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Bhattarai H, Tai APK, Val Martin M, Yung DHY. Responses of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) air quality to future climate, land use, and emission changes: Insights from modeling across shared socioeconomic pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174611. [PMID: 38992356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution induced by fine particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) poses a significant challenge for global air quality management. Understanding how factors such as climate change, land use and land cover change (LULCC), and changing emissions interact to impact PM2.5 remains limited. To address this gap, we employed the Community Earth System Model and examined both the individual and combined effects of these factors on global surface PM2.5 in 2010 and projected scenarios for 2050 under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Our results reveal biomass-burning and anthropogenic emissions as the primary drivers of surface PM2.5 across all SSPs. Less polluted regions like the US and Europe are expected to experience substantial PM2.5 reduction in all future scenarios, reaching up to ~5 μg m-3 (70 %) in SSP1. However, heavily polluted regions like India and China may experience varied outcomes, with a potential decrease in SSP1 and increase under SSP3. Eastern China witness ~20 % rise in PM2.5 under SSP3, while northern India may experience ~70 % increase under same scenario. Depending on the region, climate change alone is expected to change PM2.5 up to ±5 μg m-3, while the influence of LULCC appears even weaker. The modest changes in PM2.5 attributable to LULCC and climate change are associated with aerosol chemistry and meteorological effects, including biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, SO2 oxidation, and NH4NO3 formation. Despite their comparatively minor role, LULCC and climate change can still significantly shape future air quality in specific regions, potentially counteracting the benefits of emission control initiatives. This study underscores the pivotal role of changes in anthropogenic emissions in shaping future PM2.5 across all SSP scenarios. Thus, addressing all contributing factors, with a primary focus on reducing anthropogenic emissions, is crucial for achieving sustainable reduction in surface PM2.5 levels and meeting sustainable pollution mitigation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemraj Bhattarai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amos P K Tai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maria Val Martin
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - David H Y Yung
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wang J, Zheng Y, Gao Q, Zhou H, Chang X, Gao J, Li S. Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Cytotoxicity of Atmospheric PM 2.5 in the Main Urban Area of Lanzhou City. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 113:23. [PMID: 39110236 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
PM2.5, as one of the most harmful pollutant in the atmospheric environment and population health, has received much attention. We monitored PM2.5 levels at five sampling sites in the Lanzhou City and collected PM2.5 particles from two representative sites for cytotoxicity experiment. The cytotoxicity of PM2.5 samples on A549 cells and migration ability of the cells were respectively detected by Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and scratch assay. We detected the levels of cellular inflammatory factors and oxidative damage-related biochemical indexes. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of NF-κB and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes. We found that the Lanlian Hotel station had the highest PM2.5 annual average concentration. The annual average concentration change curve of PM2.5 showed a roughly "U"-shaped distribution during the whole sampling period. The cytotoxicity experiment showed the viability of A549 cells decreased and the scratch healing rate increased in the 200 and 400 μg/mL PM2.5-treated groups. We also found 400 μg/mL PM2.5 induced changes in the mRNA levels of NF-κB and EMT-related genes, the mRNA levels of IKK-α, NIK, and NF-κB in the 400 μg/mL PM2.5 group were higher than those in the control group. The mRNA levels of E-cadherin decreased and α-SMA increased in the 400 μg/mL PM2.5 groups, and the mRNA levels of Fibronectin increased in the 400 μg/mL PM2.5 groups. Moreover, we found hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and T-AOC levels were lower, and LPO levels were higher in the 200 and 400 μg/mL PM2.5 groups, and the SOD activity of cells in the 400 µg/mL PM2.5 group decreased. And compared with the control group, the levels of TNF-α were higher in the 200 and 400 μg/mL PM2.5 groups and the levels of IL-1 were higher in the 400 μg/mL PM2.5 group. The results indicated that the cytotoxicity of atmospheric PM2.5 was related to oxidative damage, inflammatory response, NF-κB activity and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Wang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanni Zheng
- Department of Public Health, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haodong Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuhong Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jinxia Gao
- Lanzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Sheng Li
- The No.2 People's Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Guo Y, Zhao J, Ma X, Cai M, Chi Y, Sun C, Liu S, Song X, Xu K. Phytochemical reduces toxicity of PM2.5: a review of research progress. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:654-663. [PMID: 37587082 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) affects various cells, systems, and organs in vivo and in vitro. PM2.5 adversely affects human health through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, autophagy, ferroptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Phytochemicals are of interest for their broad range of physiological activities and few side effects, and, in recent years, they have been widely used to mitigate the adverse effects caused by PM2.5 exposure. In this review, the roles of various phytochemicals are summarized, including those of polyphenols, carotenoids, organic sulfur compounds, and saponin compounds, in mitigating PM2.5-induced adverse reactions through different molecular mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms, inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis, and regulation of autophagy. These are useful as a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of disease caused by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Guo
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinbin Zhao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueer Ma
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Cai
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyang Chi
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunmeng Sun
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shitong Liu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuling Song
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Xu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- The Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Akça EE. Do renewable energy sources improve air quality? Demand- and supply-side comparative evidence from industrialized and emerging industrial economies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:293-311. [PMID: 38012490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study is an attempt to comparatively analyze the impact of renewable energy sources on air quality represented by particulate matter 2.5 concentrations utilizing panel data of 60 countries which are divided into two sub-panels industrialized economies and emerging industrial economies over the period 2010-2019. The study adopts both demand- and supply-side approaches and hence renewable sources are handled in two different structures, i.e., renewable energy consumption and production. Empirical results from both demand- and supply-side regressions strongly confirm the positive impact of renewable sources on air quality in all country groups, meaning that higher renewable energy production and consumption bring about improvement in air quality. In addition, this positive impact of renewables on air quality turned out to be higher in emerging industrial economies than that in industrialized ones. To be more precise, as all control variables are considered, a 10% increase in the production of renewable energy sources brings about a 0.66% improvement in air quality in industrialized economies while its impact is a value of 1.33% in emerging industrial economies. On the other hand, a 10% increase in consumption of renewable energy sources leads to a 0.62% improvement in air quality in industrialized economies and a 1.97% improvement in emerging industrial economies. As for control variables, industrialization gives rise to an increase in air pollution in all country groups, whereas economic growth and trade openness function as favorable factors for air quality. Although population density improves air quality in industrialized economies, it is found as one of the main pollutant factors in emerging industrial economies. Overall results proved that renewable sources improve air quality by reducing particulate matter 2.5 concentrations. Therefore, these countries, especially emerging industrial economies, should replace primitive energy sources like fossil fuels with renewables to bring down environmental degradation up to a reasonable level and increasingly continue to invest in renewable energy domain to reach their environmental sustainability targets. The study also provides some additional policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Eray Akça
- Department of Economics, Bartin University, 74110, Bartin, Turkey.
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Kim H, Huh JY, Na G, Park S, Ra SW, Kang SY, Kim HC, Kim HC, Lee SW. Lifestyle practices that reduce seasonal PM 2.5 exposure and their impact on COPD. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11822. [PMID: 37479736 PMCID: PMC10361977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant that has led to global health concerns and can cause and exacerbate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We asked patients with COPD to complete a detailed questionnaire about their lifestyle practices to reduce PM2.5 exposure and analyzed the relationship between ambient PM2.5 concentrations and lifestyle practices. We prospectively enrolled 104 COPD patients from four hospitals in different areas of Korea. They completed detailed questionnaires twice (at enrollment and the end of the study) and Internet of Things-based sensors were installed in their homes to continuously measure PM2.5 for 1 year. The relationship between PM2.5 concentrations, lifestyle practices, and COPD exacerbations were analyzed in each season. The PM2.5 concentration was higher outdoors than indoors in all seasons except summer, and the difference was largest in winter. The six lifestyle practices that significantly lowered the annual indoor PM2.5 concentration compared with the outdoors. The higher the economic status and educational level of patients, the lower the indoor PM2.5 concentration. Some lifestyle practices were associated with reduced small airway resistance, presented as R5-R20 determined by impulse oscillometry, and scores of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire. Some lifestyle practices are associated with reduced indoor PM2.5 concentrations and can even affect clinical outcomes, including small airway resistance and quality of life of COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajeong Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Huh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunjoo Na
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, 27 Inhang-Ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332, Republic of Korea
- Green Environment Industrial Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhee Park
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Ra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yoon Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Cheol Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Cheol Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, 27 Inhang-Ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sei Won Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Liu Z, Fang C, Sun B, Liao X. Governance matters: Urban expansion, environmental regulation, and PM2.5 pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162788. [PMID: 36907424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing PM2.5 pollution in urban expansion threatens citizens' health. Environmental regulation has proven to be an effective tool to directly combat PM2.5 pollution. However, whether it can moderate the impacts of urban expansion on PM2.5 pollution, in the context of rapid urbanization, is an interesting and unexplored topic. Therefore, this paper constructs a Drivers-Governance-Impacts framework and explores in depth the interactions among urban expansion, environmental regulation, and PM2.5 pollution. Based on 2005-2018 sample data from the Yangtze River Delta region, the estimation results of the Spatial Durbin model imply that (1) urban expansion has an inverse U-shaped association with PM2.5 pollution. The positive correlation may reverse when the ratio of urban built-up land area hits 0.21. (2) Of the three environmental regulations, investment in pollution control has little impact on PM2.5 pollution. Pollution charges and public attention exhibit a U-shaped and inverted U-shaped relationship with PM2.5 pollution, respectively. (3) In terms of moderating effects, pollution charges can exacerbate PM2.5 pollution from urban expansion, while public attention can inhibit it through its monitoring role. Therefore, we suggest that cities adopt differentiated strategies of urban expansion and environmental protection according to their urbanization levels. Meanwhile, appropriate formal regulation and strong informal regulation will help improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Sources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chuanglin Fang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Sources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Biao Sun
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Sources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Liao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Sources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Lin Y, Dong Y, Wang X, Chen L. Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210565. [PMID: 36521026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The well-established proton exchange membrane (PEM)-based water electrolysis, which operates under acidic conditions, possesses many advantages compared to alkaline water electrolysis, such as compact design, higher voltage efficiency, and higher gas purity. However, PEM-based water electrolysis is hampered by the low efficiency, instability, and high cost of anodic electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this review, the recently reported acidic OER electrocatalysts are comprehensively summarized, classified, and discussed. The related fundamental studies on OER mechanisms and the relationship between activity and stability are particularly highlighted in order to provide an atomistic-level understanding for OER catalysis. A stability test protocol is suggested to evaluate the intrinsic activity degradation. Some current challenges and unresolved questions, such as the usage of carbon-based materials and the differences between the electrocatalyst performances in acidic electrolytes and PEM-based electrolyzers are also discussed. Finally, suggestions for the most promising electrocatalysts and a perspective for future research are outlined. This review presents a fresh impetus and guideline to the rational design and synthesis of high-performance acidic OER electrocatalysts for PEM-based water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Lin
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Xuezhen Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, 315000, China
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Xu D, Zhang X, Hong X, Qian Y, Liang H. Distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic compounds in coal gangue from coal city-East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58674-58683. [PMID: 36997787 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Coal gangue is a by-product of coal, the output of which is as high as 30% of raw coal, whereas only 30% of it is recycled. The leftover remains in the environment from gangue backfilling areas and overlap with residential, agricultural, and industrial areas. Coal gangue accumulated in the environment is easily weathered and oxidized and becomes a source of various pollutants. In this paper, 30 coal gangue samples (fresh and weathered coal gangues) were collected from three mine areas in Huaibei, Anhui province, China. Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze thirty polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16PAHs), preferentially controlled by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), and the corresponding alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (a-PAHs). The results showed that PACs existed objectively in coal gangue, and the content of a-PAHs was higher than that of 16PAHs (average values for 16PAHs ranged from 77.8 to 581 ng/g; average values for a-PAHs ranged from 97.4 to 3179 ng/g). Moreover, coal types not only affected the content and type of PACs but also affected the distribution pattern of a-PAHs at different substitution sites. With the increase of gangue weathering degree, the composition of a-PAHs kept changing; the low ring a-PAHs were more easily diffused to the environment, and the high ring a-PAHs remained enriched in the weathered coal gangue. The correlation analysis showed that the correlation between fluoranthene (FLU) and alkylated fluoranthene (a-FLU) was as high as 94%, and the calculated ratios were not more than 1.5. The basic conclusion is that not only 16PAHs and a-PAHs objectively existed in the coal gangue, but also the characteristic compound belonging to the pollution source of coal gangue oxidation have been discovered. The results of the study provide a new perspective for the analysis of existing pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - YaHui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing, 100083, China.
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Chowdhury S, Pillarisetti A, Oberholzer A, Jetter J, Mitchell J, Cappuccilli E, Aamaas B, Aunan K, Pozzer A, Alexander D. A global review of the state of the evidence of household air pollution's contribution to ambient fine particulate matter and their related health impacts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107835. [PMID: 36857905 PMCID: PMC10378453 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Direct exposure to household fine particulate air pollution (HAP) associated with inefficient combustion of fuels (wood, charcoal, coal, crop residues, kerosene, etc.) for cooking, space-heating, and lighting is estimated to result in 2.3 (1.6-3.1) million premature yearly deaths globally. HAP emitted indoors escapes outdoors and is a leading source of outdoor ambient fine particulate air pollution (AAP) in low- and middle-income countries, often being a larger contributor than well-recognized sources including road transport, industry, coal-fired power plants, brick kilns, and construction dust. We review published scientific studies that model the contribution of HAP to AAP at global and major sub-regional scales. We describe strengths and limitations of the current state of knowledge on HAP's contribution to AAP and the related impact on public health and provide recommendations to improve these estimates. We find that HAP is a dominant source of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) globally - regardless of variations in model types, configurations, and emission inventories used - that contributes approximately 20 % of total global PM2.5 exposure. There are large regional variations: in South Asia, HAP contributes ∼ 30 % of ambient PM2.5, while in high-income North America the fraction is ∼ 7 %. The median estimate indicates that the household contribution to ambient air pollution results in a substantial premature mortality burden globally of about 0.77(0.54-1) million excess deaths, in addition to the 2.3 (1.6-3.1) million deaths from direct HAP exposure. Coordinated global action is required to avert this burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Jetter
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - John Mitchell
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Eva Cappuccilli
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Borgar Aamaas
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Aunan
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
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Wang Y, Cao J. Examining the Effects of Socioeconomic Development on Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in China's Cities Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis and MGWR Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2814. [PMID: 36833511 PMCID: PMC9957249 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the characteristics of PM2.5 and its socioeconomic factors is crucial for managing air pollution. Research on the socioeconomic influences of PM2.5 has yielded several results. However, the spatial heterogeneity of the effect of various socioeconomic factors on PM2.5 at different scales has yet to be studied. This paper collated PM2.5 data for 359 cities in China from 2005 to 2020, as well as socioeconomic data: GDP per capita (GDPP), secondary industry proportion (SIP), number of industrial enterprise units above the scale (NOIE), general public budget revenue as a proportion of GDP (PBR), and population density (PD). The spatial autocorrelation and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model was used to analyze the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of PM2.5 and explore the impact of different scales of economic factors. Results show that the overall economic level was developing well, with a spatial distribution trend of high in the east and low in the west. With a large positive spatial correlation and a highly concentrated clustering pattern, the PM2.5 concentration declined in 2020. Secondly, the OLS model's statistical results were skewed and unable to shed light on the association between economic factors and PM2.5. Predictions from the GWR and MGWR models may be more precise than those from the OLS model. The scales of the effect were produced by the MGWR model's variable bandwidth and regression coefficient. In particular, the MGWR model's regression coefficient and variable bandwidth allowed it to account for the scale influence of economic factors; it had the highest adjusted R2 values, smallest AICc values, and residual sums of squares. Lastly, the PBR had a clear negative impact on PM2.5, whereas the negative impact of GDPP was weak and positively correlated in some western regions, such as Gansu and Qinghai provinces. The SIP, NOIE, and PD were positively correlated with PM2.5 in most regions. Our findings can serve as a theoretical foundation for researching the associations between PM2.5 and socioeconomic variables, and for encouraging the coequal growth of the economy and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Jianfei Cao
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Dongying 257000, China
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11
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Xu BL, Wang YY, Jiang LL, Liu Z, Liu DR, Zhao H, Li SL, Wang XB. Inhibitory effect of main phenolic acid components of Jacobaea cannabifolia (Less.) on inflammation caused by PM 2.5. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1096137. [PMID: 36699051 PMCID: PMC9870245 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1096137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 is an important environmental problem threatening human health at present, which poses serious harm to human body after inhalation. J. cannabifolia is a traditional Chinese medicine which exhibits anti-inflammatory effect. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of main phenolic acid components of J. cannabifolia on inflammation caused by PM2.5. Effect of PM2.5 on cell activity and apoptosis were determined by MTT, flow cytometry and calcein AM/PI staining. PHBA, PHPAA, and mixture of PHBA and PHPAA of different concentrations were given to RAW264.7 cells pretreated with PM2.5. The effect of drugs on cellular inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA. The expressions of TLRs related signal pathway at protein and gene levels were detected by western blot and qRT-PCR. The results showed that PM2.5 had no effect on cell activity and apoptosis within the determined concentration range. PHBA and PHPAA could markly inhibit the level of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the expressions of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, TAK1, IKKβ, and NF-κB induced by PM2.5 were markedly inhibited by PHBA and PHPAA at protein and gene levels. This study demonstrated that PHBA and PHPAA could attenuated inflammation caused by PM2.5 through suppressing TLRs related signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Li Xu
- 1967th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Dalian, China,2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ling-Ling Jiang
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ding-Rui Liu
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - He Zhao
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Shi-Liang Li
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- 1967th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Dalian, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Bo Wang,
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Liu XQ, Huang J, Song C, Zhang TL, Liu YP, Yu L. Neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by PM2.5 Exposure and its possible role in Neurodegenerative and mental disorders. Hum Exp Toxicol 2023; 42:9603271231191436. [PMID: 37537902 DOI: 10.1177/09603271231191436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent extensive evidence suggests that ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5, with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) may be neurotoxic to the brain and cause central nervous system damage, contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. PM2.5 can enter the brain via various pathways, including the blood-brain barrier, olfactory system, and gut-brain axis, leading to adverse effects on the CNS. Studies in humans and animals have revealed that PM2.5-mediated mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and gut flora dysbiosis, play a crucial role in CNS damage. Additionally, PM2.5 exposure can induce epigenetic alterations, such as hypomethylation of DNA, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of some CNS damage. Through literature analysis, we suggest that promising therapeutic targets for alleviating PM2.5-induced neurological damage include inhibiting microglia overactivation, regulating gut microbiota with antibiotics, and targeting signaling pathways, such as PKA/CREB/BDNF and WNT/β-catenin. Additionally, several studies have observed an association between PM2.5 exposure and epigenetic changes in neuropsychiatric disorders. This review summarizes and discusses the association between PM2.5 exposure and CNS damage, including the possible mechanisms by which PM2.5 causes neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Qi Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jia Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chao Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tian-Liang Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yong-Ping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Zhang Y, Guo Z, Zhang W, Li Q, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Luo Z. Effect of Acute PM2.5 Exposure on Lung Function in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:529-540. [PMID: 37193111 PMCID: PMC10183178 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s405929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the adverse effects of acute PM2.5 exposure on lung function in children. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting, participants and measures: Eligible studies analyzing PM2.5 level and lung function in children were screened out. Effect estimates of PM2.5 measurements were quantified using random effect models. Heterogeneity was investigated with Q-test and I2 statistics. We also conducted meta-regression and sensitivity analysis to explore the sources of heterogeneity, such as different countries and asthmatic status. Subgroup analyses were conducted to determine the effects of acute PM2.5 exposure on children of different asthmatic status and in different countries. Results A total of 11 studies with 4314 participants from Brazil, China and Japan were included finally. A 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with a 1.74L/min (95% CI: -2.68, -0.90) decrease in peak expiratory flow (PEF). Since the asthmatic status and country could partly explain the heterogeneity, we conducted the subgroup analysis. Children with severe asthma were more susceptible to PM2.5 exposure (-3.11 L/min per 10 μg/m3 increase, 95% CI -4.54, -1.67) than healthy children (-1.61 L/min per 10 μg/m3 increase, 95% CI -2.34, -0.91). In the children of China, PEF decreased by 1.54 L/min (95% CI -2.33, -0.75) with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure. In the children of Japan, PEF decreased by 2.65 L/min (95% CI -3.82, -1.48) with a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 exposure. In contrast, no statistic association was found between every 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 and lung function in children of Brazil (-0.38 L/min, 95% CI -0.91, 0.15). Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the acute PM2.5 exposure exerted adverse impacts on children's lung function, and children with severe asthma were more susceptible to the increase of PM2.5 exposure. The impacts of acute PM2.5 exposure varied across different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyao Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinyuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhili Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhengxiu Luo, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Son S, Elkamhawy A, Jang CM. Active Soil Filter System for Indoor Air Purification in School Classrooms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15666. [PMID: 36497741 PMCID: PMC9740050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An active soil filter system was newly designed and evaluated to obtain a higher removal efficiency of fine particulate matter (PM) for indoor air purification in schools. Unlike passive air purification systems that remove PM using only plant leaves, air purification can be maximized by filtering polluted indoor air directly between the soil particles supporting the plant. The novel system is composed of a composite soil layer and a suction blower that forces outside air into the soil layer. It was found that the air purification performance was improved as the inflow air velocity upstream of the soil is decreased and the soil stacking height increased. The lower the soil moisture, the better the air purification performance. Considering both the classroom environment and the system's energy consumption, it is recommended that the soil stacking height is 150 mm, the soil inflow air velocity is 2 cm/s, and the relative humidity is 35%. Under these conditions, the air purification efficiency for PM2.5 is 41.5%. The indoor air purification system using the soil filter system, along with the currently used plant leaves medium, is expected to improve the indoor air quality in public facilities, such as school classrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwan Son
- Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea
| | - Aya Elkamhawy
- Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea
- Smart City and Construction Engineering, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Man Jang
- Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea
- Smart City and Construction Engineering, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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15
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Wang N, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang H, Zhao Y, Wu G, Li M, Zhou Z, Wang X, Yu JZ, Zhou Y. Ambient particle characteristics by single particle aerosol mass spectrometry at a coastal site in Hong Kong: a case study affected by the sea-land breeze. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14116. [PMID: 36325180 PMCID: PMC9620973 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The sea-land breeze (SLB) circulation plays a vital role in the transport of atmospheric pollutants in coastal cities. In this study, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) and combined bulk aerosol instruments were deployed to investigate the ambient particle characteristic at a suburban coastal site in Hong Kong from February 22 to March 10, 2013. Significant SLB circulations were captured from March 6-10, 2013, during the campaign. During the SLB periods, air quality worsened, with PM2.5 concentrations reaching a peak of 55.6 μg m-3 and an average value of 42.8 ± 4.5 μg m-3. A total of 235,894 particles were measured during the SLB stage. Eight major sources were identified by investigating the mixing states of the total particles, including the coal-burning related particles (48.1%), biomass burning particles (6.7%), vehicle emission-related particles (16.4%), sea salt (9.2%), ship emission particles (2.7%), dust/steeling industries (3.7%), waste incineration (6.3%), and road dust (3.9%). It was noteworthy that the PM2.5 concentrations and particle numbers increased sharply during the transition of land wind to the sea breeze. Meanwhile, the continental sourced pollutants recirculated back to land resulting in a cumulative increase in pollutants. Both individual and bulk measurements support the above results, with high contributions from coal burning, biomass burning, bulk K+, and NO3 -, which were probably from the regional transportation from the nearby area. In contrast, the ship and vehicle emissions increased during the SLB period, with a high sulfate concentration partially originating from the ship emission. In this study, field evidence of continental-source pollutants backflow to land with the evolution of sea breeze was observed and helped our current understanding of the effect of SLB on air quality in the coastal city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Houwen Wang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanru Wu
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
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Rodríguez-Santamaría K, Zafra-Mejía CA, Rondón-Quintana HA. Macro-Morphological Traits of Leaves for Urban Tree Selection for Air Pollution Biomonitoring: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:812. [PMID: 36290949 PMCID: PMC9599504 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban trees provide different ecosystem benefits, such as improving air quality due to the retention of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on their leaves. The main objective of this paper was to study, through a systematic literature review, the leaf macro-morphological traits (LMTs) most used for the selection of urban trees as air pollution biomonitors. A citation frequency index was used in scientific databases, where the importance associated with each variable was organized by quartiles (Q). The results suggest that the most biomonitored air pollutants by the LMTs of urban trees were PM between 1-100 µm (Q1 = 0.760), followed by O3 (Q2 = 0.586), PM2.5 (Q2 = 0.504), and PM10 (Q3 = 0.423). PM was probably the most effective air pollutant for studying and evaluating urban air quality in the context of tree LMTs. PM2.5 was the fraction most used in these studies. The LMTs most used for PM monitoring were leaf area (Q1) and specific leaf area (Q4). These LMTs were frequently used for their easy measurement and quantification. In urban areas, it was suggested that leaf area was directly related to the amount of PM retained on tree leaves. The PM retained on tree leaves was also used to study other f associated urban air pollutants associated (e.g., heavy metals and hydrocarbons).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rodríguez-Santamaría
- Grupo de Investigación INDESOS, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este #15-82, Bogotá DC E-111711, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alfonso Zafra-Mejía
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería Ambiental—GIIAUD, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este #15-82, Bogotá DC E-111711, Colombia
| | - Hugo Alexander Rondón-Quintana
- Ingeniería Topográfica, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este #15-82, Bogotá DC E-111711, Colombia
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The distribution and movement characteristics of fine particles in an electrostatic precipitator with multi-field synergy. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Qin G, Wang X, Wang T, Nie D, Li Y, Liu Y, Wen H, Huang L, Yu C. Impact of Particulate Matter on Hospitalizations for Respiratory Diseases and Related Economic Losses in Wuhan, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:797296. [PMID: 35692312 PMCID: PMC9174547 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.797296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior studies have reported the effects of particulate matter (PM) on respiratory disease (RD) hospitalizations, but few have quantified PM-related economic loss in the central region of China. This investigation aimed to assess the impacts of PM pollution on the risk burden and economic loss of patients admitted with RD. Methods Daily cases of RD admitted to the hospital from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2020 were collected from two class-A tertiary hospitals in Wuhan, China. Time series analysis incorporated with a generalized additive model (GAM) was adopted to assess the impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and inhalable particulate matter (PM10) exposures on patients hospitalized with RD. Stratified analyses were performed to investigate underlying effect modification of RD risk by sex, age, and season. The cost of illness (COI) approach was applied to evaluate the related economic losses caused by PM. Results A total of 51,676 inpatients with a primary diagnosis of RD were included for the analysis. PM2.5 and PM10 exposures were associated with increased risks of hospitalizations for RD. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that men and children in the 0–14 years age group were more vulnerable to PM, and the adverse effects were promoted by low temperature in the cold season. A 152.4 million China Yuan (CNY) economic loss could be avoided if concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 declined to 10 and 20 μg/m3, respectively. Conclusions PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were positively associated with RD hospitalization. Men and children were more vulnerable to PM. Effective air pollution control measures can reduce hospitalizations significantly and save economic loss substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyu Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuyan Wang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dewei Nie
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyu Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanhua Yu
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Hasan J, Wang J, Wang Z, Idrees M, Batool S, Zhang C, Qin C. Enhanced ultraviolet-visible photocatalysis of RGO/equaixial geometry TiO 2 composites on degradation of organic dyes in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:12222-12236. [PMID: 34562218 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reduced graphene oxide dopped equaixial geometry TiO2 (rGO/egTiO2) composite as photocatalyst was synthesized hydrothermally with various mass ratios of tetrabutyl titanate. The photocatalyst is considered to be rGO/equaixial geometry TiO2 in terms of modifying the combined reduced graphene Oxide and TiO2. The rGO plays a vital role in rGO/egTiO2 composite as photocatalysts were analyzed in methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) photocatalytic degradation under UV and simulated solar light irradiation. This synthesized catalyst was characterized by various analytical techniques such as XPS, XRD, SEM, BET, and TEM. The rGO/egTiO2 composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic performance with degradation rates of 97.5 and 97% on RhB and MB for 60 min under UV radiation respectively, while the degradation rate of 94 and 92 % was observed on the same dyes for 6 h under the simulated sunlight radiation. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of the rGO/egTiO2 composite under ultraviolet irradiation source was owing to a high separation efficiency of the photo-induced electron-hole pairs, while the photocatalytic performance under simulated sunlight radiation was due to the photosensitive and charge separator behavior of rGO. This offers us an excellent potential of significant photocatalytic activity for the removal of organic contaminants from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaafar Hasan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics and Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, People's Republic of China
- College of Dentistry, AL-Muthanna University, AL-Muthanna Province, Samawah, Iraq
| | - Jing Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics and Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhentao Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics and Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Saima Batool
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiwei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics and Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanguang Qin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Supernormal Material Physics and Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, People's Republic of China.
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Park SB, Park JH, Jo YM, Song D, Heo S, Lee TJ, Park S, Koo J. Development and validation of a dynamic mass-balance prediction model for indoor particle concentrations in an office room. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 207:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108465. [PMID: 38617094 PMCID: PMC11009930 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The Korean government recommends intermittent operation of air purifiers (APs) as a measure to maintain indoor particulate matter (PM) concentrations below the mandatory standards and reduce exposure to indr PM2.5 (PM with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μ m ). However, there is no guideline to inform occupants of when and how long APs should be operated to comply with the standards. In this study, we developed a dynamic mass-balance model to predict indoor PM concentrations in an office considering penetration of outdoor particles, change in number of occupants, and operational status of the AP. The model fit and prediction accuracies were verified using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 5157 criteria and the k-fold validation technique. We observed that indoor PM2.5 concentrations were determined by infiltration of outdoor PM2.5, and indoor generation/resuspension by occupants and removal. For PM 2.5 - 10 ( 2.5 μ m < diameter < 10 μ m ) , the indoor concentrations were determined by interior door access and indoor generation/resuspension. The operation of an AP effectively decreased indoor PM2.5 concentration but not PM2.5-10. We found that our model accurately predicted indoor PM concentrations. Therefore, using the developed model, a guideline may recommend: 1) start the AP when the predicted indoor PM2.5 concentrations under no AP operation approached the standard (e.g., 90% of the standard); and 2) stop the AP when the indoor PM2.5 concentration predicted under the assumption of no AP operation fell below the standard (e.g., 80% of the standard).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Bhin Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeong Park
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Young Min Jo
- Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Doosam Song
- School of Civil, Architectural Eng., and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Sujeong Heo
- Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Tae Jeong Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Sowoo Park
- School of Civil, Architectural Eng., and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Junemo Koo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
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Phytoremediation: The Sustainable Strategy for Improving Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most of the world’s population is exposed to highly polluted air conditions exceeding the WHO limits, causing various human diseases that lead towards increased morbidity as well as mortality. Expenditures on air purification and costs spent on the related health issues are rapidly increasing. To overcome this burden, plants are potential candidates to remove pollutants through diverse biological mechanisms involving accumulation, immobilization, volatilization, and degradation. This eco-friendly, cost-effective, and non-invasive method is considered as a complementary or alternative tool compared to engineering-based remediation techniques. Various plant species remove indoor and outdoor air pollutants, depending on their morphology, growth condition, and microbial communities. Hence, appropriate plant selection with optimized growth conditions can enhance the remediation capacity significantly. Furthermore, suitable supplementary treatments, or finding the best combination junction with other methods, can optimize the phytoremediation process.
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22
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The Influence of Outdoor Particulate Matter PM2.5 on Indoor Air Quality: The Implementation of a New Assessment Method. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14196230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological research has shown that there is a positive correlation between the incidence of disease and mortality in humans and the mass concentration of particulate matter. An average 1 g of suspended dust emitted in a room results in the same exposure as 1 kg emitted to the outside air. In this study, the authors described the state of knowledge on dust pollution inside and outside buildings (I/O ratios), and methods of testing the PM infiltration process parameters. According to the law of indoor–outdoor particle mass balance and the physical basis of aerosol penetration theory, a relatively simple but new method for estimating the penetration factor P was tested. On the basis of the curve of dynamic changes of internal dust concentration in the process of particle concentration decay and next of the followed curve of dynamic rebound of particle concentration, authors measured penetration factor of ambient PM2.5 through building envelope. Authors modification of the method is to be used for determining the value of the particle deposition rate k not from the course of the characteristics in the transient state (the so-called particle concentration decay curves) but from the concentration rebound course, stimulated by natural particle infiltration process. Recognition measurements of the mass concentration of suspended PM2.5 and PM10 particles inside the rooms were carried out. In this study, the choice of the prediction particle penetration factor P calculation method was supported by the exemplary calculation of the p value for a room polluted by PM2.5. The preliminary results of the penetration factors determined by this method P = 0.61 are consistent with the P factor values from the literature obtained so far for this dimensional group of dusts.
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Shao M, Dai Q, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Xie M, Feng Y. Responses in PM 2.5 and its chemical components to typical unfavorable meteorological events in the suburban area of Tianjin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147814. [PMID: 34034169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the result of enormous emissions and unfavorable meteorological conditions. The role of meteorology, particularly extremely unfavorable meteorological events (EUMEs), in processing atmospheric PM2.5 pollution has not been fully addressed. This work examined the variations of PM2.5 mass and its chemical components associated with various meteorological parameters and three EUMEs based on meteorological observations and analysis combined with one-year long in situ measurement in 2018 in the suburban area of Tianjin, China. Analysis shows that the polluted days in 2018 were mostly related to the increase in sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA). Temperature between -2 to 13 °C is more favorable for the formation of SNA, while high temperature exceeding 28 °C is favorable for the formation of organic carbon and sulfate. Most of the ions and carbon components showed significant increase in concentrations when relative humidity exceeded 80%. The maximum decreasing rate of PM2.5 concentrations due to increase in wind speed and planetary boundary height could be 15.35 μg m-3 (m s-1)-1, and 34.37 μg m-3 (100 m)-1, respectively. EUMEs showed significant impacts on PM2.5 components, in which PM2.5 concentrations showed the most significant increase under temperature inversion (TI) events, and surface-based TI (SBTI) events usually have much stronger impacts on PM2.5 concentrations than elevated TI (ELTI). Nitrate was found to be the most sensitive component to EUMEs, especially under multiple EUMEs. The synthetic effects of multiple EUMEs could result in an increase of nitrate by 35.53 μg m-3 (523.3%). In addition, OC and sulfate are more sensitive to heat wave events. Our analysis provides improved understanding of the formation of PM2.5 pollution with respect to meteorology, particularly EUMEs. Based on such information, more attention may be needed on the collaborative prediction of EUMEs and air pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhuojun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
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24
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Zhou L, Liu H, Zhang R, Yin J, Huo C, WangMo K, Hua S, Ye L. MUC5B regulates the airway inflammation induced by atmospheric PM 2.5 in rats and A549 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112448. [PMID: 34174739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5 can induce airway inflammation and mucin secretion. MUC5B is required for airway defense. However, the research on the role of MUC5B in airway inflammation induced by atmospheric PM2.5 remains limited. This study was designed to explore the role of MUC5B in airway inflammation induced by atmospheric PM2.5. In vivo, Wistar rats were exposed to 0, 1.5, 7.5, 37.5 mg/ kg PM2.5 saline suspension via intratracheal instillation. HE staining and AB-PAS staining were used to observe the airway inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia. In vitro, normal A549 cells and MUC5B-knockdown A549 cells were exposed to 0, 100, 200 and 400 μg/mL PM2.5 for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h. ELISA was used to measure the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats and in cell culture. Real time-PCR and ELISA were used to quantify the mRNA and protein levels of MUC5B in trachea and lung of rats and in A549 cells. PM2.5 could cause the infiltration of inflammatory cells and increase the mucus secretions and goblet cell metaplasia. MUC5B is related to rats' airway inflammation induced by PM2.5. A549 cells exposed to PM2.5 in higher concentration and longer time, the protein level of MUC5B was significantly increased, while the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and MUC5B mRNA were significantly decreased. Compared with normal A549 cells, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly higher in Muc5b-knockdown cells. Atmospheric PM2.5 can induce airway inflammation and mucin secretion. MUC5B played a critical role in controlling the inflammatory response induced by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, China; Department of Disease Control and Management, Fuling District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chongqing, China
| | - Ruxuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, China
| | - Jianli Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, China
| | - Chuanyi Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, China
| | - Kelsang WangMo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, China.
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25
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Zajusz-Zubek E, Korban Z. The use of multi-criteria method in the process of threat assessment to the environment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18296. [PMID: 34521953 PMCID: PMC8440600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of the content of trace elements, including toxic and carcinogenic metals, in various fractions of particulate matter PM are an important element of environmental monitoring and research involving their impact on human health. The article presents the measurement results of atmospheric composition of suspended dust (PM10), respirable fraction (PM2.5) and submicron particulate matter (PM1) collected with the Dekati PM10 cascade impactor. Samples were collected in the vicinity of four working power plants (from 28 May to 23 September 2014) and four coking plants (from 4 May to 28 August 2015) in Upper Silesia, Poland. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the solutions: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb) and selenium (Se) obtained for individual fractions was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, using the apparatus ICP-MS. The research results were used to determine a synthetic assessment of the threat to the anthropogenic environment and for the preparation of the ranking of the measured points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Zajusz-Zubek
- Department of Air Protection, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 22B Konarskiego St., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Korban
- Department of Safety Engineering, Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, 2 Akademicka St., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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26
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Hong Z, Zeng P, Zhuang G, Guo Q, Cai C. Toxicological Effects of Artificial Fine Particulate Matter in Rats through Induction of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 255:19-25. [PMID: 34497164 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.255.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Airborne fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or smaller than 2.5 μm (abbreviated as PM2.5) increases the risk of nasal lesions, but the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the atmosphere, the composition of PM2.5 collected varies in physical and chemical properties, which affects its damage to human health. Thus, we constructed artificial PM2.5 particles based on actual PM2.5 and investigated the in vivo effects of artificial PM2.5 exposure on the oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and nasal mucosa morphology of rats. The results showed that artificial PM2.5 is comparable in composition ratio, size, and morphology to actual PM2.5. This in vivo study indicated that artificial PM2.5 exposure reduces total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, elevates malondialdehyde content in the nasal mucosa, and induces increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Our data shows that artificial PM2.5 particles could be used for experimental study of PM2.5 toxicology, ensuring that the physical and chemical properties of experimental PM2.5 are relatively constant and allowing for repeatability of this research. Oxidative damage and inflammatory response may be the toxic mechanisms that cause nasal lesions after exposure to artificial PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.,The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University
| | - Peiji Zeng
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University
| | - Guoshun Zhuang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University
| | - Qiaoling Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.,The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University
| | - Chengfu Cai
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Xiamen University
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27
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The Study of Airborne Particulate Matter in Dalnegorsk Town. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179234. [PMID: 34501819 PMCID: PMC8431032 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mines, quarries, dumps, and tailings are the sources of air pollution. In the Dalnegorsk District (Primorsky Krai, Russia), there are 20 polymetallic deposits. This study aimed to evaluate the particle size and material composition of ambient particulate matter (PM) in Dalnegorsk town and verify the influence of mining and chemical industry facilities on the composition of PM. Ambient particulates were analyzed in samples of snow cover and washout from vegetation (conifer tree needles). According to particle size distribution data, the relative content of particles with a diameter up to 10 microns (PM10) reaches 40% in three snow samples taken in the central part of the town. Among ore minerals, pyrite and arsenopyrite predominated in the samples. In addition, sphalerite, galena, cassiterite, and iron–chromium–nickel formations of various shapes were found in the studied particles. The presence of these metals in airborne PM can negatively affect the incidence rate of PM-associated diseases and the determination of their levels are very useful for air pollution prevention strategies.
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28
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Yang L, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Environmental Regulations and Corporate Green Innovation in China: The Role of City Leaders' Promotion Pressure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157774. [PMID: 34360064 PMCID: PMC8345558 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
China and other emerging market countries have suffered from the problem of environmental pollution while developing rapidly in the past few decades. In recent years, many countries have introduced strict environmental regulations in order to achieve sustainable development. This paper discusses the relationship between environmental regulations and corporate green innovation from the perspective of regional leaders' promotion pressure. The empirical results show that direct policy regulation within the region stimulates green innovation on the part of enterprises, and the promotion pressure of city leaders has a further positive moderating effect on the positive correlation between environmental regulations and enterprises' green innovation. The conclusion of the study proves that a strict environmental policy can promote the effectiveness of an environmental performance appraisal system in the sustainable development plans of cities and enterprises. This paper not only reveals the influence path of official promotion pressure on the sustainable development of enterprises in the administrative area from the micro perspective but also sheds some light that may improve government governance and promote the transformation of enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Department of Public Finance, School of Public Finance and Taxation, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Department of Administration, College of Philosophy, Law& Political Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201418, China;
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Finance, Finance and Economics School, Jimei University, Xiamen 361031, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1351-5963-126
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29
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Li S, Lu S, Xu X, Zhao N, Li A, Xu L. How human mega-events influence urban airborne PM 2.5 pollution: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 281:117009. [PMID: 33813194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution caused by PM2.5 particles is a critical issue for public health that adversely affects people living in urban cities. Short-term Mega-events such as international meetings, sports tournaments, and traditional festivals can profoundly influence the local air quality. However, the extent of these influences and their role in improving or deteriorating the local air quality is still unclear. By collecting relative research from 75 publications based on more than 37 cities worldwide, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We calculated the log response ratio (RR) of the treatment (during) and control periods (before and after) of the Mega-events. The short-term policy control measures enacted during the Mega-Events consisting of meetings caused a significant decline (by -44.06%) in the ambient PM2.5 concentration. The mean daily PM2.5 concentration reduced from more than 100.00 μg/m3 before the events to 60.39 μg/m3, which is below the WHO (World Health Organization) interim target - 1 (75 μg/m3). On the contrary, setting off fireworks during the festival increased the ambient PM2.5 concentrations by 89.57% on average, with a mean daily value of 254.22 μg/m3. The variations in the effects of all event types on the air quality were primarily influenced by the background PM2.5 concentrations, with a negative correlation throughout. Moreover, the impact of events with policy control measures was also influenced by the year of the event, level of control, and location (suburban/urban) of the monitoring sites. Our findings provide evidence of the potential of human intervention on PM2.5 pollution reduction. We further highlight the crucial role of background pollution level in implementing policies during the Mega-events, which can benefit the environmental governance of developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoning Li
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shaowei Lu
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Na Zhao
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Ai Li
- Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
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30
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Krupnova TG, Rakova OV, Gavrilkina SV, Antoshkina EG, Baranov EO, Dmitrieva AP, Somova AV. Extremely high concentrations of zinc in birch tree leaves collected in Chelyabinsk, Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2551-2570. [PMID: 32488796 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element and a vital microelement for human health. Zinc can be toxic when exposures exceed physiological needs. Toxic effects in humans are most evident from inhalation exposure to high concentrations of Zn compounds. Urban air pollution can be especially dangerous due to the Zn content in airborne dust. Tree leaves can absorb significant levels of zinc. In this study, leaf deposition of Zn was investigated in Chelyabinsk, Russia. Russian zinc production plant and metallurgical plant are located in Chelyabinsk. Extremely high concentrations of Zn (316-4000 mg kg-1) were found in the leaves of birch trees. It is well known that traffic also is Zn source in an urban environment. Trees, growing at the different distances from zinc production and metallurgical plants and road to identify the contribution of each source (road or industry), were studied. Through SEM analysis, the prevalence of small particulates (PM10 and less), containing Zn, illustrated leaf Zn deposition from the air by passing root accumulation. It was shown that emission of zinc production plant and the metallurgical plant is the main source of leaf Zn deposition in Chelyabinsk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G Krupnova
- Chemistry Department, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospect, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080.
| | - Olga V Rakova
- Chemistry Department, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospect, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - Svetlana V Gavrilkina
- South Urals Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miass, Russia, 456317
| | - Elizaveta G Antoshkina
- Chemistry Department, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospect, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - Evgeny O Baranov
- Chemistry Department, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospect, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - Anastasia P Dmitrieva
- Chemistry Department, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospect, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - Anna V Somova
- Chemistry Department, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospect, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
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31
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Mak HWL, Ng DCY. Spatial and Socio-Classification of Traffic Pollutant Emissions and Associated Mortality Rates in High-Density Hong Kong via Improved Data Analytic Approaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6532. [PMID: 34204413 PMCID: PMC8296480 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Excessive traffic pollutant emissions in high-density cities result in thermal discomfort and are associated with devastating health impacts. In this study, an improved data analytic framework that combines geo-processing techniques, social habits of local citizens like traffic patterns and working schedule and district-wise building morphologies was established to retrieve street-level traffic NOx and PM2.5 emissions in all 18 districts of Hong Kong. The identification of possible human activity regions further visualizes the intersection between emission sources and human mobility. The updated spatial distribution of traffic emission could serve as good indicators for better air quality management, as well as the planning of social infrastructures in the neighborhood environment. Further, geo-processed traffic emission figures can systematically be distributed to respective districts via mathematical means, while the correlations of NOx and mortality within different case studies range from 0.371 to 0.783, while varying from 0.509 to 0.754 for PM2.5, with some assumptions imposed in our study. Outlying districts and good practices of maintaining an environmentally friendly transportation network were also identified and analyzed via statistical means. This newly developed data-driven framework of allocating and quantifying traffic emission could possibly be extended to other dense and heavily polluted cities, with the aim of enhancing health monitoring campaigns and relevant policy implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Wai Leung Mak
- Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daisy Chiu Yi Ng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong;
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32
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Should There Be Industrial Agglomeration in Sustainable Cities?: A Perspective Based on Haze Pollution. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Haze pollution is a problem that cannot be ignored in the process of building sustainable cities, and while shifting industrial enterprises can solve the problem at the root, it is not conducive to the sustainable development of urban economies. This paper discusses the role of industrial agglomeration on urban pollution amelioration (haze pollution) using a sample of 253 prefecture-level cities in China. The highlight of this paper is the study of economic and environmental factors in the development of sustainable cities in the same framework and a series of econometric treatments that greatly increase the accuracy of the empirical evidence. Research intuitively shows that China’s haze pollution is clustered in spatial distribution and is spatially heterogeneous in concentration. With the passage of time, haze pollution has a tendency to move from an H–H concentration area to an L–L concentration area. The regression results show that an increase in the scale of local industrial agglomeration will lead to a decrease in local haze pollution; but an increase in the scale of local industrial agglomeration will lead to an increase in haze pollution in adjacent areas. Industrial agglomeration has significant spatial spillover effects, which are spatially heterogeneous. In addition, spillover effects between regions are greater than those within regions. After replacing the spatial weight matrix and controlling the endogenous problem using the instrumental variable method, the conclusion is still robust.
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33
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Han M, Yang F, Sun H. A bibliometric and visualized analysis of research progress and frontiers on health effects caused by PM 2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:30595-30612. [PMID: 33907954 PMCID: PMC8079165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the major air pollutants. A large number of epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that PM2.5 pollution can cause adverse health consequences, which has attracted more public attention. In order to have a deeper and more structured understanding of the research progress and frontiers on the impact of PM2.5 on health, in this study, we used the bibliometrics software CiteSpace to analyze the relevant literature in this field. The results show that since 2000, the relevant literature has increased steadily, especially in the last 5 years, and the number of publications in China has increased rapidly. The United States has the most publications. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and Professor Joel Schwartz are the most published institution and author, respectively, and many articles have been published in the journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. Over time, studies on the health effects of PM2.5 have gradually deepened. In addition to a more comprehensive study of its harmful effects, the related molecular mechanisms have also been further explored. We believe that countries and regions should strengthen cooperation and jointly solve the harm caused by PM2.5 through the integration of multiple disciplines and fields. In addition, the adverse health consequences and its related mechanisms caused by exposure to ultrafine particle, different chemical components of PM2.5, as well as the intervention of the health effects caused by PM2.5 need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Han
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
| | - Fengxia Yang
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
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A Risk and Decision Analysis Framework to Evaluate Future PM 2.5 Risk: A Case Study in Los Angeles-Long Beach Metro Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094905. [PMID: 34064536 PMCID: PMC8124696 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the L.A.-Long Beach Metro area concerning the future risk of the PM2.5 concentration increase. Population expansion, economic growth, and temperature increase are incorporated to estimate the probability of the magnitude of PM2.5 emission increase. Three possible sectors for the reduction of PM2.5 emissions are considered: ocean-going vessels, refineries, and electricity-generating units. The decision of how best to allocate emissions-reduction efforts among these three sectors is analyzed using a quantitative and qualitative decision-analysis framework. For quantitative analysis, Expected Monetary Value (EMV) and Expected Utility (EU) methods are used to select the optimal sector to invest in. Based on the EMV calculation, the refineries sector is 3.5 times and 6.4 times more worthy of investment compared to the electricity-generating units and the ocean-going vessels sector, respectively. For the qualitative analysis, three criteria (investment efficiency, implementation difficulty, time to become effective) are considered in the decision-making process and sensitivity analysis is conducted to inform the ocean-going vessel sector is the optimal alternative for all possible scenarios. The refineries sector is more preferred than the electricity-generating units sector when the implementation difficulty's weight is smaller than 50%. This study provides a valuable risk and decision analysis framework for analyzing the air pollution problem associated with the future PM2.5 concentration increase caused by three risk factors: population growth, economic growth, and climate change.
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Duan R, Wu Y, Wang M, Wu J, Wang X, Wang Z, Hu Y, Duan L. Association between short-term exposure to fine particulate pollution and outpatient visits for ulcerative colitis in Beijing, China: A time-series study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112116. [PMID: 33706140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors play an important role in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, only few studies have examined the effects of air pollution on UC occurrence. We conducted a time-series analysis to explore the association between short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and outpatient visits for UC in Beijing, China. In total, 84,000 outpatient visits for UC were retrieved from the Beijing Medical Claim Data for Employees between January 1, 2010 and June 30, 2012. Measurements of daily PM2.5 concentrations were obtained from the United States Embassy air-monitoring station. A generalized additive model with quasi-Poisson link was applied to examine the association between PM2.5 concentrations and outpatient visits for UC stratified by sex, age, and season. We found that short-term exposure to PM2.5 was significantly associated with increased daily outpatient visits for UC at lag 0 day. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration at lag 0 day corresponded to a 0.32% increase in outpatient visits for UC (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05-0.58%; P = 0.019). There was a clear concentration-response association between daily outpatient visits for UC and PM2.5 concentrations. The PM2.5 effects were significant across all sex and season subgroups, without evidence of effect modification by sex (P = 0.942) or season (P = 0.399). The association was positive in patients younger than 65 years old but negative in those 65 years old or older, although the difference was not significant (P = 0.883). In conclusion, our study demonstrated that short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 was significantly associated with an increased risk of daily outpatient visits for UC, especially in younger people. Additional studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqiao Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junhui Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zijing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Liping Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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Ma xing shi gan decoction eliminates PM2.5-induced lung injury by reducing pulmonary cell apoptosis through Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway in rats. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225703. [PMID: 32627816 PMCID: PMC7350893 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the anti-apoptosis effect of Ma xing shi gan decoction (MXD) on PM2.5-induced lung injury via protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. A UPLC-MS/MS system was introduced for component analysis of MXD. Rats were instilled with PM2.5 solution suspension intratracheally to induce acute lung injury. The rats were then orally administered with MXD (16, 8, and 4 g/kg) once a day for 7 consecutive days. The therapeutic effects of MXD were evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. The apoptotic cell death was analyzed by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The alterations in cytochrome c (Cytc) and cleaved-caspase-3 (C-caspase-3) were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expressions of Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K were detected by Western blot. In vitro, PM2.5 exposure model was introduced in A549 cell, followed by incubation with MXD-medicated serum. Hoechst staining was used to determine apoptotic rate. The levels of Bax, Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K were detected by Western blot. Our results in vivo indicated that treatment with MXD decreased histopathological changes score, TUNEL-positive cells rate, expressions of Cytc and C-caspase-3. The in vitro results revealed that incubation with MXD-mediated serum decreased apoptotic rate. Both results in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that MXD inhibited pro-apoptotic protein Bax and promoted anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression. Likewise, MXD activated Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signal pathway, which was also confirmed by Western immunoblotting. In conclusion, MXD attenuates lung injury and the underlying mechanisms may relate to regulating the apoptosis via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway activation.
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Peng J, Hu M, Shang D, Wu Z, Du Z, Tan T, Wang Y, Zhang F, Zhang R. Explosive Secondary Aerosol Formation during Severe Haze in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2189-2207. [PMID: 33539077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe haze events with exceedingly high-levels of fine aerosols occur frequently over the past decades in the North China Plain (NCP), exerting profound impacts on human health, weather, and climate. The development of effective mitigation policies requires a comprehensive understanding of the haze formation mechanisms, including identification and quantification of the sources, formation, and transformation of the aerosol species. Haze evolution in this region exhibits distinct physical and chemical characteristics from clean to polluted periods, as evident from increasing stagnation and relative humidity, but decreasing solar radiation as well as explosive secondary aerosol formation. The latter is attributed to highly elevated concentrations of aerosol precursor gases and is reflected by rapid increases in the particle number and mass concentrations, both corresponding to nonequilibrium chemical processes. Considerable new knowledge has been acquired to understand the processes regulating haze formation, particularly in light of the progress in elucidating the aerosol formation mechanisms. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding secondary aerosol formation, by highlighting several critical chemical/physical processes, that is, new particle formation and aerosol growth driven by photochemistry and aqueous chemistry as well as the interaction between aerosols and atmospheric stability. Current challenges and future research priorities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhuofei Du
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyi Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Wang H, Yin P, Fan W, Wang Y, Dong Z, Deng Q, Zhou M. Mortality Risk Associated with Short-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter in China: Estimating Error and Implication. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1110-1121. [PMID: 33372762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most previous studies used a specific size of particulate matter (PMx) for dosimetry estimation when determining particulate matter (PM)-associated risk, which precluded the impact of other sizes of PM. Here, we used a multiple-path particle dosimetry model to determine the deposition of PM in human airways and further estimated the associated mortality risk in 205 cities in China. Results showed that the fractions of PM1, PM1-2.5, and coarse PM (PM2.5-10) deposited in the tracheobronchial (TB) and pulmonary airways were estimated in ranges of 11.06-12.83, 19.9-26.37, and 5.35-9.81%, respectively. Each 10 μg/m3 increase in deposited PM was significantly associated with a nationwide increment of 1.12% (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.77-1.49%) for total nonaccidental mortality. Short-term exposure to PM during 2014-2017 resulted in a nationwide mortality of 98 826 cases/year, with contributions from PM1, PM1-2.5, coarse PM of 37.7, 43.1, and 19.2%, respectively. Our study demonstrated that the estimated mortality counts may be associated with the coefficient of variation of dosimetry estimations. In addition, we revealed the caution should be exercised when interpreting PMx-associated risk and further reinforced the importance of size distribution in relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Yin
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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Wang Q, Fang J, Shi W, Dong X. Distribution characteristics and policy-related improvements of PM 2.5 and its components in six Chinese cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115299. [PMID: 32818727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the distribution characteristics and possible sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its components, as well as policy-related pollution reduction in the Chinese cities of Jinan, Shijiazhuang (SJZ), Chengdu, Wuxi, Wuhan, and Harbin (HRB). PM2.5 samples were collected using mid-volume samplers during the autumn of 2017 in all six cities. The samples were analyzed to determine the ambient PM2.5 compositions, including the concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), carbonaceous aerosols, and elements concentrations. The chemical ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon and nitrate to sulfate as well as the enrichment factors of elements were calculated to establish the possible sources of PM2.5 in all six cities. The highest PM2.5 concentration was 152 μg/m3 in SJZ, while the lowest concentration was 47 μg/m3 in HRB. During the sampling period in these six cities, the PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the World Health Organization recommended daily average air quality guidelines by 2.4-6.1 times, and WSIIs, carbonaceous aerosols, and elements accounted for 31.8%-61.6%, 9.8%-35.1%, and 0.9%-2.5% of the PM2.5, respectively. In 2013, the Chinese government formulated the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) for controlling air pollution, and effective measures have been implemented since then. Compared with previous studies conducted during 2009-2013 before the implementation of the APPCAP, the concentrations of PM2.5 and most of its components decreased to varying degrees, and large changes in the chemical ratios of PM2.5 components were observed. These results indicate that PM2.5 sources vary among these six cities and that China has improved the ambient air quality in these cities through the implementation of air pollution control policies. The APPCAP have achieved considerable results in continuously reducing pollution concentrations, although the air pollution concentrations observed in this study remain high compared with those of other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wanying Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Factors Influencing the Settlement Intentions of Chinese Migrants in Cities: An Analysis of Air Quality and Higher Income Opportunity as Predictors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207432. [PMID: 33066006 PMCID: PMC7600668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
With rapid urbanization, the air pollution issue is becoming an increasingly serious issue given that people are strongly swayed in their location choice to settle down in a growing urban area where most job opportunities have been created. This study investigated the influences of both air quality and income on the settlement intentions of Chinese migrants by using microlevel samples of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) data from 2017 and the annual average concentration of PM2.5 (particles with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm in the air) to measure a city’s air quality. The results showed that the settlement decisions of Chinese migrants involved a trade-off between income and air quality. Poorer air quality could significantly decrease the settlement intention, while a higher income could significantly increase the settlement intention of Chinese migrants. However, as the migrants’ income opportunity increased at a location, the negative influence of poorer air quality on the settlement intention at that location gradually declined. Specifically, when deciding whether to settle down in cities, the migrants with a non-agricultural “hukou” (household registration) tended to pay more attention to air quality than the migrants with an agricultural “hukou,” and migrants who moved farther away in geographic distance tended to pay more attention to income. It was concluded that the influences of air quality and income on the settlement intentions of the migrants were robust and consistent after using different estimation methods and considering the issue of endogeneity.
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Jiang Y, Chen J, Wu C, Lin X, Zhou Q, Ji S, Yang S, Zhang X, Liu B. Temporal cross-correlations between air pollutants and outpatient visits for respiratory and circulatory system diseases in Fuzhou, China. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1131. [PMID: 32690064 PMCID: PMC7370472 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that there is an association between air pollutants and circulatory and respiratory diseases; however, relatively few have analyzed the association between air pollutants and outpatient visits based on the mortality, hospitalization rates, etc., especially in areas with relatively good air quality. Therefore, we conducted this study to research the association between air pollutants and outpatient visits in Fuzhou, China. METHODS We used a generalized linear Poisson model to study the association between air pollution and outpatient visits for respiratory and circulatory diseases from 2016 to 2018 in Fuzhou, China. RESULTS In the single pollutant model, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) had a significant effect. For lag day 0 to lag day 5, the effect decreased with every 10 μg/L increase in NO2. The daily maximum 8-h mean ozone (O3-8h) and upper respiratory outpatient visits were positively associated during the cold period [lag2, excess risk (ER) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.68% (0.44-2.94%)], while O3-8h and respiratory disease were positively associated during the warm period [lag5, ER (95% CI): 1.10% (0.11-2.10%) and lag4, ER (95% CI): 1.02% (0.032-2.02%)]. Similarly, particulate matter (PM) with an average aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) and lower respiratory diseases were positively associated during the warm period [lag0, ER (95% CI): 1.68% (0.44-2.94%)]. When the concentration of O3-8h was higher than 100 μg/L, there was a positive effect on circulatory [lag5, ER (95% CI): 2.83% (0.65-5.06%)], respiratory [lag5, ER (95% CI): 2.47% (0.85-4.11%)] and upper respiratory [lag5, ER (95% CI): 3.06% (1.38-4.77%)] outpatient visits. The variation in O3-8h changed slightly when we adjusted for other air pollutants, and after adjusting for O3-8h, the ERs of the other air pollutants changed slightly. After adjusting for PM with an average aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), the ERs of the other air pollutants increased, and after adjusting for NO2, the ER of PM decreased. CONCLUSION Exposure to ambient NO2, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with an increase in respiratory and circulatory system-related outpatient visits in Fuzhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiedong Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuancheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Fuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Fuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shumi Ji
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuangfeng Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Fuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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He G, Chen Y, Wang S, Dong Y, Ju G, Chen B. The Association Between PM 2.5 and Depression in China. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820942699. [PMID: 32733175 PMCID: PMC7370340 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820942699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While China has been experiencing unprecedented economic growth, depression is becoming one of the most striking social and mental health problems in recent years. Such a paradox to progress may partially be due to the notoriously poor air quality of the country. To verify this argument, we constructed an index of the prevalence of depression (IPD) using internet search query volumes in Baidu to proxy the potential depression and examined how IPD is associated with PM2.5, the major air pollutant in China. Our results from 2-way fixed effects models reveal that a 100 μg·m−3 increase in previous week’s PM2.5 in a city is significantly associated with 0.279 increase in its IPD, comparable to 7.34 hours decrease in weekly daylight, and such relationship is particularly pronounced in the spring and summer and in East and South areas. Our findings of large-scale pattern suggest that PM2.5 at current levels in China poses serious mental health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangye He
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunsong Chen
- The Johns Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies, Nanjing, China
| | - Senhu Wang
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yiqun Dong
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guodong Ju
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Buwei Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Air Purification System with Vegetation Soil and Electrostatic Precipitator Filters. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes designing, manufacturing, and evaluating an eco-friendly modular-type air purification system to enhance the removal efficiency of fine particulate matter (PM) in urban public spaces, especially in hotspots. This system consists of artificial soil based-vegetation and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) filters. Unlike the so-called passive removal method, which adsorbs fine PM only by the leaves of plants, the vegetation soil filter based on multi-layered different artificial soils adopts an active removal method in which air purification is performed in the soil itself, bypassing external air by using the air circulation fan in the soil. The ESP filter is designed and evaluated to have a high fine PM removal efficiency, even at high suction velocity, to remove large amounts of outdoor fine PM. Throughout the experimental measurements on the hybrid air purification system with vegetation soil and ESP filters, it is observed that the vegetation soil filter has a 78.5% reduction efficiency for PM2.5 and a 47% for PM10 at the inlet air velocity of 0.15 m/s. The ESP filter also has a 73.1% reduction efficiency for PM2.5 and 87.3% for PM10 at an inlet air velocity of 3 m/s. Based on the performance evaluations of the vegetation soil filter and the ESP filter, it is noted that each individual module will be applied to an air purification tower with vertical expansion and installed in a high concentration area of fine PM in a downtown area to contribute to the fine PM reduction in the community.
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Shi Y, Batibawa JW, Maiga M, Sun B, Li Y, Duan J, Sun Z. Identification and validation of metformin protects against PM 2.5-induced macrophages cytotoxicity by targeting toll like receptor pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126526. [PMID: 32443237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fine particle matter (PM2.5) has been extensively reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases. Recently, metformin has been reported to attenuate PM2.5 associated respiratory and cardiovascular injury, but the underling mechanism has not been discovered. Here, we performed comprehensively bioinformatics analysis and fully validation experiment to investigate the protection role of metformin and underling mechanism with RNAseq profile in GEO database. A combination of various bioinformatics tools including edgeR, principal component analysis (PCA), K-Means clustering, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), GO and KEGG enrichment were performed to identify the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB axis functional as the key signaling transduction during PM2.5 associated toxicity. PM2.5 activated TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and resulted in significantly generation of IL-6, TNF-α, mitochondrial damage, decreasing of cell viability and increased LDH activity in RAW264.7 cells. Metformin significantly attenuated the production of IL-6, mitochondrial damage, cell viability and LDH activity by limiting TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. The siRNA against AMPKα2 or negative control were transfected to RAW264.7 cells to identify whether metformin protects PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity in an AMPKα2-dependent manner. Pretreatment with metformin significantly attenuated PM2.5 induced decreasing of cell viability and increased LDH activity, as well as inhibited the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in both siControl or siAMPKα2 cells. Taken together, our results indicate that metformin protects against PM2.5-induced mitochondrial damage and cell cytotoxicity by inhibiting TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in an AMPKα2 independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Josevata Werelagi Batibawa
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Modibo Maiga
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Baiyang Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
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Kholodov A, Golokhvast K. Air Pollution of Nature Reserves near Cities in Russia. SCIENTIFICA 2020; 2020:9148416. [PMID: 32566362 PMCID: PMC7292980 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9148416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Today, protected natural areas cover about 15% of the Earth's land. These areas by definition are supposed to be free of pollution; they nevertheless suffer from the effects of aerial transport of anthropogenic polluting substances. In this study, we evaluated the impact of settlements on protected natural areas to determine the optimal distance beyond which the anthropogenic influence would be minimal. For this purpose, we analyzed the particle size distribution and the content of metals in fresh snow samples collected in the Bastak Nature Reserve and the neighboring Birobidzhan city (Russian Federation). Both sites contained comparable proportions of PM10 and contents of heavy metals, which points to the transportation of air pollutants from the city to the reserve. The results of the analysis were summarized and compared with the available data on other nature reserves and nearby populated localities. Based on the research data, pollutant emissions should be decreased for cities that are closer than 50 km to nature reserves. Moreover, authorities should take into consideration atmospheric factors and distance to the nearest settlement when establishing new protected natural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Kholodov
- Far East Geological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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46
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Ethan CJ, Mokoena KK, Yu Y, Shale K, Fan Y, Rong J, Liu F. Association between PM 2.5 and mortality of stomach and colorectal cancer in Xi'an: a time-series study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22353-22363. [PMID: 32314282 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Globally, fine particulate matter has been associated with several health problems including cancer. However, most studies focused mainly on lung cancer. Stomach and colorectal cancers play significant roles in increasing public health's cancer globally. This study focused on investigating a possible significant association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and mortality due to stomach and colorectal cancer in Xi'an from 2014 to 2016. Using time-series analysis, the study applied both single and multi-pollutant(s) approaches for investigations; PM2.5 was the pollutant of interest. Generalized additive model (GAM) was the core statistical method used with the addition of distributed lag model (DLM) to observe delayed effects. As a single pollutant, PM2.5 was significantly associated with stomach cancer mortality only RR (95%CI): 1.0003 (1.0001, 1.002). For the multi-pollutant analysis, PM2.5 combinations with NO2 were significantly associated with both stomach and colorectal cancer mortality RR (95%CI): 1.0103 (1.009, 1.021) and 1.054 (1.0324, 1.0667), respectively. Also, PM2.5 combination with O3 was significantly associated with colorectal cancer mortality, RR (95%CI): 1.0151 (1.0091, 1.0172), but no association was noted for combination with SO2. Though this study has reported significant associations, it will be beneficial for the public's health if more studies further investigate the relationship between exposure to PM2.5 and other cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Jane Ethan
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Yan Yu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Karabo Shale
- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yameng Fan
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Rong
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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Yang JW, Shen YC, Lin KC, Cheng SJ, Chen SL, Chen CY, Kumar PV, Lin SF, Lu HE, Chen GY. Organ-on-a-Chip: Opportunities for Assessing the Toxicity of Particulate Matter. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:519. [PMID: 32548105 PMCID: PMC7272695 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in epidemiology have confirmed that airborne particulates are directly associated with respiratory pathology and mortality. Although clinical studies have yielded evidence of the effects of many types of fine particulates on human health, it still does not have a complete understanding of how physiological reactions are caused nor to the changes and damages associated with cellular and molecular mechanisms. Currently, most health assessment studies of particulate matter (PM) are conducted through cell culture or animal experiments. The results of such experiments often do not correlate with clinical findings or actual human reactions, and they also cause difficulty when investigating the causes of air pollution and associated human health hazards, the analysis of biomarkers, and the development of future pollution control strategies. Microfluidic-based cell culture technology has considerable potential to expand the capabilities of conventional cell culture by providing high-precision measurement, considerably increasing the potential for the parallelization of cellular assays, ensuring inexpensive automation, and improving the response of the overall cell culture in a more physiologically relevant context. This review paper focuses on integrating the important respiratory health problems caused by air pollution today, as well as the development and application of biomimetic organ-on-a-chip technology. This more precise experimental model is expected to accelerate studies elucidating the effect of PM on the human body and to reveal new opportunities for breakthroughs in disease research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chih Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jen Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Luen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chong-You Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Priyank V Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shien-Fong Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huai-En Lu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Guo Y, Xie X, Lei L, Zhou H, Deng S, Xu Y, Liu Z, Bao J, Peng J, Huang C. Short-term associations between ambient air pollution and stroke hospitalisations: time-series study in Shenzhen, China. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e032974. [PMID: 32198300 PMCID: PMC7103818 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between ambient air pollution and stroke morbidity in different subgroups and seasons. METHODS We performed a time-series analysis based on generalised linear models to study the short-term exposure-response relationships between air pollution and stroke hospitalisations, and conducted subgroup analyses to identify possible sensitive populations. RESULTS For every 10 µg/m3 increase in the concentration of air pollutants, across lag 0-3 days, the relative risk of stroke hospitalisation was 1.029 (95% CI 1.013 to 1.045) for PM2.5, 1.054 (95% CI 1.031 to 1.077) for NO2 and 1.012 (95% CI 1.002 to 1.022) for O3. Subgroup analyses showed that statistically significant associations were found in both men and women, middle-aged and older populations, and both cerebral infarction and intracerebral haemorrhage. The seasonal analyses showed that statistically significant associations were found only in the winter. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that short-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2 and O3 may induce stroke morbidity, and the government should take actions to mitigate air pollution and protect sensitive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Guo
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Bao'an District Hospital for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Cure, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiufang Xie
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lei
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haibin Zhou
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shizhou Deng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Bao'an District Hospital for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Cure, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Bao'an District Hospital for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Cure, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junzhe Bao
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji Peng
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Farhadi Z, Abulghasem Gorgi H, Shabaninejad H, Aghajani Delavar M, Torani S. Association between PM 2.5 and risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:314. [PMID: 32164596 PMCID: PMC7068986 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is generally assumed that there have been mixed results in the literature regarding the association between ambient particulate matter (PM) and myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the rate of short-term exposure PM with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and examine its potential effect(s) on the risk of MI. Methods A systematic search was conducted on databases like PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase with components: “air pollution” and “myocardial infarction”. The summary relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were also calculated to assess the association between the PM2.5 and MI. Results Twenty-six published studies were ultimately identified as eligible candidates for the meta-analysis of MI until Jun 1, 2018. The results illustrated that a 10-μg/m 3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with the risk of MI (RR = 1.02; 95% CI 1.01–1.03; P ≤ 0.0001). The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed through a random-effects model with p < 0.0001 and the I2 was 69.52%, indicating a moderate degree of heterogeneity. We also conducted subgroup analyses including study quality, study design, and study period. Accordingly, it was found that subgroups time series study design and high study period could substantially decrease heterogeneity (I2 = 41.61, 41.78). Conclusions This meta-analysis indicated that exposure – response between PM2.5 and MI. It is vital decision makers implement effective strategies to help improve air pollution, especially in developing countries or prevent exposure to PM2.5 to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Farhadi
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Abulghasem Gorgi
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hosein Shabaninejad
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mouloud Aghajani Delavar
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sogand Torani
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Chen Y, He G, Chen B, Wang S, Ju G, Ge T. The association between PM2.5 exposure and suicidal ideation: a prefectural panel study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:293. [PMID: 32138702 PMCID: PMC7059660 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suicidal ideation is subject to serious underestimation among existing public health studies. While numerous factors have been recognized in affecting suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB), the associated environmental risks have been poorly understood. Foremost among the various environment risks were air pollution, in particular, the PM2.5. The present study attempted to examine the relationship between PM2.5 level and local weekly index of suicidal ideation (ISI). Methods Using Internet search query volumes in Baidu (2017), the largest internet search engine in China, we constructed a prefectural panel data (278 prefectures, 52 weeks) and employed dynamic panel GMM system estimation to analyze the relationship between weekly concentration of PM2.5 (Mean = 87 μg·m− 3) and the index of suicidal ideation (Mean = 49.9). Results The results indicate that in the spring and winter, a 10 μg·m− 3 increase in the prior week’s PM2.5 in a Chinese city is significantly associated with 0.020 increase in ISI in spring and a 0.007 increase in ISI in winter, after taking account other co-pollutants and meteorological conditions. Conclusion We innovatively proposed the measure of suicidal ideation and provided suggestive evidence of a positive association between suicidal ideation and PM2.5 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Chen
- Johns Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Guangye He
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Buwei Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Senhu Wang
- The University of Cambridge, 16 Mill Lane, Cambridge, CB2 1SB, UK
| | - Guodong Ju
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ting Ge
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China
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