Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: an overview of recent literature

Understanding bacteriocin heterologous expression: A review

Bacteriocins are a diverse group of ribosomally synthesised antimicrobial peptides/proteins that play an important role in self-defence. They are widely used as bio-preservatives and effective substitutes for disease eradication. They can be used in conjunction with or as an alternative to antibiotics to minimize the risk of resistance development. There are remarkably few reports indicating resistance to bacteriocins. Although there are many research reports that emphasise heterologous expression of bacteriocin, there are no convincing reports on the significant role that intrinsic and extrinsic factors play in overexpression. A coordinated and cooperative expression system works in concert with multiple genetic elements encoding native proteins, immunoproteins, exporters, transporters and enzymes involved in the post-translational modification of bacteriocins. The simplest way could be to utilise the existing E. coli expression system, which is conventional, widely used for heterologous expression and has been further extended for bacteriocin expression. In this article, we will review the intrinsic and extrinsic factors, advantages, disadvantages and major problems associated with bacteriocin overexpression in E. coli. Finally, we recommend the most effective strategies as well as numerous bacteriocin expression systems from E. coli, Lactococcus, Kluveromyces lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris for their suitability for successful overexpression.

Microbe-material hybrids for therapeutic applications

As natural living substances, microorganisms have emerged as useful resources in medicine for creating microbe-material hybrids ranging from nano to macro dimensions. The engineering of microbe-involved nanomedicine capitalizes on the distinctive physiological attributes of microbes, particularly their intrinsic "living" properties such as hypoxia tendency and oxygen production capabilities. Exploiting these remarkable characteristics in combination with other functional materials or molecules enables synergistic enhancements that hold tremendous promise for improved drug delivery, site-specific therapy, and enhanced monitoring of treatment outcomes, presenting substantial opportunities for amplifying the efficacy of disease treatments. This comprehensive review outlines the microorganisms and microbial derivatives used in biomedicine and their specific advantages for therapeutic application. In addition, we delineate the fundamental strategies and mechanisms employed for constructing microbe-material hybrids. The diverse biomedical applications of the constructed microbe-material hybrids, encompassing bioimaging, anti-tumor, anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation and other diseases therapy are exhaustively illustrated. We also discuss the current challenges and prospects associated with the clinical translation of microbe-material hybrid platforms. Therefore, the unique versatility and potential exhibited by microbe-material hybrids position them as promising candidates for the development of next-generation nanomedicine and biomaterials with unique theranostic properties and functionalities.

Overview of cloning in lactic acid bacteria: Expression and its application of probiotic potential in inflammatory bowel diseases

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) imposes a significant impact on the quality of life for affected individuals. However, there was a current lack of a systematic summary regarding the latest epidemic trends and the underlying pathogenesis of IBD. This highlights the need for a thorough examination of both the epidemiological aspects of IBD and the specific mechanisms by which lactic acid bacteria (LAB) contribute to mitigating this condition. In developed countries, higher incidences and death rates of IBD have been observed, influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. LAB offer significant advantages and substantial potential for enhancing IBD treatment. LAB's capabilities include the production of bioactive metabolites, regulation of gut immunity, protection of intestinal mechanical barriers, inhibition of oxidative damage, and restoration of imbalanced gut microbiota. The review suggests that screening effective LAB using cell models and metabolites, optimizing LAB intake through dose-effect studies, enhancing utilization through nanoencapsulation and microencapsulation, investigating mechanisms to deepen the understanding of LAB, and refining clinical study designs. These efforts aim to contribute to comprehending the epidemic trend, pathogenesis, and treatment of IBD, ultimately fostering the development of targeted therapeutic products, such as LAB-based interventions.

Anti-foam cell activity of metabolites of a bacterium isolated from yogurt

Existing literature documents the beneficial effects of probiotics against atherosclerosis, a major cause of human death. However, it suffers from a serious limitation due to horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, currently, efforts are targeted to examine the beneficial effects of metabolites obtained from probiotics. In this context, the current study isolated a bacterium from yogurt and investigated the effect of its metabolites on foam cell formation, a key event for developing atherosclerosis. Results showed that the cell-free conditioned medium (CM) of this isolate and di-chloro methane extract of CM (CME) not only prevented the formation but also reduced the level of preformed foam cells. To understand the mechanism, the GC-MS study revealed the presence of compounds known to exert anti-atherogenic activities like anti-oxidant, anti-NF-κB, and lipolytic activities. Consistently, CME exhibited substantial anti-oxidant and anti-NF-κB activity. In conclusion, metabolites of this bacterium have anti-atherogenic activities and thus have therapeutic potential.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01515-7.

Postbiotics in the Bakery Products: Applications and Nutritional Values

In recent years, the consumption of postbiotics has gained significant attention due to their potential health benefits. However, their application in the bakery industry remains underutilized. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of postbiotics, specifically the metabolites of lactic acid bacteria, in bakery products. We provide a concise overview of the multifaceted benefits of postbiotics, including their role as natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and preservatives, and their potential to enhance product quality, extend shelf-life, and contribute to consumer welfare. This review combines information from various sources to provide a comprehensive update on recent advances in the role of postbiotics in bakery products, subsequently discussing the concept of sourdough as a leavening agent and its role in improving the nutritional profile of bakery products. We highlighted the positive effects of postbiotics on bakery items, such as improved texture, flavor, and shelf life, as well as their potential to contribute to overall health through their antioxidant properties and their impact on gut health. Overall, this review emphasizes the promising potential of postbiotics to revolutionize the bakery industry and promote healthier and more sustainable food options. The integration of postbiotics into bakery products represents a promising frontier and offers innovative possibilities to increase product quality, reduce food waste, and improve consumer health. Further research into refining techniques to incorporate postbiotics into bakery products is essential for advancing the health benefits and eco-friendly nature of these vital food items.

Exploring the genomic traits of infant-associated microbiota members from a Zimbabwean cohort

INTRODUCTION

Our understanding of particular gut microbiota members such as Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus in low-middle-income countries remains very limited, particularly early life strain-level beneficial traits. This study addresses this gap by exploring a collection of bacterial strains isolated from the gut of Zimbabwean infants; comparing their genomic characteristics with strains isolated from infants across North America, Europe, and other regions of Africa.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

From 110 infant stool samples collected in Harare, Zimbabwe, 20 randomly selected samples were used to isolate dominant early-life gut microbiota members Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus. Isolated strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis including functional annotation of carbohydrates, human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) and protein degradation genes and clusters, and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs).

RESULTS

The study observed some location-based clustering within the main five identified taxonomic groups. Furthermore, there were varying and overall species-specific numbers of genes belonging to different GH families encoded within the analysed dataset. Additionally, distinct strain- and species-specific variances were identified in the potential of Bifidobacterium for metabolizing HMOs. Analysis of putative protease activity indicated a consistent presence of gamma-glutamyl hydrolases in Bifidobacterium, while Enterococcus genomes exhibited a high abundance of aspartyl peptidases. Both genera harboured resistance genes against multiple classes of antimicrobial drugs, with Enterococcus genomes containing a higher number of ARGs compared to Bifidobacterium, on average.

CONCLUSION

This study identified promising probiotic strains within Zimbabwean isolates, offering the potential for early-life diet and microbial therapies. However, the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in infant-associated microbes raises concerns for infection risk and next-stage probiotic development. Further investigation in larger cohorts, particularly in regions with limited existing data on antibiotic and probiotic use, is crucial to validate these initial insights.

IMPACT STATEMENT

This research represents the first investigation of its kind in the Zimbabwean context, focusing on potential probiotic strains within the early-life gut microbiota. By identifying local probiotic strains, this research can contribute to the development of probiotic interventions that are tailored to the Zimbabwean population, which can help address local health challenges and promote better health outcomes for infants. Another essential aspect of the study is the investigation of antimicrobial resistance genes present in Zimbabwean bacterial strains. Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global health concern, and understanding the prevalence and distribution of resistance genes in different regions can help inform public health policies and interventions.

An Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Probiotics and Prebiotics among the Population of the United Arab Emirates

Probiotics and prebiotics offer a range of advantageous effects on human health. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of individuals can impact their inclination to consume probiotics and prebiotics. The main objective of this study was to examine the KAP of the people in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) about probiotics and prebiotics consumption. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the impact of KAP and sociodemographic factors on the use of probiotics and prebiotics. In order to accomplish this objective, a verified online questionnaire was used with a five-point Likert scale and distributed using an online platform (Google Forms). A cross-sectional research, non-probability sampling was implemented, and G*Power statistical power analysis was used to estimate a sample size of 385 participants. A total of 408 replies were gathered. The population under study consisted of residents in the UAE between the ages of 18 to 64 years old, excluding populations under the age of 18 and those living outside the UAE. A total of 392 participants met the criteria for inclusion in this study. The research ethics committees of UAE University granted the study approval (ERSC_2024_4359), and the validity of the findings was confirmed through face-to-face interviews with around 50 individuals and a Cronbach's alpha test with result of 0.84. The statistical software SPSS version 29.0 for Mac OS was utilized to examine the relationships between KAP variables, including Chi-square tests and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The tests were selected based on their capacity to handle categorical and continuous data, respectively. The female population was 85.2% of the total, while the male population accounts for 14.8%. The age distribution of participants shows that the largest proportion, 68.4%, falls within the 18-24 age range. Out of the participants, 61.5% held a bachelor's degree. Most of the participants, 56.4%, were students, while 29.1% were employees. The average results indicate a significant inclination towards probiotics and prebiotics, as demonstrated by the scores above the midpoint for the six knowledge questions (M = 2.70), six attitude questions (M = 3.10), and six practice questions (M = 3.04). Several studies have examined this phenomenon; however, additional research comparing individuals in the UAE is necessary to fully comprehend the influence of KAP on the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics in the UAE.

The role of Bifidobacterium in longevity and the future of probiotics

This review explores the role and health impacts of probiotics, focusing specifically on Bifidobacterium spp. It highlights the functionalities that Bifidobacteria can provide, underscored by the historical evolution of definitions and technological advancements related to probiotics. By examining the association between Bifidobacteria and longevity, this review suggests new avenues for health enhancement. Highlighting case studies of centenarians, it presents examples related to human aging, illuminating the potential links to longevity through research on Bifidobacterium strains found in centenarians. This review not only emphasizes the importance of current research but also advocates for further investigation into the health benefits of Bifidobacteria, underlining the necessity for continuous study in the nutraceutical field.

Unlocking the Gut's Treasure: Lipase-Producing Bacillus subtilis Probiotic from the Intestine of Microstomus kitt (Lemon sole)

The main objective of this research was to identify potential probiotic candidates belonging to the Bacillus species that could demonstrate tolerance to bile salt and acidic conditions. The study focused on isolating Bacillus strains from the intestine of marine fish-Microstomus kitt. The isolation process involved the use of selective MRS media through the pour plate method. After 24 h, one particular isolate was identified based on its morphological and biochemical traits as Bacillus species. To confirm the identity, molecular characterization of the 16S RNA from the isolated strain was performed, and the sequence analysis verified it as Bacillus subtilis strain ACL_BS 001. With the molecular confirmation, the next step was to assess the probiotic characteristics of this B. subtilis strain. Various tests were conducted to evaluate its acid/pH tolerance, NaCl tolerance, and bile salt tolerance. The results indicated that B. subtilis exhibited high viability percentages even under acidic pH, in the presence of 1.5% bile salt, and at high salt concentrations. Subsequently, we investigated the strain's ability to produce lipase, an important enzyme with potential industrial applications. B. subtilis was grown in MRS agar amended with olive oil as a lipase substrate. After incubation, the presence of lipase activity was confirmed, and the enzymatic assay revealed a significant lipase enzyme activity of 100.23 µmoles/ml of the sample. In conclusion, the study successfully isolated and identified B. subtilis from the intestine of Microstomus kitt, and the strain exhibited promising probiotic characteristics, including resistance to bile salt and acidic conditions. Furthermore, the strain was found to produce lipase, which opens up possibilities for future research focusing on isolating and purifying the lipase from this potential probiotic B. subtilis strain.

Deciphering the Potential of Probiotics in Vaccines

The demand for vaccines, particularly those prepared from non-conventional sources, is rising due to the emergence of drug resistance around the globe. Probiotic-based vaccines are a wise example of such vaccines which represent new horizons in the field of vaccinology in providing an enhanced and diversified immune response. The justification for incorporating probiotics into vaccines lies in the fact that that they hold the capacity to regulate immune function directly or indirectly by influencing the gastrointestinal microbiota and related pathways. Several animal-model-based studies have also highlighted the efficacy of these vaccines. The aim of this review is to collect and summarize the trends in the recent scientific literature regarding the role of probiotics in vaccines and vaccinology, along with their impact on target populations.

Evaluation of synbiotic combinations of commercial probiotic strains with different prebiotics in in vitro and ex vivo human gut microcosm model

Exploring probiotics for their crosstalk with the host microbiome through the fermentation of non-digestible dietary fibers (prebiotics) for their potential metabolic end-products, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), is important for understanding the endogenous host-gut microbe interaction. This study was aimed at a systematic comparison of commercially available probiotics to understand their synergistic role with specific prebiotics in SCFAs production both in vitro and in the ex vivo gut microcosm model. Probiotic strains isolated from pharmacy products including Lactobacillus sporogenes (strain not labeled), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103), Streptococcus faecalis (T-110 JPC), Bacillus mesentericus (TO-AJPC), Bacillus clausii (SIN) and Saccharomyces boulardii (CNCM I-745) were assessed for their probiotic traits including survival, antibiotic susceptibility, and antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains. Our results showed that the microorganisms under study had strain-specific abilities to persist in human gastrointestinal conditions and varied anti-infective efficacy and antibiotic susceptibility. The probiotic strains displayed variation in the utilization of six different prebiotic substrates for their growth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Their prebiotic scores (PS) revealed which were the most suitable prebiotic carbohydrates for the growth of each strain and suggested xylooligosaccharide (XOS) was the poorest utilized among all. HPLC analysis revealed a versatile pattern of SCFAs produced as end-products of prebiotic fermentation by the strains which was influenced by growth conditions. Selected synbiotic (prebiotic and probiotic) combinations showing high PS and high total SCFAs production were tested in an ex vivo human gut microcosm model. Interestingly, significantly higher butyrate and propionate production was found only when synbiotics were applied as against when individual probiotic or prebiotics were applied alone. qRT-PCR analysis with specific primers showed that there was a significant increase in the abundance of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria with synbiotic blends compared to pre-, or probiotics alone. In conclusion, this work presents findings to suggest prebiotic combinations with different well-established probiotic strains that may be useful for developing effective synbiotic blends.

A critical assessment of microbial-based antimicrobial sanitizing of inanimate surfaces in healthcare settings

The global rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant public health threat, especially in healthcare settings, where controlling the spread of antimicrobial genes is crucial. While person-to-person transmission remains the primary route for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), hospital surfaces serve as key reservoirs for antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Regular cleaning and disinfection of these surfaces are essential. Microbial-based products for sanitizing hospital surfaces have emerged as promising tools to combat HAIs and AMR. However, a review of 32 publications found inconsistencies and potential risks. A total of 15 publications included hospital-based trials, while the rest were either in vitro or in situ assays, reviews, book chapters, or commentaries. In most of the hospital-based studies, specific strains of applied microorganisms were not identified, and the term "probiotic" was inaccurately used. These products mainly featured spores from Bacillus and Priestia genera, which was mainly hypothesized to work through competitive exclusion. Most hospital-based studies have shown that the application of microbial-based products resulted in a significant reduction in pathogens on surfaces, thereby contributing to a decrease in the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Further research is however needed to understand the effectiveness, mechanisms of action, and safety of microbial-based sanitizing agents. Strain-level identification is crucial for safety assessments, yet many reviewed products lacked this information. Consequently, there is a need for rigorous safety evaluations within existing regulatory frameworks to ensure the efficacy and safety of microbial-based cleaning products in healthcare settings.

Exploring Functional Products and Early-Life Dynamics of Gut Microbiota

Research on the microbiome has progressed from identifying specific microbial communities to exploring how these organisms produce and modify metabolites that impact a wide range of health conditions, including gastrointestinal, metabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides an overview of the bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tract, focusing on their main functional outputs. We explore biomarkers that not only indicate a well-balanced microbiota but also potential dysbiosis, which could foreshadow susceptibility to future health conditions. Additionally, it discusses the establishment of the microbiota during the early years of life, examining factors such as gestational age at birth, type of delivery, antibiotic intake, and genetic and environmental influences. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research, this article aims to enhance our understanding of the microbiota's foundational development and its long-term implications for health and disease management.

Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics to adolescents in metabolic syndrome

The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has globally reached alarming dimensions and many adolescents affected by obesity already present one or more obesity-related comorbidities. In recent years, emerging evidence supporting the role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases has been reported and the use of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics as a strategy to manipulate gut microbiota has become popular. The aim of this review is to explore the relationship between gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and to discuss the potential use of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics for the prevention and treatment of this clinical picture in adolescence. According to the most recent literature, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics have no clear effect on MetS, but a possible modulation of anthropometric parameters has been observed after synbiotic supplementation. Only one study has examined the role of postbiotics in alleviating metabolic complications in children with obesity but not in adolescents. More extensive research is needed to support the conclusions drawn so far and to develop effective microbiome-based interventions that may help improving the quality of life of children and adolescents exposed to the increasing prevalence of MetS.

Chinese Guidelines for Medical Nutrition Therapy for Patients with Diabetes (2022 Edition)

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is the foundation of the comprehensive treatment of patients with diabetes. In 2010, the Chinese Clinical Nutritionist Center of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association developed the first Chinese guideline on MNT for patients with diabetes, and it was updated in 2015. Since then, new evidence has emerged in the field of MNT and metabolic therapy in patients with diabetes. The Nutrition and Metabolic Management Branch of the China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care organized a team of experts from related institutions, including the Clinical Nutrition Branch of the Chinese Nutrition Society, Chinese Diabetes Society, Chinese Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutri-tion, and Chinese Clinical Nutritionist Center of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Their task was to develop the Chinese Guidelines of Medical Nutrition Therapy in Diabetes (2022 Edition) in accordance with the requirements of the Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of Clinical Guidelines in China (2022 Edition) by combining the questions raised and evidence gathered in clinical practices in China, to guide and standardize the clinical MNT.

Utilization of diverse oligosaccharides for growth by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species and their in vitro co-cultivation characteristics

Various approaches have been used to study the relationship between prebiotics and probiotics. The utilization of different carbohydrates by probiotics depends on the biochemical properties of the enzymes and substrates required by the microbial strain. However, few studies have systematically analyzed the ability of probiotics to utilize different prebiotics. Here, we investigated the effects of prebiotics from different manufacturers on the proliferation of 13 strains of the Lactobacillus group and the genus Bifidobacterium co-cultured in vitro. Inulin, fructose-oligosaccharide (FOS), and galactose-oligosaccharide (GOS) had broad growth-promoting effects. FOS significantly promoted the proliferation of B. longum. When strains from Lactobacillus group and Bifidobacterium were co-cultured, FOS caused each strain to proliferate cooperatively. GOS was effectively used by L. rhamnosus and L. reuteri for energy and growth promotion. L. casei and L. paracasei fully metabolized inulin; these strains performed better than other strains from Lactobacillus group and Bifidobacterium. Media containing a mixture of oligosaccharides had stronger effects on the growth of B. animalis subsp. lactis, L. acidophilus, and L. rhamnosus than media containing single oligosaccharides. Thus, different oligosaccharides had different effects on the growth of probiotics, providing a scientific basis for the use of synbiotics in health and related fields.

Research progress in isolation and identification of rumen probiotics

With the increasing research on the exploitation of rumen microbial resources, rumen probiotics have attracted much attention for their positive contributions in promoting nutrient digestion, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, and improving production performance. In the past two decades, macrogenomics has provided a rich source of new-generation probiotic candidates, but most of these "dark substances" have not been successfully cultured due to the restrictive growth conditions. However, fueled by high-throughput culture and sorting technologies, it is expected that the potential probiotics in the rumen can be exploited on a large scale, and their potential applications in medicine and agriculture can be explored. In this paper, we review and summarize the classical techniques for isolation and identification of rumen probiotics, introduce the development of droplet-based high-throughput cell culture and single-cell sequencing for microbial culture and identification, and finally introduce promising cultureomics techniques. The aim is to provide technical references for the development of related technologies and microbiological research to promote the further development of the field of rumen microbiology research.

A comprehensive review on the pharmacological role of gut microbiome in neurodegenerative disorders: potential therapeutic targets

Neurological disorders, including Alzheimer and Parkinson's, pose significant challenges to public health due to their complex etiologies and limited treatment options. Recent advances in research have highlighted the intricate bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system (CNS), revealing a potential therapeutic avenue for neurological disorders. Thus, this review aims to summarize the current understanding of the pharmacological role of gut microbiome in neurological disorders. Mounting evidence suggests that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in modulating CNS function through various mechanisms, including the production of neurotransmitters, neuroactive metabolites, and immune system modulation. Dysbiosis, characterized by alterations in gut microbial composition and function, has been observed in many neurological disorders, indicating a potential causative or contributory role. Pharmacological interventions targeting the gut microbiome have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders. Probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and microbial metabolite-based interventions have shown beneficial effects in animal models and some human studies. These interventions aim to restore microbial homeostasis, enhance microbial diversity, and promote the production of beneficial metabolites. However, several challenges remain, including the need for standardized protocols, identification of specific microbial signatures associated with different neurological disorders, and understanding the precise mechanisms underlying gut-brain communication. Further research is necessary to unravel the intricate interactions between the gut microbiome and the CNS and to develop targeted pharmacological interventions for neurological disorders.

Unveiling the Novel Benefits of Co-Administering Butyrate and Active Vitamin D3 in Mice Subjected to Chemotherapy-Induced Gut-Derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sepsis

Cancer patients face increased susceptibility to invasive infections, primarily due to ulcerative lesions on mucosal surfaces and immune suppression resulting from chemotherapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteremia is notorious for its rapid progression into fatal sepsis, posing a significant threat to cancer patients, particularly those experiencing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. This bacterial infection contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality rates among such individuals. Our latest report showed the mutually beneficial effects of postbiotic butyrate on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3)-controlled innate immunity during Salmonella colitis. Hence, we investigated the impact of butyrate and 1,25D3 on chemotherapy-induced gut-derived P. aeruginosa sepsis in mice. The chemotherapy-induced gut-derived P. aeruginosa sepsis model was established through oral administration of 1 × 107 CFU of the P. aeruginosa wild-type strain PAO1 in C57BL/6 mice undergoing chemotherapy. Throughout the infection process, mice were orally administered butyrate and/or 1,25D3. Our observations revealed that the combined action of butyrate and 1,25D3 led to a reduction in the severity of colitis and the invasion of P. aeruginosa into the liver and spleen of the mice. This reduction was attributed to an enhancement in the expression of defensive cytokines and antimicrobial peptides within the cecum, coupled with decreased levels of zonulin and claudin-2 proteins in the mucosal lining. These effects were notably more pronounced when compared to treatments administered individually. This study unveils a promising alternative therapy that involves combining postbiotics and 1,25D3 for treating chemotherapy-induced gut-derived P. aeruginosa sepsis.

A Critical Review on the Role of Probiotics in Lung Cancer Biology and Prognosis

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), it ranks as the second most prevalent type of cancer globally. Recent findings have highlighted bidirectional gut-lung interactions, known as the gut-lung axis, in the pathophysiology of lung cancer. Probiotics are live microorganisms that boost host immunity when consumed adequately. The immunoregulatory mechanisms of probiotics are thought to operate through the generation of various metabolites that impact both the gut and distant organs (e.g., the lungs) through blood. Several randomized controlled trials have highlighted the pivotal role of probiotics in gut health especially for the prevention and treatment of malignancies, with a specific emphasis on lung cancer. Current research indicates that probiotic supplementation positively affects patients, leading to a suppression in cancer symptoms and a shortened disease course. While clinical trials validate the therapeutic benefits of probiotics, their precise mechanism of action remains unclear. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the present landscape of probiotics in the management of lung cancer.

The Role of Prebiotics in Modulating Gut Microbiota: Implications for Human Health

The human gut microbiota, an intricate ecosystem within the gastrointestinal tract, plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Prebiotics, non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms, have emerged as a key modulator of this complex microbial community. This review article explores the evolution of the prebiotic concept, delineates various types of prebiotics, including fructans, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides, lactulose, resistant starch, and polyphenols, and elucidates their impact on the gut microbiota composition. We delve into the mechanisms through which prebiotics exert their effects, particularly focusing on producing short-chain fatty acids and modulating the gut microbiota towards a health-promoting composition. The implications of prebiotics on human health are extensively reviewed, focusing on conditions such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, immune function, and mental health. The review further discusses the emerging concept of synbiotics-combinations of prebiotics and probiotics that synergistically enhance gut health-and highlights the market potential of prebiotics in response to a growing demand for functional foods. By consolidating current knowledge and identifying areas for future research, this review aims to enhance understanding of prebiotics' role in health and disease, underscoring their importance in maintaining a healthy gut microbiome and overall well-being.

Intestinal Barrier Impairment Induced by Gut Microbiome and Its Metabolites in School-Age Children with Zinc Deficiency

Zinc deficiency affects the physical and intellectual development of school-age children, while studies on the effects on intestinal microbes and metabolites in school-age children have not been reported. School-age children were enrolled to conduct anthropometric measurements and serum zinc and serum inflammatory factors detection, and children were divided into a zinc deficiency group (ZD) and control group (CK) based on the results of serum zinc. Stool samples were collected to conduct metagenome, metabolome, and diversity analysis, and species composition analysis, functional annotation, and correlation analysis were conducted to further explore the function and composition of the gut flora and metabolites of children with zinc deficiency. Beta-diversity analysis revealed a significantly different gut microbial community composition between ZD and CK groups. For instance, the relative abundances of Phocaeicola vulgatus, Alistipes putredinis, Bacteroides uniformis, Phocaeicola sp000434735, and Coprococcus eutactus were more enriched in the ZD group, while probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense showed the reverse trend. The functional profile of intestinal flora was also under the influence of zinc deficiency, as reflected by higher levels of various glycoside hydrolases in the ZD group. In addition, saccharin, the pro-inflammatory metabolites, and taurocholic acid, the potential factor inducing intestinal leakage, were higher in the ZD group. In conclusion, zinc deficiency may disturb the gut microbiome community and metabolic function profile of school-age children, potentially affecting human health.

Enterotype-Dependent Probiotic-Mediated Changes in the Male Rat Intestinal Microbiome In Vivo and In Vitro

Beneficial properties of lactic acid bacteria have been known long ago, but particular interest in probiotics has arisen in the last two decades due to the understanding of the important role of intestinal microflora in human life. Thus, the ability of probiotics to support healthy homeostasis of gut microbiomes has received particular attention. Here, we evaluated the effect of a probiotic consisting of Bifidobacterium longum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei on the gut microbiome of male rats, assessed their persistence in the fecal biota, and compared probiotic-mediated changes in vitro and in vivo. As expected, microbiomes of two enterotypes were identified in the feces of 21 animals, and it turned out that even a single dose of the probiotic altered the microbial composition. Upon repeated administration, the E1 biota temporarily acquired properties of the E2 type. Being highly sensitive to the intervention of probiotic bacteria at the phylum and genus levels, the fecal microbiomes retained the identity of their enterotypes when transferred to a medium optimized for gut bacteria. For the E2 biota, even similarities between probiotic-mediated reactions in vitro and in vivo were detected. Therefore, fecal-derived microbial communities are proposed as model consortia to optimize the response of resident bacteria to various agents.

Next-generation probiotics: the upcoming biotherapeutics

Recent and continuing advances in gut microbiome research have pointed out the role of the gut microbiota as an unexplored source of potentially beneficial probiotic microbes. Along the lines of these advances, both public awareness and acceptance of probiotics are increasing. That's why; academic and industrial research is dedicated to identifying and investigating new microbial strains for the development of next-generation probiotics (NGPs). At this time, there is a growing interest in NGPs as biotherapeutics that alter the gut microbiome and affect various diseases development. In this work, we have focused on some emergent and promising NGPs, specifically Eubacterium hallii, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia spp., Akkermansia muciniphila, and Bacteroides fragilis, as their presence in the gut can have an impact on the development of various diseases. Emerging studies point out the beneficial roles of these NGPs and open up novel promising therapeutic options. Interestingly, these NGPs were found to enhance gastrointestinal immunity, enhance immunotherapy efficacy in cancer patients, retain the intestinal barrier integrity, generate valuable metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids, and decrease complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although many of these NGPs are considered promising for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases, research on humans is still lacking. Therefore, approval of these microbes from regulatory agencies is rare. Besides, some issues limit their wide use in the market, such as suitable methods for the culture and storage of these oxygen-sensitive microbes. The present review goes over the main points related to NGPs and gives a viewpoint on the key issues that still hinder their wide application. Furthermore, we have focused on the advancement in NGPs and human healthiness investigations by clarifying the limitations of traditional probiotic microorganisms, discussing the characteristics of emerging NGPs and defining their role in the management of certain ailments. Future research should emphasize the isolation, mechanisms of action of these probiotics, safety, and clinical efficacy in humans.

Prebiotic effect of galacto-N-biose on the intestinal lactic acid bacteria as enhancer of acetate production and hypothetical colonization

Galacto-N-biose (GNB) is an important core structure of glycan of mucin glycoproteins in the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. Because certain beneficial bacteria inhabiting the GI tract, such as bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria, harbor highly specialized GNB metabolic capabilities, GNB is considered a promising prebiotic for nourishing and manipulating beneficial bacteria in the GI tract. However, the precise interactions between GNB and beneficial bacteria and their accompanying health-promoting effects remain elusive. First, we evaluated the proliferative tendency of beneficial bacteria and their production of beneficial metabolites using gut bacterial strains. By comparing the use of GNB, glucose, and inulin as carbon sources, we found that GNB enhanced acetate production in Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus johnsonii. The ability of GNB to promote acetate production was also confirmed by RNA-seq analysis, which indicated the upregulation of gene clusters that catalyze the deacetylation of N-acetylgalactosamine-6P and biosynthesize acetyl-CoA from pyruvate, both of which result in acetate production. To explore the in vivo effect of GNB in promoting acetate production, antibiotic-treated BALB/cA mice were administered with GNB with L. rhamnosus, resulting in a fecal acetate content that was 2.7-fold higher than that in mice administered with only L. rhamnosus. Moreover, 2 days after the last administration, a 3.7-fold higher amount of L. rhamnosus was detected in feces administered with GNB with L. rhamnosus than in feces administered with only L. rhamnosus. These findings strongly suggest the prebiotic potential of GNB in enhancing L. rhamnosus colonization and converting L. rhamnosus into higher acetate producers in the GI tract.

IMPORTANCE

Specific members of lactic acid bacteria, which are commonly used as probiotics, possess therapeutic properties that are vital for human health enhancement by producing immunomodulatory metabolites such as exopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, and bacteriocins. The long residence time of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in the GI tract prolongs their beneficial health effects. Moreover, the colonization property is also desirable for the application of probiotics in mucosal vaccination to provoke a local immune response. In this study, we found that GNB could enhance the beneficial properties of intestinal lactic acid bacteria that inhabit the human GI tract, stimulating acetate production and promoting intestinal colonization. Our findings provide a rationale for the addition of GNB to lactic acid bacteria-based functional foods. This has also led to the development of therapeutics supported by more rational prebiotic and probiotic selection, leading to an improved healthy lifestyle for humans.

Association between gut microbiota and pan-dermatological diseases: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization research

Background

Gut microbiota has been associated with dermatological problems in earlier observational studies. However, it is unclear whether gut microbiota has a causal function in dermatological diseases.

Methods

Thirteen dermatological diseases were the subject of bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) research aimed at identifying potential causal links between gut microbiota and these diseases. Summary statistics for the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of gut microbiota and dermatological diseases were obtained from public datasets. With the goal of evaluating the causal estimates, five acknowledged MR approaches were utilized along with multiple testing corrections, with inverse variance weighted (IVW) regression serving as the main methodology. Regarding the taxa that were causally linked with dermatological diseases in the forward MR analysis, reverse MR was performed. A series of sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the robustness of the causal estimates.

Results

The combined results of the five MR methods and sensitivity analysis showed 94 suggestive and five significant causal relationships. In particular, the genus Eubacterium_fissicatena_group increased the risk of developing psoriasis vulgaris (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, pFDR = 4.36 × 10-3), family Bacteroidaceae (OR = 2.25, pFDR = 4.39 × 10-3), genus Allisonella (OR = 1.42, pFDR = 1.29 × 10-2), and genus Bacteroides (OR = 2.25, pFDR = 1.29 × 10-2) increased the risk of developing acne; and the genus Intestinibacter increased the risk of urticaria (OR = 1.30, pFDR = 9.13 × 10-3). A reverse MR study revealed insufficient evidence for a significant causal relationship. In addition, there was no discernible horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity.

Conclusion

This study provides novel insights into the causality of gut microbiota in dermatological diseases and therapeutic or preventive paradigms for cutaneous conditions.

Unraveling the Puzzle: Health Benefits of Probiotics-A Comprehensive Review

A growing number of probiotic-containing products are on the market, and their use is increasing. Probiotics are thought to support the health of the gut microbiota, which in turn might prevent or delay the onset of gastrointestinal tract disorders. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, autism, osteoporosis, and some immunological illnesses are among the conditions that have been shown to possibly benefit from probiotics. In addition to their ability to favorably affect diseases, probiotics represent a defense system enhancing intestinal, nutritional, and oral health. Depending on the type of microbial strain utilized, probiotics can have variable beneficial properties. Although many microbial species are available, the most widely employed ones are lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. The usefulness of these bacteria is dependent on both their origin and their capacity to promote health. Probiotics represent a valuable clinical tool supporting gastrointestinal health, immune system function, and metabolic balance. When used appropriately, probiotics may provide benefits such as a reduced risk of gastrointestinal disorders, enhanced immunity, and improved metabolic health. Most popular probiotics, their health advantages, and their mode of action are the topic of this narrative review article, aimed to provide the reader with a comprehensive reappraisal of this topic matter.

Promoting wound recovery through stable intestinal flora: Reducing post-operative complications in colorectal cancer surgery patients

In recent years, the relationship between intestinal flora and post-operative recovery, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery patients, it has been hypothesized that intestinal flora stability influences wound healing, reduces complications and improves overall recovery outcomes after surgical interventions. This study examined the relationship between intestinal flora stability and post-operative recovery in patients undergoing CRC surgery. Between May 2020 and 2023, 80 CRC patients from our hospital's Colorectal Surgery Department were enrolled. A random number table was used to divide them into two categories. Both groups were subjected to distinct gastrointestinal preparation protocols. Indicators of clinical therapeutic effect, intestinal flora balance following surgery, post-operative complications and quality of life were evaluated. The observation group, which adhered to a distinct gastrointestinal regimen, demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in post-operative outcomes, with a clinical effectiveness rate of 97.5% compared to the control group's 75%. In addition, the observation group had a lower incidence of intestinal flora imbalance following surgery than the control group. The observation group had lower incidences of intestinal obstruction, infection, anastomotic leakage, incisional tumour implantation and delayed diarrhoea. Using the KPS score and the BMI, post-treatment assessments of the observation group's quality of life revealed significant enhancements in comparison to the control group. Additionally, wound healing rates were superior in the observation group, with a correlation between stable intestinal flora and decreased wound infection rates. The type of post-operative diet influenced the stabilization of the gut flora, with a high-fibre diet producing superior results in both groups. The stability of intestinal flora influences the post-operative rehabilitation of patients undergoing CRC surgery favourably. Appropriate bowel preparation and dietary considerations can reduce post-operative complications, improve wound healing rates and enhance overall quality of life.

Isolation and Identification of Effective Probiotics on Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strains and Their Biofilms

Introduction

This study aimed to identify, assess, and isolate strong lactobacilli demonstrating broad antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against drug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Additionally, the mechanism of inhibition of these organisms was to be determined.

Methods

Over a 6-month period (from December 2021 to June 2022), 53 clinical A. baumannii strains were collected from clinical samples. Twenty probiotic strains were isolated from local dairy products. Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus strains' cell-free supernatant (CFS) was identified using the agar well diffusion method and the microbroth dilution test. Anti-biofilm effect was performed by the microtiter plate assay. The MTT assay was also used to look into the probiotics' cytotoxic effects on the L929 fibroblast cell line.

Results

During the 6-month period, 53 clinical A. baumannii strains were obtained and identified. Out of 20 lactobacillus strains, the CFS of a lactobacillus strain (named L9) showed an inhibitory effect against all A. baumannii strains. Using the broth microdilution method, it was shown that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of CFS extracts of L9 strains against A. baumannii strains were both ¼ mg/mL. The result of the anti-biofilm showed that the selected probiotic could inhibit biofilm formation. The most common organic acid produced by all Lactobacillus strains, according to the HPLC method, was lactic acid, which was followed by acetic acid. The L929 fibroblast cell line was used in the cytotoxicity assay, which revealed that 100% of the cells in the L929 fibroblast cell line survived treatment with successive doses of CFSs for a full day.

Conclusion

The probiotic strain isolated from local yogurt in this study showed potential anti-biofilm and antimicrobial properties against all drug-resistant Acinetobacter isolates. Given the increasing interest in probiotic microorganisms based on their high health benefits, further studies are recommended on the mechanisms of action between probiotics and A. baumannii strains to find new solutions for biological control and treatment of these infections without the use of antibiotics.

Gut-Modulating Agents and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a highly fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive wasting and paralysis of voluntary muscle. Despite extensive research, the etiology of ALS remains elusive, and effective treatment options are limited. However, recent evidence implicates gut dysbiosis and gut-brain axis (GBA) dysfunction in ALS pathogenesis. Alterations to the composition and diversity of microbial communities within the gut flora have been consistently observed in ALS patients. These changes are often correlated with disease progression and patient outcome, suggesting that GBA modulation may have therapeutic potential. Indeed, targeting the gut microbiota has been shown to be neuroprotective in several animal models, alleviating motor symptoms and mitigating disease progression. However, the translation of these findings to human patients is challenging due to the complexity of ALS pathology and the varying diversity of gut microbiota. This review comprehensively summarizes the current literature on ALS-related gut dysbiosis, focusing on the implications of GBA dysfunction. It delineates three main mechanisms by which dysbiosis contributes to ALS pathology: compromised intestinal barrier integrity, metabolic dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. It also examines preclinical evidence on the therapeutic potential of gut-microbiota-modulating agents (categorized as prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics) in ALS.

Connecting the Dots: The Cerebral Lymphatic System as a Bridge Between the Central Nervous System and Peripheral System in Health and Disease

As a recently discovered waste removal system in the brain, cerebral lymphatic system is thought to play an important role in regulating the homeostasis of the central nervous system. Currently, more and more attention is being focused on the cerebral lymphatic system. Further understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of cerebral lymphatic system is essential to better understand the pathogenesis of diseases and to explore therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the structural components and functional characteristics of cerebral lymphatic system. More importantly, it is closely associated with peripheral system diseases in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidney. However, there is still a gap in the study of the cerebral lymphatic system. However, we believe that it is a critical mediator of the interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral system.

Genomic characterization and probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from feces of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)

Background

Presently, there exists a growing interest in mitigating the utilization of antibiotics in response to the challenges emanating from their usage in livestock. A viable alternative strategy encompasses the introduction of live microorganisms recognized as probiotics, exerting advantageous impacts on the immune system and nutritional aspects of the host animals. Native lactic acid bacteria, inherently possessing specific properties and adaptive capabilities tailored to each animal, are deemed optimal contenders for probiotic advancement.

Aim

In the current investigation, microorganisms exhibiting probiotic potential were isolated, characterized, and identified from the fecal samples of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) belonging to the Peruvian breed.

Methods

The lactic acid bacteria isolated on Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar underwent Gram staining, catalase testing, proteolytic, amylolytic, and cellulolytic activity assays, low pH tolerance assessment, hemolytic evaluation, antagonism against Salmonella sp., determination of autoaggregation and coaggregation capacity, and genotypic characterization through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.

Results

A total of 33 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the feces of 30 guinea pigs, also 10 isolates were selected based on Gram staining and catalase testing. All strains exhibited proteolytic activity, while only one demonstrated amylolytic capability, and none displayed cellulase activity. These bacteria showed higher tolerance to pH 5.0 and, to a lesser extent, to pH 4.0. Furthermore, they exhibited antagonistic activity against Salmonella sp. Only two bacteria demonstrated hemolytic activity, and were subsequently excluded from further evaluations. Subsequent assessments revealed autoaggregation capacities ranging from 4.55% to 23.19%, with a lesser degree of coaggregation with Salmonella sp. ranging from 3.53% to 8.94% for the remaining eight bacterial isolates. Based on these comprehensive tests, five bacteria with notable probiotic potential were identified by molecular assays as Leuconostoc citreum, Enterococcus gallinarum, Exiguobacterium sp., and Lactococcus lactis.

Conclusion

The identified bacteria stand out as promising probiotic candidates, deserving further assessment in Peruvian breed guinea pigs. This exploration aims to enhance production outcomes while mitigating the adverse effects induced by pathogenic microorganisms.

Antimicrobial use and resistance in food animal production: food safety and associated concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa

The use of antimicrobials in food animal (FA) production is a common practice all over the world, with even greater usage and dependence in the developing world, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, this practice which serves obvious economic benefits to producers has raised public health concerns over the last decades, thus driving the selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and adversely impacting food safety and environmental health. This review presents the current and comprehensive antimicrobial usage practices in food animal production across SSA. We further highlighted the overall regional drivers as well as the public health, environmental, and economic impact of antimicrobial use in the production of food animals. Antimicrobial use is likely to increase with even exacerbated outcomes unless cost-effective, safe, and sustainable alternatives to antibiotics, especially probiotics, prebiotics, bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, vaccines, etc. are urgently advocated for and used in food animal production in SSA. These, in addition to the implementation of strong legislation on antimicrobial use, and improved hygiene will help mitigate the public health concerns associated with antimicrobial use in food animals and improve the well-being and safety of food animals and their products.

Enhancing enzymatic production efficiency of crude pectic oligosaccharides by pulsed electric field and study of prebiotic potential

Orange juice by-products, including peel, segments, and seeds, account for more than 50% of the total mass. This study aims to valorize the peel and segments of Sai Nam Phueng (Citrus reticulata Blanco 'Sai Nam Phueng') orange juice by-products by producing crude pectic oligosaccharides (POS) with prebiotic potential using pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted enzymatic treatment. PEF was performed for 5 min at field strengths of 10 and 7.5 kV/cm for orange peel powder (OPP) and orange segment powder (OSP), respectively, combined with Cellulase XL-531 at a concentration of 1.75%, pH 5.5, 40 °C for 2 h. The crude OPP-POS and OSP-POS yields were 19.16% and 17.51%, respectively, significantly higher than values obtained with PEF or enzymic hydrolysis singly. Thin layer chromatography results showed that the crude POS consisted of oligogalacturonic acids with various degrees of polymerization. Both POS products could enhance the growth of target probiotic bacteria and simultaneously produce short-chain fatty acids, especially propionic acid. Furthermore, the crude POS products also showed more than 90% resistance to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. These findings support the utilization of by-products from Sai Nam Phueng orange juice as a potential source for prebiotic production using PEF.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05843-8.

Bacterial therapies at the interface of synthetic biology and nanomedicine

Bacteria are emerging as living drugs to treat a broad range of disease indications. However, the inherent advantages of these replicating and immunostimulatory therapies also carry the potential for toxicity. Advances in synthetic biology and the integration of nanomedicine can address this challenge through the engineering of controllable systems that regulate spatial and temporal activation for improved safety and efficacy. Here, we review recent progress in nanobiotechnology-driven engineering of bacteria-based therapies, highlighting limitations and opportunities that will facilitate clinical translation.

In vitro assessment of biofunctional properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain Jb21-11 and the characterization of its exopolysaccharide

ABSTACT

The microbiota of traditional food provides a rich reservoir of biodiversity to find new strains with interesting features for novel functional food formulation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the biofunctional potential of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain Jb21-11 isolated from Jben, a traditional Algerian fresh cheese. This isolate was selected out of a collection of 154 LAB based on its exopolysaccharide (EPS) phenotype and was preliminarily identified by polyphasic characterization as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously known as Lactobacillus plantarum) and its biofunctional properties were then assessed in vitro. The tested strain demonstrated good resistance to gastric juice, acidity around pH 2, and 2% (v/v) bile salts, which are important characteristics for potential biofunctional LAB candidates. It also showed a good production of ropy EPS with 674 mg/L on MRS medium. However, this ability appears to compromise the adhesion of the strain to Caco-2 cells (less than 1%), which according to our results, seems not to be related to autoaggregation and hydrophobicity (44.88 ± 0.028% and 16.59 ± 0.012%). Furthermore, promising antimicrobial activity against three pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella) was detected probably due to antimicrobial metabolites excreted during fermentation process into the medium. Moreover, the strain L. plantarum Jb21-11 displayed a therapeutic functionality with both anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action using RAW 264.7 cells. The chemical features of the novel ropy Jb21-11-EPS were also investigated revealing the presence of three monosaccharides, namely, mannose, galactose, and glucose, with a molar ratio of 5.42:1.00:4.52 linked together by α- and β-glycosidic bonds, presenting a relatively high molecular weight of 1.08 × 105 Da of interest for a texturing potential. Therefore, the new producing EPS strain Jb21-11 is a promising candidate for use as an adjunct culture for improving the texture of functional food.

The Role of Diet and Nutritional Interventions for the Infant Gut Microbiome

The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, while formula feeding increases microbial diversity. The timing of introducing solid foods also influences gut microbiota composition. In preterm infants the gut microbiota development is influenced by multiple factors, including the time since birth and the intake of breast milk, and interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics supplementation show promising results in reducing morbidity and mortality in this population. These findings underscore the need for future research to understand the long-term health impacts of these interventions and for further strategies to enrich the gut microbiome of formula-fed and preterm infants.

Evaluation of the safety and immune stimulatory effects of multi-strain Lab Mix product on laboratory animals

Background & aims

Probiotics are alive and beneficial bacteria used as food complements with sufficient amounts to improve and balance the intestinal flora in the human gastrointestinal tract and inhibit harmful microorganisms. In this study, we conducted experiments to evaluate he safety and the effect of one of our probiotics on selected biochemical parameters in animal models.

Methods

LabMix is a probiotic product containing three bacterial strains, including Lactobacillus acidophilus LA 304.17, Lactobacillus casei LC 304.08, and Bifidobacterium bifidum BF 304.98, with a density of 9 × 109 CFU/g and being mixed with suitable excipients. In this study, we conducted experiments to evaluate LabMix's acute ttoxicity in mice as well as subchronic toxicity in rats.

Results

The LD50 dose in mice of this product could not be determined since no death or disorder was recorded. In rats receiving LabMix with doses of 2.52 × 109 CFU/kg and 12.6 × 109 CFU/kg continuously for 28 days, this product caused no significant changes in the amount of red and white blood cells and platelets. Similarly, no significant changes were recorded in serum concentrations of hemoglobin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, protein, cholesterol, bilirubin, and creatinine. Besides, LabMix products also did not cause any changes in the histology of the liver, kidney, and spleen in rats. Moreover, LabMix was well tolerated without affecting the normal growth and feeding of rats. Furthermore, LabMix also decreased serum cytokines and increased serum and gut mucosal IgA antibodies.

Conclusions

LabMix product is possibly considered safe for human., and this sproduct reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α ), but increased IgA levels. However, it is necessary to further evaluate the product's effectiveness in the preclinical phase as well as in further phases before mass production and commercialization.

Protective effect of Bifidobacterium animalis CGMCC25262 on HaCaT keratinocytes

Bifidobacteria are the most prevalent members of the intestinal microbiota in mammals and other animals, and they play a significant role in promoting gut health through their probiotic effects. Recently, the potential applications of Bifidobacteria have been extended to skin health. However, the beneficial mechanism of Bifidobacteria on the skin barrier remains unclear. In this study, keratinocyte HaCaT cells were used as models to evaluate the protective effects of the cell-free supernatant (CFS), heat-inactivated bacteria, and bacterial lysate of Bifidobacterium animalis CGMCC25262 on the skin barrier and inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that all the tested samples were able to upregulate the transcription levels of biomarker genes associated with the skin barrier, such as hyaluronic acid synthetase (HAS) and aquaporins (AQPs). Notably, the transcription of the hyaluronic acid synthetase gene-2 (HAS-2) is upregulated by 3~4 times, and AQP3 increased by 2.5 times when the keratinocyte HaCaT cells were co-incubated with 0.8 to 1% CFS. In particular, the expression level of Filaggrin (FLG) in HaCaT cells increased by 1.7 to 2.7 times when incubated with Bifidobacterial samples, reaching its peak at a concentration of 0.8% CFS. Moreover, B. animalis CGMCC25262 also decreased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine RANTES to one-tenth compared to the levels observed in HaCaT cells induced with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). These results demonstrate the potential of B. animalis CGMCC25262 in protecting the skin barrier and reducing inflammatory response.

The Hazards of Probiotics on Gut-Derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sepsis in Mice Undergoing Chemotherapy

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a leading cause of nosocomial infections associated with a high mortality rate and represents a serious threat to human health and the increasing frequency of antimicrobial resistance. Cancer patients are more vulnerable to invasive infection due to ulcerative lesions in mucosal surfaces and immune suppression secondary to chemotherapy. In our in vitro study, we observed that probiotics have the potential to yield beneficial effects on intestinal epithelial cells infected with P. aeruginosa. Additionally, probiotics were found to confer advantageous effects on the innate immunity of mice suffering from Salmonella-induced colitis. As a result, we sought to investigate the impact of probiotics on gut-derived P. aeruginosa sepsis induced by chemotherapy. Following chemotherapy, gut-derived P. aeruginosa sepsis was induced in female C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks, which were raised under specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions in an animal center. Prior to the induction of the sepsis model, the mice were administered 1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of the probiotics, namely Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium longum (BL) via oral gavage. We observed that LGG or BL amplified the inflammatory mRNA expression in mice undergoing chemotherapy and suffering from gut-derived P. aeruginosa sepsis. This led to a heightened severity of colitis, as indicated by histological examination. Meanwhile, there was a notable decrease in the expression of antimicrobial peptide mRNA along with reduced levels of zonulin and claudin-2 protein staining within mucosal tissue. These alterations facilitated the translocation of bacteria to the liver, spleen, and bloodstream. To our astonishment, the introduction of probiotics exacerbated gut-derived P. aeruginosa sepsis in mice undergoing chemotherapy. Conclusively, we must be prudent when using probiotics in mice receiving chemotherapy complicated with gut-derived P. aeruginosa sepsis.

Selection of a Probiotic for Its Potential for Developing a Synbiotic Peach and Grape Juice

Due to recent interest in the potential of probiotics as health promoters and the impact of health and environmental concerns on eating habits, non-dairy probiotic food products are required. This study aimed to evaluate the viability of different probiotic microorganisms in peach and grape juice (PGJ) with or without the prebiotic inulin and their antimicrobial activity against the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and the juice spoilage microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Firstly, the viability of seven probiotic strains was studied in PGJ with an initial concentration of 107 CFU/mL for 21 days at 4 °C and for 3 days at 37 °C. In parallel, the physicochemical effect, the antimicrobial effect and the lactic acid production in PGJ were evaluated. Secondly, the probiotic with the best viability results was selected to study its antimicrobial effect against L. monocytogenes and S. cerevisiae, as well as ethanol and acetaldehyde production by the latter. L. casei showed the highest viability and grew in both refrigerated and fermentation conditions (1 log), produced the greatest lactic acid (5.12 g/L) and demonstrated in vitro anti-Listeria activity. Although the addition of the prebiotic did not improve the viability, lactic acid production or anti-Listeria activity of the probiotics, under the conditions studied, the prebiotic potential of inulin, support the design of a synbiotic juice. Finally, although none of the probiotic, fermentation products, or postbiotics showed any antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes or S. cerevisiae, the addition of L. casei to the PGJ significantly reduced the production of S. cerevisiae metabolite ethanol (29%) and acetaldehyde (50%). L. casei might be a suitable probiotic to deliver a safe and functional PGJ, although further research should be carried out to determine the effect of the probiotic and fermentation on the nutritional profile of PGJ.

Role of probiotics in managing various human diseases, from oral pathology to cancer and gastrointestinal diseases

The imbalance of microbial composition and diversity in favor of pathogenic microorganisms combined with a loss of beneficial gut microbiota taxa results from factors such as age, diet, antimicrobial administration for different infections, other underlying medical conditions, etc. Probiotics are known for their capacity to improve health by stimulating the indigenous gut microbiota, enhancing host immunity resistance to infection, helping digestion, and carrying out various other functions. Concurrently, the metabolites produced by these microorganisms, termed postbiotics, which include compounds like bacteriocins, lactic acid, and hydrogen peroxide, contribute to inhibiting a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. This review presents an update on using probiotics in managing and treating various human diseases, including complications that may emerge during or after a COVID-19 infection.

Applications of Proteomics in Probiotics Having Anticancer and Chemopreventive Properties

Proteomics has grown in importance in molecular sciences because it gives vital information on protein identification, expression levels, and alteration. Cancer is one of the world's major causes of death and is the major focus of much research. Cancer risk is determined by hereditary variables as well as the body's immunological condition. Probiotics have increasing medical importance due to their therapeutic influence on the human body in the prevention and treatment of numerous chronic illnesses, including cancer, with no adverse effects. Several anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive probiotics are studied using different proteomic approaches like two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. To gain relevant information about probiotic characteristics, data from the proteomic analysis are evaluated and processed using bioinformatics pipelines. Proteomic studies showed the significance of different proteomic approaches in characterization, comparing strains, and determination of oxidative stress of different probiotics. Moreover, proteomic approaches identified different proteins that are involved in glucose metabolism and the formation of cell walls or cell membranes, and the differences in the expression of critical enzymes in the HIF-1 signaling pathway, starch, and sucrose metabolism, and other critical metabolic pathways.

Probiotic Potential and Safety Assessment of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum cqf-43 and Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis

This study reports the whole-genome sequence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum cqf-43 isolated from healthy sow feces. Based on genomic analysis, we performed a comprehensive safety assessment of strain cqf-43, using both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and explored its probiotic potential. The total genome length measures 3,169,201 bp, boasting a GC content of 44.59%. Through phylogenetic analyses, leveraging both 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences, we confidently categorize strain cqf-43 as a member of Lactiplantibacillus. Genome annotation using Prokka unveiled a total of 3141 genes, encompassing 2990 protein-coding sequences, 71 tRNAs, 16 rRNAs, and 1 tmRNA. Functional annotations derived from COG and KEGG databases highlighted a significant abundance of genes related to metabolism, with a notable emphasis on carbohydrate utilization. The genome also revealed the presence of prophage regions and CRISPR-Cas regions while lacking virulence and toxin genes. Screening for antibiotic resistance genes via the CARD database yielded no detectable transferable resistance genes, effectively eliminating the potential for harmful gene transfer. It is worth highlighting that the virulence factors identified via the VFDB database primarily contribute to bolstering pathogen resilience in hostile environments. This characteristic is particularly advantageous for probiotics. Furthermore, the genome is devoid of menacing genes such as hemolysin, gelatinase, and biogenic amine-producing genes. Our investigation also unveiled the presence of three unannotated secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, as detected by the online tool antiSMASH, suggesting a great deal of unknown potential for this strain. Rigorous in vitro experiments confirmed tolerance of strain cqf-43 in the intestinal environment, its antimicrobial efficacy, sensitivity to antibiotics, absence of hemolysis and gelatinase activity, and its inability to produce biogenic amines. In addition, a 28-day oral toxicity test showed that the strain cqf-43 did not pose a health hazard in mice, further establishing it as a safe strain.

Assessment of Probiotic and Antioxidant Potential of Indigenous Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Human Faecal Samples

This study aimed to isolate and characterize probiotic Lactobacilli from human faecal samples of Jammu region of India and evaluation of their antioxidative properties. A total of 29 Lactobacillus strains were isolated and tested for their ability to withstand different pH levels, high concentrations of bile salt and lysozyme along with their adhesion ability to different hydrocarbons and auto-aggregation. Selected probiotic Lactobacillus isolates were further examined for their antioxidant potential using ABTS, DPPH methods, and the ability to scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The results showed that Lactobacillus LpJ1 (7.93 ± 0.23) and LpJ5 (7.93 ± 0.59) had the highest cell viability at a pH of 2.5, while Lactobacillus LpJ16 (7.91 ± 0.48) had the highest resistance to bile salts. Many of the isolates also demonstrated good tolerance to lysozyme. The adhesion abilities of these isolates were characterized by cell surface hydrophobicity and auto aggregation which ranged between 50.32% to 77.8% and 51.02% to 78.95% respectively. In addition, Lactobacillus LpJ5 and LpJ8 showed excellent antioxidant activity. Based on these findings, the selected probiotic strains could be potential candidates for use in functional food to reduce oxidative stress.

Graphical abstract

The Role of Probiotics in Colorectal Cancer: A Review

PURPOSE

Globally, cancer is among the principal causes of death, and the incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing annually around the world, and it is currently ranked third most diagnosed cancer type. Despite the development in the treatment procedures for colorectal cancer including chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy and radiotherapy, the death rates from this cancer type are still elevated due to the adverse effects associated with treatment that may affect patients' quality of life.  Recently, the global interest in probiotics research has grown with significant positive results.  METHODS: This review discusses the role of probiotics in normal colorectal physiology and cancer.

RESULTS

Probiotics will become an essential part in the prevention and management of colorectal cancer in the near future as they are expected to provide a solution to the problems associated with cancer treatment. Probiotics' properties open the way for multiple effective uses in colorectal cancer prevention strategies. Additionally, probiotics can reduce the problems associated with chemotherapy and surgery when used synergistically. Probiotics can also increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic medications. Targeted drug delivery and TRAIL collaboration techniques are other effective and promising methods that involve probiotics.

CONCLUSIONS

Probiotics have properties that make them useful in the management and prevention of colorectal cancer and can provide new avenue to reduce the occurrence of this malignancy and enhance the patients' quality of life.

Copper reduces the virulence of bacterial communities at environmentally relevant concentrations

Increasing environmental concentrations of metals as a result of anthropogenic pollution are significantly changing many microbial communities. While there is evidence metal pollution can result in increased antibiotic resistance, the effects of metal pollution on the virulence of bacterial communities remains largely undetermined. Here, we experimentally test whether metal stress alters the virulence of bacterial communities. We do this by incubating three wastewater influent communities under different environmentally relevant copper concentrations for three days. We then quantify the virulence of the community phenotypically using the Galleria mellonella infection model, and test if differences are due to changes in the rate of biomass accumulation (productivity), copper resistance, or community composition (quantified using 16S amplicon sequencing). The virulence of the communities was found to be reduced by the highest copper concentration, but not to be affected by the lower concentration. As well as reduced virulence, communities exposed to the highest copper concentration were less diverse and had lower productivity. This work highlights that metal pollution may decrease virulence in bacterial communities, but at a cost to diversity and productivity.

Effects of Probiotics on Chemotherapy-induced Diarrhea

Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) is a common adverse event in cancer patients, which, unless treated, may lead to drug discontinuation and treatment failure. Some probiotics such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces species have been gaining clinical attention in alleviating chemotherapy-induced adverse events including diarrhea. This comprehensive review provides an overview and discusses preventive approaches of probiotics with respect to CID in several types of cancers. The potential mechanisms of probiotics may comprise regulation of intestinal microbiota, modulation of immune functions, or reduction of proinflammatory cytokines. The efficacy and safety precautions of probiotics in immunocompromised cancer patients are discussed. The non-pharmacological strategy using probiotics could reduce the use of anti-diarrheal or antibiotic agents. Some individuals experienced shorter length of hospital stay, better gastrointestinal function, and reduced incidence of chemotherapy dose reduction after probiotic administration. Nonetheless, some studies failed to report the benefits of probiotics in certain patients. This review also highlights preventive protocols and therapeutic implications by considering the potential influencing factors, particularly types of probiotic strains, dosages of probiotics, duration of their administration, patients' tolerability, and variations in probiotic effects over the cancer stages.

Dual RNA-Seq reveals transcriptionally active microbes (TAMs) dynamics in the serum of dengue patients associated with disease severity

Introduction

Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus that has emerged as a global health threat, characterized by either asymptomatic or mild self-limiting febrile illness, but a subset of DENV outbreaks have been associated with severe disease. Studies have looked into the host immune response and dengue viral load during infection. However, it remains unknown how the active microbial isolates modulate the dengue viral infection. In this study, we demonstrate the significance of in-depth analysis of microbiota composition in the serum samples of dengue-infected patients.

Materials and methods

RNA was extracted from the serum samples collected from 24 dengue positive patients. The human mapped reads generated through RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) were removed, while the unmapped (non-human) reads were employed for microbial taxonomic classification using Kraken2 and Bracken2. Further, we assessed the initial blood parameters analyzing the complete blood count (CBC) profile of the patients.

Results

Findings revealed differential abundance of commensals and pathogenic microbes in the early febrile period of hospitalized dengue patients, segregated into, High Viral Reads (HVR) and Low Viral Reads (LVR). The Campylobacter genus was abundant in the HVR whereas Lactobacillus dominated the LVR patients. At species level, the microbiota of HVR exhibited higher abundance of unique potential opportunistic microbes, compared to the commensal microbes' enrichment in the LVR patients'. We hypothesize that the DENV might alter the microbiota composition as observed by the increase in preponderance of opportunistic pathogens and an absence of commensals in the HVR. The presence of commensals in the LVR might explain, i) overall lower dengue viral reads compared to the HVR, and ii) shift in lymphocytes (high) and neutrophils (low) counts; resulting in a comparatively milder clinical manifestation in this group. Our findings may help in understanding the co-infection aspect that will be important to develop dengue therapeutics and vaccines.

Discussion

This study highlights the potential of the unexplored roles of the TAMs in modulating the dengue disease severity using the metatranscriptomic sequencing. This study serves to enhance our understanding of the distinctive microbial and hematologic signatures in the early infection stage that differentiate patients with high viral reads patients from those with low dengue viral reads.

Microbial Diversity in African Foods and Beverages: A Systematic Assessment

This article provides a comprehensive and in-depth examination of the microbial diversity inherent in African food and beverages, with a particular emphasis on fermented products. It identifies and characterizes the dominant microorganisms, including both prokaryotes and yeasts, prevalent in these foods, and furthermore, critically analyzes the health benefits of these microbial strains, especially their probiotic properties, which could potentially improve digestion and contribute to human health. Notably, it underscores the vital role these microorganisms play in bolstering food security across Africa by enhancing and preserving food quality and safety. It also delves into the potential applications of microbial products, such as metabolites, in the food industry, suggesting their possible use in food processing and preservation. Conclusively, with a summarization of the key findings, emphasizing the importance of gaining a deep understanding of microbial diversity in African beverages and foods. Such knowledge is crucial not only in promoting food security but also in advancing public health.