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Tchonkouang RD, Onyeaka H, Nkoutchou H. Assessing the vulnerability of food supply chains to climate change-induced disruptions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:171047. [PMID: 38373458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the most significant challenges worldwide. There is strong evidence from research that climate change will impact several food chain-related elements such as agricultural output, incomes, prices, food access, food quality, and food safety. This scoping review seeks to outline the state of knowledge of the food supply chain's vulnerability to climate change and to identify existing literature that may guide future research, policy, and decision-making aimed at enhancing the resilience of the food supply chain. A total of 1526 publications were identified using the SCOPUS database, of which 67 were selected for the present study. The vulnerability assessment methods as well as the adaptation and resilience measures that have been employed to alleviate the impact of climate change in the food supply chain were discussed. The results revealed a growing number of publications providing evidence of the weakening of the food supply chain due to climate change and extreme weather events. Our assessment demonstrated the need to broaden research into the entire food supply chain and various forms of climatic variability because most studies have concentrated on the relationships between climatic fluctuations (especially extreme rainfall, temperatures, and drought) and production. A lack of knowledge about the effects of climate change on the food supply chain and the underlying socio-economic consequences could result in underperformance or failure of the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Daphnee Tchonkouang
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Change-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Hugue Nkoutchou
- Public Policy in Africa Initiative (PPiAI), Douala, Cameroon
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Sharif F, Shahzad L, Batool M. The association between climatic factors and waterborne infectious outbreaks with a focus on vulnerability in Pakistan: integrative review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38195067 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2302040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Climate change affects the spread of waterborne infectious diseases, yet research on vulnerability to outbreaks remains limited. This integrative review examines how climate variables (temperature and precipitation) relate to human vulnerability factors in Pakistan. By 2060, mean temperatures are projected to rise from 21.68°C (2021) to 30°C, with relatively stable precipitation. The epidemiological investigation in Pakistan identified Diarrhea (119,000 cases/year), Malaria (2.6 million cases/year), and Hepatitis (A and E) as the most prevalent infections. This research highlighted vulnerability factors, including poverty (52% of the population), illiteracy (59% of the population), limited healthcare accessibility (55% of the population), malnutrition (38% of the population), dietary challenges (48% of the population), as well as exposure to water pollution (80% of the population) and air pollution (55% of the population). The findings suggest that the coordinated strategies are vital across health, environmental, meteorological, and social sectors, considering climatic variability patterns and population vulnerability determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable development study center (SDSC), Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable development study center (SDSC), Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masooma Batool
- Sustainable development study center (SDSC), Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Saravanan A, Ragini YP, Kumar PS, Thamarai P, Rangasamy G. A critical review on the removal of toxic pollutants from contaminated water using magnetic hybrids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:105099-105118. [PMID: 37740158 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of organic/inorganic pollutants in the water has become a serious environmental issue. Among the different pollutants, dyes and heavy metal pollution in waterways are viewed as a global ecological problem that can have an impact on humans, plants, and animals. The necessity to develop a sustainable and environmentally acceptable approach to remove these toxic contaminants from the ecosystem has been raised. In the past two decades, rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities in developed countries have aggravated environmental pollution. Industrial effluents that are discharged directly into the natural environment taint the water, which has a consequence for the water resources. Magnetic nanohybrids are broadly investigated materials used in the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of poisonous pollutants present across water effluents. In the present review, the toxic health effects of heavy metals and dyes from the water environment have been discussed. This paper reviews the role of magnetic nanohybrids in the removal of pollutants from the water environment, providing an adequate point of view on their new advances regarding their qualities, connection methodologies, execution, and their scale-up difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbalagan Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | | | - Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
- Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Chinna Kalapet, Puducherry-605014, India.
| | - Packiyam Thamarai
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
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Ferheen I, Spurio R, Mancini L, Marcheggiani S. Detection of Morganella morganii bound to a plastic substrate in surface water. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 32:104-107. [PMID: 36764658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Around the globe, escalation in rare opportunistic microbial infections is alarming as they are heading steadily towards 'superbug' status. In aquatic ecosystems, plastic fosters multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and plays a significant role in trafficking antibiotic-resistant genes. In this study, we focused on a multidrug-resistant bacterial strain isolated from microbial communities found on plastic substrates of a volcanic lake in central Italy. METHODS Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains were isolated from both raw water and plastic substrates for a comparative investigation using microbiological and molecular methods, and antibiotic susceptibility profiling was performed against a panel of ten antibiotics. RESULTS Molecular identification and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis confirmed an almost identical sequencing pattern of two isolated strains and their homology with Morganella morganii. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed their resistance to almost all tested antibiotics. Class 1 integron-associated gene (intI1) and seven antibiotic resistance genes were detected in both strains, confirming their superbug status. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study on the characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing M. morganii isolated from the biofilm of plastic substrates, depicting the potential toxicity of plastic in harbouring and dispersing virulent, multidrug-resistant, opportunistic human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifra Ferheen
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Roberto Spurio
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Marcheggiani
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
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Al-Samarrai HM, Al-Jiboori MH. Estimation of the Daily Maximum Air Temperature for Baghdad City Using Multiple Linear Regression. AL-MUSTANSIRIYAH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.23851/mjs.v33i4.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we relied on historical observations for the period between (2005-2020) for the Baghdad meteorological station, which is characterized by a hot, dry climate in summer and cold and rainy in winter, as it is an example of a subtropical region. The multiple linear regression equation was developed and improved to produce a formula that predicts maximum air temperature. This was done by relying on climatic elements, namely minimum air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, and entering them into the formula as independent inputs that have a direct impact on estimating the maximum air temperature also calculating the correlation coefficients for each of them. The bias of the model was calculated and its value was entered as the correction for errors that accompany the application of the model.
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Bokhari SH, Nawaz G, Azizullah A, Mahmood-Ul-Hassan M, Ali Z. Heavy metals phytofiltration potential of Hydrocotyle umbellata from Nullah Lai wastewater and its environmental risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 24:1465-1474. [PMID: 35156484 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2035673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the heavy metal phytofiltration potential of Hydrocotyle umbellata from Nullah Lai wastewater and its environmental risk. Wastewater was initially analyzed for heavy metals and physicochemical parameters and compared with irrigation water standards. The phytofiltration potential of H. umbellata was determined by periodically monitoring heavy metal concentrations at time points T1 (day 05), T2 (day10), T3 (day 15), and T4 (day 20). This study shows that some water parameters reached the permissible limits after treatment with H. umbellata. Results of the risk analysis reveal a significant discharge (kg d-y) of heavy metals to arable land. Phytofiltration efficiency of H. umbellata for water quality parameters was in order of Ni (98.75%), Cr (98.11%), Cd (95.84%), Pb (94.90%), Cu (94.10%), Zn (85.34%), BOD (53.67%), TDS (29.28%), EC (27.31%), Cl (6.65%), and SAR (6.34%). The growth of H. umbellata in wastewater resulted in heavy metal bioaccumulation in both roots and shoots of the plant. Less than 01 translocation factor (TF) values for cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, and zinc showed the metal tolerance ability of the tested plant. These results demonstrated that treated water could be used in water-deficient peri-urban areas as supplementary irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Huma Bokhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Nawaz
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mahmood-Ul-Hassan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeshan Ali
- Plant Physiology Program, Crop Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Longitudinal Chemical Gradients and the Functional Responses of Nutrients, Organic Matter, and Other Parameters to the Land Use Pattern and Monsoon Intensity. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
River water quality degradation is one of the hottest environmental issues worldwide. Therefore, monitoring water quality longitudinally and temporally is crucial for effective water management and contamination control. The main aim of this study was to assess the longitudinal variations in water quality in the mainstream of the Han River, Korea, from 2015 to 2019. The trophic state classification (TSC), microbial pollution indicator (MPI), and river pollution index (RPI) were calculated to characterize river water quality and revealed more serious pollution toward the downstream zone (Dz) due to agricultural and urban-dominated areas. The biodegradability index (BI) indicated that non-biodegradable organic pollutants are increasing in the water body from the urban and animal wastewater treatment plants. Nutrients, organic matter contents, total suspended solids, ionic factors, and algal chlorophyll were higher in the Dz than in any other zones and were markedly influenced by the summer monsoon. Empirical analysis showed that nutrients and organic matter had positive linear functional relations with agricultural and urban coverage and negative linear relations with forest coverage. The pollutant-transport function suggested that suspended solids act as TP and TN carriers. Regression analysis indicated that TP (R2 = 0.47) has more positive functional relations with algal growth than TN (R2 = 0.22). Our findings suggest that a combination of empirical models and pollution indices might be utilized to assess river water quality and that the resulting information could aid policymakers in managing the Han River.
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Kulkarni MA, Duguay C, Ost K. Charting the evidence for climate change impacts on the global spread of malaria and dengue and adaptive responses: a scoping review of reviews. Global Health 2022; 18:1. [PMID: 34980187 PMCID: PMC8725488 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Climate change is expected to alter the global footprint of many infectious diseases, particularly vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. Knowledge of the range and geographical context of expected climate change impacts on disease transmission and spread, combined with knowledge of effective adaptation strategies and responses, can help to identify gaps and best practices to mitigate future health impacts. To investigate the types of evidence for impacts of climate change on two major mosquito-borne diseases of global health importance, malaria and dengue, and to identify the range of relevant policy responses and adaptation strategies that have been devised, we performed a scoping review of published review literature. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and Epistemonikos) were systematically searched for relevant published reviews. Inclusion criteria were: reviews with a systematic search, from 2007 to 2020, in English or French, that addressed climate change impacts and/or adaptation strategies related to malaria and/or dengue. Data extracted included: characteristics of the article, type of review, disease(s) of focus, geographic focus, and nature of the evidence. The evidence was summarized to identify and compare regional evidence for climate change impacts and adaptation measures. Results A total of 32 reviews met the inclusion criteria. Evidence for the impacts of climate change (including climate variability) on dengue was greatest in the Southeast Asian region, while evidence for the impacts of climate change on malaria was greatest in the African region, particularly in highland areas. Few reviews explicitly addressed the implementation of adaptation strategies to address climate change-driven disease transmission, however suggested strategies included enhanced surveillance, early warning systems, predictive models and enhanced vector control. Conclusions There is strong evidence for the impacts of climate change, including climate variability, on the transmission and future spread of malaria and dengue, two of the most globally important vector-borne diseases. Further efforts are needed to develop multi-sectoral climate change adaptation strategies to enhance the capacity and resilience of health systems and communities, especially in regions with predicted climatic suitability for future emergence and re-emergence of malaria and dengue. This scoping review may serve as a useful precursor to inform future systematic reviews of the primary literature. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12992-021-00793-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha A Kulkarni
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Claudia Duguay
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Katarina Ost
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Maharajan T, Ceasar SA, Krishna TPA, Ignacimuthu S. Management of phosphorus nutrient amid climate change for sustainable agriculture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:1303-1324. [PMID: 34559407 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients are essential for plant growth and development and influence overall agricultural production. Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient required for many physiological and biochemical functions of a plant. Phosphate rock is the major source of phosphate fertilizer but is becoming increasingly limited in both developing and developed countries. The resources of phosphate rock need to be conserved, and import dependency on phosphate fertilizer needs to be minimized; this will help increase the availability of phosphate fertilizer over the next 300 yr. Climate change creates new challenges in the management of nutrients including P, affecting the overall production of crops. The availability, acquisition, and translocation of P are influenced by the fluctuation of temperatures, pH, drought, and elevated CO2 . Both lower and higher soil temperatures reduce uptake and translocation of P. High soil pH affects P concentration and decreases the rate of plant P uptake. Low soil pH decreases the activity of soil microorganisms, the rate of transpiration, and P uptake and utilization. Elevated CO2 decreases P uptake from soil by the plants. Future research is needed on chemical, molecular, microbiological, and physiological aspects to improve the understanding on how temperature, pH, drought, and elevated CO2 affect the availability, acquisition, and transport of P by plants. Better P management strategies are required to secure the P supply to ensure long-term protection of soil fertility and to avoid environmental impacts such as eutrophication and water pollution, ensuring sustainable food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theivanayagam Maharajan
- Dep. of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin - 683104, Kalamassery, Kerala, India
| | - Stanislaus Antony Ceasar
- Dep. of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin - 683104, Kalamassery, Kerala, India
| | | | - Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
- Xavier Research Foundation, St. Xavier's College, Tirunelveli- 620002, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Aliyari F, Bailey RT, Arabi M. Appraising climate change impacts on future water resources and agricultural productivity in agro-urban river basins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147717. [PMID: 34023599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can have an adverse effect on agricultural productivity and water availability in semi-arid regions, as changes in surface water availability lead to groundwater depletion and resultant losses in crop yield. These inter-relationships necessitate an integrated management approach for surface water, groundwater, and crop yield as a holistic system. This study quantifies the future availability of surface water and groundwater and associated crop production in a large semi-arid agro-urban river basin in which agricultural irrigation is a leader consumer of water. The region of study is the South Platte River Basin (72,000 km2), Colorado, USA. The coupled SWAT-MODFLOW modeling code is used as the hydrologic simulator and forced with five different CMIP5 climate models downscaled by Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs (MACA), each for two climate scenarios, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, for 1980-2100. The hydrologic model accounts for surface runoff, soil lateral flow, groundwater flow, groundwater-surface water interactions, irrigation from surface water and groundwater, and crop yield on a per-field basis. In all climate models and emission scenarios, an increase of 3 to 5 °C in annual average temperature is projected. Whereas, variation in the projected precipitation depends on topography and distances from mountains. Based on the results of this study, the worst-case climate model in the basin is IPSL-CM5A-MR-8.5. Under this climate scenario, for a 1 °C increase in temperature and the 1.3% reduction in annual precipitation, the basin will experience an 8.5% decrease in stream discharge, 2-5% decline in groundwater storage, and 11% reduction in crop yield. These results indicate the significant effect of climate change on water and food resources of a large river basin, pointing to the need for immediate implementation of conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aliyari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1372 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372, United States.
| | - Ryan T Bailey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1372 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372, United States
| | - Mazdak Arabi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1372 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372, United States
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Khan ZA, Koondhar MA, Khan I, Ali U, Tianjun L. Dynamic linkage between industrialization, energy consumption, carbon emission, and agricultural products export of Pakistan: an ARDL approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43698-43710. [PMID: 33840025 PMCID: PMC8036015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to contribute to the literature and examine the causal relationship between Pakistan's agricultural products export, industrialization, urbanization, transportation, energy consumption, and carbon emissions. For the last four decades, time-series data were used to employ short-run and long-run nexus between the selected variables by analyzing the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). The Granger causality test was analyzed to estimate the causality directions. The unit root test results indicate that all the selected variables are stationary at the level and first difference. The bound test confirmed that all variables are cointegrated at a 1% significance level. Long-run estimates suggest that an increase in energy consumption will increase the export of agricultural products. An increase in urbanization, transportation, and carbon emission resulted in a decrease in agricultural products export in Pakistan. In the short run, an increase in industrialization, transportation, and energy consumption leads to an increase in agricultural products export. Increasing urbanization and carbon emission decrease the agricultural products export of Pakistan. Based on our findings, we recommend sustainable agricultural production, renewable energy consumption, low carbon emission technologies, and a green portfolio for sustainable agricultural products export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Ashiq Khan
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mansoor Ahmed Koondhar
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Economics, University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Uzair Ali
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Tianjun
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Ali M, Farhat SM, Saeed RF, Amraiz D, Mehmood S, Akbar S. Climate beast: a potential threat for repercussions of disease status in Pakistan. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:177-183. [PMID: 33544529 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pakistan is amongst the developing countries, which have been strongly affected by several emerging and re-emerging disease outbreaks as a consequence of climate change. Various studies have clearly demonstrated the impact of climate change on human health in Pakistan. This has increased the rate of morbidity and mortality, related not only to vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne diseases but has also contributed to the prevalence of neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. It is therefore important to take adequate measurements for water management and improve sanitary conditions especially in case of natural disasters. In order to effectively control the emerging and re-emerging infections in the country, an early, more Rigorous response is required, by the national health department, to monitor and evaluate the spread of infections in future. Therefore, precise planning and management strategies should be defined in order to circumvent the damage caused by the natural disasters associated with climate changes. This mini-review gives an overview about the public health issues associated with environmental change with special reference to Pakistan. This will provide a baseline for policymakers to develop public health surveillance programs in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Mehpara Farhat
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Rida Fatima Saeed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Deeba Amraiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sabba Mehmood
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Samina Akbar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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13
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Water Scarcity and Sustainability in an Emerging Economy: A Management Perspective for Future. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su13010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Water scarcity is rising as a global issue, because the planet earth is facing a global water crisis, which is considered something that can destroy environmental sustainability of our planet. The fact is that humanity’s demand is depleting natural resources faster than nature can replenish itself; if human habits and unsustainable use of water resources do not change, water scarcity will inevitably intensify and become a major cause of conflict among different nations of the world. The water scarcity issue is a crucial issue but unfortunately it has not received due attention in past. Pakistan, which once was a water abundant country, now facing a situation of water scarcity. Pakistan has a poor irrigation system which results 60% loss of its water; Pakistan uses more water for crop production than other countries. Likewise, the country harvests water from rainfall, rivers, snow, and glaciers. The country is facing a serious water crisis that is caused by different factors, such as changing climatic conditions, rising population, poor irrigation system, poor political will, and rapid urbanization. The water crisis of Pakistan is expected to worsen in coming years. This is a drastic situation which calls for emergency measures. With this background, the present study provides a detailed view of the water situation in the country with challenges to water management. The study also suggests some recommendations for policymakers to improve the water crisis situation in the future.
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Ebi KL, Harris F, Sioen GB, Wannous C, Anyamba A, Bi P, Boeckmann M, Bowen K, Cissé G, Dasgupta P, Dida GO, Gasparatos A, Gatzweiler F, Javadi F, Kanbara S, Kone B, Maycock B, Morse A, Murakami T, Mustapha A, Pongsiri M, Suzán G, Watanabe C, Capon A. Transdisciplinary Research Priorities for Human and Planetary Health in the Context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238890. [PMID: 33265908 PMCID: PMC7729495 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human health and wellbeing and the health of the biosphere are inextricably linked. The state of Earth's life-support systems, including freshwater, oceans, land, biodiversity, atmosphere, and climate, affect human health. At the same time, human activities are adversely affecting natural systems. This review paper is the outcome of an interdisciplinary workshop under the auspices of the Future Earth Health Knowledge Action Network (Health KAN). It outlines a research agenda to address cross-cutting knowledge gaps to further understanding and management of the health risks of these global environmental changes through an expert consultation and review process. The research agenda has four main themes: (1) risk identification and management (including related to water, hygiene, sanitation, and waste management); food production and consumption; oceans; and extreme weather events and climate change. (2) Strengthening climate-resilient health systems; (3) Monitoring, surveillance, and evaluation; and (4) risk communication. Research approaches need to be transdisciplinary, multi-scalar, inclusive, equitable, and broadly communicated. Promoting resilient and sustainable development are critical for achieving human and planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L. Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment (CHanGE), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Giles B. Sioen
- Future Earth, Global Hub Japan, Tsukuba 305-0053, Japan;
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-0053, Japan;
| | - Chadia Wannous
- Towards A Safer World Network (TASW), 16561 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Assaf Anyamba
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA;
| | - Peng Bi
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia;
| | - Melanie Boeckmann
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Kathryn Bowen
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, 14467 Potsdam, Germany;
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Guéladio Cissé
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gabriel O. Dida
- Department of Health Systems Management and Public Health, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya;
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Private Bag 40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Franz Gatzweiler
- Global Interdisciplinary Science Programme on Urban Health and Wellbeing: A Systems Approach, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Firouzeh Javadi
- Institute of Decision Science for a Sustainable Society, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (F.J.); (T.M.)
| | - Sakiko Kanbara
- Disaster Nursing Global Leadership Program, University of Kochi, Kochi 781-8515, Japan;
| | - Brama Kone
- Lecturer-Researcher of Public Health, University Peleforo Gon Coulibaly of Korhogo, Korhogo, Cote D′Ivoire;
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques in Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote D′Ivoire
| | - Bruce Maycock
- College of Medicine & Health, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK;
| | - Andy Morse
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK;
| | - Takahiro Murakami
- Institute of Decision Science for a Sustainable Society, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (F.J.); (T.M.)
| | - Adetoun Mustapha
- Nigerian Institute for Medical Research, 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria;
| | - Montira Pongsiri
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Asia Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico;
| | - Chiho Watanabe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-0053, Japan;
| | - Anthony Capon
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia;
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Ahmed T, Zounemat-Kermani M, Scholz M. Climate Change, Water Quality and Water-Related Challenges: A Review with Focus on Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228518. [PMID: 33212957 PMCID: PMC7698392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate variability is heavily impacting human health all around the globe, in particular, on residents of developing countries. Impacts on surface water and groundwater resources and water-related illnesses are increasing, especially under changing climate scenarios such as diversity in rainfall patterns, increasing temperature, flash floods, severe droughts, heatwaves and heavy precipitation. Emerging water-related diseases such as dengue fever and chikungunya are reappearing and impacting on the life of the deprived; as such, the provision of safe water and health care is in great demand in developing countries to combat the spread of infectious diseases. Government, academia and private water bodies are conducting water quality surveys and providing health care facilities, but there is still a need to improve the present strategies concerning water treatment and management, as well as governance. In this review paper, climate change pattern and risks associated with water-related diseases in developing countries, with particular focus on Pakistan, and novel methods for controlling both waterborne and water-related diseases are discussed. This study is important for public health care, particularly in developing countries, for policy makers, and researchers working in the area of climate change, water quality and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toqeer Ahmed
- Centre for Climate Research and Development, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | | | - Miklas Scholz
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Civil Engineering Science, School of Civil Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, Aukland Park 2006, Johannesburg PO Box 524, South Africa
- Civil Engineering Research Group, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, The University of Salford, Newton Building, Peel Park Campus, Salford M5 4WT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-46-222-8920
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Tehreem HS, Anser MK, Nassani AA, Abro MMQ, Zaman K. Impact of average temperature, energy demand, sectoral value added, and population growth on water resource quality and mortality rate: it is time to stop waiting around. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:37626-37644. [PMID: 32607999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09822-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is an overwhelming concern that increases in global average temperature lead to serious consequences on the natural environment in the form of deteriorating water resource quality and damaging healthcare sustainability agenda. The sustainable innovation forum (COP21) shows a high concern on climate changes and suggested to reduce global average temperature less than 2 °C. The study brings an idea from the stated theme and analyzed the relationship between climate change and water resource quality in order to redesign economic and environmental policies to improve water quality and healthcare sustainability in the context of Pakistan. The country has serious issues regarding the provision of safe drinking water, improved water resource quality, and healthcare sustainability, which can be achieved by sustainable policies to handle the extreme temperature in Pakistan. The study employed simultaneous generalized method of moments (GMM) technique in order to estimate parameters of the study during the period of 1980-2016. The results show that energy demand and industry value added substantially decrease water resource quality (WRQ), while agriculture value added and per capita income significantly increase WRQ in a country. The other regression apparatus, where health expenditures serve as the response variable, shows that average temperature, industry value added, population growth, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows significantly increase healthcare expenditures while WRQ has a negative impact on healthcare expenditures in a country. The final regression model shows that average temperature and per capita income decrease, while WRQ and industrial value added increase mortality rate in a country. The overall results confirm that WRQ affected by climate change, energy demand, and population growth that need sustainable water resource policies in order to achieve long-term sustained growth. The climate actions required more policy instruments to combat environmental challenges that should support healthcare sustainability agenda across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Khalid Anser
- Department of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Abdelmohsen A Nassani
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zaman
- Department of Economics, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, Pakistan.
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17
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Yazdizadeh M, Fahmideh L, Mohammadi-Nejad G, Solouki M, Nakhoda B. Association analysis between agronomic traits and AFLP markers in a wide germplasm of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) under normal and salinity stress conditions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:427. [PMID: 32933479 PMCID: PMC7493190 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proso millet is a highly nutritious cereal considered an essential component of processed foods. It is also recognized with high water-use efficiency as well as short growing seasons. This research was primarily aimed at investigating the genetic diversity among genotypes based on evaluating those important traits proposed in previous researches under both normal and salinity- stress conditions. Use of Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers as well as evaluating the association between markers and the investigated traits under both conditions was also another purpose of this research. RESULTS According to the phenotypic correlation coefficients, the seed yield had the highest correlation with the forage and biological yields under both conditions. By disintegrating those traits investigated under normal and salinity-stress conditions into principal component analysis, it was found that the first four principal components justified more than 59.94 and 62.48% of the whole variance, respectively. The dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis displayed three groups of genotypes under both normal and salinity- stress conditions. Then, association analyses were conducted on 143 proso millet genotypes and 15 agronomic traits as well as 514 polymorphic AFLP markers (out of 866 created bands) generated by 11 primer combinations (out of the initial 20 primer combinations) EcoRI/MseI. The results obtained by mixed linear model (MLM) indicated that under normal conditions, the M14/E10-45 and M14/E10-60 markers had strong associations with seed yield. A similar trend was also observed for M14/E10-45 and M14/E11-44 markers in relation to forage yield. On the other hand, M14/E10-14, M14/E10-64 markers (for seed yield) and M14/E10-64 marker (for forage yield), had significant and stable association in all environments under salinity-stress conditions. Moreover, a number of markers showed considerable associations and stability under both normal and salinity stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS According to the analysis of phenotypic data, the wide germplasm of Iranian proso millet has significant variation in terms of measured traits. It can be concluded that markers showing strong associations with traits under salinity-stress conditions are suitable candidates to be used in future marker-assisted selection (MAS) studies to improve salinity-resistance genotypes of Panicum miliaceum in arid and semiarid areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Yazdizadeh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran
| | - Leila Fahmideh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Mohammadi-Nejad
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 76169-133, Iran
| | - Mahmood Solouki
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran
| | - Babak Nakhoda
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Mahdasht Rd, Karaj, 31535-1897, Iran
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Muniz DHF, Malaquias JV, Lima JEFW, Oliveira-Filho EC. Proposal of an irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for regional use in the Federal District, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:607. [PMID: 32860540 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to propose a water quality index (WQI) for the Federal District, Brazil, as a management tool for water resources used in irrigation. Irrigated agriculture is a sector that has been growing in the region, with a consequent demand for quality water. One strategy for assessing water quality in rural areas is to adopt monitoring programs, which generate a large amount of data that often needs to be synthesized. The use of indexes is a way of organizing data in a synthetic and easy to understand format. Although initially formulated to assess the quality of drinking water, it is believed that a similar logic can easily be applied to assess the quality of irrigation water. Studies that evaluate the quality of water for irrigation are very common in arid or semi-arid regions, due to the problems of saline water in the soil and crops. On the other hand, the microbiological approach to water is poorly investigated, since contamination of crops can pose a risk to food security. In this work, three water bodies were selected in rural areas due to their preponderant use: irrigation. The monitoring occurred between May 2012 and April 2013 in 9 sampling points. For each sample collected, 22 physical, chemical, and biological parameters were established. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in the evaluation and selection of water quality variables to compose the WQI. From PCA, it was possible to reduce the number of parameters from 16 to 6 main ones that reflect the water resources characteristics in the region, which were pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, sodium absorption ratio, nitrate, and Escherichia coli. Of the five classes proposed for WQI, two points were classified as "very good." The other sample points were classified as "good" and "average" for the irrigation practice. The adapted WQI proved to be a good tool in the management of the water quality of the three rivers, and it can be easily used to assess the quality of water for irrigation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne H F Muniz
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, 73310-970, Brazil.
| | - Juaci V Malaquias
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, 73310-970, Brazil
| | - Jorge E F W Lima
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, 73310-970, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Oliveira-Filho
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, 73310-970, Brazil
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19
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Rose S, Ali MF, Bakhsh K, Ashfaq M, Hassan S. Linking environment, malaria, and agricultural returns: a labor time use analysis at different stages of production using 3SLS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19714-19723. [PMID: 32221829 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of disease on time spent by family and hired labor on farm activities. The effect of illness on cost incurred on farm activities and revenue earned from agriculture has also been examined in detail. The reason behind choosing malaria is because of its strong association with the quality of surrounding environment especially in the case of farm workers who are compelled to work in the environmental conditions quite suitable for the transmission of malaria. The effects of health shocks due to malaria are segregated according to three stages of production: land preparation, field management, and harvesting stages. Simultaneous equation model was employed using cross-sectional data collected from 252 farm workers through a pre-tested questionnaire. Farmers' living environment was found to be contributing in the spread of disease. Results also show that malaria affects labor time at harvesting stage as it is more labor-intensive stage of production. We find that malaria significantly affects the health of farm workers and their families forcing farm families to substitute family labor with hired labor. Further, the cost incurred on cure of disease significantly adds to the cost on agricultural production. This consequently leads to a substantial reduction in revenue. The effect of the cost incurred on prevention and cure of disease was also found negative on revenue. The study suggests that, in order to make farmers more productive, there should be malaria interventions specifically targeting the health of farmers. It is also suggested that, for successful malaria interventions especially in irrigated areas, the magnitude of the disease on different stages of production should be given due consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Rose
- Punjab Economic Research Institute, Planning and Develoment Board, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Faisal Ali
- Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khuda Bakhsh
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Hassan
- Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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20
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MWCNTs attached neodymium doped-ZnO photocatalysts for efficient removal of dyes from wastewater. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Hussain M, Butt AR, Uzma F, Ahmed R, Irshad S, Rehman A, Yousaf B. A comprehensive review of climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation on environmental and natural calamities in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 192:48. [PMID: 31844992 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The devastations and damages caused by climate change are apparent across the globe, specifically in the South Asian region where vulnerabilities to climate change among residents are high and climate change adaptation and mitigation awareness are extremely low. Pakistan's low adaptive capacity due to high poverty rate, limited financial resources and shortage of physical resources, and continual extreme climatic events including varying temperature, continual flooding, melting glaciers, saturation of lakes, earthquakes, hurricanes, storms, avalanches, droughts, scarcity of water, pest diseases, human healthcare issues, and seasonal and lifestyle changes have persistently threatened the ecosystem, biodiversity, human communities, animal habitations, forests, lands, and oceans with a potential to cause further damages in the future. The likely effect of climate change on common residents of Pakistan with comparison to the world and their per capita impact of climate change are terribly high with local animal species such as lions, vultures, dolphins, and tortoise facing extinction regardless of generating and contributing diminutively to global GHG emissions. The findings of the review suggested that GHG emissions cause climate change which has impacted agriculture livestock and forestry, weather trends and patterns, food water and energy security, and society of Pakistan. This review is a sectorial evaluation of climate change mitigation and adaption approaches in Pakistan in the aforementioned sectors and its economic costs which were identified to be between 7 to 14 billion USD per annum. The research suggested that governmental interference is essential for sustainable development of the country through strict accountability of resources and regulation implemented in the past for generating state-of-the-art climate policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Hussain
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
- Research Group for Climate Change adaptation, Department of Environmental Science, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rahman Butt
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Faiza Uzma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Rafay Ahmed
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Samina Irshad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdul Rehman
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
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Li M, Long K. Direct or Spillover Effect: The Impact of Pure Technical and Scale Efficiencies of Water Use on Water Scarcity in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183401. [PMID: 31540248 PMCID: PMC6765958 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spatial relationship between water use efficiency and water scarcity has been widely discussed, but little attention has been paid to the impact of the pure technical and scale efficiencies of water use on water scarcity. Using input-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) and panel spatial Durbin models (SDM), the direct and spillover effects of different water use efficiencies on water scarcity from 2007 to 2016 in China were examined at the regional scale. The results show that the water use pure technical efficiency had significantly negative direct effects on water scarcity; however, the water use scale efficiency did not have a similar effect. The improvement in water use pure technical efficiency in one region could aggravate the water scarcity in neighboring regions through spatial spillover effects, but the same effect was not observed between the water use scale efficiency and water scarcity. Finally, we propose solutions to improve the water use efficiency to reduce the water scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Street, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kaisheng Long
- College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Street, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Climatic Conditions: Conventional and Nanotechnology-Based Methods for the Control of Mosquito Vectors Causing Human Health Issues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16173165. [PMID: 31480254 PMCID: PMC6747303 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Climate variability is highly impacting on mosquito-borne diseases causing malaria and dengue fever across the globe. Seasonal variability change in temperature and rainfall patterns are impacting on human health. Mosquitoes cause diseases like dengue fever, yellow fever, malaria, Chikungunya, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis. According to estimations by health organizations, annually one million human deaths are caused by vector-borne diseases, and dengue fever has increased about 30-fold over the past 50 years. Similarly, over 200 million cases of malaria are being reported annually. Mosquito-borne diseases are sensitive to temperature, humidity and seasonal variability. Both conventional (environmental, chemical, mechanical, biological etc.) and nanotechnology-based (Liposomes, nano-suspensions and polymer-based nanoparticles) approaches are used for the eradication of Malaria and dengue fever. Now green approaches are used to eradicate mosquitoes to save human health without harming the environment. In this review, the impact of climatic conditions on mosquito-borne diseases along with conventional and nanotechnology-based approaches used for controlling malaria and dengue fever have been discussed. Important recommendations have been made for people to stay healthy.
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Nikmaram N, Rosentrater KA. Overview of Some Recent Advances in Improving Water and Energy Efficiencies in Food Processing Factories. Front Nutr 2019; 6:20. [PMID: 31001534 PMCID: PMC6454086 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development of food factories in both developed and developing countries, owing to continued growth in the world population, plays a critical role in the food supply chain, including environmental issues such as pollution, emissions, energy and water consumption, and thus food system sustainability. The objective of this study was to briefly review various environmental aspects of food processing operations, including aquatic, atmospheric, and solid waste generation, and also to discuss several strategies that many companies are using to reduce these negative impacts as well as to improve water and energy efficiency. To obtain higher energy efficiencies in food processing factories, two key operations can play critical roles: non-thermal processing (e.g., high pressure processing) and membrane processes. For higher water efficiency, reconditioning treatments resulting in water reuse for other purposes can be conducted through chemical and/or physical treatments. With regards to reducing volumes of processing food waste, two approaches include value-added by-product applications (e.g., animal feed) and/or utilization of food waste for energy production. Finally, we present trends for lowering operational costs in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Nikmaram
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kurt A. Rosentrater
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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25
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Veenema TG, Thornton CP, Lavin RP, Bender AK, Seal S, Corley A. Climate Change-Related Water Disasters' Impact on Population Health. J Nurs Scholarsh 2017; 49:625-634. [PMID: 28834176 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rising global temperatures have resulted in an increased frequency and severity of cyclones, hurricanes, and flooding in many parts of the world. These climate change-related water disasters (CCRWDs) have a devastating impact on communities and the health of residents. Clinicians and policymakers require a substantive body of evidence on which to base planning, prevention, and disaster response to these events. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature concerning the impact of CCRWDs on public health in order to identify factors in these events that are amenable to preparedness and mitigation. Ultimately, this evidence could be used by nurses to advocate for greater preparedness initiatives and inform national and international disaster policy. DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic literature review of publications identified through a comprehensive search of five relevant databases (PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted using a modified Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach in January 2017 to describe major themes and associated factors of the impact of CCRWDs on population health. FINDINGS Three major themes emerged: environmental disruption resulting in exposure to toxins, population susceptibility, and health systems infrastructure (failure to plan-prepare-mitigate, inadequate response, and lack of infrastructure). Direct health impact was characterized by four major categories: weather-related morbidity and mortality, waterborne diseases/water-related illness, vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, and psychiatric/mental health effects. Scope and duration of the event are factors that exacerbate the impact of CCRWDs. Discussion of specific factors amenable to mitigation was limited. Flooding as an event was overrepresented in this analysis (60%), and the majority of the research reviewed was conducted in high-income or upper middle-/high-income countries (62%), despite the fact that low-income countries bear a disproportionate share of the burden on morbidity and mortality from CCRWDs. CONCLUSIONS Empirical evidence related to CCRWDs is predominately descriptive in nature, characterizing the cascade of climatic shifts leading to major environmental disruption and exposure to toxins, and their resultant morbidity and mortality. There is inadequate representation of research exploring potentially modifiable factors associated with CCRWDs and their impact on population health. This review lays the foundation for a wide array of further areas of analysis to explore the negative health impacts of CCRWDs and for nurses to take a leadership role in identifying and advocating for evidence-based policies to plan, prevent, or mitigate these effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Nurses comprise the largest global healthcare workforce and are in a position to advocate for disaster preparedness for CCRWDs, develop more robust environmental health policies, and work towards mitigating exposure to environmental toxins that may threaten human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tener Goodwin Veenema
- Beta Nu, Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Department Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clifton P Thornton
- Beta Nu, Clinical Nurse Practitioner, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roberta Proffitt Lavin
- Associate Dean for Academic Programs, University of Missouri-St. Louis, College of Nursing, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Annah K Bender
- Research Associate, University of Missouri-St. Louis, College of Nursing, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stella Seal
- Associate Director, Hospital, Health System and Community Services, Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Corley
- Beta Nu, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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The Occurrence of the Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 in the Haihe River (China). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14060576. [PMID: 28555063 PMCID: PMC5486262 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic failure is occurring worldwide. In a routine surveillance study on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in natural water bodies, we noted the detection of colistin-resistance gene mcr-1, previously identified in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from human beings and animals in several countries. The mcr-1 gene might be present in water environments, because aquatic ecosystems are recognized as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs. In this study, a qPCR assay was developed to monitor and quantify the mcr-1 gene in the Haihe River, China. The results showed that all 18 samples collected from different locations over 6 months along the Haihe River were positive for the mcr-1 gene, and the highest level of mcr-1 reached 3.81 × 105 gene copies (GC) per liter of water. This is the first study to quantify mcr-1 in a natural water system by qPCR. Our findings highlight the potential for this antibiotic resistance determinant to spread extensively, suggesting a significant health and ecological impact.
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