariance between sleep EEG and cognition than health variables, and consequently reduce this association by a greater degree, but even with the strictest covariate sets a statistically significant association is present. Sigma power in NREM and beta power in REM sleep were associated with better cognitive performance, while theta power in REM sleep was associated with worse performance, with no substantial effect of coherence and other sleep EEG metrics. Our findings show that cognitive performance is associated with the sleep EEG (r = 0.283), with the strongest effect ascribed to spindle-frequency activity. This association becomes weaker after adjusting for demographic (r = 0.186) and health variables (r = 0.155), but its resilience to covariate inclusion suggest that it also partially reflects trait-like differences in cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Semmelweis University, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Semmelweis University, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, USA
| | - Katie L Stone
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Jaramillo V, Schoch SF, Markovic A, Kohler M, Huber R, Lustenberger C, Kurth S. An infant sleep electroencephalographic marker of thalamocortical connectivity predicts behavioral outcome in late infancy. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119924. [PMID: 36739104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infancy represents a critical period during which thalamocortical brain connections develop and mature. Deviations in the maturation of thalamocortical connectivity are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. There is a lack of early biomarkers to detect and localize neuromaturational deviations, which can be overcome with mapping through high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) assessed in sleep. Specifically, slow waves and spindles in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are generated by the thalamocortical system, and their characteristics, slow wave slope and spindle density, are closely related to neuroplasticity and learning. Spindles are often subdivided into slow (11.0-13.0 Hz) and fast (13.5-16.0 Hz) frequencies, for which not only different functions have been proposed, but for which also distinctive developmental trajectories have been reported across the first years of life. Recent studies further suggest that information processing during sleep underlying sleep-dependent learning is promoted by the temporal coupling of slow waves and spindles, yet slow wave-spindle coupling remains unexplored in infancy. Thus, we evaluated three potential biomarkers: 1) slow wave slope, 2) spindle density, and 3) the temporal coupling of slow waves with spindles. We use hdEEG to first examine the occurrence and spatial distribution of these three EEG features in healthy infants and second to evaluate a predictive relationship with later behavioral outcomes. We report four key findings: First, infants' EEG features appear locally: slow wave slope is maximal in occipital and frontal areas, whereas slow and fast spindle density is most pronounced frontocentrally. Second, slow waves and spindles are temporally coupled in infancy, with maximal coupling strength in the occipital areas of the brain. Third, slow wave slope, fast spindle density, and slow wave-spindle coupling are not associated with concurrent behavioral status (6 months). Fourth, fast spindle density in central and frontocentral regions at age 6 months predicts overall developmental status at age 12 months, and motor skills at age 12 and 24 months. Neither slow wave slope nor slow wave-spindle coupling predict later behavioral development. We further identified spindle frequency as a determinant of slow and fast spindle density, which accordingly, also predicts motor skills at 24 months. Our results propose fast spindle density, or alternatively spindle frequency, as early EEG biomarker for identifying thalamocortical maturation, which can potentially be used for early diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders in infants. These findings are in support of a role of sleep spindles in sensorimotor microcircuitry development. A crucial next step will be to evaluate whether early therapeutic interventions may be effective to reverse deviations in identified individuals at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Jaramillo
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH; Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah F Schoch
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, NL
| | - Andjela Markovic
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH; Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH
| | - Reto Huber
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, CH
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH; Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH; Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH.
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6
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Season is related to the slow wave and sigma activity of infants and toddlers. Sleep Med 2022; 100:364-377. [PMID: 36201888 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Slow wave activity (SWA) and sigma frequency activity (SFA) are hallmarks of NREM sleep EEG and important indicators of neural plasticity, development of the central nervous system, and cognition. However, little is known about the factors that modulate these sleep EEG activities, especially in small children. PATIENTS/METHODS We analyzed the power spectral densities of SWA (1-4 Hz) and SFA range (10-15 Hz) from six EEG derivations of 56 infants (8 months) and 60 toddlers (24 months) during their all-night sleep and during the first and the last half of night sleep. The spectral values were compared between the four seasons. RESULTS In the spring group of infants, compared with the darker seasons, SFA was lower in the centro-occipital EEG derivations during both halves of the night. The SWA findings of the infants were restricted to the last half of the night (SWA2) and frontally, where SWA2 was higher during winter than spring. The toddlers presented less frontal SWA2 during winter compared with autumn. Both age groups showed a reduction in both SWA and SFA towards the last half of the night. CONCLUSIONS The sleep EEG spectral power densities are more often associated with seasons in infants' SFA range. The results might stem from seasonally changing light exposure, but the exact mechanism warrants further study. Moreover, contrary to the adult-like increment of SFA, the SFA at both ages was lower at the last part of the night sleep. This suggests different regulation of spindle activity in infants and toddlers.
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O'Connor C, Irvine AD, Murray D, Murphy M, O'B Hourihane J, Boylan G. Study protocol: assessing SleeP IN infants with early-onset atopic Dermatitis by Longitudinal Evaluation (The SPINDLE study). BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:352. [PMID: 35717147 PMCID: PMC9206384 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin condition in childhood. Most (50-60%) children with AD report sleep disturbance, which is secondary to itch, dry skin, inflammation, and abnormal circadian rhythm. Sleep is essential for brain development, learning, and growth. Sleep disruption in early life is associated with cognitive and psychological dysfunction in later life. The aim of this study is to describe in detail the sleep architecture of infants with early-onset atopic dermatitis (AD), compared to controls, by using EEG polysomnography, sleep actigraphy, and parental reporting. METHODS This observational study will recruit six- to eight-month old infants with moderate to severe AD and age-matched control infants who do not have AD. At six-eight months diurnal sleep electroencephalography and polysomnography will be performed in our research center. Nocturnal sleep actigraphy will be performed at home for five consecutive nights at six-eight months and 12 months. Between six and 12 months, monthly questionnaires will capture data on quantitative sleep and parental sleep. Skin barrier and immune profiles will be captured at six-eight and 12 months. AD will be assessed using standardized severity assessment tools and treated according to protocol. A neurodevelopmental assessment will be performed at 18 months to assess cognition and behaviour. An estimated sample size of 50 participants in each group is required to power the primary outcome of disturbed macrostructure of sleep and secondary outcomes of disturbed microstructure of sleep, and disturbed parental sleep, assuming an attrition rate of 60%. Potential confounding factors which will be controlled for in the data analysis will include parental educational level, parental depression, feeding practice, and number of siblings. DISCUSSION This study will provide a rich analysis of sleep in infants with AD in the first year of life using detailed electroencephalography, novel actigraphy techniques, and longitudinal parent-reported data. It may provide guidance on the optimal treatment of AD to prevent or reduce sleep disruption. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov NCT05031754 , retrospectively registered on September 2nd, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal O'Connor
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland. .,Department of Dermatology, South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital, Cork, Ireland. .,INFANT research centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan D Irvine
- INFANT research centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Dermatology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Murray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.,INFANT research centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michelle Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan O'B Hourihane
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.,INFANT research centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Boylan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.,INFANT research centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Page J, Wakschlag LS, Norton ES. Nonrapid eye movement sleep characteristics and relations with motor, memory, and cognitive ability from infancy to preadolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22202. [PMID: 34813099 PMCID: PMC8898567 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sleep plays a critical role in neural neurodevelopment. Hallmarks of sleep reflected in the electroencephalogram during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are associated with learning processes, cognitive ability, memory, and motor functioning. Research in adults is well-established; however, the role of NREM sleep in childhood is less clear. Growing evidence suggests the importance of two NREM sleep features: slow-wave activity and sleep spindles. These features may be critical for understanding maturational change and the functional role of sleep during development. Here, we review the literature on NREM sleep from infancy to preadolescence to provide insight into the network dynamics of the developing brain. The reviewed findings show distinct relations between topographical and maturational aspects of slow waves and sleep spindles; however, the direction and consistency of these relationships vary, and associations with cognitive ability remain unclear. Future research investigating the role of NREM sleep and development would benefit from longitudinal approaches, increased control for circadian and homeostatic influences, and in early childhood, studies recording daytime naps and overnight sleep to yield increased precision for detecting age-related change. Such evidence could help explicate the role of NREM sleep and provide putative physiological markers of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Page
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Norton
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Sulkamo S, Hagström K, Huupponen E, Isokangas S, Lapinlampi AM, Alakuijala A, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Himanen SL. Sleep Spindle Features and Neurobehavioral Performance in Healthy School-Aged Children. J Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 38:149-155. [PMID: 31800466 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In adults, central fast-frequency sleep spindles are involved in learning and memory functions. The density of local spindles is higher than global spindles, emphasizing the importance of local plastic neural processes. In children, findings on the association of spindles with cognition are more variable. Hence, we aim to study whether the local spindles are also important for neurobehavioral performance in children. METHODS We studied the correlations between local (occurring in only one channel: Fp1, Fp2, C3, or C4), bilateral, and diffuse (occurring in all four channels) spindles and neurobehavioral performance in 17 healthy children (median age 9.6 years). RESULTS Local spindles were not as frequent as bilateral spindles (P-values < 0.05). Central spindle types had significant correlations with sensorimotor and language functions (e.g., the density of bilateral central spindles correlated positively with the Object Assembly in NEPSY, r = 0.490). Interestingly, frontopolar spindles correlated with behavior (e.g., the more bilateral the frontopolar spindles, the less hyperactive the children, r = -0.618). CONCLUSIONS In children, the local spindles, but also more widespread central spindles, seem to be involved in the cognitive processes. Based on our findings, it is important that ageadjusted frequency limits are used in studies evaluating the frequencies of spindles in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saramia Sulkamo
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Hagström
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Huupponen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sirkku Isokangas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Lapinlampi
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anniina Alakuijala
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; and
| | | | - Sari-Leena Himanen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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10
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Cebreros-Paniagua R, Ayala-Guerrero F, Mateos-Salgado EL, Villamar-Flores CI, Gutiérrez-Chávez CA, Jiménez-Correa U. Analysis of sleep spindles in children with Asperger's syndrome. Sleep Sci 2021; 14:201-206. [PMID: 35186197 PMCID: PMC8848528 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are an element of the sleep microstructure observed on the EEG during the NREM sleep phase. Sleep spindles are associated to sleep stability functions as well as memory consolidation and optimization of different cognitive processes. On the other hand, Asperger's syndrome (AS) is a generalized developmental disorder in which cognitive and sleep disturbances have been described. In this study we analyzed different characteristics of sleep spindles in a group of children with AS and compared them with sleep spindles of a group of children with typical development paired by age; both groups ranged from 6 to 12 years of age and were all male. We observed a statistically significant decrease in sleep spindles intrinsic frequency in different brain regions in the AS group in relation to the typical development group. This finding could be due to immaturity in brain regions related to the integration of sleep spindles; and this immaturity could be related with cognitive aspects in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Cebreros-Paniagua
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Psychology Faculty - Mexico City - Mexico. ,Corresponding author: Rodolfo Cebreros-Paniagua. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulises Jiménez-Correa
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Sleep Disorders Clinic, Medicine Faculty, Research Division - Mexico City - Mexico. , National Autonomous University of Mexico, Postgraduate Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Psychology Faculty - Mexico City - Mexico
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Satomaa AL, Mäkelä T, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Kylliäinen A, Huupponen E, Himanen SL. Slow-wave activity and sigma activities are associated with psychomotor development at 8 months of age. Sleep 2020; 43:5813737. [PMID: 32227230 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The electrophysiological properties of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) EEG are homeostatically modulated on global and local use-dependent levels. Furthermore, the local NREM quality reflects age-dependent brain maturation and individual, age-independent, and psychomotor potential. Cortical maturation and its electrophysiological marker, Slow-wave activity (SWA), as well as sleep spindles are known to change in topography and quality during the early years of life, but their associations with psychomotor development in infants are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the local properties of SWA and spindles (sigma power) and ascertain whether they correlate with psychomotor development in 8-month-old infants. METHODS Ambulatory polysomnographies were recorded in 56 infants at 8 months of age to calculate the local SWA and sigma powers. The associations between the SWA and sigma powers and psychomotor development (Bayley-III) were examined in 36 of these infants. RESULTS In both hemispheres, the highest SWA and sigma powers were found occipitally and centrally, respectively, with higher powers in the right hemisphere than in the left. The Bayley-III correlated with local SWA and sigma powers: the occipital SWA and centro-occipital sigma correlated with cognitive scales, and the frontal and occipital SWA and centro-occipital sigma correlated with language and fine motor scales. Most of the correlations were unilateral. CONCLUSIONS In 8-month-old infants, the NREM sleep quality shows local differences that are mostly attributable to the topical phase of brain maturation. The local NREM parameters correlate with psychomotor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Satomaa
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Tampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Mäkelä
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Outi Saarenpää-Heikkilä
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anneli Kylliäinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Huupponen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Tampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sari-Leena Himanen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Tampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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12
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Gorgoni M, D'Atri A, Scarpelli S, Reda F, De Gennaro L. Sleep electroencephalography and brain maturation: developmental trajectories and the relation with cognitive functioning. Sleep Med 2020; 66:33-50. [PMID: 31786427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - A D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - S Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - F Reda
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - L De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Gilad R, Shapiro C. Sleep and Development. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.126049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As one of the most inheritable sleep EEG signatures, sleep spindles probably reflect the strength and malleability of thalamocortical circuits that underlie individual cognitive profiles. We review the characteristics, organization, regulation, and origins of sleep spindles and their implication in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and its functions, focusing on human and rodent. Spatially, sleep spindle-related neuronal activity appears on scales ranging from small thalamic circuits to functional cortical areas, and generates a cortical state favoring intracortical plasticity while limiting cortical output. Temporally, sleep spindles are discrete events, part of a continuous power band, and elements grouped on an infraslow time scale over which NREMS alternates between continuity and fragility. We synthesize diverse and seemingly unlinked functions of sleep spindles for sleep architecture, sensory processing, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and cognitive abilities into a unifying sleep spindle concept, according to which sleep spindles 1) generate neural conditions of large-scale functional connectivity and plasticity that outlast their appearance as discrete EEG events, 2) appear preferentially in thalamic circuits engaged in learning and attention-based experience during wakefulness, and 3) enable a selective reactivation and routing of wake-instated neuronal traces between brain areas such as hippocampus and cortex. Their fine spatiotemporal organization reflects NREMS as a physiological state coordinated over brain and body and may indicate, if not anticipate and ultimately differentiate, pathologies in sleep and neurodevelopmental, -degenerative, and -psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M J Fernandez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Associations between cognitive performance and sigma power during sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, healthy children, and healthy adults. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224166. [PMID: 31648258 PMCID: PMC6812820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma power during sleep is associated with cognitive abilities in healthy humans. We examined the relationship between sigma power in sleep EEG and intelligence and alertness in schoolchildren with ADHD (n = 17) in comparison to mentally healthy children (n = 16) and adults (n = 23). We observed a positive correlation between sigma power in sleep stage 2 and IQ in healthy adults but a negative correlation in children with ADHD. Furthermore, children with ADHD showed slower reaction times in alertness testing than both control groups. In contrast, only healthy children displayed a positive correlation between sigma power and reaction times. These data suggest that the associations between sigma power and cognitive performance underlie distinct developmental processes. A negative association between IQ and sigma power indicates a disturbed function of sleep in cognitive functions in ADHD, whereas the function of sleep appears to be matured early in case of motor-related alertness performance.
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16
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LeBourgeois MK, Dean DC, Deoni SCL, Kohler M, Kurth S. A simple sleep EEG marker in childhood predicts brain myelin 3.5 years later. Neuroimage 2019; 199:342-350. [PMID: 31170459 PMCID: PMC6688908 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological research reveals that insufficient sleep in children has negative cognitive and emotional consequences; however, the physiological underpinnings of these observations remain understudied. We tested the hypothesis that the topographical distribution of deep sleep slow wave activity during the childhood predicts brain white matter microstructure (myelin) 3.5 y later. Healthy children underwent sleep high-density EEG at baseline (n = 13; ages 2.4-8.0 y) and follow-up (n = 14; ages 5.5-12.2 y). At follow-up, myelin (myelin water fraction) and cortical morphology were also quantified. Our investigation revealed 3 main findings. (1) The Frontal/Occipital (F/O)-ratio at baseline strongly predicted whole brain myelin at follow-up. (2) At follow-up, the F/O-ratio was only minimally (negatively) linked to brain myelin. (3) Cortical morphology was not related to the F/O-ratio, neither at baseline nor at follow-up. Our results support the hypothesis that during child development EEG markers during sleep longitudinally predict brain myelin content. Data extend previous findings reporting a link between EEG markers of sleep need and cortical morphology, by supporting the hypothesis that sleep is a necessary component to underlying processes of brain, and specifically myelin, maturation. In line with the overarching theory that sleep contributes to neurodevelopmental processes, it remains to be investigated whether chronic sleep loss negatively affects white matter myelin microstructure growth during sensitive periods of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique K LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean C L Deoni
- Advanced Baby Imaging Laboratory, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Pulmonary Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Salome Kurth
- Pulmonary Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH, Switzerland.
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17
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Saito Y, Kaga Y, Nakagawa E, Okubo M, Kohashi K, Omori M, Fukuda A, Inagaki M. Association of inattention with slow-spindle density in sleep EEG of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Brain Dev 2019; 41:751-759. [PMID: 31204192 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the power of slow sleep spindles during sleep stage 2 to clarify their relationship with executive function, especially with attention, in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Subjects were 21 children with ADHD and 18 aged-matched, typically developing children (TDC). ADHD subjects were divided into groups of only ADHD and ADHD + autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We employed the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) to measure attention. We focused on sleep spindle frequencies (12-14 Hz) in sleep stage 2 and performed a power spectral analysis using fast Fourier transform techniques and compared sleep spindles with the variability of reaction time in CPT. RESULTS In the CPT, reaction variabilities in ADHD and ADHD + ASD significantly differed from those in TDC. Twelve-hertz spindles were mainly distributed in the frontal pole and frontal area and 14-Hz spindles in the central area. The ratio of 12-Hz frontal spindle power was higher in ADHD than in TDC, especially in ADHD + ASD. Significant correlation between the ratio of 12-Hz spindles and reaction time variability was observed. CONCLUSIONS Twelve-hertz frontal spindle EEG activity may have positive associations with sustained attention function. Slow frontal spindles may be useful as a biomarker of inattention in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Saito
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kaga
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan.
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
| | - Mariko Okubo
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kohashi
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Mikimasa Omori
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
| | - Ayako Fukuda
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
| | - Masumi Inagaki
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
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18
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Almomani F, Al-Momani MO, Alsheyab N, Al Mhdawi K. Reasoning Abilities and Potential Correlates Among Jordanian School Children. Matern Child Health J 2019; 22:501-511. [PMID: 29282593 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-017-2416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate factors related to reasoning skills in 434 school children aged 5-9 years. Methods The Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised was used to assess reasoning skills. Demographic, work and family income data, information on child's daily behavior and school academic achievement were provided by the participating children's parents. Results Reasoning scores increased by 4.56 points with increasing subject's age, 1.71 points with increasing level of father's occupation, 1.86 points with each increase in the subject's GPA, 1.13 points with consumption of breakfast at home and 1.81 points when child slept more hours. Having a father who smoked and living in a rural area decreased scores in reasoning. Conclusions for Practice Screening of reasoning and associated factors is essential for a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the child's abilities and limitations. Understanding the child's reasoning abilities is critical for establishing intervention goals and planning therapeutic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidaa Almomani
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | | | - Nihayah Alsheyab
- Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Khader Al Mhdawi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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19
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Farmer CA, Chilakamarri P, Thurm AE, Swedo SE, Holmes GL, Buckley AW. Spindle activity in young children with autism, developmental delay, or typical development. Neurology 2018; 91:e112-e122. [PMID: 29875224 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether spindle activity differs in young children with and without autism. METHODS We investigated differences in spindle density, duration, and oscillatory features in 135 young children with autism, developmental delay without autism (DD), or typical development (TD) and secondarily assessed the dimensional relationship between spindle density and both cognitive ability and social functioning. RESULTS Compared to TD, both spindle density (Cohen d 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-1.37) and duration (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.15-1.01) were significantly decreased in autism. Spindle density was also significantly reduced in autism compared to DD (Cohen d 0.61, 95% CI 0.13-1.09). Decreased spindle frequency in autism compared to both TD (Cohen d 0.47, 95% CI 0.04-0.90) and DD (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.10-1.06) did not survive correction. The DD group did not differ significantly from the TD group on any spindle parameter. These results, suggesting a relationship between spindle density and autism but not DD, were further illustrated in exploratory analyses, wherein nonverbal ratio IQ (RIQ) and the Vineland Socialization domain standard score were strongly correlated with spindle density in the full sample (r = 0.33, p ≤ 001 and r = 0.41, p ≤ 001, respectively) but not within group. After nonverbal RIQ was accounted for, the relationship between spindle density and Vineland Socialization remained statistically significant (r = 0.23, p < 0.01). However, Vineland Socialization scores accounted for the relationship between spindle density and nonverbal RIQ (r = 0.04, p = 0.67). CONCLUSION In a large cohort of young children with autism, spindle density was reduced compared to groups of age-matched children with DD or TD. Alterations in the maturational trajectory of spindles may provide valuable insight into the neurophysiologic differences related to behavior in disorders of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristan A Farmer
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Priyanka Chilakamarri
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Audrey E Thurm
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Susan E Swedo
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Ashura W Buckley
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington.
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20
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Mikoteit T, Brand S, Perren S, von Wyl A, von Klitzing K, Kurath J, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Hatzinger M. Visually detected non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep spindle density at age five years predicted prosocial behavior positively and hyperactivity scores negatively at age nine years. Sleep Med 2018; 48:101-106. [PMID: 29879654 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A higher density of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) spindles has been cross-sectionally associated with more efficient cortical-subcortical connectivity, superior intellectual and learning abilities, and healthier emotional and behavioral traits. In the present study, we explored to what extent sleep spindle density (SSD) at age five years could predict emotional and behavioral traits at six and nine years. METHODS A total of 19 healthy preschoolers at age five years underwent in-home sleep EEG recordings for visual scoring of non-rapid eye movement stage 2 (NREM-S2) sleep spindles, and SSD in NREM-S2 was calculated. Parents and teachers rated children's emotional and behavioral characteristics at ages five, six, and nine years. RESULTS Higher SSD at five years predicted higher prosocial behavior scores at nine years, as rated by parents and teachers, and lower hyperactivity scores as rated by teachers. Multiple regression analyses showed that SSD predicted prosocial behavior and hyperactivity independently of earlier prosocial behavior or hyperactivity. CONCLUSION The pattern of results suggests that a higher SSD at five years is predictive of higher scores for positive emotional and behavioral characteristics four years later. Therefore, spindle density indices might be acknowledged as an indicator not only of cognitive but also of emotional-behavioral development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Mikoteit
- Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric Services Solothurn and University of Basel, Solothurn, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
| | - Serge Brand
- Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatry Department, Substance Use Disorders Prevention Center, and Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sonja Perren
- Department of Empirical Educational Research, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Agnes von Wyl
- Psychological Institut, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai von Klitzing
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kurath
- Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hatzinger
- Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric Services Solothurn and University of Basel, Solothurn, Switzerland
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21
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Kurth S, Riedner BA, Dean DC, O'Muircheartaigh J, Huber R, Jenni OG, Deoni SCL, LeBourgeois MK. Traveling Slow Oscillations During Sleep: A Marker of Brain Connectivity in Childhood. Sleep 2018; 40:3953857. [PMID: 28934529 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow oscillations, a defining characteristic of the nonrapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), proliferate across the scalp in highly reproducible patterns. In adults, the propagation of slow oscillations is a recognized fingerprint of brain connectivity and excitability. In this study, we (1) describe for the first time maturational features of sleep slow oscillation propagation in children (n = 23; 2-13 years) using high-density (hd) EEG and (2) examine associations between sleep slow oscillatory propagation characteristics (ie, distance, traveling speed, cortical involvement) and white matter myelin microstructure as measured with multicomponent Driven Equilibrium Single Pulse Observation of T1 and T2-magnetic resonance imaging (mcDESPOT-MRI). Results showed that with increasing age, slow oscillations propagated across longer distances (average growth of 0.2 cm per year; R(21) = 0.50, p < .05), while traveling speed and cortical involvement (ie, slow oscillation expanse) remained unchanged across childhood. Cortical involvement (R(20) = 0.44) and slow oscillation speed (R(20) = -0.47; both p < .05, corrected for age) were associated with myelin content in the superior longitudinal fascicle, the largest anterior-posterior, intrahemispheric white matter connectivity tract. Furthermore, slow oscillation distance was moderately associated with whole-brain (R(21) = 0.46, p < .05) and interhemispheric myelin content, the latter represented by callosal myelin water fraction (R(21) = 0.54, p < .01, uncorrected). Thus, we demonstrate age-related changes in slow oscillation propagation distance, as well as regional associations between brain activity during sleep and the anatomical connectivity of white matter microstructure. Our findings make an important contribution to knowledge of the brain connectome using a noninvasive and novel analytic approach. These data also have implications for understanding the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders and the role of sleep in brain maturation trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Kurth
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Clinical Research Priority Program Sleep and Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brady A Riedner
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Reto Huber
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sean C L Deoni
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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22
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Page J, Lustenberger C, Frӧhlich F. Social, motor, and cognitive development through the lens of sleep network dynamics in infants and toddlers between 12 and 30 months of age. Sleep 2018; 41:4835154. [PMID: 29506060 PMCID: PMC6018907 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread change in behavior and the underlying brain network substrate is a hallmark of early development. Sleep plays a fundamental role in this process. Both slow waves and spindles are key features of nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) that exhibit pronounced developmental trajectories from infancy to adulthood. Yet, these prominent features of NREM sleep are poorly understood in infants and toddlers in the age range of 12 to 30 months. Moreover, it is unknown how network dynamics of NREM sleep are associated with outcomes of early development. Addressing this gap in our understanding of sleep during development will enable the subsequent study of pathological changes in neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of the current study was to characterize the sleep topography with high-density electroencephalography in this age group. We found that δ, θ, and β oscillations and sleep spindles exhibited clear developmental changes. Low δ and high θ oscillations correlated with motor, language, and social skills, independent of age. These findings suggest an important role of network dynamics of NREM sleep in cortical maturation and the associated development of skills during this important developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Page
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Mobile Health Systems Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Frӧhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Review of recent literature pertaining to frequency, associations, mechanisms, and overall significance of sleep--wake disturbances (SWD) in the premotor and early phase of Parkinson's disease. RECENT FINDINGS SWD are frequent in Parkinson's disease and their prevalence increases with disease progression. Recent studies confirm previous findings that SWD can appear as initial manifestation of Parkinson's disease even decades before motor signs appear and highlight their clinical associations in these early stages. More intriguingly, new evidence underpins their role as risk factors, predictors, or even as driving force for the neurodegenerative process. As our understanding of sleep--wake neurobiology increases, new hypotheses emerge concerning the pathophysiology of SWD in early Parkinson's disease stages involving dopaminergic and nondopaminergic mechanisms. SUMMARY SWD are predictors for the development of parkinsonian syndromes including Parkinson's disease. This may offer the opportunity of developing new preventive strategies and interventions at an early stage of this neurodegenerative disease.
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D'Atri A, Novelli L, Ferrara M, Bruni O, De Gennaro L. Different maturational changes of fast and slow sleep spindles in the first four years of life. Sleep Med 2017; 42:73-82. [PMID: 29458750 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Massive changes in brain morphology and function in the first years of life reveal a postero-anterior trajectory of cortical maturation accompanied by regional modifications of NREM sleep. One of the most sensible marker of this maturation process is represented by electroencephalographic (EEG) activity within the frequency range of sleep spindles. However, direct evidence that these changes actually reflect maturational modifications of fast and slow spindles still lacks. Our study aimed at answering the following questions: 1. Do cortical changes at 11.50 Hz frequency correspond to slow spindles? 2. Do fast and slow spindles show different age trajectories and different topographical distributions? 3. Do changes in peak frequency explain age changes of slow and fast spindles? PATIENTS/METHODS We measured the antero-posterior changes of slow and fast spindles in the first 60 min of nightly sleep of 39 infants and children (0-48 mo.). RESULTS We found that (A) changes of slow spindles from birth to childhood mostly affect frontal areas (B) variations of fast and slow spindles across age groups go in opposite direction, the latter progressively increasing across ages; (C) this process is not merely reducible to changes of spindle frequency. CONCLUSIONS As a main finding, our cross-sectional study shows that the first form of mature spindle (i.e., corresponding to the adult phasic event of NREM sleep) is marked by the emergence of slow spindles on anterior regions around the age of 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luana Novelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Olbrich E, Rusterholz T, LeBourgeois MK, Achermann P. Developmental Changes in Sleep Oscillations during Early Childhood. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6160959. [PMID: 28845310 PMCID: PMC5563422 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6160959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although quantitative analysis of the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) has uncovered important aspects of brain activity during sleep in adolescents and adults, similar findings from preschool-age children remain scarce. This study utilized our time-frequency method to examine sleep oscillations as characteristic features of human sleep EEG. Data were collected from a longitudinal sample of young children (n = 8; 3 males) at ages 2, 3, and 5 years. Following sleep stage scoring, we detected and characterized oscillatory events across age and examined how their features corresponded to spectral changes in the sleep EEG. Results indicated a developmental decrease in the incidence of delta and theta oscillations. Spindle oscillations, however, were almost absent at 2 years but pronounced at 5 years. All oscillatory event changes were stronger during light sleep than slow-wave sleep. Large interindividual differences in sleep oscillations and their characteristics (e.g., "ultrafast" spindle-like oscillations, theta oscillation incidence/frequency) also existed. Changes in delta and spindle oscillations across early childhood may indicate early maturation of the thalamocortical system. Our analytic approach holds promise for revealing novel types of sleep oscillatory events that are specific to periods of rapid normal development across the lifespan and during other times of aberrant changes in neurobehavioral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckehard Olbrich
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Rusterholz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monique K. LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Bódizs R, Gombos F, Ujma PP, Szakadát S, Sándor P, Simor P, Pótári A, Konrad BN, Genzel L, Steiger A, Dresler M, Kovács I. The hemispheric lateralization of sleep spindles in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1556/2053.01.2017.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter P. Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sára Szakadát
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Piroska Sándor
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrián Pótári
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilona Kovács
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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27
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Kurth S, Lassonde JM, Pierpoint LA, Rusterholz T, Jenni OG, McClain IJ, Achermann P, LeBourgeois MK. Development of nap neurophysiology: preliminary insights into sleep regulation in early childhood. J Sleep Res 2016; 25:646-654. [PMID: 27252144 PMCID: PMC5135687 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although all young children nap, the neurophysiological features and associated developmental trajectories of daytime sleep remain largely unknown. Longitudinal studies of napping physiology are fundamental to understanding sleep regulation during early childhood, a sensitive period in brain and behaviour development and a time when children transition from a biphasic to a monophasic sleep-wakefulness pattern. We investigated daytime sleep in eight healthy children with sleep electroencephalography (EEG) assessments at three longitudinal points: 2 years (2.5-3.0 years), 3 years (3.5-4.0 years) and 5 years (5.5-6.0 years). At each age, we measured nap EEG during three randomized conditions: after 4 h (morning nap), 7 h (afternoon nap) and 10 h (evening nap) duration of prior wakefulness. Developmental changes in sleep were most prevalent in the afternoon nap (e.g. decrease in sleep duration by 30 min from 2 to 3 years and by 20 min from 3 to 5 years). In contrast, nap sleep architecture (% of sleep stages) remained unchanged across age. Maturational changes in non-rapid eye movement sleep EEG power were pronounced in the slow wave activity (SWA, 0.75-4.5 Hz), theta (4.75-7.75 Hz) and sigma (10-15 Hz) frequency ranges. These findings indicate that the primary marker of sleep depth, SWA, is less apparent in daytime naps as children mature. Moreover, our fundamental data provide insight into associations between sleep regulation and functional modifications in the central nervous system during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Kurth
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan M Lassonde
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lauren A Pierpoint
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Rusterholz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian J McClain
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Sleep Spindle Characteristics in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Their Relation to Cognition. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4724792. [PMID: 27478646 PMCID: PMC4958463 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4724792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence indicates that sleep spindles facilitate neuroplasticity and “off-line” processing during sleep, which supports learning, memory consolidation, and intellectual performance. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) exhibit characteristics that may increase both the risk for and vulnerability to abnormal spindle generation. Despite the high prevalence of sleep problems and cognitive deficits in children with NDD, only a few studies have examined the putative association between spindle characteristics and cognitive function. This paper reviews the literature regarding sleep spindle characteristics in children with NDD and their relation to cognition in light of what is known in typically developing children and based on the available evidence regarding children with NDD. We integrate available data, identify gaps in understanding, and recommend future research directions. Collectively, studies are limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous populations with multiple comorbidities, and nonstandardized methods for collecting and analyzing findings. These limitations notwithstanding, the evidence suggests that future studies should examine associations between sleep spindle characteristics and cognitive function in children with and without NDD, and preliminary findings raise the intriguing question of whether enhancement or manipulation of sleep spindles could improve sleep-dependent memory and other aspects of cognitive function in this population.
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29
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Form and Function of Sleep Spindles across the Lifespan. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6936381. [PMID: 27190654 PMCID: PMC4848449 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6936381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of EEG recordings, sleep spindles have been identified as hallmarks of non-REM sleep. Despite a broad general understanding of mechanisms of spindle generation gleaned from animal studies, the mechanisms underlying certain features of spindles in the human brain, such as “global” versus “local” spindles, are largely unknown. Neither the topography nor the morphology of sleep spindles remains constant throughout the lifespan. It is likely that changes in spindle phenomenology during development and aging are the result of dramatic changes in brain structure and function. Across various developmental windows, spindle activity is correlated with general cognitive aptitude, learning, and memory; however, these correlations vary in strength, and even direction, depending on age and metrics used. Understanding these differences across the lifespan should further clarify how these oscillations are generated and their function under a variety of circumstances. We discuss these issues, and their translational implications for human cognitive function. Because sleep spindles are similarly affected in disorders of neurodevelopment (such as schizophrenia) and during aging (such as neurodegenerative conditions), both types of disorders may benefit from therapies based on a better understanding of spindle function.
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30
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McClain IJ, Lustenberger C, Achermann P, Lassonde JM, Kurth S, LeBourgeois MK. Developmental Changes in Sleep Spindle Characteristics and Sigma Power across Early Childhood. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:3670951. [PMID: 27110405 PMCID: PMC4826705 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3670951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles, a prominent feature of the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), are linked to cognitive abilities. Early childhood is a time of rapid cognitive and neurophysiological maturation; however, little is known about developmental changes in sleep spindles. In this study, we longitudinally examined trajectories of multiple sleep spindle characteristics (i.e., spindle duration, frequency, integrated spindle amplitude, and density) and power in the sigma frequency range (10-16 Hz) across ages 2, 3, and 5 years (n = 8; 3 males). At each time point, nocturnal sleep EEG was recorded in-home after 13-h of prior wakefulness. Spindle duration, integrated spindle amplitude, and sigma power increased with age across all EEG derivations (C3A2, C4A1, O2A1, and O1A2; all ps < 0.05). We also found a developmental decrease in mean spindle frequency (p < 0.05) but no change in spindle density with increasing age. Thus, sleep spindles increased in duration and amplitude but decreased in frequency across early childhood. Our data characterize early developmental changes in sleep spindles, which may advance understanding of thalamocortical brain connectivity and associated lifelong disease processes. These findings also provide unique insights into spindle ontogenesis in early childhood and may help identify electrophysiological features related to healthy and aberrant brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. McClain
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan M. Lassonde
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Monique K. LeBourgeois
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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