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Cohen-Sánchez A, Box A, Valencia JM, Pinya S, Tejada S, Sureda A. Exploring the impact of high salinity and parasite infection on antioxidant and immune systems in Coris julis in the Pityusic Islands (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175848. [PMID: 39209167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Climate change associated with human activities alters marine ecosystems and causes imbalances and abrupt changes in sea conditions. Scarce freshwater resources for human consumption often prompt the construction of desalination plants, which discharge significant amounts of brine into the sea, potentially elevating salinity levels. Furthermore, global trade together with higher temperature and pollution can facilitate the spread of parasites. The aim of this study was to assess the potential effects of salinity, an abiotic stressor, and Scaphanocephalus sp. parasitic infection responsible for black spot disease, a biotic stressor, on Coris julis, a common fish in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Fish were sampled from an area affected by a desalination plant, one with a high rate of parasite infection and a control area, and biomarkers were analysed in the liver, gills and epithelial mucosa. Both salinity and the parasite induced increases in catalase (CAT) and glutathione s-transferase activities in the liver, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not show significant changes. The effects of salinity were evident to a greater extent in the gills with an increase in the activity of all enzymes, as well as in the production of reactive species. The effects of the parasite were mainly observed in the mucus with significant increases in CAT and SOD activities. Regarding immune response markers in the mucus, both stressors induced an increase in lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activities, and in the case of the parasite, also an increase in immunoglobulins. Malondialdehyde, as an indicator of oxidative damage, remained unchanged. In conclusion, both abiotic and abiotic stress induce a stress situation in C. julis that responds by activating its antioxidant and immune defence mechanisms but does cause oxidative damage. The differential tissue response to different stressors highlights the value of analysing multiple tissues to detect early indicators of diverse impacts on marine fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cohen-Sánchez
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Antonio Box
- Department of Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Caça i Cooperació Municipal, Consell Insular d'Eivissa, 07800 Eivissa, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - José María Valencia
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agroalimentaria y Pesquera de las Illes Balears (IRFAP)-LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, 07157 Port d'Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA) (INIA-CAIB-UIB), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Samuel Pinya
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Dik I, Dik B, Tufan Ö, Er A. Evaluation of potential antiviral activities of antimicrobial peptides in fish mucus. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:695-702. [PMID: 38378226 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish skin mucus contains innate immune factors and acts as the first line of physical or chemical defense against pathogens. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activity of sea bream (SBr), rainbow trout (RT), and sea bass (SBa) fish skin mucus against herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1. In addition, it was aimed to associate possible antiviral activity with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as cathelicidin, hepcidin, galectin 2, and C10ORF99, whose levels were determined in the mucus. METHODS The antiviral activity and oxidative/antioxidant status of mucus against HSV-1 virus was evaluated. In addition, AMPs, SOD, and CAT activities, and immunoglobulin M levels were also analyzed in mucus of fish. RESULTS Antiviral activity mucus of SBr, RT, and SBa against HSV-1 were determined as 2-4, 2-5, and 2-2, respectively. The higher antiviral activity of SBr and RT mucus compared to the mucus of SBa can be associated with higher AMP levels in them. CONCLUSION The skin mucus of SBr and RT may be nutritional supplement, adjuvant, and a new agent that can potentiate the effects of antimicrobial/antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmak Dik
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Burak Dik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Öznur Tufan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Er
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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3
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Ara-Díaz JB, Bergstedt JH, Albaladejo-Riad N, Malik MS, Andersen Ø, Lazado CC. Mucosal organs exhibit distinct response signatures to hydrogen sulphide in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116617. [PMID: 38905940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is considered an immunotoxicant, and its presence in the water can influence the mucosal barrier functions of fish. However, there is a significant knowledge gap on how fish mucosa responds to low environmental H2S levels. The present study investigated the consequences of prolonged exposure to sub-lethal levels of H2S on the mucosal defences of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish were continuously exposed to two levels of H2S (low: 0.05 µM; and high: 0.12 µM) for 12 days. Unexposed fish served as control. Molecular and histological profiling focused on the changes in the skin, gills and olfactory rosette. In addition, metabolomics and proteomics were performed on the skin and gill mucus. The gene expression profile indicated that the gills and olfactory rosette were more sensitive to H2S than the skin. The olfactory rosette showed a dose-dependent response, but not the gills. Genes related to stress responses were triggered at mucosal sites by H2S. Moreover, H2S elicited strong inflammatory responses, particularly in the gills. All mucosal organs demonstrated the key molecular repertoire for sulphide detoxification, but their temporal and spatial expression was not substantially affected by sub-lethal H2S levels. Mucosal barrier integrity was not considerably affected by H2S. Mucus metabolomes of the skin and gills were unaffected, but a matrix-dependent response was identified. Comparing the high-concentration group's skin and gills mucus metabolomes identified altered amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways. The skin and gill mucus exhibited distinct proteomic profiles. Enrichment analysis revealed that proteins related to immunity and metabolism were affected in both mucus matrices. The present study expands our knowledge of the defence mechanisms against H2S at mucosal sites in Atlantic salmon. The findings offer insights into the health and welfare consequences of sub-lethal H2S, which can be incorporated into the risk assessment protocols in salmon land-based farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bosco Ara-Díaz
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1433, Norway
| | - Julie Hansen Bergstedt
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, PO Box 101, Hirtshals 9850, Denmark
| | - Nora Albaladejo-Riad
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Muhammad Salman Malik
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1433, Norway
| | - Øivind Andersen
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1433, Norway
| | - Carlo C Lazado
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1433, Norway.
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4
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Vega B, Toro-Araneda T, Alvarado JF, Cárcamo CB, Guzmán F, Acosta F, Oliva M, Serrano E, Galarza JI, Álvarez CA. Effects of Hypoxia on the Antibacterial Activity of Epidermal Mucus from Chilean Meagre ( Cilus gilberti). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2014. [PMID: 38998124 PMCID: PMC11240494 DOI: 10.3390/ani14132014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Comprehending the immune defense mechanisms of new aquaculture species, such as the Chilean meagre (Cilus gilberti), is essential for sustaining large-scale production. Two bioassays were conducted to assess the impact of acute and intermittent hypoxia on the antibacterial activity of juvenile Chilean meagre epidermal mucus against the potential pathogens Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio ordalii. Lysozyme and peroxidase activities were also measured. In general, fish exposed to hypoxia showed a 9-30% reduction in mucus antibacterial activity at the end of hypoxic periods and after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. However, following water reoxygenation, the activity of non-stimulated fish was comparable to that of fish in normoxic conditions, inhibiting bacterial growth by 35-52%. In the case of fish exposed to chronic hypoxia, the response against V. anguillarum increased by an additional 19.8% after 6 days of control inoculation. Lysozyme exhibited a similar pattern, while no modulation of peroxidase activity was detected post-hypoxia. These results highlight the resilience of C. gilberti to dissolved oxygen fluctuations and contribute to understanding the potential of mucus in maintaining the health of cultured fish and the development of future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Vega
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - Teresa Toro-Araneda
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - Juan F Alvarado
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador 3110, El Salvador
| | - Claudia B Cárcamo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Marine Department, Tilad Group, Riyadh 12821, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Félix Acosta
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Taliarte, Spain
| | - Marcia Oliva
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Peces Marinos, Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - Edison Serrano
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Peces Marinos, Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - Janeth I Galarza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas y Prácticas Académicas, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, La Libertad 240204, Ecuador
| | - Claudio A Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Laboratorio de Cultivo de Peces Marinos, Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
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5
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Islam SMM, Siddik MAB, Sørensen M, Brinchmann MF, Thompson KD, Francis DS, Vatsos IN. Insect meal in aquafeeds: A sustainable path to enhanced mucosal immunity in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109625. [PMID: 38740231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of fish, including their intestines, gills, and skin, are constantly exposed to various environmental threats, such as water quality fluctuations, pollutants, and pathogens. However, various cells and microbiota closely associated with these surfaces work in tandem to create a functional protective barrier against these conditions. Recent research has shown that incorporating specific feed ingredients into fish diets can significantly boost their mucosal and general immune response. Among the various ingredients being investigated, insect meal has emerged as one of the most promising options, owing to its high protein content and immunomodulatory properties. By positively influencing the structure and function of mucosal surfaces, insect meal (IM) has the potential to enhance the overall immune status of fish. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits of incorporating IM into aquafeed as a feed ingredient for augmenting the mucosal immune response of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Majharul Islam
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Muhammad A B Siddik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Kim D Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ioannis N Vatsos
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway.
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6
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Davenport J, Dettaï A, Chanet B. Evidence of extensive multispecies macrofouling in Eckström's topknot Zeugopterus regius (Bonnaterre, 1788), Pleuronectiformes, Scophthalmidae. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:2090-2093. [PMID: 38488332 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Diverse and extensive macrofouling of the left-hand (eyed) side has been observed in multiple films and photographs of different specimens of Eckström's topknot Zeugopterus regius. Identified foulers include macroalgae and tunicates. Photographs of unfouled specimens and preserved juveniles have also been inspected. Macrofouling is not universal in this species; unfouled fish were observed around the strongly tidal British Isles, whereas the worst-fouled topknots were seen in the eutrophic, microtidal northern Adriatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Davenport
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, Distillery Fields, North Mall Campus, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Agnès Dettaï
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205 CNRS-MNHN-SU-EPHE, Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Chanet
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205 CNRS-MNHN-SU-EPHE, Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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7
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Varela JL, Nikouli E, Medina A, Papaspyrou S, Kormas K. The gills and skin microbiota of five pelagic fish species from the Atlantic Ocean. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00524-8. [PMID: 38740652 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The gills and skin microbiota and microbiome of wild fish remain far more under-investigated compared to that of farmed fish species, despite that these animal-microbe interactions hold the same ecophysiological roles in both cases. In this study, the gills and skin bacterial microbiota profiles and their presumptive bacterial metabolisms were investigated in five open-sea fishes: bullet tuna (Auxis sp.), common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), Atlantic little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) and Atlantic white marlin (Kajikia albida). Gills and skin tissues were collected from two to three individuals per species, from specimens caught by recreational trolling during summer of 2019, and their bacterial 16S rRNA gene diversity was analysed by high-throughput sequencing. The gills bacterial communities among the five species were clearly different but not the skin bacterial microbiota. The dominant operational taxonomic units belonged to the Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Staphylococcaceae and Vibrionaceae families. Despite the differences in taxonomic composition, the presumptive bacterial metabolisms between the gills and skin of the five fishes investigated here were ≥ 94% similar and were dominated by basic metabolism, most likely reflecting the continuous exposure of these tissues in the surrounding seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Varela
- Department of Biology, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Eleni Nikouli
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 384 46, Volos, Greece
| | - Antonio Medina
- Department of Biology, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sokratis Papaspyrou
- Department of Biology, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Kormas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 384 46, Volos, Greece.
- Agricultural Development Institute, University Research and Innovation Centre "IASON", Argonafton & Filellinon, 382 21, Volos, Greece.
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8
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Lieke T, Stejskal V, Behrens S, Steinberg CEW, Meinelt T. Fulvic acid modulates mucosal immunity in fish skin: Sustainable aquaculture solution or environmental risk factor? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133737. [PMID: 38359764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This is the first study determining the effects of bath exposure to fulvic acid, a humic substance, on the skin mucosal immunity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Humic substances have recently been gaining attention for their increasing concentrations in aquatic ecosystems and their use as supplements in sustainable aquaculture. This study demonstrated that water exposure to fulvic acid at concentrations of 5 mg C/L and 50 mg C/L increased lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activities in the mucus by approximately 2-fold and 2.5 to 3.2-fold, respectively. Furthermore, exposure to 50 mg C/L resulted in a 77.0% increase in mucosal immunoglobulin concentrations compared to the other groups. Importantly, all mucus samples demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Yersinia ruckeri, with control mucus reducing bacterial growth by 44.5% and exposure to fulvic acid increasing this effect to 26.3%. Although these modulations show promise for application in aquaculture, alterations of the beneficial microbiota from long-term exposure in natural waters can be expected. Monitoring the rising concentrations of humic substances in natural water bodies is therefore urgently needed. Overall, this study represents the first investigation revealing the ability of humic substances to modulate skin mucosal immunity and the capacity to combat microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thora Lieke
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vlastimil Stejskal
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sascha Behrens
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian E W Steinberg
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Thomas Meinelt
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Sadek Hana HN, Ahmed Abd El Galil MAEA, Allah Mousa MA, El-Lateif RSB, Emam AM. Effect of transporting Oreochromis niloticus in water with and without sodium chloride on skin morphology and some immunity-related genes expression. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:105. [PMID: 38493097 PMCID: PMC10943852 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of salt addition on the skin gene expression of Mucin, Antimicrobial peptides, cortisol, and glucose in Oreochromis niloticus after 5-hour transportation in water. Three groups were compared: Control, post-transport without salt (PT-S), and post-transport with 5 g salt-1(PT + S), with a stocking density of 28.6 gL-1, 20 fish for each experimental group. The results showed that the PT-S group had more significant changes in gene expression than the PT + S group, suggesting that salt alleviated the stress and immune responses of O. niloticus. The PT-S group had higher expression of mucin- 2(MUC + 2) (7.58 folds) and mucin-5AC (MUC5-AC) (6.29 folds) than the PT + S group (3.30 folds and 4.16 folds, respectively). The PT-S group also had lower expression of β-defensin-1 (Dβ1) (0.42 folds), β-defensin-2 (Dβ2) (0.29 folds), and Cath1 (0.16 folds) than the PT + S group (0.82 folds, 0.69 folds, and 0.75 folds, respectively). The skin morphology of the PT-S group revealed some white patches with no goblet cell openings, while the PT + S group had better preservation of skin features with some goblet cell openings and slight white patches. This study indicates that O. niloticus can benefit from sodium chloride during transportation, as it helps to reduce stress and inflammation, balance mineral levels, enhance health and immunity, and regulate mucous secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Naeim Sadek Hana
- Unit of Fish Diseases, Assiut Lab, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Assiut Lab., Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | - Rasha S B El-Lateif
- Unit of Fish Diseases, Assiut Lab, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Assiut Lab., Assiut, Egypt
| | - Arafah M Emam
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Fu C, Wang Z, Zhou X, Hu B, Li C, Yang P. Protein-based bioactive coatings: from nanoarchitectonics to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1514-1551. [PMID: 38167899 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Protein-based bioactive coatings have emerged as a versatile and promising strategy for enhancing the performance and biocompatibility of diverse biomedical materials and devices. Through surface modification, these coatings confer novel biofunctional attributes, rendering the material highly bioactive. Their widespread adoption across various domains in recent years underscores their importance. This review systematically elucidates the behavior of protein-based bioactive coatings in organisms and expounds on their underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, it highlights notable advancements in artificial synthesis methodologies and their functional applications in vitro. A focal point is the delineation of assembly strategies employed in crafting protein-based bioactive coatings, which provides a guide for their expansion and sustained implementation. Finally, the current trends, challenges, and future directions of protein-based bioactive coatings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zhengge Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Eastern HuaLan Avenue, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Polymeric Soft Matter, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Center on Functional Fiber and Soft Smart Textile, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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11
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Habib SS, Batool AI, Rehman MFU, Naz S. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity and protein profiling of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) epidermal mucus under different feeds and culture systems (biofloc technology and earthen pond). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13884. [PMID: 37929301 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The mucus layers of fish serve as the main interface between the organism and the environment. They play an important biological and ecological role. The current study focuses on Nile tilapia epidermal mucus reared under different commercial feeds (coded A and B) and environments (biofloc technology and earthen pond systems). Crude protein levels in feed A and B were 30% and 28%, respectively. Water parameters in all culturing systems were suitable for tilapia throughout the study period. The antimicrobial potency of tilapia (n = 5 from each) epidermal mucus was tested in vitro against human and fish pathogenic strains viz. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Francisella noatunensis, and Aeromonas hydrophila. To determine the antimicrobial activity, zones of inhibition (ZOI) were measured in millimetres and compared with two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin). SDS-PAGE analysis was performed on skin mucus samples of tilapia to determine protein quantity and size (molecular weight). Results of tilapia skin mucus (crude and aqueous) revealed a strong antibacterial effect against all the selected pathogenic strains. However, variation has been observed in the mucus potency and ZOI values between the biofloc and pond tilapia mucus. The crude mucus of tilapia fed on feed A and cultured in the pond exhibited strong antibacterial effects and high ZOI values compared to the mucus of biofloc tilapia, aqueous mucus extracts and positive control chloramphenicol (antibiotic). The SDS-PAGE results showed that the high molecular weight proteins were found in the collected epidermal mucus of BFT-B (240 kDa) and EP-B (230 kDa). Several peptides in fish skin mucus may play a crucial role in the protection of fish against disease-causing pathogens. Thus, it can be utilized in the human and veterinary sectors as an 'antimicrobial' for treating various bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aima Iram Batool
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Saira Naz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore Sargodha Campus, Sargodha, Pakistan
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12
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Pardo A, Villasante A, Romero J. Skin Microbial Community Associated to Strawberry Disease in Farmed Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792). Microorganisms 2024; 12:217. [PMID: 38276202 PMCID: PMC10818565 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture plays a crucial role in addressing the growing global demand for food. However, diseases associated with intensive aquaculture practices, especially those affecting the skin, can present significant challenges to both fish health and the industry as a whole. Strawberry disease (SD), also known as red-mark syndrome, is a persistent and non-lethal skin condition observed in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the United States and various European countries. SD is a nonlethal skin condition of an unclear etiology that affects rainbow trout reared in freshwater close to the harvest period. We used a RNA-based approach to examine active microbiota in the SD skin lesions and compared to non-injured skin. Our results, based on using 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing, showed that the skin microbiota was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The comparisons of the skin microbiota between injured and non-injured samples showed differences in the alpha diversity (Fisher index) and beta diversity metrics (ANOSIM). At the genus level, both Pseudomonas and Candidatus Midichloria were highlighted as the most abundant taxa detected in samples obtained from fish affected with strawberry diseases. In contrast, the most abundant taxa in non-injured skin were Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Pseudoalteromonas. In conclusion, our study on SD revealed distinct differences in the microbiota composition between skin lesions and non-injured skin. This is the first description of microbiota associated with SD-injured skin samples using an RNA approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda Pardo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830489, Chile; (A.P.); (A.V.)
- Cooperative Program for Aquaculture (Ph.D.), Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile
| | - Alejandro Villasante
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830489, Chile; (A.P.); (A.V.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Jaime Romero
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830489, Chile; (A.P.); (A.V.)
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13
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Ali S, Dawar FU, Ullah W, Hassan M, Ullah K, Zhao Z. Proteomic map of the differentially expressed proteins in the skin of Ctenopharyngodon idella against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 5:100122. [PMID: 38023345 PMCID: PMC10652109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin mucus of fish is an important part of the innate immune system, which is poorly understood at the proteomic level. The study established a complete map of the proteins in the skin mucus of Ctenopharangdon idella (C. idella) and discussed the Differentially Expressed Proteins (DEPs) after Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection. Using Label Free Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, a total of 126 proteins were identified as differentially expressed, 89 proteins of which were upregulated, and 37 proteins were downregulated. Functional annotations of DEPs showed that the upregulated proteins in the skin mucus of the treated group were mostly associated with complement system and cytoskeleton proteins, whereas downregulated proteins were associated with metabolism. The key upregulated immune proteins were transferrin variant C, lysozyme g, annexin A11, 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8, hypothetical protein ROHU_000884, 60S ribosomal L7a, calpain-2 catalytic subunit-like protein, calpain-9-like protein, complement component C9, complement C3, cathepsin S, cathepsin Z, 14 kDa apolipo, heat shock protein and intelectin, whereas, leukocyte elastase inhibitor, annexin A11, C-factor-like protein, biotinidase isoform X1 and epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15-like were the downregulated proteins. Moreover, we for the first-time report proteins such as coactosin, lamin-B2 and kelch 12, which were never reported in fish. Our study directly pointing out the possible immunological biomarkers in the skin mucus of C. idella after A. hydrophila treatment. Each of the protein we report in this study could be used as base to establish their mechanism of action during bacterial infection that may contribute to the strategies against bacterial prevention and control in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandana Ali
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ullah Dawar
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu,210098, China
| | - Waheed Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of System Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kalim Ullah
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu,210098, China
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14
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Singh J, Srivastava A, Nigam AK, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Alterations in certain immunological parameters in the skin mucus of the carp, Cirrhinus mrigala, infected with the bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1303-1320. [PMID: 37870724 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda causes heavy stock mortality, severely hampering fish production, resulting in great economic loss to the farming industry. The first biological barriers that confer immune protection against pathogen entry are the fish mucosal surfaces. The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of E. tarda on certain enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters in the skin mucous secretions of the fish Cirrhinus mrigala using spectrophotometry and zymography. Fish were randomly divided into three groups: control, vehicle control, and infected. A sublethal dose of E. tarda (2.2 × 106 CFU/fish) suspended in 50 μL of PBS was injected intra-peritoneally at 0 day (d). Subsequently, mucus samples were collected at 2 d, 4 d, 6 d and 8 d post-infection. The activities of lysozyme (LYZ), protease (PROT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) decreased significantly in the skin mucus of the challenged fish, indicating the suppressed immune system and decreased antioxidant capacity of C. mrigala to E. tarda infection. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total nitrate-nitrite were significantly higher at several time points post-infection, suggesting that physiological functions have been impaired following pathogen challenge. The present findings could be relevant for fish aquaculture and underline the importance of skin mucus not only for assessing fish immune status but also for identifying early warning signals of disease caused by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh
- Department of Zoology, Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ayan Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, MSM Samta College (BR Ambedkar Bihar University), Jandaha, Vaishali, Bihar, 844505, India
| | - Ashwini Kumar Nigam
- Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Bhojubir, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221002, India
| | - Usha Kumari
- Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Swati Mittal
- Department of Zoology, Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Present Address: 9, Mani Nagar, Near Asha Modern School, Kandawa road, Near Chitaipur, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221106, India
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15
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Bachar-Wikstrom E, Dhillon B, Gill Dhillon N, Abbo L, Lindén SK, Wikstrom JD. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Shark Skin Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16954. [PMID: 38069276 PMCID: PMC10707392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage in which proteins play a key role. While proteins in the skin mucus layer of various common bony fish species have been explored, the proteins of shark skin mucus remain unexplored. In this pilot study, we examine the protein composition of the skin mucus in spiny dogfish sharks and chain catsharks through mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS/MS). Overall, we identified 206 and 72 proteins in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer), respectively. Categorization showed that the proteins belonged to diverse biological processes and that most proteins were cellular albeit a significant minority were secreted, indicative of mucosal immune roles. The secreted proteins are reviewed in detail with emphasis on their immune potentials. Moreover, STRING protein-protein association network analysis showed that proteins of closely related shark species were more similar as compared to a more distantly related shark and a bony fish, although there were also significant overlaps. This study contributes to the growing field of molecular shark studies and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential human biomedical implications of shark skin mucus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Braham Dhillon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Navi Gill Dhillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Ekman DR, Evich MG, Mosley JD, Doering JA, Fay KA, Ankley GT, Collette TW. Expanding non-invasive approaches for fish-health monitoring: A survey of the epidermal mucous metabolomes of phylogenetically diverse freshwater fish species. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:1178-1189. [PMID: 37492948 PMCID: PMC10735230 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for more-holistic approaches to fisheries assessments along with growing demand to reduce the health impacts of sample collections. Metabolomic tools enable the use of sample matrices that can be collected with minimal impact on the organism (e.g., blood, urine, and mucus) and provide high-throughput, untargeted biochemical information without the requirement of a sequenced genome. These qualities make metabolomics ideal for monitoring a wide range of fish species, particularly those under protected status. In the current study, we surveyed the relative abundances of 120 endogenous metabolites in epidermal mucus across eight freshwater fish species belonging to seven phylogenetic orders. Principal component analysis was used to provide an overview of the data set, revealing strong interspecies relationships in the epidermal mucous metabolome. Normalized relative abundances of individual endogenous metabolites were then used to identify commonalities across multiple species, as well as those metabolites that showed notable species specificity. For example, taurine was measured in high relative abundance in the epidermal mucus of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), northern pike (Esox lucius), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), whereas γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) exhibited a uniquely high relative abundance in flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris). Finally, hierarchical cluster analysis was used to evaluate species relatedness as characterized by both the epidermal mucous metabolome (phenotype) and genetic phylogeny (genotype). This comparison revealed species for which relatedness in the epidermal mucous metabolome composition closely aligns with phylogenetic relatedness (e.g., N. crysoleucas and C. carpio), as well as species for which these two measures are not well aligned (e.g., P. olivaris and Polyodon spathula). These, and other findings reported here, highlight novel areas for future research with fish, including development of epidermal mucous-based markers for non-invasive health monitoring, sex determination, and hypoxia tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Ekman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Marina G Evich
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mosley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jon A Doering
- Louisiana State University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Research Council, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kellie A Fay
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy W Collette
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia, USA
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17
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Ali S, Shah SAUR, Rauf M, Hassan M, Ullah W, Dawar FU. Bactericidal role of epidermal mucus of freshwater fish treated with Aeromonas hydrophila. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1225-1237. [PMID: 37501533 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the bactericidal role of the epidermal mucus (EM) of five freshwater Cyprinid fish species namely Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Cirrhinus mrigala after treatment with Aeromonas hydrophila. Extracts of EM (crude and acidic) of each species showed bactericidal activity against various Gram -ve (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumonia, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae) and Gram +ve (Bacillus wiedmannii and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria compared with standard antibiotics (Fosfomycin). The zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured in millimetres against antibiotics (Fosfomycin). Variations in bactericidal activity of EM were observed against bacteria from the same and different fish species. The acidic extract was more effective than the crude extract and showed significantly higher ZOI values against various bacteria and Fosfomycin antibiotics. This result shows that fish EM may perform an important role in fish defence against bacteria. Therefore, this study may hint towards the substitution of synthetic antibiotics with fish EM that may be used as a novel 'bactericidal' in aquaculture as well as in humans against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandana Ali
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ata Ur Rahman Shah
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rauf
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of System Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Waheed Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ullah Dawar
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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18
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Bauer J, Adamek M, Miebach AC, Gährken J, Wessels S, Tetens J, Dietz C, Sünder A, Matras M, Stachnik M, Reichert M, Steinhagen D. In vitro modelling of the influence of alternative feeds (Hermetia illucens, Arthrospira platensis) on the resistance of different rainbow trout populations (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and Yersinia ruckeri. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1269-1283. [PMID: 37592444 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Replacing fishmeal, a finite resource with high market demand, in the diet of carnivorous rainbow trout with proteins from alternative sources may be a challenge for these fish. Therefore, this study investigated whether replacing fishmeal with protein derived from Hermetia illucens or Arthrospira platensis could promote disease susceptibility in local trout populations with different growth performance. This was assessed in vitro by measuring susceptibility to infection with the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) or the bacterium Yersinia ruckeri. Analysis of fin tissue explants and primary cell cultures from scales from the three trout populations infected in vitro with VHSV and gill explants infected with Y. ruckeri showed no significant differences in virus replication or bacterial counts. Evaluation of the virucidal or bactericidal effect of skin mucus showed a significant reduction in viral load and bacterial count for all samples with mucus addition, but no significant difference was observed between the experimental groups. This study documents no apparent impairment of innate immune mechanisms in the skin and gills of trout after feeding a diet replacing fishmeal with Arthrospira or Hermetia proteins. This underlines the potential of these alternative protein sources for the further development of sustainable trout aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Carina Miebach
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Gährken
- Aquaculture and Water Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Wessels
- Aquaculture and Water Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Tetens
- Aquaculture and Water Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Dietz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Angela Sünder
- Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marek Matras
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | | | | | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Zulfahmi I, El Rahimi SA, Suherman SD, Almunawarah A, Sardi A, Helmi K, Nafis B, Perdana AW, Adani KH, Admaja Nasution IA, Sumon KA, Rahman MM. Acute toxicity of palm oil mill effluent on zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822): Growth performance, behavioral responses and histopathological lesions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139788. [PMID: 37574082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the toxicity of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is critical as part of the effort to develop waste management regulations for the palm oil industry. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of POME on growth performance, behavioral response, and histopathology of gill and liver tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio). In total, 550 adult male zebrafish were used for the toxicity experiment including range finding test, acute toxicity test, growth performance and behaviour test. Static non-renewal acute toxicity bioassays were conducted by exposing fish to POME (1.584-9.968 mL/L) for 96 h. Growth performance, behavior response, and histopathological lesions in untreated and POME treated (96-h LC50: 5.156 mL/L) fish were measured at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Time-dependent significant decline in body length and body weight of POME-exposed zebrafish was observed. Furthermore, several behavioral changes were recorded, including hyperactivity, loss of balance, excessive mucus secretion, and depigmentation. Decreasing operculum movement and oxygen consumption rate as well as alterations in gill tissues (i.e. hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hemorrhage, and necrosis) of POME-exposed zebrafish were observed, suggesting a dysfunction in respiratory performance. On the other hand, liver tissue alterations (congestion, hemorrhage, hyperplasia, shrinkage of hepatocytes, hydrophilic degeneration, and necrosis) indicated a disruption in detoxification performance. We conclude that exposure to POME at acute concentration caused histopathological lesions both in gill and liver tissue along with changes in fish behaviors which disrupted respiratory and detoxification performance, resulting in mortality and reduced growth of zebrafish. These findings might provide valuable information for guiding POME management and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Zulfahmi
- Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
| | - Sayyid Afdhal El Rahimi
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Saed Dedi Suherman
- Center for Aquatic Research and Conservation (CARC), Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Almunawarah Almunawarah
- Center for Aquatic Research and Conservation (CARC), Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Arif Sardi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Kamaliah Helmi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Badratun Nafis
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Adli Waliul Perdana
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Khalisah Huwaina Adani
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Ihdina Alfi Admaja Nasution
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Kizar Ahmed Sumon
- Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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20
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Bachar-Wikstrom E, Thomsson KA, Sihlbom C, Abbo L, Tartor H, Lindén SK, Wikstrom JD. Identification of Novel Glycans in the Mucus Layer of Shark and Skate Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14331. [PMID: 37762632 PMCID: PMC10532229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage. While the mucus layers of various bony fish species have been investigated, the composition and glycan profiles of shark skin mucus remain relatively unexplored. In this pilot study, we aimed to explore the structure and composition of shark skin mucus through histological analysis and glycan profiling. Histological examination of skin samples from Atlantic spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) sharks and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer) revealed distinct mucin-producing cells and a mucus layer, indicating the presence of a functional mucus layer similar to bony fish mucus albeit thinner. Glycan profiling using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry unveiled a diverse repertoire of mostly O-glycans in the mucus of the two sharks as well as little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Elasmobranch glycans differ significantly from bony fish, especially in being more sulfated, and some bear resemblance to human glycans, such as gastric mucin O-glycans and H blood group-type glycans. This study contributes to the concept of shark skin having unique properties and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential biomedical implications of shark skin mucus glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kristina A. Thomsson
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Haitham Tartor
- Department of Fish Health and Welfare, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Fiordelmondo E, Magi GE, Friedl A, El-Matbouli M, Roncarati A, Saleh M. Effects of stress conditions on plasma parameters and gene expression in the skin mucus of farmed rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183246. [PMID: 37745213 PMCID: PMC10516540 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) before slaughtering in the last phase of farming analyzing skin mucus and plasma. Two groups of rainbow trout were considered: Group UN ("unstressed"), represented by fish randomly captured from raceways, in the last phase of a standard fattening cycle; Group S ("stressed"), collected at the end of the pre-slaughtering tank, soon after slaughtering. The fish skin mucus was swabbed from head to tail using a sterile plastic spatula and the blood was collected through an endocardial puncture. qRT-PCR was used to study the gene expression in skin mucus. The mRNA expression levels of the IL-6 and IgD genes were higher in the S than in the Group UN. The plasma analysis showed an only a decrease in the glucose plasma levels in the Group S when compared to the Group UN. The present results indicated that the procedures adopted after slaughtering only affected changes in plasma glucose and skin mucus activity in rainbow trout suggesting that management protocol was compatible with non-stressful farming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fiordelmondo
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Adina Friedl
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Sanahuja I, Fernandez-Alacid L, Torrecillas S, Ruiz A, Vallejos-Vidal E, Firmino JP, Reyes-Lopez FE, Tort L, Tovar-Ramirez D, Ibarz A, Gisbert E. Dietary Debaryomyces hansenii promotes skin and skin mucus defensive capacities in a marine fish model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1247199. [PMID: 37711618 PMCID: PMC10499179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1247199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explores the effects of two supplementation levels of Debaryomyces hansenii (1.1% and 2.2%) as a probiotic in a reference low fish meal-based diet on the skin mucosal tissue in Sparus aurata. This study includes the evaluation of fish performance coupled with a holistic study of the skin mucosa: i) a transcriptomic study of the skin tissue, and ii) the evaluation of its secreted mucus both in terms of skin mucosal-associated biomarkers and its defensive capacity by means of co-culture analysis with two pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that after 70 days of diet administration, fish fed the diet supplemented with D. hansenii at 1.1% presented increased somatic growth and a better feed conversion ratio, compared to fish fed the control diet. In contrast, fish fed the diet including 2.2% of the probiotic presented intermediate values. Regarding gene regulation, the probiotic administration at 1.1% resulted in 712 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 53.4% and 46.6% were up- and down-regulated, respectively. In particular, D. hansenii modulated some skin biological processes related to immunity and metabolism. Specifically, D. hansenii administration induced a strong modulation of some immune biological-related processes (61 DEGs), mainly involved in B- and T-cell regulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary D. hansenii promoted the skin barrier function by the upregulation of anchoring junction genes (23 DEGs), which reinforces the physical defense against potential skin damage. In contrast, the skin showed modulated genes related to extracellular exosome and membrane organization (50 DEGs). This modulated functioning is of great interest, particularly in relation to the increased skin mucus defensive capacity observed in the bacterial co-culture in vitro trials, which could be related to the increased modulation and exudation of the innate immune components from the skin cells into the mucus. In summary, the modulation of innate immune parameters coupled with increased skin barrier function and cell trafficking potentiates the skin's physical barrier and mucus defensive capacity, while maintaining the skin mucosa's homeostatic immune and metabolic status. These findings confirmed the advantages of D. hansenii supplementation in low fish meal-based diets, demonstrating the probiotic benefits on cultured marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Sanahuja
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Laura Fernandez-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Torrecillas
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Alberto Ruiz
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joana P. Firmino
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
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23
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He B, Sridhar A, Streiff C, Deketelaere C, Zhang H, Gao Y, Hu Y, Pirotte S, Delrez N, Davison AJ, Donohoe O, Vanderplasschen AFC. In Vivo Imaging Sheds Light on the Susceptibility and Permissivity of Carassius auratus to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 According to Developmental Stage. Viruses 2023; 15:1746. [PMID: 37632088 PMCID: PMC10459324 DOI: 10.3390/v15081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a virus that causes mass mortality in economically important Carassius spp. However, there have been no comprehensive studies into host susceptibility or permissivity with respect to developmental stage, and the major portal of viral entry into the host is still unclear. To help bridge these knowledge gaps, we developed the first ever recombinant strain of CyHV-2 expressing bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter genes. Infection of Carassius auratus hosts with this recombinant by immersion facilitated the exploitation of various in vivo imaging techniques to establish the spatiotemporal aspects of CyHV-2 replication at larval, juvenile, and adult developmental stages. While less susceptible than later developmental stages, larvae were most permissive to CyHV-2 replication, leading to rapid systemic infection and high mortality. Permissivity to CyHV-2 decreased with advancing development, with adults being the least permissive and, thus, also exhibiting the least mortality. Across all developmental stages, the skin was the most susceptible and permissive organ to infection at the earliest sampling points post-infection, indicating that it represents the major portal of entry into these hosts. Collectively these findings provide important fundamental insights into CyHV-2 pathogenesis and epidemiology in Carassius auratus with high relevance to other related economically important virus-host models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Cindy Streiff
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Caroline Deketelaere
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Yunlong Hu
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Sebastien Pirotte
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Natacha Delrez
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Owen Donohoe
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
- Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Alain F. C. Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
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24
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Andersen L, Rønneseth A, Powell MD, Brønstad A. Defining piscine endpoints: Towards score sheets for assessment of clinical signs in fish research. Lab Anim 2023; 57:455-467. [PMID: 36803282 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231156031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The seminar 'Severity and humane endpoints in fish research' organized by the University of Bergen, the Industrial and Aquatic Laboratory, together with Fondazione Guido Bernadini, took place on 4 October 2019 in Bergen, Norway. The seminar was followed by a workshop, 'Establishing score sheets and defining endpoints in fish experiments', held on 28 January 2020, also in Bergen. The purpose of the seminar was to raise awareness about fish ethics together with severity classification and humane endpoints in fish studies, using examples from farmed fish, mainly salmonids and lumpfish. The overall aim of the workshop was to better define humane endpoints in fish experiments, as well as to discuss suggestions for development and use of score sheets for assessing clinical signs related to endpoints. Endpoints for fish should not only be based on what we know about fish diseases and the lesions they induce but should also take into consideration knowledge about fish species and life stage, fish anatomy, physiology and the general state and behaviour of the fish. For this reason, to reinforce that endpoints should come from the animal's perspective and needs, we renamed humane endpoints for fish to piscine endpoints. This paper reports the main messages from the workshop sessions including advice on development and use of score sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andersen
- The Industrial and Aquatic Laboratory (ILAB), Norway
| | - A Rønneseth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - A Brønstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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25
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Lorgen-Ritchie M, Uren Webster T, McMurtrie J, Bass D, Tyler CR, Rowley A, Martin SAM. Microbiomes in the context of developing sustainable intensified aquaculture. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1200997. [PMID: 37426003 PMCID: PMC10327644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1200997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With an ever-growing human population, the need for sustainable production of nutritional food sources has never been greater. Aquaculture is a key industry engaged in active development to increase production in line with this need while remaining sustainable in terms of environmental impact and promoting good welfare and health in farmed species. Microbiomes fundamentally underpin animal health, being a key part of their digestive, metabolic and defense systems, in the latter case protecting against opportunistic pathogens in the environment. The potential to manipulate the microbiome to the advantage of enhancing health, welfare and production is an intriguing prospect that has gained considerable traction in recent years. In this review we first set out what is known about the role of the microbiome in aquaculture production systems across the phylogenetic spectrum of cultured animals, from invertebrates to finfish. With a view to reducing environmental footprint and tightening biological and physical control, investment in "closed" aquaculture systems is on the rise, but little is known about how the microbial systems of these closed systems affect the health of cultured organisms. Through comparisons of the microbiomes and their dynamics across phylogenetically distinct animals and different aquaculture systems, we focus on microbial communities in terms of their functionality in order to identify what features within these microbiomes need to be harnessed for optimizing healthy intensified production in support of a sustainable future for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamsyn Uren Webster
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie McMurtrie
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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26
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Zhou S, Yang Q, Song Y, Cheng B, Ai X. Effect of Copper Sulphate Exposure on the Oxidative Stress, Gill Transcriptome and External Microbiota of Yellow Catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1288. [PMID: 37372018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential adverse effects of the practical application of copper sulfate on yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and to provide insights into the gill toxicity induced by copper sulphate. Yellow catfish were exposed to a conventional anthelmintic concentration of copper sulphate (0.7 mg/L) for seven days. Oxidative stress biomarkers, transcriptome, and external microbiota of gills were examined using enzymatic assays, RNA-sequencing, and 16S rDNA analysis, respectively. Copper sulphate exposure led to oxidative stress and immunosuppression in the gills, with increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and altered expression of immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as IL-1β, IL4Rα, and CCL24. Key pathways involved in the response included cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The 16S rDNA analysis revealed copper sulphate altered the diversity and composition of gill microbiota, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the abundance of Bacteroidotas and Bdellovibrionota and a significant increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria. Notably, a substantial 8.5-fold increase in the abundance of Plesiomonas was also observed at the genus level. Our findings demonstrated that copper sulphate induced oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and gill microflora dysbiosis in yellow catfish. These findings highlight the need for sustainable management practices and alternative therapeutic strategies in the aquaculture industry to mitigate the adverse effects of copper sulphate on fish and other aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Qiuhong Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yi Song
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.150, Qingta West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100141, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, No.150, Qingta West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.150, Qingta West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100141, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, No.150, Qingta West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
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27
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Díaz-Puertas R, Adamek M, Mallavia R, Falco A. Fish Skin Mucus Extracts: An Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Agents. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:350. [PMID: 37367675 DOI: 10.3390/md21060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This review aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the potential of fish skin mucus as a promising source for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Díaz-Puertas
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
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28
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Alves LMF, Moutinho AB, Gómez LJ, Oropesa AL, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Jiménez B, Lemos MFL, Fonseca VF, Cabral H, Novais SC. Evidence of contamination-associated damage in blue sharks (Prionace glauca) from the Northeast Atlantic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162095. [PMID: 36791860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Top predators such as most shark species are extremely vulnerable to amassing high concentrations of contaminants, but not much is known about the effects that the contaminant body burden imparts on these animals. Species like the blue shark (Prionace glauca) are very relevant in this regard, as they have high ecological and socioeconomic value, and have the potential to act as bioindicators of pollution. This work aimed to assess if differences in contaminant body burden found in blue sharks from the Northeast Atlantic would translate into differences in stress responses. Biochemical responses related to detoxification and oxidative stress, and histological alterations were assessed in the liver and gills of 60 blue sharks previously found to have zone-related contamination differences. Similar zone-related differences were found in biomarker responses, with the sharks from the most contaminated zone exhibiting more pronounced responses. Additionally, strong positive correlations were found between contaminants (i.e., As, PCBs, and PBDEs) and relevant biomarkers (e.g., damaged DNA and protective histological alterations). The present results are indicative of the potential that this species and these tools have to be used to monitor pollution in different areas of the Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís M F Alves
- MARE- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Ariana B Moutinho
- MARE- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Luis J Gómez
- Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain; BRILiC - Biotechnology Research Institute in Livestock & Cynegetic, University of Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Ana L Oropesa
- BRILiC - Biotechnology Research Institute in Livestock & Cynegetic, University of Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain; Toxicology Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Dept. of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Dept. of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Vanessa F Fonseca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Sara C Novais
- MARE- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
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Fekih-Zaghbib S, Ksouri A, Bouhaouala-Zahar B. Differences in fish mucus proteomes identify potential antimicrobial peptide biomarkers. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104730. [PMID: 37169042 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We compared the secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the epidermal mucus of three healthy fish species: two aquacultured teleost species, Dicentrarchus labrax and Sparus aurata, and one wild-caught species, Pagrus pagrus. The AMPs detected in all mucus by LC-MS/MS-QTOF are: Chrysophsin-1, -2 and -3, Piscidins -1, -2, -3 and -4, terminal Histone parts and Hepcidin-like peptides. Secretion analysis of the mucus from aquacultured fish using ProGenesis IQ software distinguished the bactericidal activities of histone peptides and probiotic flora from those of other AMPs. Chrysophsin-1 was statistically the most abundant peptide in both mucus samples (p < 0.0035). A lower detection of Piscidins was also observed. Interestingly, the presence of Oncorhyncin I was most pronounced in Sparus aurata mucus. Altogether, these results suggest that Chrysophsin-1 and Oncorhyncin I are potential biomarkers for immunodetection-based studies of changes in secretion patterns which will be further investigated during bacterial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fekih-Zaghbib
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques, Pasteur Institut de Tunis, Université Tunis-El Manar, Tunisia.
| | - Ayoub Ksouri
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques, Pasteur Institut de Tunis, Université Tunis-El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Balkiss Bouhaouala-Zahar
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques, Pasteur Institut de Tunis, Université Tunis-El Manar, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis-El Manar University, Tunisia.
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Ngo-Mback MNL, Zeuko’o Menkem E, Marco HG. Antifungal Compounds from Microbial Symbionts Associated with Aquatic Animals and Cellular Targets: A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:617. [PMID: 37111503 PMCID: PMC10142389 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections continue to be a serious public health problem, leading to an estimated 1.6 million deaths annually. It remains a major cause of mortality for people with a weak or affected immune system, such as those suffering from cancer under aggressive chemotherapies. On the other hand, pathogenic fungi are counted among the most destructive factors affecting crops, causing a third of all food crop losses annually and critically affecting the worldwide economy and food security. However, the limited number currently available and the cytotoxicity of the conventional antifungal drugs, which are not yet properly diversified in terms of mode of action, in addition to resistance phenomena, make the search for new antifungals imperative to improve both human health and food protection. Symbiosis has been a crucial alternative for drug discovery, through which many antimicrobials have been discovered. This review highlights some antifungal models of a defensive symbiosis of microbial symbiont natural products derived from interacting with aquatic animals as one of the best opportunities. Some recorded compounds with supposed novel cell targets such as apoptosis could lead to the development of a multitherapy involving the mutual treatment of fungal infections and other metabolic diseases involving apoptosis in their pathogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather G. Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
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Fronton F, Ferchiou S, Caza F, Villemur R, Robert D, St-Pierre Y. Insights into the circulating microbiome of Atlantic and Greenland halibut populations: the role of species-specific and environmental factors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5971. [PMID: 37045892 PMCID: PMC10097863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing long-term microbiome-based monitoring programs is critical for managing and conserving wild fish populations in response to climate change. In most cases, these studies have been conducted on gut and, to a lesser extent, skin (mucus) microbiomes. Here, we exploited the concept of liquid biopsy to study the circulating bacterial microbiome of two Northern halibut species of economic and ecological importance. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene were achieved using a single drop of blood fixed on FTA cards to identify the core blood microbiome of Atlantic and Greenland halibut populations inhabiting the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. We provide evidence that the circulating microbiome DNA (cmDNA) is driven by genetic and environmental factors. More specifically, we found that the circulating microbiome signatures are species-specific and vary according to sex, size, temperature, condition factor, and geographical localization. Overall, our study provides a novel approach for detecting dysbiosis signatures and the risk of disease in wild fish populations for fisheries management, most notably in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Fronton
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Technologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Sophia Ferchiou
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Technologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - France Caza
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Technologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Richard Villemur
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Technologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Dominique Robert
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310, allée des Ursulines, C.P. 3300, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Technologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
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Albaladejo-Riad N, Espinosa-Ruiz C, Esteban MÁ, Lazado CC. Skin mucus metabolomics provides insights into the interplay between diet and wound in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108590. [PMID: 36746227 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular processes underlying skin wound healing in several fish species have been elucidated in the last years, however, metabolomic insights are scarce. Here we report the skin mucus metabolome of wounded and non-wounded gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed with silk fibroin microparticles, a functional additive considered to accelerate the wound healing process. The three experimental diets (commercial diet enriched with 0 mg (control), 50 mg or 100 mg of silk fibroin microparticles Kg-1) were administered for 30 days and thereafter, a skin wound was inflicted. Skin mucus was collected on day 30 of feeding and 7 days post-wounding and subjected to metabolomic analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a high-resolution quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry. The most enriched metabolite class was amino acids and derivatives, followed by nucleotides, nucleosides and analogues and carbohydrates and their derivatives. Metabolomic profiles revealed that the diet had a more profound effect than wounding in skin mucus. Metabolic pathway analysis of significantly affected metabolites revealed perturbations in the aminoacyl t-RNA biosynthesis in the skin. In particular, skin wound resulted in a decreased methionine level in mucus. Further, silk fibroin supplementation increased methionine level in skin mucus, which correlated with several wound morphometric parameters that characterized the epithelial healing capacity in seabream. The results provided new insight into the physiological consequences of skin wounds and how these processes could be influenced by dietary manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Albaladejo-Riad
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa-Ruiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlo C Lazado
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433, Ås, Norway
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Heim S, Teav T, Gallart-Ayala H, Ivanisevic J, Salamin N. Divergence in metabolomic profile in clownfish and damselfish skin mucus. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1050083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe clownfish - sea anemone mutualism was suggested to have triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes, but the origin of clownfish resistance to stinging tentacles of host anemones remains unclear. The presence of specific compounds in the mucus of clownfishes conferring them the unique ability to prevent nematocyst discharge from their hosts has been the most supported hypothesis. Yet the mystery regarding the types of compounds found in clownfish skin mucus remains unsolved.MethodsWe analyzed the chemical composition of clownfish and damselfish mucus using an untargeted metabolomics (HILIC-HRMS) and lipidomics (RPLC-HRMS) approach.Results and DiscussionThe polar and lipid metabolome signatures were highly specific and allowed to discriminate between the clownfish and damselfish clades. The most discriminative part of the signature was the sphingolipid profile, displaying a broader diversity of ceramides present in significantly higher levels in clownfish mucus. Importantly, the inter-specific variability of metabolic signature was significantly higher in clownfishes, although their diversification is evolutionarily more recent, thus implying the impact of symbiosis on metabolic variability and adaptation. Furthermore, specialists and generalists clownfish species displayed distinctive metabolite signature. Two strict clownfish specialists, which are phylogenetically distant but share the same host species, clustered together based on their molecular signature, suggesting a link with their mutualistic nature. Overall, comparative analyses of metabolic signatures highlight differences in chemical composition of clownfish mucus and provide insight into biochemical pathways potentially implicated in clownfish adaptation to inhabit sea anemones and consequently diversify.
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Gómez de la Torre Canny S, Nordgård CT, Mathisen AJH, Degré Lorentsen E, Vadstein O, Bakke I. A novel gnotobiotic experimental system for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) reveals a microbial influence on mucosal barrier function and adipose tissue accumulation during the yolk sac stage. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1068302. [PMID: 36817693 PMCID: PMC9929952 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gnotobiotic models have had a crucial role in studying the effect that commensal microbiota has on the health of their animal hosts. Despite their physiological and ecological diversity, teleost fishes are still underrepresented in gnotobiotic research. Moreover, a better understanding of host-microbe interactions in farmed fish has the potential to contribute to sustainable global food supply. We have developed a novel gnotobiotic experimental system that includes the derivation of fertilized eggs of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon, and gnotobiotic husbandry of fry during the yolk sac stage. We used a microscopy-based approach to estimate the barrier function of the skin mucus layer and used this measurement to select the derivation procedure that minimized adverse effects on the skin mucosa. We also used this method to demonstrate that the mucus barrier was reduced in germ-free fry when compared to fry colonized with two different bacterial communities. This alteration in the mucus barrier was preceded by an increase in the number of cells containing neutral mucosubstances in the anterior segment of the body, but without changes in the number of cells containing acidic substances in any of the other segments studied along the body axis. In addition, we showed how the microbial status of the fry temporarily affected body size and the utilization of internal yolk stores during the yolk sac stage. Finally, we showed that the presence of bacterial communities associated with the fry, as well as their composition, affected the size of adipose tissue. Fry colonized with water from a lake had a larger visceral adipose tissue depot than both conventionally raised and germ-free fry. Together, our results show that this novel gnotobiotic experimental system is a useful tool for the study of host-microbe interactions in this species of aquacultural importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ingrid Bakke
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Zheng S, Wang WX. Disturbing ion regulation and excretion in medaka (Oryzias melastigma) gills by microplastics: Insights from the gut-gill axis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159353. [PMID: 36252659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in fish gills has been widely recognized, however, whether such stress could thereby impact the physiological responses of fish gills is still unknown. Here, we investigated the impacts of three sizes (400 nm, 4 μm, 20 μm) of polystyrene (PS) MPs on (Na+, K+, Cl-) ions regulation and ammonia excretion in medaka Oryzias melastigma. Significantly increased net Na+ and K+ flux rates were observed transiently during 0-3 h and 3-9 h, but not during 9-24 h. Such results suggest that the physiological resilience of fish gills regarding Na+ and K+ regulation was unaffected upon the exposure to PS-MPs, probably evidenced by the increased secretion of mucus. However, Cl- regulation and ammonia excretion were significantly impaired, partly in consistent with the damages of ionocytes. The adverse impacts of PS-MPs on Cl- regulation and ammonia excretion were size-dependent, with significant disturbances observed in 4 μm and 20 μm treated group for Cl- regulation, but only in 20 μm treated group for ammonia excretion. The specific enrichment of Shinella and lower abundance of function profiles related to ion transport and metabolism might be responsible for the specific disturbance of Cl- regulation found in the 4 μm treated group. The enrichment of Gemmobacter also accounted for the disturbances of ammonia excretion in 20 μm treated group. Our results highlighted the impacts of PS-MPs on the physiological functions in fish gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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36
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SpPdp11 Administration in Diet Modified the Transcriptomic Response and Its Microbiota Associated in Mechanically Induced Wound Sparus aurata Skin. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020193. [PMID: 36670734 PMCID: PMC9854838 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin lesions are a frequent fact associated with intensive conditions affecting farmed fish. Knowing that the use of probiotics can improve fish skin health, SpPdp11 dietary administration has demonstrated beneficial effects for farmed fish, so its potential on the skin needs to be studied more deeply. The wounded specimens that received the diet with SpPdp11 showed a decrease in the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Photobacterium and Achromobacter related to bacterial biofilm formation, as well as the overexpression of genes involved in signaling mechanisms (itpr3), cell migration and differentiation (panxa, ttbk1a, smpd3, vamp5); and repression of genes related to cell proliferation (vstm4a, areg), consistent with a more efficient skin healing processes than that observed in the wounded control group. In addition, among the groups of damaged skin with different diets, Achromobacter, f_Ruminococcaceae, p_Bacteroidetes, Fluviicola and Flavobacterium genera with significant differences showed positive correlations with genes related to cell migration and negative correlations with inflammation and cell proliferation and may be the target of future studies.
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Mahjoubian M, Naeemi AS, Moradi-Shoeili Z, Tyler CR, Mansouri B. Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in the Presence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Differs for Acute and Chronic Exposures in Zebrafish. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:1-17. [PMID: 36333621 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the acute toxicity effects (96 h) of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and chronic (28 d) exposure to Ag NPs, including in combination with ZnO NPs. In the chronic studies, we further assessed the toxicokinetics and bioaccumulation of Ag and the resulting histopathological effects in the gill, intestine, and liver of zebrafish. Co-exposures with ZnO NPs reduced the toxicity of Ag NPs for acute (lethality) but enhanced the toxicity effects (tissue histopathology) for chronic exposures. The histological lesions for both NPs exposures in the gill included necrosis and fusion of lamellae, for the intestine necrosis and degeneration, and in the liver, mainly necrosis. The severity of the histological lesions induced by the Ag NPs was related to the amount of accumulated Ag in the zebrafish organs. The Ag accumulation in different organs was higher in the presence of ZnO NPs in the order of the gill > intestine > liver. Depuration kinetics illustrated the lowest half-life for Ag occurred in the gill and for the combined exposure of Ag with ZnO NPs. Our findings illustrate that in addition to tissue, time, and exposure concentration dependencies, the Ag NPs toxicity can also be influenced by the co-exposure to other NPs (here ZnO NPs), emphasizing the need for more combination exposure effects studies for NPs to more fully understand their potential environmental health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahjoubian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Akram Sadat Naeemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | | | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Borhan Mansouri
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Roosta Z, Falahatkar B, Sajjadi M, Paknejad H, Akbarzadeh A, Kestemont P. Sex and reproductive development impact skin mucosal epithelium immunity, antimicrobial capacity, and up-regulation of immune-related gene of goldfish (Carassius auratus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104494. [PMID: 35940383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the epidermis mucosal capacity of goldfish (Carassius auratus) during different stages of reproductive development in both females and males. In this regard, the activity of mucolytic immune enzymes, i.e., lysozyme, complement and peroxidase, as well as the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. There were five stages for females i.e., immature (f1), cortical alveoli (f2), early and late-vitellogenesis (vtg) (f3 and f4) and ripe (f5); as well as two stages for males spermatogenesis (m1) and spermiation (m2). Some stages were also examined for the mucosal antimicrobial activity against specific pathogens. The results showed that the mucosal lysozyme activity increased significantly during vitellogenesis (P < 0.05), but no lysozyme activity was detected in plasma. On the contrary, the complement activity was only observed in female plasma, and it was significantly higher at f3 compared to the other developmental stages. Both the plasma and mucosal ALP and peroxidase activities showed a significant increase by female reproductive development with the highest amounts at f4. Contrary to the female, no significant changes were observed in plasma and mucosal immune agents and biochemistry of the male. The f5-staged goldfish showed the highest antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus (P < 0.05). Our results also represented the up-regulation of lysozyme (c-lys) gene expression by effects of female maturational development in ovary, liver and skin, while male goldfish showed no significant changes in c-lys expression. Moreover, there were positive correlations between c-lys expression, mucosal lysozyme activity and calcium levels in females (P < 0.01). Overall, our findings revealed that vtg process improves mucosal innate immunity that leads to activate antimicrobial components at spawning season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Roosta
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Bahram Falahatkar
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran; Department of Marine Sciences, The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran.
| | - Mirmasoud Sajjadi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Bhatnagar A, Kumari S, Tyor AK. Assessment of bactericidal role of epidermal mucus of Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus (Asian cat fishes) against pathogenic microbial strains. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cardona E, Milhade L, Pourtau A, Panserat S, Terrier F, Lanuque A, Roy J, Marandel L, Bobe J, Skiba-Cassy S. Tissue origin of circulating microRNAs and their response to nutritional and environmental stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158584. [PMID: 36087674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stresses associated with changes in diet or environmental disturbances are common situations that fish encounter during their lifetime. The stability and ease of measuring microRNAs (miRNAs) present in biological fluids make these molecules particularly interesting biomarkers for non-lethal assessment of stress in animals. Rainbow trout were exposed for four weeks to abiotic stress (moderate hypoxia) and/or nutritional stress (a high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet). Blood plasma and epidermal mucus were sampled at the end of the experiment, and miRNAs were assessed using small RNA sequencing. We identified four miRNAs (miR-122-5p, miR-184-3p, miR-192-5p and miR-194a-5p) and three miRNAs (miR-210-3p, miR-153a-3p and miR-218c-5p) that accumulated in response to stress in blood plasma and epidermal mucus, respectively. In particular, the abundance of miR-210-3p, a hypoxamiR in mammals, increased strongly in the epidermal mucus of rainbow trout subjected to moderate hypoxia, and can thus be considered a relevant biomarker of hypoxic stress in trout. We explored the contribution of 22 tissues/organs to the abundance of circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) in blood plasma and epidermal mucus influenced by the treatments. Some miRNAs were tissue-specific, while others were distributed among several tissues. Some c-miRNAs (e.g., miR-210-3p, miR184-3p) showed similar variations in both tissues and fluids, while others showed an inverse trend (e.g., miR-122-5p) or no apparent relationship (e.g. miR-192-5p, miR-194a-5p. Overall, these results demonstrate that c-miRNAs can be used as non-lethal biomarkers to study stress in fish. In particular, the upregulation of miR-210-3p in epidermal mucus induced by hypoxia demonstrates the potential of using epidermal mucus as a matrix for identifying non-invasive biomarkers of stress. This study provides information about the tissue sources of c-miRNAs and highlights the potential difficulty in relating variations in miRNA abundance in biological fluids to that in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Cardona
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; INRAE, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomic Laboratory, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Léo Milhade
- IRISA, INRIA, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, UMR 6074, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Angéline Pourtau
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; INRAE, Gip Geves St Martin 0652, F-40390 Saint-Martin-de-Hinx, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Fréderic Terrier
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Anthony Lanuque
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Jérôme Roy
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Lucie Marandel
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Julien Bobe
- INRAE, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomic Laboratory, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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Okella H, Okello E, Mtewa AG, Ikiriza H, Kaggwa B, Aber J, Ndekezi C, Nkamwesiga J, Ajayi CO, Mugeni IM, Ssentamu G, Ochwo S, Odongo S, Tolo CU, Kato CD, Engeu PO. ADMET profiling and molecular docking of potential antimicrobial peptides previously isolated from African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1039286. [PMID: 36567944 PMCID: PMC9772024 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1039286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amidst rising cases of antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics. Even so, poor pharmacokinetic profiles of certain AMPs impede their utility necessitating, a careful assessment of potential AMPs' absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties during novel lead exploration. Accordingly, the present study utilized ADMET scores to profile seven previously isolated African catfish antimicrobial peptides (ACAPs). After profiling, the peptides were docked against approved bacterial protein targets to gain insight into their possible mode of action. Promising ACAPs were then chemically synthesized, and their antibacterial activity was validated in vitro utilizing the broth dilution method. All seven examined antimicrobial peptides passed the ADMET screening, with two (ACAP-IV and ACAP-V) exhibiting the best ADMET profile scores. The ACAP-V had a higher average binding energy (-8.47 kcal/mol) and average global energy (-70.78 kcal/mol) compared to ACAP-IV (-7.60 kcal/mol and -57.53 kcal/mol), with the potential to penetrate and disrupt bacterial cell membrane (PDB Id: 2w6d). Conversely, ACAP-IV peptide had higher antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, 520.7 ± 104.3 μg/ml and 1666.7 ± 416.7 μg/ml, respectively) compared to ACAP-V. Collectively, the two antimicrobial peptides (ACAP-IV and ACAP-V) are potential novel leads for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Future research is recommended to optimize the expression of such peptides in biological systems for extended evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedmon Okella
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Glory Mtewa
- Chemistry Section, Malawi Institute of Technology, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Limbe, Malawi
| | - Hilda Ikiriza
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Bruhan Kaggwa
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jacqueline Aber
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | | | - Joseph Nkamwesiga
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clement Olusoji Ajayi
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ivan Mulongo Mugeni
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Geofrey Ssentamu
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Steven Odongo
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Casim Umba Tolo
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Charles Drago Kato
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Ogwang Engeu
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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Mori M, Shibasaki Y, Namba A, Yabu T, Wada N, Shiba H, Anzai H, Mano N. Alteration of hemoglobin ß gene expression in mucosal tissues of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, in response to heat stress, Edwardsiella piscicida infection, and immunostimulants administration. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100049. [PMID: 36419596 PMCID: PMC9680101 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hbβ gene expression in the gills is decreased upon heat stress. Epidermal Hbß gene expression was increased upon AsA and LF feeding or infection. Mucosal Hbβ expression may be a useful indicator for monitoring fish health status.
Hemoglobin beta (Hbß) is a heme-binding protein capable of oxygen delivery. The oligopeptides derived from Hbβ in fish mucus are active against a variety of gram-negative bacteria and protozoa. To gain information on the physiological and immunological roles of Hbβ in the mucosal tissues of fish, we analyzed changes in Hbß gene expression levels in the epidermis, gills, and intestine of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, in response to heat stress, Edwardsiella piscicida infection, and trial feeding of immunostimulants, high-concentration ascorbic acid (AsA) or lactoferrin (LF). The results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that expression of the Hbß gene in the gills decreased markedly when exposed to heat stress, whereas that in the epidermis exhibited an increase 3h after infection with E. piscicida. Seven days after starting to feed either immunostimulant, epidermal Hbß gene expression in all AsA or LF dose groups was significantly higher than in the control group. The results of in situ hybridization showed that the abundance and intensity of the stained cells in the epidermis and in the gills were consistent with the expression levels of Hbß gene obtained from the infection and immunosuppressant experiments and the heat stress experiment, respectively. Our results suggest that mucosal Hbβ gene expression is closely related to physiological and immunological status and could be a useful indicator for monitoring condition of fish health.
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Leal E, Angotzi AR, Gregório SF, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Rotllant J, Fuentes J, Tafalla C, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Role of the melanocortin system in zebrafish skin physiology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:591-601. [PMID: 36150411 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) acts as both a competitive antagonist and inverse agonist of melanocortin receptors which regulate dorsal-ventral pigmentation patterns in fish. However, the potential role of ASIP in the regulation of additional physiological pathways in the skin is unknown. The skin plays a crucial role in the immune function, acting as a physical limitation against infestation and also as a chemical barrier due to its ability to synthesize and secrete mucus and many immune effector proteins. In this study, the putative role of ASIP in regulating the immune system of skin has been explored using a transgenic zebrafish model overexpressing the asip1 gene (ASIPzf). Initially, the structural changes in skin induced by asip1 overexpression were studied, revealing that the ventral skin of ASIPzf was thinner than that of wild type (WT) animals. A moderate hypertrophy of mucous cells was also found in ASIPzf. Histochemical studies showed that transgenic animals appear to compensate for the lower number of cell layers by modifying the mucus composition and increasing lectin affinity and mucin content in order to maintain or improve protection against microorganism adhesion. ASIPzf also exhibit higher protein concentration under crowding conditions suggesting an increased mucus production under stressful conditions. Exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that ASIPzf exhibit a faster pro-inflammatory response and increased mucin expression yet severe skin injures and a slight increase in mortality was observed. Electrophysiological measurements show that the ASIP1 genotype exhibits reduced epithelial resistance, an indicator of reduced tissue integrity and barrier function. Overall, not only are ASIP1 animals more prone to infiltration and subsequent infections due to reduced skin epithelial integrity, but also display an increased inflammatory response that can lead to increased skin sensitivity to external infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leal
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Aquiculture de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellon, Spain.
| | - A R Angotzi
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Aquiculture de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellon, Spain
| | - S F Gregório
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - J B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN, CSIC Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J Rotllant
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - J Fuentes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - C Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Aquiculture de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellon, Spain.
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Puri V, Kaur VP, Singh A, Singh C. Recent advances on drug delivery applications of mucopenetrative/mucoadhesive particles: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kagan R, Viner TC. Identification of freeze-thaw artifact in fresh and decomposed black rockfish ( Sebastes melanops) and steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Pathol 2022; 59:1022-1030. [PMID: 36003021 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221120012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Identification of freeze-thaw artifact in fish can help to determine whether they have been harvested within the appropriate season and monitor adherence to fishing regulations. Recognition of freeze-specific changes will also prevent potential misinterpretation due to decomposition, disease, injury, or species variation. An initial survey using black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) identified which tissues reliably exhibit freeze artifact. Tissues were exposed to different treatments: immediate formalin fixation; refrigeration or storage at room temperature for 24, 48, or 72 hours; or freezing for 1, 8, or 28 days. Three fish underwent a combination of treatments. Tissue changes in each treatment group were compared macroscopically and microscopically. Macroscopic changes in frozen-thawed and never-frozen fish overlapped somewhat; however, microscopic findings of skeletal myocyte cavitation, lens liquefaction, and brain tissue fractures were consistent findings only in frozen-thawed tissues. A validation study was then done to establish the accuracy of microscopic analysis. Brain and paired ocular and skeletal muscle samples from 61 steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fixed in formalin either fresh or after being frozen for 4 weeks. Weighted kappa values showed both high observer accuracy and interobserver agreement in the identification of freeze-thaw status. Based on these findings, microscopic changes in the skeletal muscle, eye, and brain are considered consistent and easily identifiable indicators of a previous freeze-thaw cycle and should not be confused with a pathologic process.
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Gadoin E, Desnues C, d'Orbcastel ER, Bouvier T, Auguet JC, Dagorn L, Moroh JL, Adingra A, Bettarel Y. Fishing for the Microbiome of Tropical Tuna. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02096-4. [PMID: 35962839 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although tunas represent a significant part of the global fish economy and a major nutritional resource worldwide, their microbiome still remains poorly documented. Here, we conducted an analysis of the taxonomic composition of the bacterial communities inhabiting the gut, skin, and liver of two most consumed tropical tuna species (skipjack and yellowfin), from individuals caught in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. We hypothesized that each organ harbors a specific microbial assemblage whose composition might vary according to different biotic (sex, species) and/or abiotic (environmental) factors. Our results revealed that the composition of the tuna microbiome was totally independent of fish sex, regardless of the species and ocean considered. Instead, the main determinants of observed diversity were (i) tuna species for the gut and (ii) sampling site for the skin mucus layer and (iii) a combination of both parameters for the liver. Interestingly, 4.5% of all amplicon sequence variants (ASV) were shared by the three organs, highlighting the presence of a core-microbiota whose most abundant representatives belonged to the genera Mycoplasma, Cutibacterium, and Photobacterium. Our study also revealed the presence of a unique and diversified bacterial assemblage within the tuna liver, comprising a substantial proportion of potential histamine-producing bacteria, well known for their pathogenicity and their contribution to fish poisoning cases. These results indicate that this organ is an unexplored microbial niche whose role in the health of both the host and consumers remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Gadoin
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon - Bat 24, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Desnues
- Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie (MIO), Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, Campus Technologique Et Scientifique de Luminy, 163 avenue de Luminy - Bat. Méditerranée, 13288, Marseille, IRD, France
| | - Emmanuelle Roque d'Orbcastel
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon - Bat 24, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Bouvier
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon - Bat 24, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Auguet
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon - Bat 24, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Dagorn
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon - Bat 24, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Moroh
- Université Peleforo Gbon Coulibaly, Korhogo, Ivory Coast
| | - Antoinette Adingra
- Centre de Recherches Océanologiques (CRO) - 29 rue des pêcheurs, Zone 3, Treichville, BP V 18 00225, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Yvan Bettarel
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon - Bat 24, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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Narvaez P, Morais RA, Vaughan DB, Grutter AS, Hutson KS. Cleaner fish are potential super-spreaders. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276034. [PMID: 35855672 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cleaning symbiosis is critical for maintaining healthy biological communities in tropical marine ecosystems. However, potential negative impacts of mutualism, such as the transmission of pathogens and parasites during cleaning interactions, have rarely been evaluated. Here, we investigated whether the dedicated bluestreak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus, is susceptible to, and can transmit generalist ectoparasites between client fish. In laboratory experiments, L. dimidiatus were exposed to infective stages of three generalist ectoparasite species with contrasting life-histories. Labroides dimidiatus were susceptible to infection by the gnathiid isopod, Gnathia aureamaculosa, but significantly less susceptible to the ciliate protozoan, Cryptocaryon irritans, and the monogenean flatworm, Neobenedenia girellae, compared to control host species (Coris batuensis or Lates calcarifer). The potential for parasite transmission from a client fish to the cleaner fish was simulated using experimentally transplanted mobile adult (i.e., egg-producing) monogenean flatworms on L. dimidiatus. Parasites remained attached to cleaners for an average of two days, during which parasite egg production continued, but was reduced compared to control fish. Over this timespan, a wild cleaner may engage in several thousand cleaning interactions, providing numerous opportunities for mobile parasites to exploit cleaners as vectors. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that L. dimidiatus exhibits resistance to infective stages of some parasites yet has the potential to temporarily transport adult parasites. We propose that some parasites that evade being eaten by cleaner fish could exploit cleaning interactions as a mechanism for transmission and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Narvaez
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, 5 Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.,Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Renato A Morais
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, 5 Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - David B Vaughan
- School of Access Education, Central Queensland University, 554-700 Yaamba Road, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia.,Coastal Marine Ecosystems Research Centre, Central Queensland University, 554-700 Yaamba Road, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia
| | - Alexandra S Grutter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kate S Hutson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.,Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.,Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
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Scheifler M, Sanchez-Brosseau S, Magnanou E, Desdevises Y. Diversity and structure of sparids external microbiota (Teleostei) and its link with monogenean ectoparasites. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:27. [PMID: 35418308 PMCID: PMC9009028 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal-associated microbial communities appear to be key factors in host physiology, ecology, evolution and its interactions with the surrounding environment. Teleost fish have received relatively little attention in the study of surface-associated microbiota. Besides the important role of microbiota in homeostasis and infection prevention, a few recent studies have shown that fish mucus microbiota may interact with and attract some specific parasitic species. However, our understanding of external microbial assemblages, in particular regarding the factors that determine their composition and potential interactions with parasites, is still limited. This is the objective of the present study that focuses on a well-known fish-parasite interaction, involving the Sparidae (Teleostei), and their specific monogenean ectoparasites of the Lamellodiscus genus. We characterized the skin and gill mucus bacterial communities using a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, tested how fish ecological traits and host evolutionary history are related to external microbiota, and assessed if some microbial taxa are related to some Lamellodiscus species. Results Our results revealed significant differences between skin and gill microbiota in terms of diversity and structure, and that sparids establish and maintain tissue and species-specific bacterial communities despite continuous exposure to water. No phylosymbiosis pattern was detected for either gill or skin microbiota, suggesting that other host-related and environmental factors are a better regulator of host-microbiota interactions. Diversity and structure of external microbiota were explained by host traits: host species, diet and body part. Numerous correlations between the abundance of given bacterial genera and the abundance of given Lamellodiscus species have been found in gill mucus, including species-specific associations. We also found that the external microbiota of the only unparasitized sparid species in this study, Boops boops, harbored significantly more Fusobacteria and three genera, Shewenella, Cetobacterium and Vibrio, compared to the other sparid species, suggesting their potential involvement in preventing monogenean infection. Conclusions This study is the first to explore the diversity and structure of skin and gill microbiota from a wild fish family and present novel evidence on the links between gill microbiota and monogenean species in diversity and abundance, paving the way for further studies on understanding host-microbiota-parasite interactions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00180-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Scheifler
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université - CNRS, 66650, Banyuls/Mer, France.
| | - Sophie Sanchez-Brosseau
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université - CNRS, 66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Elodie Magnanou
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université - CNRS, 66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Yves Desdevises
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université - CNRS, 66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
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Freitas J, Silva P, Perestrelo R, Vaz-Pires P, Câmara JS. Improved approach based on MALDI-TOF MS for establishment of the fish mucus protein pattern for geographic discrimination of Sparus aurata. Food Chem 2022; 372:131237. [PMID: 34627094 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Food fraud is still a recurrent practice throughout food supply chains. In the case of seafood, misidentification of species and products repackaging constitute the most common frauds. Therefore, the development of appropriate analytical approaches to be used against food fraud is necessary. The present study goal is to explore for the first time, the possibility to differentiate between Sparus aurata from two different mariculture farms located in Madeira Island (Caniçal and Ribeira Brava), using the mass fingerprint of fish mucus obtained from MALDI-TOF MS and analyzed using Mass-UP software for multivariate statistical analysis and biomarker identification. It was possible to establish, from the mucus protein fraction, a set of potential biomarkers for each location in a total of 35 peaks, being 17 peaks specific to Caniçal located farm and 18 to Ribeira Brava. The proposed analytical approach revealed a useful strategy providing accurate and fast results for fish geographical origin discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Freitas
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Paulo Vaz-Pires
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton De Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
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50
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Darvishi M, Shamsaie Mehrgan M, Khajehrahimi AE. Effect of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extract as an Immunostimulant on Serum and Skin Mucus Immune Parameters, Transcriptomic Responses of Immune-Related Gene, and Disease Resistance Against Yersinia ruckeri in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:811684. [PMID: 35280148 PMCID: PMC8904569 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.811684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to appraise the effect of licorice herbal supplement on the immune status of rainbow trout fingerlings. Accordingly, five diets were formulated with different levels of licorice extract (LE) including 0 (control), 0.5 g kg−1 (LE0.5), 1 g kg−1 (LE1), 2 g kg−1 (LE2), and 3 g kg−1 (LE3). The fingerlings (10.0 ± 0.1 g initial mean weight) received the diets in triplicates (30 fish in each replicate) for 56 days. The results showed that the white blood cells and their differential number (lymphocytes and monocytes) were remarkably increased by LE2 supplementation (P < 0.05). The oral administration of LE2 significantly increased the levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig), lysozyme activity, and complement components (C3 and C4) compared with others. Meanwhile, the serum bactericidal activity against Yersinia ruckeri in LE2 and LE3 treatments was significantly higher than others except for LE1 (P < 0.05). In addition, serum alternative complement activity significantly improved in all treated groups except LE0.5 compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In terms of skin mucosal immunity, the fish fed with LE2 and LE3 diets exhibited notably higher lysozyme activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and Ig value than other groups (P < 0.05). The highest skin mucus bactericidal activity against Y. ruckeri was obtained in LE2 treatment (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary LE2 significantly increased the relative expression of immune-associated genes including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, and IgM and the former treatments showed higher values than the control group. The cumulative mortality of fish against Y. ruckeri infection was notably reduced from 53.6% in the control group to 29.0% in LE3 treatment. Overall, the dietary administration of LE at 2 g kg−1 had the best effects on immunocompetence in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Darvishi
- Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shamsaie Mehrgan
- Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mehdi Shamsaie Mehrgan ; orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-853X
| | - Amir Eghbal Khajehrahimi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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