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Kamatham S, Seeralan M, Sekar U, Kuppusamy S. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of bacteria isolated from wastewater and samples of pharmaceutical industries in South India. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 125:105670. [PMID: 39303927 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The study was aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance in the isolated bacteria from the influent (25), effluent (15), surface and ground water samples (15) surrounding the pharmaceutical industries located in south India. From 55 samples, 48 isolates of 10 different bacteria were obtained. The identified bacterial isolates were viz. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Corynebacterium sp., Acinetobacter sp., Aeromonas punctata, Ralstonia picketti, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophillia, and Citrobacter freundii. The phenotypic profile of resistance through antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out against sixteen different antibiotics. Standard PCR technique was used for the detection of 12 resistance genes encoding carbapenems, quinoline, aminoglycoside, β-lactam belonging blaOXA-58,blaOXA-22,qnrA, qnrB, aac(6)-Ib-cr, aac (3)-XI, mec A, qepA, aadB, blaVIM, blaOXA-48 and blaNDM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1: TN/I/2020) showed presence of 3 resistance genes. qnrB (489 bp) gene was present in maximum of 7 isolates while blaVIM (196 bp) gene was present in 6 isolates. The resistance genes blaNDM (621 bp) was present in three different isolates; aac (X):6)-lb-cr (482 bp), qepA (495 bp), aadB (500 bp), blaOXA-58 (843 bp) resistant genes were present in two different isolates each among the bacterial isolates obtained in this study. In phenotypic resistance profiling by AST method, out of 16 antibiotics tested, 14 showed resistance. Similarly, in genotypic resistance profiling, among 12 resistance genes tested, a maximum of three resistance genes were noticed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There were positive and negative correlations observed between phenotypic and genotypic resistance among different antibiotics and their resistance genes indicating the variations in the resistance gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Kamatham
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Manoharan Seeralan
- Vaccine Research Centre - Bacterial Vaccine, Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Madhavaram, Chennai 600051, India
| | - Uma Sekar
- Department of Microbiology, SRMC & RI, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Sujatha Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, India.
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Khasapane NG, Nkhebenyane SJ, Lekota K, Thekisoe O, Ramatla T. "One Health" Perspective on Prevalence of ESKAPE Pathogens in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2024; 13:787. [PMID: 39338978 PMCID: PMC11434769 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The leading cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide includes Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. (ESKAPE) infections. These bacteria are commonly isolated from clinical settings and linked to a number of potentially fatal diseases associated with hospitals. The objective of this study was to review the prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens in Africa. We gathered and systematically reviewed the literature concerning the prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens, published in the English language from January 2014 to February 2024, from three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect). Our overall results revealed that S. aureus was the most prevalent species (79.5%), followed by A. baumannii (27.6%), K. pneumoniae (24.2%), Enterobacter spp. (20%), P. aeruginosa (9.0%), and E. faecium (5.1%). Moreover, stool samples had the highest Pooled Prevalence Estimates (PPEs) of 44.0%, followed by urine, nasal, and blood samples with 37.3%, 26.9%, and 22.9%, respectively. For the diagnostic method used to identify these ESKAPE pathogens, VITEK-MS had the highest PPE of 55.2%, followed by whole genome sequencing and PCR with 37.1% and 33.2%, respectively. The highest PPE of ESKAPE pathogens was recorded in West Africa with 77.3%, followed by Central/Middle Africa and East Africa with 43.5% and 25.1%, respectively. The overall PPE of ESKAPE pathogens from humans, animals, the environment (water, soil, and surfaces) and food sources was 35.8%, 37.3%, 47.7%, and 34.2%, respectively. Despite their prevalence in nosocomial settings, studies have shown that the ESKAPE pathogens may be isolated from a range of environmental reservoirs, including soil, dumping sites, beach sand, wastewater, food, and fish farms, among others. This wide source of ESKAPE pathogens substrates indicates the need for a multidisciplinary collaborative partnership for epidemiological studies and intervention efforts by the human, veterinary, and environmental health sectors in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntelekwane George Khasapane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Sebolelo Jane Nkhebenyane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Kgaugelo Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Kakooza S, Eneku W, Nabatta E, Wampande EM, Ssajjakambwe P, Wanyana M, Munyiirwa DFN, Ndoboli D, Namuyinda D, Athieno G, Kayaga E, Okwasiimire R, Tsuchida S, Ushida K, Sakurai K, Mutebi F. Integrating multi-wet laboratory diagnostics to study staphylococci in animals in Uganda. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:298. [PMID: 39127665 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several diagnostic environments in Uganda lack real-time, robust and high-throughput technologies for comprehensive typing of microbes, which is a setback to infectious disease surveillance. This study combined various wet laboratory diagnostics to understand the epidemiology of pathogenic staphylococci isolated from animals in Uganda and the implications for global health security priorities. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted employing records and pathogenic staphylococci (from animals) archived at the Central Diagnostic Laboratory (CDL), Makerere University, Uganda, between January 2012 and December 2019. The bacteria were speciated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tested for virulence factors [beta lactamases, lecithinase, deoxyribonuclease (DNase), haemolysins] and resistance to ten antimicrobials of clinical and veterinary relevance. Tetracycline and methicillin resistance genes were also tested. RESULTS The prevalent diseases were mastitis in cattle and skin infections in dogs. Of the 111 staphylococci tested by MALDI-TOF MS, 79 (71.2%) were Staphylococcus aureus, 27 (24.3%) were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 5 (4.5%) were Staphylococcus schleiferi. All these strains expressed haemolysins. The prevalence of strains with lecithinase, penicillinase, cephalosporinase and DNase was 35.9% (14/39), 89.7% (35/39), 0.0% (0/39) and 87.2% (34/39), respectively. Staphylococci were primarily resistant to early penicillins (over 80%), tetracycline (57.7%), and chloramphenicol (46.2%). Minimal resistance was noted with cloxacillin (0.0%), ciprofloxacin (9.6%), and cefoxitin (3.8%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 78.8% for general staphylococci, 82.2% for S. aureus, 73.1% for S. pseudintermedius, and 60.0% for S. schleiferi. Multidrug resistant staphylococci were significantly more prevalent in the cattle isolates than in the dog isolates (P < 0.05). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) tested by resistance to cefoxitin and mecA carriage was 3.8%. These four strains were all isolated from dog skin infections. The tetK gene was the most predominant (35.4%), followed by tetM (25.0%). CONCLUSION In resource-constrained settings, the approach of integrated diagnostics promises sustainable disease surveillance and the addressing of current capacity gaps. The emergence of MRS (zoonotic bacteria) in companion animals creates a likelihood of reduced treatment options for related human infections, a threat to global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kakooza
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Wilfred Eneku
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-Security Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esther Nabatta
- National Animal Disease Diagnostic and Epidemiology Centre, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eddie M Wampande
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-Security Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Ssajjakambwe
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-Security Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mariam Wanyana
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Damien F N Munyiirwa
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dorcus Namuyinda
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace Athieno
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edrine Kayaga
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rodney Okwasiimire
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Biotechnolorere University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Biotechnolorere University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken'ichi Sakurai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Francis Mutebi
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Šístková J, Fialová T, Svoboda E, Varmužová K, Uher M, Číhalová K, Přibyl J, Dlouhý A, Pávková Goldbergová M. Insight into antibacterial effect of titanium nanotubular surfaces with focus on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17303. [PMID: 39068252 PMCID: PMC11283573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Materials used for orthopedic implants should not only have physical properties close to those of bones, durability and biocompatibility, but should also exhibit a sufficient degree of antibacterial functionality. Due to its excellent properties, titanium is still a widely used material for production of orthopedic implants, but the unmodified material exhibits poor antibacterial activity. In this work, the physicochemical characteristics, such as chemical composition, crystallinity, wettability, roughness, and release of Ti ions of the titanium surface modified with nanotubular layers were analyzed and its antibacterial activity against two biofilm-forming bacterial strains responsible for prosthetic joint infection (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was investigated. Electrochemical anodization (anodic oxidation) was used to prepare two types of nanotubular arrays with nanotubes differing in dimensions (with diameters of 73 and 118 nm and lengths of 572 and 343 nm, respectively). These two surface types showed similar chemistry, crystallinity, and surface energy. The surface with smaller nanotube diameter (TNT-73) but larger values of roughness parameters was more effective against S. aureus. For P. aeruginosa the sample with a larger nanotube diameter (TNT-118) had better antibacterial effect with proven cell lysis. Antibacterial properties of titanium nanotubular surfaces with potential in implantology, which in our previous work demonstrated a positive effect on the behavior of human gingival fibroblasts, were investigated in terms of surface parameters. The interplay between nanotube diameter and roughness appeared critical for the bacterial fate on nanotubular surfaces. The relationship of nanotube diameter, values of roughness parameters, and other surface properties to bacterial behavior is discussed in detail. The study is believed to shed more light on how nanotubular surface parameters and their interplay affect antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Šístková
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Fialová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Emil Svoboda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Kounicova 65, Brno, 662 10, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Varmužová
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Uher
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Číhalová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Přibyl
- Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Dlouhý
- Institute of Physics of Materials, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Žižkova 513/22, Brno, 616 62, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Pávková Goldbergová
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
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Drane K, Sheehan M, Whelan A, Ariel E, Kinobe R. The Role of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance: Source, Measurement, Removal and Risk Assessment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:668. [PMID: 39061350 PMCID: PMC11274174 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) are contaminants of emerging concern with marked potential to impact public and environmental health. This review focusses on factors that influence the presence, abundance, and dissemination of ARGs within Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and associated effluents. Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and ARGs have been detected in the influent and the effluent of WWTPs worldwide. Different levels of wastewater treatment (primary, secondary, and tertiary) show different degrees of removal efficiency of ARGs, with further differences being observed when ARGs are captured as intracellular or extracellular forms. Furthermore, routinely used molecular methodologies such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction or whole genome sequencing may also vary in resistome identification and in quantifying ARG removal efficiencies from WWTP effluents. Additionally, we provide an overview of the One Health risk assessment framework, as well as future strategies on how WWTPs can be assessed for environmental and public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia Drane
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Madoc Sheehan
- College of Science, Technology, and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Anna Whelan
- Townsville Water and Waste, Wastewater Operations, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia;
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Robert Kinobe
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
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Vadakkan K, Sathishkumar K, Kuttiyachan Urumbil S, Ponnenkunnathu Govindankutty S, Kumar Ngangbam A, Devi Nongmaithem B. A review of chemical signaling mechanisms underlying quorum sensing and its inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107465. [PMID: 38761705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterium responsible for multiple infections and is a primary cause of fatalities among patients in hospital environments. The advent of pathogenic bacteria such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus revealed the shortcomings of employing antibiotics to treat bacterial infectious diseases. Quorum sensing enhances S. aureus's survivability through signaling processes. Targeting the key components of quorum sensing has drawn much interest nowadays as a promising strategy for combating infections caused by bacteria. Concentrating on the accessory gene regulator quorum-sensing mechanism is the most commonly suggested anti-virulence approach for S.aureus. Quorum quenching is a common strategy for controlling illnesses triggered by microorganisms since it reduces the pathogenicity of bacteria and improves bacterial biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics, thus providing an intriguing prospect for drug discovery. Quorum sensing inhibition reduces selective stresses and constrains the emergence of antibiotic resistance while limiting bacterial pathogenicity. This review examines the quorum sensing mechanisms involved in S. aureus, quorum sensing targets and gene regulation, environmental factors affecting quorum sensing, quorum sensing inhibition, natural products as quorum sensing inhibitory agents and novel therapeutical strategies to target quorum sensing in S. aureus as drug developing technique to augment conventional antibiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeen Vadakkan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala 680020, India; Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur 795140, India.
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
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Brauge T, Bourdonnais E, Trigueros S, Cresson P, Debuiche S, Granier SA, Midelet G. Antimicrobial resistance and geographical distribution of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and seawater in the English Channel and the North sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123434. [PMID: 38290653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus is a significant food safety hazard. The marine environment serves as a source of food for humans and is subject to various human-induced discharges, which may contain Staphylococcus strains associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and geographical distribution of AMR Staphylococcus isolates in seawater and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) samples collected from the English Channel and the North Sea. We isolated and identified 238 Staphylococcus strains, including 12 coagulase-positive (CoPs) and 226 coagulase-negative (CoNs) strains. All CoPs isolates exhibited resistance to at least one of the 16 antibiotics tested. Among the CoNs strains, 52% demonstrated resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 7 isolates were classified as multi-drug resistant (MDR). In these MDR strains, we identified AMR genes that confirmed the resistance phenotype, as well as other AMR genes, such as quaternary ammonium resistance. One CoNS strain carried 9 AMR genes, including both antibiotic and biocide resistance genes. By mapping the AMR phenotypes, we demonstrated that rivers had a local influence, particularly near the English coast, on the occurrence of AMR Staphylococcus. The analysis of marine environmental parameters revealed that turbidity and phosphate concentration were implicated in the occurrence of AMR Staphylococcus. Our findings underscore the crucial role of wild whiting and seawater in the dissemination of AMR Staphylococcus within the marine environment, thereby posing a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Erwan Bourdonnais
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sylvain Trigueros
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pierre Cresson
- Ifremer, Channel/North Sea Fisheries Laboratory, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sabine Debuiche
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie A Granier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Fougères, France
| | - Graziella Midelet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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Magalhães EA, de Jesus HE, Pereira PHF, Gomes AS, Santos HFD. Beach sand plastispheres are hotspots for antibiotic resistance genes and potentially pathogenic bacteria even in beaches with good water quality. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123237. [PMID: 38159625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Massive amounts of microplastics are transported daily from the oceans and rivers onto beaches. The ocean plastisphere is a hotspot and a vector for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and potentially pathogenic bacteria. However, very little is known about the plastisphere in beach sand. Thus, to describe whether the microplastics from beach sand represent a risk to human health, we evaluated the bacteriome and abundance of ARGs on microplastic and sand sampled at the drift line and supralittoral zones of four beaches of poor and good water quality. The bacteriome was evaluated by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, and the ARGs and bacterial abundances were evaluated by high-throughput real-time PCR. The results revealed that the microplastic harbored a bacterial community that is more abundant and distinct from that of beach sand, as well as a greater abundance of potential human and marine pathogens, especially the microplastics deposited closer to seawater. Microplastics also harbored a greater number and abundance of ARGs. All antibiotic classes evaluated were found in the microplastic samples, but not in the beach sand ones. Additionally, 16 ARGs were found on the microplastic alone, including genes related to multidrug resistance (blaKPC, blaCTX-M, tetM, mdtE and acrB_1), genes that have the potential to rapidly and horizontally spread (blaKPC, blaCTX-M, and tetM), and the gene that confers resistance to antibiotics that are typically regarded as the ultimate line of defense against severe multi-resistant bacterial infections (blaKPC). Lastly, microplastic harbored a similar bacterial community and ARGs regardless of beach water quality. Our findings suggest that the accumulation of microplastics in beach sand worldwide may constitute a potential threat to human health, even in beaches where the water quality is deemed satisfactory. This phenomenon may facilitate the emergence and dissemination of bacteria that are resistant to multiple drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Amorim Magalhães
- Department of Marine Biology, Fluminense Federal University - UFF. St. Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, Niterói, RJ, 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Hugo Emiliano de Jesus
- Department of Marine Biology, Fluminense Federal University - UFF. St. Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, Niterói, RJ, 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Freitas Pereira
- Department of Marine Biology, Fluminense Federal University - UFF. St. Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, Niterói, RJ, 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Abílio Soares Gomes
- Department of Marine Biology, Fluminense Federal University - UFF. St. Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, Niterói, RJ, 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Henrique Fragoso Dos Santos
- Department of Marine Biology, Fluminense Federal University - UFF. St. Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, Niterói, RJ, 24210-201, Brazil.
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Steadmon M, Ngiraklang K, Nagata M, Masga K, Frank KL. Effects of water turbidity on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus in environmental fresh and brackish waters. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10923. [PMID: 37635150 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen frequently detected in environmental waters and commonly causes skin infections to water users. S. aureus concentrations in fresh, brackish, and marine waters are positively correlated with water turbidity. To reduce the risk of S. aureus infections from environmental waters, S. aureus survival (stability and multiplication) in turbid waters needs to be investigated. The aim of this study was to measure S. aureus in turbid fresh and brackish water samples and compare the concentrations over time to determine which conditions are associated with enhanced S. aureus survival. Eighteen samples were collected from fresh and brackish water sources from two different sites on the east side of O'ahu, Hawai'i. S. aureus was detected in microcosms for up to 71 days with standard microbial culturing techniques. On average, the greatest environmental concentrations of S. aureus were in high turbidity fresh waters followed by high turbidity brackish waters. Models demonstrate that salinity and turbidity significantly predict environmental S. aureus concentrations. S. aureus persistence over the extent of the experiment was the greatest in high turbidity microcosms with T90 's of 147.8 days in brackish waters and 80.8 days in freshwaters. This study indicates that saline, turbid waters, in the absence of sunlight, provides suitable conditions for enhanced persistence of S. aureus communities that may increase the risk of exposure in environmental waters. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Staphylococcus aureus concentrations, survival, and persistence were assessed in environmental fresh and brackish waters. Experimental design preserved in situ conditions to measure S. aureus survival. Higher initial S. aureus concentrations were observed in fresh waters with elevated turbidity, while sustained persistence was greater in brackish waters. Water turbidity and salinity were both positively associated with S. aureus concentrations and persistence. Climate change leads to more intense rainfall events which increase water turbidity and pathogen loading, heightening the exposure risk to S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Steadmon
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | | | - Macy Nagata
- Environmental Sciences, Palau Community College, Koror, Palau
- Center for Pacific Islands Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
- Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | - Keanu Masga
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam
| | - Kiana L Frank
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
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10
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Soffritti I, D’Accolti M, Bini F, Mazziga E, Volta A, Bisi M, Rossi S, Viroli F, Balzani M, Petitta M, Mazzacane S, Caselli E. Characterization of the Pathogenic Potential of the Beach Sand Microbiome and Assessment of Quicklime as a Remediation Tool. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2031. [PMID: 37630591 PMCID: PMC10460030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Beach sand may act as a reservoir for potential human pathogens, posing a public health risk. Despite this, the microbiological monitoring of sand microbiome is rarely performed to determine beach quality. In this study, the sand microbial population of a Northern Adriatic Sea beach sand was profiled by microbiological (CFU counts) and molecular methods (WGS, microarray), showing significant presence of potential human pathogens including drug-resistant strains. Consistent with these results, the potential of quicklime as a restoring method was tested in vitro and on-field. Collected data showed that adding 1-3% quicklime (w/w) to sand provided an up to -99% of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, till 45 days post-treatment. In conclusion, data suggest that accurate monitoring of sand microbiome may be essential, besides water, to assess beach quality and safety. Moreover, first evidences of quicklime potential for sand decontamination are provided, suggesting its usage as a possible way to restore the microbiological quality of sand in highly contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Soffritti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria D’Accolti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesca Bini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Eleonora Mazziga
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Antonella Volta
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Matteo Bisi
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Building and Construction Cluster of the Emilia Romagna Region, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesco Viroli
- TekneHub, Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcello Balzani
- TekneHub, Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Petitta
- Department of Earth Sciences, University “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sante Mazzacane
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
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11
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Brandão J, Valério E, Weiskerger C, Veríssimo C, Sarioglou K, Novak Babič M, Solo-Gabriele HM, Sabino R, Rebelo MT. Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095710. [PMID: 37174228 PMCID: PMC10178049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 revised guidelines of the World Health Organization recommend monitoring the quality of sand in addition to water at recreational beaches. This review provides background information about the types of beaches, the characteristics of sand, and the microbiological parameters that should be measured. Analytical approaches are described for quantifying fungi and fecal indicator bacteria from beach sand. The review addresses strategies to assess beach sand quality, monitoring approaches, sand remediation, and the proposed way forward for beach sand monitoring programs. In the proposed way forward, recommendations are provided for acceptable levels of fungi given their distribution in the environment. Additional recommendations include evaluating FIB distributions at beaches globally to assess acceptable ranges of FIB levels, similar to those proposed for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct. Room A127, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Konstantina Sarioglou
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Pérez-Delgado O, Espinoza-Culupú AO, López-López E. Antimicrobial Activity of Apis mellifera Bee Venom Collected in Northern Peru. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040779. [PMID: 37107142 PMCID: PMC10135115 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the emergence of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and the failure of antibiotic therapies, there is an urgent need to search for new therapeutic options, as well as new molecules with antimicrobial potential. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of Apis mellifera venom collected in the beekeeping areas of the city of Lambayeque in northern Peru against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Bee venom extraction was performed by electrical impulses and separated using the Amicon ultra centrifugal filter. Subsequently, the fractions were quantified by spectrometric 280 nm and evaluated under denaturant conditions in SDS-PAGE. The fractions were pitted against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. A purified fraction (PF) of the venom of A. mellifera and three low molecular weight bands of 7 KDa, 6 KDa, and 5 KDa were identified that showed activity against E. coli with a MIC of 6.88 µg/mL, while for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, it did not present a MIC. No hemolytic activity at a concentration lower than 15.6 µg/mL and no antioxidant activity. The venom of A. mellifera contains a potential presence of peptides and a predilection of antibacterial activity against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Pérez-Delgado
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo 14001, Peru
| | | | - Elmer López-López
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo 14001, Peru
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13
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Qasim Hameed H, Ahmed Saeed I, Abdalhadi Hussain E. Detection of lukf-pv gene in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pregnant women with Urinary tract infection. BIONATURA 2023. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen as well as commensal bacteria. S. aureus has colonized around 30% of the human population. This study aimed to diagnose Staphylococcus aureus by molecular techniques, correlate the resistance against selected antimicrobial substances with the presence of the lukf-pv gene, and find the sequence of lukf-pv gene for the isolates obtained to investigate the mutations of those obtained isolates. This study included 60 patients diagnosed by the hospital with a urinary tract infection in Teaching Medical City Hospital, Baghdad, and Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, between January 2021 and July 2021. The isolates were cultured on a blood agar overnight; then, isolates were diagnosed by VITEK as S. aureus. DNA has been isolated from all the included samples. A specific region of the 16SRNA gene has been amplified to diagnose S. aureus by molecular techniques. Then possession of the lukf-pv gene was tested by PCR, then amplified products were sequenced to detect the mutations within the lukf-pv gene. The finding appeared that blood group O+ has the highest rate of bacterial infection, the lowest is O- (1.7%), and the highest rate is shown within people not suffering from complicated diseases (65%). Of the 60 isolates, 60 (100%) were confirmed by 16sRNA gene amplification and were positive, among which 37 (61.6%) were lukf-pv positive. Results of the lukf-pv gene sequences showed around 501 bits score and 96% compatibility (ID: CP076105.1). The current study showed that antibiotics Cefoxitin, Benzylpenicillin, Oxacillin, Clindamycin, Fusidic acid, Rifampicin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, and Teicoplanin had the highest resistance to antibiotics and as follow;100 %, 100 %, 40.54 %, 27.03 %, 27.03 %, 16.22 %, 13.51 %, and 10.81 %, respectively.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, 16sRNA and lukf-pv genes
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Qasim Hameed
- Department of Biology, College of Education for pure science Ibn-Al Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Inas Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Microbiology ,Collage of Medicine, University of Babylon
| | - Enas Abdalhadi Hussain
- Department of Biology, College of Education for pure science Ibn-Al Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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14
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Zhao J, Wei Y, Xiong J, Liu H, Lv G, Zhao J, He H, Gou J, Yin T, Tang X, Zhang Y. Antibacterial-Anti-Inflammatory-Bone Restoration Procedure Achieved by MIN-Loaded PLGA Microsphere for Efficient Treatment of Periodontitis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:74. [PMID: 36890400 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The main development process of periodontitis involves periodontal pathogenic bacteria as the initiating factor causing the onset of destructive inflammation, which in turn stimulates the destruction of periodontal tissue. It is difficult to achieve the eradication of periodontitis due to the complex interaction among antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and bone restoration. Herein, we propose an antibacterial-anti-inflammatory-bone restoration procedural treatment strategy with minocycline (MIN) for the efficient treatment of periodontitis. In brief, MIN was prepared into PLGA microspheres with tunable release behavior using different species of PLGA, respectively. The optimally selected PLGA microspheres (LA:GA with 50:50, 10 kDa, and carboxyl group) had a drug loading of 16.91%, an in vitro release of approximately 30 days, which also had a particle size of approximately 11.8 µm with a smooth appearance and a rounded morphology. The DSC and XRD results showed that the MIN was completely encapsulated in the microspheres as an amorphous state. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated the safety and biocompatibility of the microspheres (cell viabilities at a concentration of 1-200 μg/mL were greater than 97%), and in vitro bacterial inhibition tests showed that the selected microspheres could achieve effective bacterial inhibition at the initial stage after administration. The favorable anti-inflammatory (low TNF-α and IL-10 levels) and bone restoration effects (BV/TV: 71.8869%; BMD: 0.9782 g/cm3; TB.Th: 0.1366 mm; Tb.N: 6.9318 mm-1; Tb.Sp: 0.0735 mm) were achieved in a SD rat periodontitis model after administering once a week for four weeks. The MIN-loaded PLGA microspheres were proved to be an efficient and safe treatment for periodontitis by procedural antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and bone restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Gaoshuai Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
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15
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Oliveira RC, Bandeira PN, Lemos TLG, Dos Santos HS, Scherf JR, Rocha JE, Pereira RLS, Freitas TS, Freitas PR, Pereira-Junior FN, Marinho MM, Marinho EM, Marinho ES, Nogueira CES, Coutinho HDM, Teixeira AMR. In silico and in vitro evaluation of efflux pumps inhibition of α,β-amyrin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12785-12799. [PMID: 34528866 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1976277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of the bacterial efflux pump mechanism to reduce the concentrations of antibiotics in the intracellular to the extracellular region is one of the main mechanisms by which bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics. The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the α,β-amyrin mixture isolated from Protium heptaphyllum against the multidrug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli 06 and Staphylococcus aureus 10, and to verify the inhibition of the efflux resistance mechanisms against the strains of S. aureus 1199B and K2068, carrying the NorA and MepA efflux pumps, respectively. The α,β-amyrin did not show clinically relevant direct bacterial activity. However, the α,β-amyrin when associated with the gentamicin antibiotic presented synergistic effect against the multidrug-resistant bacterial strain of S. aureus 10. In strains with efflux pumps, α,β-amyrin was able to inhibit the action of the efflux protein NorA against Ethidium Bromide. However, this inhibitory effect was not observed in the MepA efflux pump. In addition, when evaluating the effect of standard efflux pump inhibitors, clorptomazine and CCCP, α,β-amyrin showed a decrease in MIC, demonstrating the presence of the efflux mechanism through synergism. Docking studies indicate that α, β-amyrin have a higher affinity energy to MepA, and NorA than ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Also, α, β-amyrin bind to the same region of the binding site as these antibiotics. It was concluded that the α, β-amyrin has the potential to increase antibacterial activity with the association of antibiotics, together with the ability to be a strong candidate for an efflux pump inhibitor.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa C Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo N Bandeira
- Science and Technology Centre, Course of Chemistry, State University Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Telma L G Lemos
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélcio S Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil.,Science and Technology Centre, Course of Chemistry, State University Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Jackelyne R Scherf
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Janaina E Rocha
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Raimundo L S Pereira
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Freitas
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Priscila R Freitas
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco N Pereira-Junior
- Center of Agricultural Sciences and of the Biodiversity, Federal University of Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Márcia M Marinho
- Faculty of Education, Sciences and Letters of Iguatu, State University of Ceará, Campus FECLI, Iguatu, CE, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle M Marinho
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel S Marinho
- Group of Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, State University of Ceará, Campus FAFIDAM, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Carlos E S Nogueira
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil.,Department of Physics, Regional University of Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M R Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil.,Department of Physics, Regional University of Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
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16
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Avila-Novoa MG, Solis-Velazquez OA, Guerrero-Medina PJ, González-Gómez JP, González-Torres B, Velázquez-Suárez NY, Martínez-Chávez L, Martínez-Gonzáles NE, De la Cruz-Color L, Ibarra-Velázquez LM, Cardona-López MA, Robles-García MÁ, Gutiérrez-Lomelí M. Genetic and compositional analysis of biofilm formed by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food contact surfaces. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1001700. [PMID: 36532477 PMCID: PMC9755592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that can form biofilms on food contact surfaces (FCS) in the dairy industry, posing a serious food safety, and quality concern. Biofilm is a complex system, influenced by nutritional-related factors that regulate the synthesis of the components of the biofilm matrix. This study determines the prevalence of biofilm-associated genes and evaluates the development under different growth conditions and compositions of biofilms produced by S. aureus. METHODS Biofilms were developed in TSB, TSBG, TSBNaCl, and TSBGNaCl on stainless-steel (SS), with enumeration at 24 and 192 h visualized by epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of biofilms was determined using enzymatic and chemical treatments and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 84 S. aureus (SA1-SA84) strains were collected from 293 dairy industry FCS (FCS-stainless steel [n = 183] and FCS-polypropylene [n = 110]) for this study. The isolates harbored the genes sigB (66%), sar (53%), agrD (52%), clfB/clfA (38%), fnbA/fnbB (20%), and bap (9.5%). 99. In particular, the biofilm formed by bap-positive S. aureus onto SS showed a high cell density in all culture media at 192 h in comparison with the biofilms formed at 24 h (p < 0.05). Epifluorescence microscopy and SEM revealed the metabolically active cells and the different stages of biofilm formation. CLSM analysis detected extracellular polymeric of S. aureus biofilms on SS, such as eDNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. Finally, the level of detachment on being treated with DNase I (44.7%) and NaIO 4(42.4%) was greater in the biofilms developed in TSB compared to culture medium supplemented with NaCl at 24 h; however, there was no significant difference when the culture medium was supplemented with glucose. In addition, after treatment with proteinase K, there was a lower level of biomass detachment (17.7%) of the biofilm developed in TSBNaCl (p < 0.05 at 24 h) compared to that in TSB, TSBG, and TSBGNaCl (33.6, 36.9, and 37.8%, respectively). These results represent a deep insight into the composition of S. aureus biofilms present in the dairy industry, which promotes the development of more efficient composition-specific disinfection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Avila-Novoa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Oscar Alberto Solis-Velazquez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pedro Javier Guerrero-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jean-Pierre González-Gómez
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Berenice González-Torres
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Noemí Yolanda Velázquez-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Liliana Martínez-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inocuidad de Alimentos, Departamento de Farmacología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nanci Edid Martínez-Gonzáles
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inocuidad de Alimentos, Departamento de Farmacología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lucia De la Cruz-Color
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luz María Ibarra-Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Cardona-López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Robles-García
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melesio Gutiérrez-Lomelí
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
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17
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Balcerek M, Szmigiel-Bakalarz K, Lewańska M, Günther D, Oeckler O, Malik M, Morzyk-Ociepa B. Experimental and computational study on dimers of 5-halo-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acids and their microbiological activity. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Ogunlaja A, Ogunlaja OO, Olukanni OD, Taylor GO, Olorunnisola CG, Dougnon VT, Mousse W, Fatta-Kassinos D, Msagati TAM, Unuabonah EI. Antibiotic resistomes and their chemical residues in aquatic environments in Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:119783. [PMID: 35863703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is a hotspot for the transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans and animals. Several reviews have put together research efforts on the presence and distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic chemical residue (ACRs) in food, hospital wastewater, and even in other aquatic environments. However, these reports are largely focused on data from developed countries, while data from developing countries and especially those in Africa, are only marginally discussed. This review is the first effort that distills information on the presence and distribution of ARGs and ACRs in the African aquatic environments (2012-2021). This review provides critical information on efforts put into the study of ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in aquatic environments in Africa through the lens of the different sub-regions in the continent. The picture provided is compared with those from some other continents in the world. It turns out that the large economies in Africa (South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Kenya) all have a few reports of ARB and ARGs in their aquatic environment while smaller economies in the continent could barely provide reports of these in their aquatic environment (in most cases no report was found) even though they have some reports on resistomes from clinical studies. Interestingly, the frequency of these reports of ARB and ARGs in aquatic environments in Africa suggests that the continent is ahead of the South American continent but behind Europe and Asia in relation to providing information on these contaminants. Common ARGs found in African aquatic environment encode resistance to sulfonamide, tetracycline, β-lactam, and macrolide classes of antibiotics. The efforts and studies from African scientists in eliminating ARB and ARGs from the aquatic environment in Africa are also highlighted. Overall, this document is a ready source of credible information for scientists, policy makers, governments, and regional bodies on ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in aquatic environments in Africa. Hopefully, the information provided in this review will inspire some necessary responses from all stakeholders in the water quality sector in Africa to put in more effort into providing more scientific evidence of the presence of ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in their aquatic environment and seek more efficient ways to handle them to curtail the spread of antibiotic resistance among the population in the continent. This will in turn, put the continent on the right path to meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals #3 and #6, which at the moment, appears to be largely missed by most countries in the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aemere Ogunlaja
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Olumuyiwa O Ogunlaja
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumide D Olukanni
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Gloria O Taylor
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Chidinma G Olorunnisola
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Victorien T Dougnon
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel I Unuabonah
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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19
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Şanlıtürk G, Güran M. Monitoring of microbiological dynamics in beach sand and seawater samples from recreational and non-recreational beaches over a two-year period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1973-1985. [PMID: 34044711 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1931049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The frequencies of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 'aerobic mesophilic bacteria' (AMB) counts in different seasons and marine sources were compared to understand the microbiological dynamics at beaches in N. Cyprus. Also, antibiotic resistance patterns were evaluated. The characterization and AMB enumeration studies were performed by conventional microbiological methods. AMB counts increased from winter to summer significantly (45.5*104 CFU/mL to 2.5*106 CFU/mL). Similarly, percentage detection frequencies of the bacteria were higher in summer compared to winter and were significant particularly for E. coli in both sand and seawater samples in 2019 and 2020 (p = 0.0181, p = 0.0142, p = 0.1257, p = 0.0446, respectively). However, a significant difference was not detected in percentage detection frequencies in terms of different sources or recreational status of beaches. The highest resistance percentages were detected against beta-lactam and lincosamides group of antibiotics. Results of the study signified that regular microbiological monitoring for beaches is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Şanlıtürk
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
| | - Mümtaz Güran
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
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20
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Abdelaziz M, Hefnawy A, Anter A, Abdellatif MM, Khalil MAF, Khalil IA. Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Vancomycin Conjugation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30161-30170. [PMID: 36061717 PMCID: PMC9434613 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a global health challenge with thousands of deaths annually caused by bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR). Efforts to develop new antibacterial molecules do not meet the mounting needs imposed by the evolution of MDR. An alternative approach to overcome this challenge is developing targeted formulations that can enhance the therapeutic efficiency and limit side effects. In this aspect, vancomycin is a potent antibacterial agent that has inherent bacterial targeting properties by binding to the D-Ala-D-Ala moiety of the bacterial peptidoglycan. However, the use of vancomycin is associated with serious side effects that limit its clinical use. Herein, we report the development of vancomycin-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles using a simple conjugation method for targeted antibacterial activity. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a multistep process that starts by coating the nanoparticles with a silica layer, followed by binding an amide linker and then binding the vancomycin glycopeptide. The developed vancomycin-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles were observed to exhibit a spherical morphology and a particle size of 16.3 ± 2.6 nm, with a silica coating thickness of 5 nm and a total coating thickness of 8 nm. The vancomycin conjugation efficiency on the nanoparticles was measured spectrophotometrically to be 25.1%. Additionally, the developed formulation retained the magnetic activity of the nanoparticles, where it showed a saturation magnetization value of 51 emu/g, compared to 60 emu/g for bare magnetic nanoparticles. The in vitro cell biocompatibility demonstrated improved safety where vancomycin-conjugated nanoparticles showed IC50 of 183.43 μg/mL, compared to a much lower value of 54.11 μg/mL for free vancomycin. While the antibacterial studies showed a comparable activity of the developed formulation, the minimum inhibitory concentration was 25 μg/mL, compared to 20 μg/mL for free vancomycin. Accordingly, the reported formulation can be used as a platform for the targeted and efficient delivery of other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa
M. Abdelaziz
- Department
of Bioengineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Amr Hefnawy
- Smyth
Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Asem Anter
- Microbiology
Unit, Drug Factory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST),
6th of October, Giza 12582, Egypt
| | - Menna M. Abdellatif
- Department
of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug
Manufacturing, Misr University for Science
and Technology, Giza 12582, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. F. Khalil
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Islam A. Khalil
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October, Giza 12582, Egypt
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21
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Khamesi F, Ehrampoush MH, Dad V, Jambarsang S, Ghaneian MT. Prevalence of MRSA as an Infectious Agent in Sanitary Swimming Pools and Jacuzzis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:139-146. [PMID: 35669818 PMCID: PMC9163221 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered resistant to beta-lactam antibiotic groups. Infection caused by this strain is more difficult to treat with antibiotics, and hence, it will be more dangerous. This study focused on detecting the mecA gene Staphylococcus in sanitary swimming pools and Jacuzzis in Yazd city, Iran (2019). Also, the relationship between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the water quality standards has been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS 60 samples were randomly collected in sterile bottles from 20 active pools and Jacuzzis. Quality parameters were analyzed by standard methods. Antibiotic resistance and the mecA gene's presence were detected by the disk diffusion and PCR method, respectively. RESULTS The results of this study showed that the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates was high against erythromycin (41.20%), tetracycline (35.10%), clindamycin (28.90%), and cefoxitin (25.80%). Out of 97 samples, 9 (25.80%) strains of Staphylococcus aureus were identified as MRSA, 30 samples (30.92%) showed multiple patterns of antibiotic resistance, and 9 samples (9.27%) carried the mecA gene. The results revealed that water quality has greatly impacted the mecA gene strain presence, especially microbial parameters. On the other hand, in the presence of mecA gene strains, the averages of microbial qualities were higher than standard in Jacuzzis; the latter finding was confirmed for swimming pools due to physicochemical parameters. CONCLUSION The number of reported sanitary water is increasing, and this study's results are useful examples of these findings. Therefore, a lack of careful and regular monitoring of swimming pools and Jacuzzis can lead to MSRA prevalence and outbreak sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khamesi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Ehrampoush
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Vali Dad
- Medical Microbiologist (Master of Science) Reference Laboratory of Water and Wastewater, Environment and Occupational Department, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sara Jambarsang
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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22
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Antibacterial Activity of the Pyrogallol against Staphylococcus aureus Evaluated by Optical Image. BIOLOGICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics2020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is used to define the lowest concentration at which a substance can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aimed to evaluate the MIC of pyrogallol against Staphylococcus aureus and to propose a method for building growth inhibition curves of bacterial strains from MIC assays. S. aureus strains 1199B (NorA) and 1199 (wild type) were used for the assays. Pyrogallol MIC tests were performed by the broth microdilution method. The proposed method uses RGB images of the microdilution plate using the R (Red), G (Green), and B (Blue) channels to extract information for the construction of the bacterial growth inhibition curve (GIC). Pyrogallol demonstrated a MIC of 512 µg/mL against the two S. aureus strains tested. The GIC was calculated and the MIC point of pyrogallol was identified against the tested strains. The proposed method suggested the same MIC point for pyrogallol when using microplate images before and after the addition of resazurin. Through this methodology, the subjectivity of visual analysis in MIC tests can be eliminated.
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23
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Silva V, Ferreira E, Manageiro V, Reis L, Tejedor-Junco MT, Sampaio A, Capelo JL, Caniça M, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Distribution and Clonal Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococci in Surface Waters: Detection of ST425-t742 and ST130-t843 mecC-Positive MRSA Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111416. [PMID: 34827354 PMCID: PMC8614751 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural aquatic environments represent one of the most important vehicles of bacterial dissemination. Therefore, we aimed to isolate staphylococci from surface waters and to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors as well as the genetic lineages of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Staphylococci were recovered from water samples collected from 78 surface waters, including rivers, streams, irrigation ditches, dams, lakes, and fountains. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors was investigated by PCR. Multilocus sequence typing and spa-typing were performed in all S. aureus isolates. From the 78 water samples, 33 S. aureus, one S. pseudintermedius, and 51 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were identified. Among the S. aureus isolates, four MRSA were identified, and all harbored the mecC gene. Fourteen S. aureus were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested and the remaining showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and/or tetracycline encoded by the blaZ, ermT, msr(A/B), tetL, and vgaA genes. Regarding the clonal lineages, one mecC-MRSA isolate belonged to spa-type t843 and sequence type (ST) 130 and the other three to t742 and ST425. The remaining S. aureus were ascribed 14 spa-types and 17 sequence types. Eleven species of CoNS were isolated: S. sciuri, S. lentus, S. xylosus, S. epidermidis, S. cohnii spp. urealyticus, S. vitulinus, S. caprae, S. carnosus spp. Carnosus, S. equorum, S. simulans, and S. succinus. Thirteen CoNS isolates had a multidrug resistance profile and carried the following genes: mecA, msr(A/B), mph(C), aph(3′)-IIIa, aac(6′)-Ie–aph(2′’)-Ia, dfrA, fusB, catpC221, and tetK. A high diversity of staphylococci was isolated from surface waters including mecCMRSA strains and isolates presenting multidrug-resistance profiles. Studies on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci in surface waters are still very scarce but extremely important to estimate the contribution of the aquatic environment in the spread of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Ferreira
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (V.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (V.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Reis
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (V.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ana Sampaio
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Luis Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal;
- Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Setubal, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (V.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259350466
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GHASEMZADEH F, NAJAFPOUR GD, MOHAMMADI M. Antiinfective properties of ursolic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:1454-1462. [PMID: 34849059 PMCID: PMC8596556 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2104-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to synthesize ursolic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (UA-Ch-NPs) as an antiinfective agent against 21 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The UA-Ch-NPs were synthesized by a simple method and then characterized by TEM, FTIR, DLS-zeta potential, and XRD analyses. According to the characterization results, highly dispersed spherical nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 258 nm and a zeta potential of + 40.1 mV were developed. The antibacterial properties of UA-Ch-NPs were investigated and their inhibitory effect on biofilm formation was demonstrated by AFM. Finally, the expression levels of icaA and icaD were measured using real-time PCR. Results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of UA and UA-Ch-NPs against S. aureus was 64 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. The treatment of bacterial cells with UA-Ch-NPs significantly decreased the expression of icaA and icaD genes which are engaged in biofilm formation. Our results indicated that UA-Ch-NPs could be a promising material for antibacterial and antibiofilm applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh GHASEMZADEH
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, BabolIran
| | - Ghasem D. NAJAFPOUR
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, BabolIran
| | - Maedeh MOHAMMADI
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, BabolIran
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Mesbah A, Mashak Z, Abdolmaleki Z. A survey of prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic assessment of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples collected from Tehran Province, Iran. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:81. [PMID: 34635183 PMCID: PMC8504009 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are considered among the major causes of foodborne diseases. This survey aims to assess genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples. METHODS According to the previously reported prevalence of S. aureus in ready-to-eat food samples, a total of 415 ready-to-eat food samples were collected from Tehran province, Iran. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. Besides, the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion. In addition, the genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the PCR. RESULTS A total of 64 out of 415 (15.42%) ready-to-eat food samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Grilled mushrooms and salad olivieh harbored the highest contamination rate of (30%), while salami samples harbored the lowest contamination rate of 3.33%. In addition, S. aureus bacteria harbored the highest prevalence of resistance to penicillin (85.93%), tetracycline (85.93%), gentamicin (73.43%), erythromycin (53.12%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51.56%), and ciprofloxacin (50%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotic agents. Accordingly, the prevalence of tetK (70.31%), blaZ (64.06%), aacA-D (57.81%), gyrA (50%), and ermA (39.06%) was higher than that of other detected antibiotic resistance genes. Besides, AacA-D + blaZ (48.43%), tetK + blaZ (46.87%), aacA-D + tetK (39.06%), aacA-D + gyrA (20.31%), and ermA + blaZ (20.31%) were the most frequently identified combined genotypic patterns of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION Ready-to-eat food samples may be sources of resistant S. aureus, which pose a hygienic threat in case of their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of S. aureus in ready-to-eat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mesbah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mashak
- Department of Food Hygiene, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Abdolmaleki
- Department of Pharmacology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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26
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Molecular Diversity of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Detected in Animals: A Focus on Aquatic Animals. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13090417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are one of the best-known opportunistic pathogens capable of causing different types of infections in animals. Furthermore, it has the ability to acquire resistance to various antibiotics very easily. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are currently of great concern as they are the leading cause of infections in humans and animals, with a major impact on health and the economy. Several studies already demonstrate that the spread of MRSA is constantly increasing due to its ability to form reservoirs in humans, animals and the environment. In fact, several works have already identified the presence of these bacteria in animals, including domestic animals, farm animals and even wild animals. Furthermore, the incidence of various S. aureus strains in aquatic animals has also been reported by different authors, although it is still a rarely discussed topic. Some of these strains have previously been associated with humans and other animals. Strain 398 is the strain that manages to infect a wider spectrum of hosts, having been identified in several different species. Aside from this strain, many others have yet to be identified. In addition, many of these strains have virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes that worsen the situation. The present work is a review of studies that intend to investigate the epidemiology of this agent in samples of aquatic animals from different origins, in order to better understand its distribution, prevalence and the molecular lineages associated with these species.
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Ramaite K, Ekwanzala MD, Dewar JB, Momba MNB. Human-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 80 Isolated from Cattle and Aquatic Environments. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091038. [PMID: 34572619 PMCID: PMC8468323 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) has mainly been reported in South African pig and chicken farms. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), virulence factors (VFs), and multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) associated with HA-MRSA in cattle farms has not been reported. Consequently, this study characterised LA-MRSA and its spread from cattle farms into the environment. Method: Husbandry soil (HS), nearby river water (NRW), animal manure (AM) and animal drinking water (ADW) were collected on and around a cattle farm. Presumptive MRSA isolates were identified from these samples using CHROMagar media and genotyped as MRSA sequence types (STs), selected ARGs, and VFs, using polymerase chain reaction. An MLST-based dendrogram was generated to link the farm MRSA strains with those in a nearby river. Results: The prevalence of MRSA was 30.61% for HS, 28.57% for ADW, 22.44% for NRW, and 10.20% for AM. Isolates from HS harboured the highest number of resistant genes, with 100% for mecA, 91.66% for ermA, and 58.33% for blaZ. However, no ermC or tetM genes were detected. MRSA isolates from AM harboured the lowest number of resistant genes. Only sec and seq enterotoxins were found in all the assessed MRSA isolates. MRSA from the farm revealed six STs (ST80, ST728, ST1931, ST2030, ST3247, and ST5440); all of STs belonged to clonal complex 80 (CC80). An MLST-based dendrogram based on the concatenated sequences of MLST genes under the maximum likelihood criterion revealed four clades of amalgamated MRSA isolates from various livestock environmental matrices, including the NRW. Conclusion: The results suggest that livestock environmental matrices might be reservoirs of MRSA that could subsequently disseminate through runoff to pollute water resources. Therefore, continued surveillance of HA-MRSA in livestock environments is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuliso Ramaite
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (K.R.); (M.D.E.)
| | - Mutshiene Deogratias Ekwanzala
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (K.R.); (M.D.E.)
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Barr Dewar
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (K.R.); (M.D.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-123826365
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Pérez-Delgado O, Rincon-Cortés CA, Vega-Castro NA, Reyes-Montaño EA, Gómez-Garzón M. Purificación parcial de péptidos del veneno de escorpión Hadruroides charcasus (Karsch, 1879) con actividad antimicrobiana. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Los venenos de muchas especies de escorpiones son fuentes ricas en componentes biológicamente activos, como los péptidos antimicrobianos, biomoléculas que aún no han sido estudiados del veneno de Hadruroides charcasus. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de los péptidos parcialmente purificados del veneno del escorpión Hadruroides. asus. A partir de 15,46 mg de proteína total del veneno del escorpión H. charcasus se purificaron parcialmente sus péptidos por medio de cromatografía de filtración en gel empleando sephadex G-75, consecutivo a una cromatografía de intercambio iónico en CM-Sephadex C-25. El peso molecular estimado de los péptidos se determinó mediante electroforesis PAGE-SDS-Tris-Tricina al 15% y la evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica se empleó el método de microdilución y Kirby-Bauer con cepas de Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 y Candida albicans ATCC 10231. En la cromatografía de filtración en gel se obtuvieron 5 fracciones, de lo cual, la fracción IV presentó una concentración mínima inhibitoria de 3,6 mg/mL en S. aureus ATCC 29213 y en C. albicans ATCC 10231. De la cromatografía de intercambio se obtuvieron 7 fracciones, destacando la fracción OPDIV-5 con péptidos de 4 kDa; 5 kDa; 5,5 kDa y 6,4 kDa que presentó actividad antimicrobiana frente S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, C. albicans ATCC 10231.El veneno del escorpión H. charcasus presenta péptidos de naturaleza catiónica con actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica, según su actividad en las cepas evaluadas.
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Hoorzook KB, Pieterse A, Heine L, Barnard TG, van Rensburg NJ. Soul of the Jukskei River: The Extent of Bacterial Contamination in the Jukskei River in Gauteng Province, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8537. [PMID: 34444286 PMCID: PMC8392637 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
River water quality is an important health issue as the water is utilised for drinking, domestic and agricultural use in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the effect water from a major city has on the water quality of the Jukskei River that daylights in Johannesburg, South Africa. The river water samples were analysed for physio-chemical properties, microbiology, antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates, genetic markers, and potentially toxic metals. Data analysis revealed increased electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity since 2010. Total Coliform and Escherichia coli detected were above the South African water quality guidelines for domestic, recreational, and irrigation purposes. Additionally, sodium, zinc, nickel, lithium, and lead exceeded the guidelines in domestic, recreational, and irrigation water. Pathogenic strains of E. coli (aEPEC, EHEC, EIEC, and EAEC) were isolated from the water. Various other potentially pathogenic organisms that have been implicated as causes of gastro-intestinal, and a wide range of other diseases, were also detected and demonstrated multiple levels of resistance to antibiotics tested. The results show that the river water is a potential health threat to downstream users. These results will feed into the environmental management action plan for Water for the Future (NGO group).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousar Banu Hoorzook
- Process Energy Environment Technology Station (PEETS), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (A.P.); (L.H.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Anton Pieterse
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (A.P.); (L.H.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Lee Heine
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (A.P.); (L.H.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Tobias George Barnard
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (A.P.); (L.H.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Nickey Janse van Rensburg
- Process Energy Environment Technology Station (PEETS), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
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Sonola VS, Misinzo G, Matee MI. Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Humans, Rodents, Chickens, and Household Soils in Karatu, Northern Tanzania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168496. [PMID: 34444245 PMCID: PMC8391185 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We conducted this study to investigate the isolation frequency and phenotypic antibiotic resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from rodents, chickens, humans, and household soils. Specimens were plated onto mannitol salt agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24 h. Presumptive colonies of S. aureus were subjected to Gram staining, as well as catalase, deoxyribonuclease (DNAse), and coagulase tests for identification. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK). The antibiotics tested were tetracycline (30 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), clindamycin (2 μg), and amoxicillin-clavulanate (20 μg/10 μg). The S. aureus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25,923 was used as the standard organism. We found that 483 out of 956 (50.2%) samples were positive for S. aureus. The isolation frequencies varied significantly between samples sources, being 52.1%, 66.5%, 74.3%, and 24.5%, respectively, in chickens, humans, rodents, and soil samples (p < 0.001). S. aureus isolates had high resistance against clindamycin (51.0%), erythromycin (50.9%), and tetracycline (62.5%). The overall prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus isolates was 30.2%, with 8.7% resistant to at least four different classes of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Silvery Sonola
- Department of Wildlife Management, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism, P.O. Box 3073, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
- Livestock Training Agency (LITA), Buhuri Campus, P.O. Box 1483, Tanga 21206, Tanzania
- Correspondence:
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
| | - Mecky Isaac Matee
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
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Zulfiana R, Suharjono, Kuntaman. Genetic profile mutation rpoB in clinical isolate of rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:773-776. [PMID: 34214301 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria which causes nosocomial infection. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus eradication using antibiotics combined with rifampicin has shown good results, whereas, adjuvant rifampicin has long been hypothesized to improve the outcome of S. aureus infection treatment. Resistant-rifampicin S. aureus mutates in rpoB gene at some codons. This study was conducted to identify the mutation of rpoB gene in S. aureus which was resistant toward rifampicin. METHODS In this study, isolates collected in the Microbiology Laboratory of Dr. Seotomo Surabaya Hospital during May-September 2019. Then, the dilution method was carried out to determine the minimum inhibition concentration for resistant-rifampicin and dilution to determine the inhibition zone diameter. After that, DNA extraction was carried out from rifampicin-susceptible isolates as a control and resistant-rifampicin isolates followed by identification of rpoB gene mutations by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing. RESULTS There were nine isolates studied. They were four resistant-rifampicin isolates and four susceptible-rifampicin isolates. In four rifampicin-resistant isolates, the most frequent mutations that occurred was His-481 codon (75%) followed by the Ile-527 codon (25%). Rifampicin-susceptible isolates mutated in Pro-475 and Asn-474 codons. One rifampicin-resistant isolate had two mutations in codons Ile-527 and Asn-474. CONCLUSIONS The type of mutation that causes the most rifampicin resistance was a missense mutation. The susceptible-rifampicin isolate experienced silent mutations. There was a relation between the type of missense mutation of rpoB gene and rifampin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Zulfiana
- Department of Pharmacy, Hajj Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suharjono
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Kuntaman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Silva V, Caniça M, Capelo JL, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Diversity and genetic lineages of environmental staphylococci: a surface water overview. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5909032. [PMID: 32949464 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in the environmental dimension is one of the greatest challenges and emerging threats. The presence of resistant bacteria and resistance genes in the environment, especially in aquatic systems, has been a matter of growing concern in the past decade. Monitoring the presence of antimicrobial resistance species, in this particular case, Staphylococcus spp., in natural water environments could lead to a better understanding of the epidemiology of staphylococci infections. Thus, the investigation of natural waters as a potential reservoir and vehicle for transmission of these bacteria is imperative. Only a few studies have investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages of staphylococci in natural waters. Those studies reported a high diversity of staphylococci species and lineages in surface waters. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus were relatively prevalent in surface waters and, as expected, often presented a multidrug-resistant profile. There was a high diversity of S. aureus lineages in surface waters. The presence of S. aureus CC8 and CC5 suggests a human origin. Among the coagulase-negative staphylococci, the most frequently found in natural waters was S. warneri and S. epidermidis. These studies are extremely important to estimate the contribution of the aquatic environment in the spread of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - José L Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal
- Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Costa de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Mohammed KAS, Abdulkareem ZH, Alzaalan AR, Yaqoob AK. Spa typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimens from Outpatients in Iraq. Pol J Microbiol 2021; 70:79-85. [PMID: 33815529 PMCID: PMC8008756 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is notorious as a hospital superbug and a problematic pathogen among communities. The incidence of MRSA has substantially increased over time in Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and spa types of MRSA isolates from outpatients or patients upon admission into hospitals. Various biochemical tests identified S. aureus isolates, and then this identification was confirmed by PCR using species-specific 16S rRNA primer pairs. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined against methicillin, oxacillin, and vancomycin using the disk diffusion method. Vancomycin MIC was detected by VITEK 2 compact system. All the identified isolates were screened for the presence of mecA and lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes; 36 of them were subjected to spa typing-based PCR. Out of 290 clinical samples, 65 (22.4%) were S. aureus, of which 62 (95.4%) strains were resistant to oxacillin and methicillin. Except for two isolates, all MRSA isolates were mecA positive. One of the three MSSA isolates was mecA positive. Five strains were resistant to vancomycin. Fourteen (21.5%) isolates were positive for the presence of lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes. Spa typing of 36 S. aureus isolates revealed eleven different spa types, t304 (30.3%), t307 (19.4%), t346 (8.3%), t044 (8.3%), t15595 (8.3%), t386 (5.5%), t5475 (5.5%), t17928 (2.8%), t14870 (2.8%), t021 (2.8%), and t024 (2.8%). These findings could be useful for assessing the genetic relatedness of strains in the region for epidemiological and monitoring purposes, which would be essential to limiting the spread of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairallah A S Mohammed
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology, Southern Technical University, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Zahraa H Abdulkareem
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology, Southern Technical University, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Ayoob R Alzaalan
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology, Southern Technical University, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Amel K Yaqoob
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology, Southern Technical University, Basrah, Iraq
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Osei FB, Boamah VE, Boakye YD, Agyare C, Abaidoo RC. Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Water Supplies Used in Poultry Production in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Open Microbiol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802115010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:
Water plays an important role in both domestic and commercial settings. Pathogenic microbial contaminants, however, render water unsafe for use. There are several reports on the quality of water used for drinking purposes in humans but few studies have been conducted on the microbial quality of water used in animal farming.
Methods:
In this study, the resistance pattern of bacterial isolates from drinking water used in poultry production in the Ashanti region of Ghana from our previously published report was determined. The presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci was determined using selective culture media (pour plate method) and confirmed through Gram staining and biochemical reactions. Antibiotic sensitivity of isolates was determined followed by detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative isolates.
Results:
The study revealed that water used in poultry farms contains sources of multi-drug resistant strains of E. coli, S. typhi, S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. E. coli, S. typhi, S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were recovered from 31%, 36%, 64% and 19% of samples, respectively. Majority of these isolates were resistant to cephalosporins and penicillins. Almost 95% of the bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant. None of E. coli and S. typhi isolates produced ESBL.
Conclusion:
There is a need for stringent regulations and stringent measures should be taken to make these various sources of water safe for use in animal husbandry as these waters are a potential source of pathogenic and resistant bacterial strains which can cause infections to the animals and farm workers.
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Jaradat ZW, Ababneh QO, Sha’aban ST, Alkofahi AA, Assaleh D, Al Shara A. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and public fomites: a review. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:426-450. [PMID: 33115375 PMCID: PMC7759291 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1824112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus genus is a Gram-positive coccus normally associated with skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. It is part of the commensal human microflora, or found in animals, or contaminating surfaces in the community and hospital settings. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic species belonging to this genus, as it possesses a collection of virulence factors that are expressed solely to evade the immune system. The increase in the misuse of antimicrobial agents predisposed S. aureus to develop antibiotic resistance, including the resistance to methicillin which led to the emergence of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA is considered one of the most dangerous nosocomial pathogens causing many hard to treat infections in hospitals and was named as Hospital Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Over the past 20-25 years, MRSA was isolated from community settings and thus Community Associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has emerged. Inside hospitals, MRSA has been isolated from fomites in contact with patients, as well as staff's protective and personal items. This review highlights the worldwide prevalence of MRSA on fomites within the contexts of hospital and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | | | - Sherin T Sha’aban
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ayesha A Alkofahi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Duaa Assaleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Anan Al Shara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Bissong MEA, Tahnteng BF, Ateba CN, Akoachere JFTK. Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk and Beef from the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6015283. [PMID: 33195695 PMCID: PMC7641691 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6015283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen and commensal of the skin and mucous membranes of animals and humans. Its virulence relies on the production of a variety of toxins resistant to denaturing conditions. Increasing reports of S. aureus food poisoning and contamination of foods of animal origin elsewhere necessitates the investigation of these foods in Cameroon, to implement safety measures. This cross-sectional study evaluated S. aureus contamination in milk and beef in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon, where cow milk is usually not pasteurized before consumption, and beef is the main source of protein. The distribution of antibiotic-resistant isolates and those with enterotoxin-producing potential was also investigated to provide data of public health and food safety benefit. S. aureus was isolated from 39 raw milk and 250 beef samples by standard methods. Confirmation of isolates was by PCR to detect the nuc gene. S. aureus was investigated for classical staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, and see) by PCR. Their susceptibility to 9 antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method. The chi-square test was used to compare the contamination of samples, antibiotic resistance, and the distribution of SE genes. S. aureus was isolated from 11.1% of samples. Contamination was higher in milk (48%) than in beef (5.2%) (P < 0.001). The sea was the most frequently (90%) harboured gene. A large proportion of isolates (88%) harboured more than one virulence gene. Isolates were generally resistant to erythromycin (82%), vancomycin (80%), tetracycline (76%), and oxacillin (74%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was common (92%). Milk and beef samples in study area were contaminated with MDR enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains and may constitute a potential hazard to consumers. Thus, the need for implementation of proper hygienic measures when handling these products and pasteurization of milk cannot be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Fonyuy Tahnteng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Odusami JA, Ikhile MI, Izunobi JU, Olasupo IA, Osunsanmi FO, Opoku AR, Fotsing MCD, Asekun OT, Familoni OB, Ndinteh DT. Synthesis of substituted N-(2'-nitrophenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamides towards the design of proline-rich antimicrobial peptide mimics to eliminate bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104340. [PMID: 33096308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of diseases is under threat due to the increasing resistance of disease-causing bacteria to antibiotics. Likewise, free radical-induced oxidative stress has been implicated in several human disease conditions, such as cancer, stroke and diabetes. In the search for amino acid analogues with antibacterial and antioxidant properties as possible mimics of antimicrobial peptides, substituted N-(2'-nitrophenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamides 4a-4k and N-(2'-nitrophenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamides 4l-4n have been synthesized via a two-step, one-pot amidation of the corresponding acids, using thionyl chloride with different amines in dichloromethane. The carboxamides were characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Carboxamides 4a-4n were assayed against five Gram-positive and five Gram-negative bacterial strains using the broth micro-dilution procedure and compared to standard antibiotic drugs (streptomycin and nalidixic acid). 4b showed the highest antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 15.6 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Pertinently, 4b and 4k are promising candidates for narrow-spectrum (Gram-positive) and broad-spectrum antibiotics, respectively. The antioxidant properties of the carboxamides were also evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation. 4a and 4k recorded the lowest IC50 values of 1.22 × 10-3 mg/mL (with DPPH) and 1.45 × 10-4 mg/mL (with ABTS), respectively. Notably, 4k recorded about 2.5 times better antioxidant capacity than the positive controls - ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole. These results bode well for N-aryl carboxamides as good mimics and substitutes for antimicrobial peptides towards mitigating bacterial resistance to antibiotics as well as ameliorating oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn A Odusami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Chemical Sciences, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Monisola I Ikhile
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | | - Idris A Olasupo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Foluso O Osunsanmi
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Andrew R Opoku
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Marthe C D Fotsing
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Derek T Ndinteh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Country Income Is Only One of the Tiles: The Global Journey of Antimicrobial Resistance among Humans, Animals, and Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080473. [PMID: 32752276 PMCID: PMC7460298 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most complex global health challenges today: decades of overuse and misuse in human medicine, animal health, agriculture, and dispersion into the environment have produced the dire consequence of infections to become progressively untreatable. Infection control and prevention (IPC) procedures, the reduction of overuse, and the misuse of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine are the cornerstones required to prevent the spreading of resistant bacteria. Purified drinking water and strongly improved sanitation even in remote areas would prevent the pollution from inadequate treatment of industrial, residential, and farm waste, as all these situations are expanding the resistome in the environment. The One Health concept addresses the interconnected relationships between human, animal, and environmental health as a whole: several countries and international agencies have now included a One Health Approach within their action plans to address AMR. Improved antimicrobial usage, coupled with regulation and policy, as well as integrated surveillance, infection control and prevention, along with antimicrobial stewardship, sanitation, and animal husbandry should all be integrated parts of any new action plan targeted to tackle AMR on the Earth. Since AMR is found in bacteria from humans, animals, and in the environment, we briefly summarize herein the current concepts of One Health as a global challenge to enable the continued use of antibiotics.
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Abdeen EE, Mousa WS, Abdel Salam SY, Al-Maary KS, Mubarak AS, Moussa IM, Hemeg HA, Almuzaini AM, Alajaji AI, Alsubki RA, Elbehiry A. Antibiogram and phylogenetic diversity of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains from milk products and public health implications. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1968-1974. [PMID: 32714020 PMCID: PMC7376128 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) toxins is considered one of the foremost public health threat that usually occurs through the ingestion of raw milk contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxins. The current study spotlights on the prevalence, antibiogram and genetic diversity of S. aureus enterotoxin genes. One hundred and fifty of raw milk (90) and ice cream (60) samples were randomly collected from local markets from Sadat city, Egypt. S. aureus was recovered from 44% of raw milk and 20% of ice cream samples. The identification for the obtained S. aureus isolates was confirmed through targeting the nuc gene. Antibiogram pattern of 32 S. aureus isolates showed high resistance to Cefoxitin, Sulpha/Trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Norfloxacin, Penicillin and Cephradine. However, high susceptibility to Gentamycin and Vancomycin were observed. Multiplex PCR was a competent practise for the recognition of Staphylococcus enterotoxin (SE) genes (SEA, SEB and SED). The phylogenetic analysis of the SED gene of enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains showed identical similarity with 100% to each other and high similarity with other international isolates in GenBank from different localities and sources. The frequency of enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains in milk products could have serious hazardous effects on humans. These results suggested possible strains transmission between different geographical areas through the food and milk product trades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman E Abdeen
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, 32897, Egypt
| | - Walid S Mousa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, 32897, Egypt
| | - Sarah Y Abdel Salam
- Veterinarian at Veterinary Administrator in Khanka, Division of Public Health, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Khalid S Al-Maary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman S Mubarak
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab M Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Technology/Microbiology, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almuzaini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I Alajaji
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua Abdullah Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Elbehiry
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, 32897, Egypt.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
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Torki Baghbaderani Z, Shakerian A, Rahimi E. Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1339-1349. [PMID: 32440171 PMCID: PMC7213866 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s241189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Torki Baghbaderani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amir Shakerian
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Bissong MEA, Ateba CN. Genotypic and Phenotypic Evaluation of Biofilm Production and Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk, North West Province, South Africa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040156. [PMID: 32252278 PMCID: PMC7235893 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Biofilm formation in S. aureus may reduce the rate of penetration of antibiotics, thereby complicating treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. The aim of this study was to correlate biofilm-forming potentials, antimicrobial resistance, and genes in S. aureus isolates. Methods: A total of 64 milk samples were analysed, and 77 S. aureus were isolated. Results: Seventy (90.9%) isolates were biofilm producers. The ica biofilm-forming genes were detected among 75.3% of the isolates, with icaA being the most prevalent (49, 63.6%). The icaB gene was significantly (P = 0.027) higher in isolates with strong biofilm formation potentials. High resistance (60%-90%) of the isolates was observed against ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and penicillin, and 25 (32.5%) of S. aureus showed multidrug resistance (MDR) to at least three antibiotics. Five resistance genes, namely blaZ (29, 37.7%), vanC (29, 37.7%), tetK (24, 31.2%), tetL (21, 27.3%), and msrA/B (16, 20.8%) were detected. Most MDR phenotypes possessed at least one resistance gene alongside the biofilm genes. However, no distinct pattern was identified among the resistance and biofilm phenotypes. Conclusions: The high frequency of potentially pathogenic MDR S. aureus in milk samples intended for human consumption, demonstrates the public health relevance of this pathogen in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ebob Agbortabot Bissong
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Biocontrol Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University—Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Bamenda, Bambili P. O. Box 39, Cameroon
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +237-67-530-1641
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Biocontrol Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University—Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa
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Osei Sekyere J, Mensah E. Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. in Africa: a systematic review from a One Health perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1465:29-58. [PMID: 31647583 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria in Africa from a One Health perspective is lacking. Here, we report result from a search for English-language articles on the resistance mechanisms and clonality of Gram-positive bacteria in Africa between 2007 and 2019 reported in PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and African Journals OnLine; 172 studies from 22 different African countries were identified. Resistance genes, such as mecA, erm(B), erm(C), tet(M), tet(K), tet(L), vanB, vanA, vanC, and tet(O), were found to be common. Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. were the main species reported by the studies, with clones such as Staphylococcus aureus ST5 (n = 218 isolates), ST8 (n = 127 isolates), ST80 (n = 133 isolates), and ST88 (n = 117 isolates), and mobile genetic elements such as IS16 (n = 28 isolates), IS256 (n = 96), Tn916 (n = 107 isolates), and SCCmec (n = 4437 isolates) identified. SCCmec IV (n = 747 isolates) was predominant, followed by SCCmec III (n = 305 isolates), SCCmec II (n = 163 isolates), SCCmec V (n = 135 isolates), and SCCmec I (n = 79 isolates). Resistance to penicillin (n = 5926 isolates), tetracycline (n = 5300 isolates), erythromycin (n = 5151 isolates), rifampicin (n = 3823 isolates), gentamycin (n = 3494 isolates), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (n = 3089 isolates), and ciprofloxacin (n = 2746 isolates) was common in most reports from 22 countries. Clonal dissemination of resistance across countries and between humans, animals, and the environment was observed. Resistance rates ranged from 1.4% to 100% for 15 of the studies; 10 were One Health-related studies. Strict infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship, and periodic One Health epidemiological surveillance studies are needed to monitor and contain the threat of increasing antibiotic resistance in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Osei Sekyere
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eric Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Rahi A, Kazemeini H, Jafariaskari S, Seif A, Hosseini S, Safarpoor Dehkordi F. Genotypic and Phenotypic-Based Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Profile of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec in the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Recovered from Raw Milk. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:273-283. [PMID: 32099419 PMCID: PMC6996610 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s229499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria are determined to be one of the chief causes of foodborne diseases around the world. PURPOSE This research was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance and distribution of Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types amongst the MRSA bacteria recovered from raw milk. METHODS Five-hundred and ninety raw milk samples were collected and examined. MRSA bacteria were recognized using susceptibility evaluation toward oxacillin and cefoxitin disks. Profile of antibiotic resistance genes and SCCmec types were determined using the PCR. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was examined using the disk diffusion. RESULTS Thirty-nine out of 590 raw milk samples (6.61%) were positive for S. aureus. Twenty-eight out of 39 (71.79%) bacteria were defined as MRSA bacteria. Raw buffalo (80%) milk samples had the maximum incidence of MRSA, while raw camel (33.33%) had the minimum. MRSA bacteria harbored the maximum incidence of resistance toward penicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), erythromycin (82.14%), gentamicin (78.57%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (78.57%). Incidence of resistance toward more than eight classes of antibiotic agents was 28.57%. The most frequently distinguished antibiotic resistance markers were blaZ (100%), tetK (85.71%), dfrA1 (71.42%), aacA-D (67.85%), ermA (50%) and gyrA (42.85%). SCCmec IVa (29.62%), V (25%), III (14.81%) and IVb (11.11%) were the most frequently distinguished types. CONCLUSION Raw milk of dairy animals maybe sources of multidrug resistant MRSA which pose a hygienic threat concerning the consumption of raw milk in Iran. Nevertheless, further investigations are necessary to understand supplementary epidemiological features of MRSA in raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Rahi
- Department of Microbiology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Kazemeini
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Jafariaskari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Seif
- Doctor Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sahar Hosseini
- Master of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Wang Y, Lin J, Zhang T, He S, Li Y, Zhang W, Ye X, Yao Z. Environmental Contamination Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and Staphylococcus Epidermidis Isolated from Secondary Schools in Guangzhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020623. [PMID: 31963695 PMCID: PMC7013935 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), the most prevalent causes of hospital-associated and community-associated infections, could exist on frequently touched surfaces. This study aims to determine the contamination prevalence and the characteristics of MRSA and MRSE isolated from secondary school environments. Methods: We collected environmental samples from ten secondary schools in Guangzhou city between October 2016 and January 2017. The samples were confirmed for MRSA and MRSE isolates by using biochemical tests and polymerase chain reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, toxin gene screening, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed to further characterize the isolates. Data were analyzed by two-sample proportion tests. Results: A total of 1830 environmental samples were collected. The prevalence of MRSA and MRSE contamination were 1.86% (34/1830) and 5.14% (94/1830), respectively. The proportions of multidrug resistance in both MRSA (58.82%) and MRSE (63.83%) isolates were high. Seven clonal complexes (CC) and 12 sequence types (ST) were identified, with the CC5 (35.29%) and ST45 (25.53%) being the most prevalent. We found that 44.12% of the MRSA isolates were community-acquired and the main type was ST45-SCCmec IV. We found that 5.88% and 32.35% of MRSA isolates were positive to Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) gene, respectively. No MRSE isolate was positive to the toxin genes. Conclusion: Our findings raise potential public health concerns for environmental contamination of MRSA and MRSE in school environments. Surfaces of school environments may potentially provide a source for cross-contamination with these bacteria into the wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jialing Lin
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia;
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of immunization programme, Dongguan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongguan 523000, China;
| | - Suiping He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wencui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (Z.Y.)
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Huttner A, Bielicki J, Clements MN, Frimodt-Møller N, Muller AE, Paccaud JP, Mouton JW. Oral amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid: properties, indications and usage. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:871-879. [PMID: 31811919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amoxicillin has been in use since the 1970s; it is the most widely used penicillin both alone and in combination with the β-lactamase clavulanic acid. OBJECTIVES In this narrative review, we re-examine the properties of oral amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and provide guidance on their use, with emphasis on the preferred use of amoxicillin alone. SOURCES Published medical literature (MEDLINE database via Pubmed). CONTENT While amoxicillin and clavulanic acid have similar half-lives, clavulanic acid is more protein bound and even less heat stable than amoxicillin, with primarily hepatic metabolism. It is also more strongly associated with gastrointestinal side effects, including Clostridium difficile infection, and, thus, in oral combination formulations, limits the maximum daily dose of amoxicillin that can be given. The first ratio for an amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination was set at 4:1 due to clavulanic acid's high affinity for β-lactamases; ratios of 2:1, 7:1, 14:1 and 16:1 are currently available in various regions. Comparative effectiveness data for the different ratios are scarce. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is often used as empiric therapy for many of the World Health Organization's Priority Infectious Syndromes in adults and children, leading to extensive consumption, when some of these syndromes could be handled with a delayed antibiotic prescription approach or amoxicillin alone. IMPLICATIONS Using available epidemiological and pharmacokinetic data, we provide guidance on indications for amoxicillin versus amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and on optimal oral administration, including choice of combination ratio. More data are needed, particularly on heat stability, pharmacodynamic effects and emergence of resistance in 'real-world' clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huttner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - J Bielicki
- University of Basel Children's Hospital, Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - M N Clements
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, UCL, London, UK
| | - N Frimodt-Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A E Muller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J-P Paccaud
- Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J W Mouton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, the Netherlands
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Adekanmbi AO, Soyoye OF, Adelowo OO. Characterization of methicillin-resistance gene mecA in coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) recovered from wastewater of two healthcare facilities in Nigeria. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment and Its Remediation: A Global One Health Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234614. [PMID: 31757109 PMCID: PMC6926838 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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A dual-action chitosan-based nanogel system of triclosan and flurbiprofen for localised treatment of periodontitis. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118659. [PMID: 31493495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a dual action, namely anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial, nanogels (NG) for the treatment of periodontitis using triclosan (TCS) and flurbiprofen (FLB). Triclosan, an antimicrobial drug, was prepared as nanoparticles (NPs) using poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), while flurbiprofen, an anti-inflammatory drug, was directly loaded in a chitosan (CS) based hydrogel. The entwinement of both NPs and hydrogel loaded systems resulted in the NG. The characterisation data confirmed that the developed formulation consists of nanosized spherical structures and displays pH-dependent swelling/erosion and temperature-responsiveness. Besides, the NG exhibited adequate bioadhesiveness using the chicken pouch model and displayed antibacterial activity through the agar plate method. An in-vivo study of the NG on experimental periodontitis (EP) rats confirmed the dual antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects which revealed an excellent therapeutic outcome. In conclusion, a dual action NG was successfully developed and proved to have superior therapeutic effects in comparison to physical mixtures of the individual drugs.
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Ramessar K, Olaniran AO. Antibiogram and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from treated wastewater effluent and receiving surface water in Durban, South Africa. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:142. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abdolmaleki Z, Mashak Z, Safarpoor Dehkordi F. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance in the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospital cockroaches. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:54. [PMID: 30911380 PMCID: PMC6416839 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cockroaches are one of the most important and frequent insects responsible for harboring, transmission and dissemination of human pathogens in the hospital environment. The present research was done to study the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance in the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospital cockroaches. Methods Five-hundred and thirty Periplanets americana and Blattella germanica cockroaches were collected and their gut content and external washing samples were subjected to bacterial isolation. MRSA strains were subjected to disk diffusion and PCR amplification of antibiotic resistance genes. Results Prevalence of MRSA strains in P. americana and B. germanica cockroaches were 52.77 and 43.33%, respectively. External washing samples of P. americana cockroaches had the highest prevalence of MRSA strains (59.57%). MRSA isolates of external washing samples harbored the highest prevalence of resistance against penicillin (100%), ceftaroline (100%), tetracycline (100%), gentamicin (83.33%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (80.55%). MRSA strains isolated from gut content samples harbored the highest prevalence of resistance against penicillin (100%), ceftaroline (100%), tetracycline (100%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (80%) and gentamicin (73.33%). BlaZ, aacA-D, tetK, msrA, dfrA, ermA, gyrA, grlA and rpoB were the most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes amongst the MRSA strains. Conclusions The present investigation is the first report of the phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of antibiotic resistance in the MRSA strains isolated from P. americana and B. germanica hospital cockroaches. Hospital cockroaches are considered as a potential mechanical vector for MRSA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Abdolmaleki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mashak
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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