Toxic Effect of Acute Cadmium and Lead Exposure in Rat Blood, Liver, and Kidney

Selenium restored mitophagic flux to alleviate cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting excessive GPER1-mediated mitophagy activation

Cadmium (Cd) is a common environmental pollutant, while selenium (Se) can ameliorate heavy metal toxicity. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Se against Cd-induced hepatocyte injury and its underlying mechanisms. To achieve this, we utilized the Dongdagou-Xinglong cohort, BRL3A cell models, and a rat model exposed to Cd and/or Se. The results showed that Se counteracted liver function injury and the decrease in GPER1 levels caused by environmental Cd exposure, and various methods confirmed that Se could protect against Cd-induced hepatotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, Cd caused excessive mitophagy activation, evidenced by the colocalization of LC3B, PINK1, Parkin, P62, and TOMM20. Transfection of BRL3A cells with mt-keima adenovirus indicated that Cd inhibited autophagosome-lysosome fusion, thereby impeding mitophagic flux. Importantly, G1, a specific agonist of GPER1, mitigated Cd-induced mitophagy overactivation and hepatocyte toxicity, whereas G15 exacerbates these effects. Notably, Se supplementation attenuated Cd-induced GPER1 protein reduction and excessive mitophagy activation while facilitating autophagosome-lysosome fusion, thereby restoring mitophagic flux. In conclusion, this study proposed a novel mechanism whereby Se alleviated GPER1-mediated mitophagy and promoted autophagosome-lysosome fusion, thus restoring Cd-induced mitophagic flux damage, and preventing hepatocyte injury.

Does the Presence of Heavy Metals Influence the Gene Expression and Oxidative Stress in Bladder Cancer?

Heavy metal toxicity is associated with cancer progression. Studies have reported the relation between some metal ions and bladder cancer (BC). Direct influence of such agents in bladder carcinogenesis is still needed. Total 49 BC patients were included in the study. Level of Pb, Cr, Hg and Cd, oxidative stress markers, and gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, IL-6, AKT, and P38 genes were detected in cancer and non-cancerous tissues obtained from bladder cancer patients. Concentrations of Pb, Cr, and Cd were significantly elevated in cancer tissues than normal, while Hg level was significantly increased in normal tissue than cancer. MDA level was significantly higher and SOD activity was lower in the cancer tissues compared to non-cancerous. The expressions of Bcl-2, IL-6, AKT, and P38 were significantly increased in the cancer tissues than in normal tissues while Bax level was significantly increased in non-cancerous tissue than in cancer tissue. In cancer tissue, there were significant correlations between Cr level with expression of Bax, AKT, and P38 while Cd level was significantly correlate with Bax, IL-6, AKT, and P38expression. The correlation between Cr and Cd with the expression of Bax, IL-6, AKT, and P38 may indicate a carcinogenic role of these metals on progression of bladder cancer.

Allium sativum Essential Oil Supplementation Reverses the Hepatic Inflammation, Genotoxicity and Apoptotic Effects in Swiss Albino Mice Intoxicated with the Lead Nitrate

Prolonged lead (Pb) exposure impairs human health due to its interference with physiological and biochemical processes. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate natural therapeutics to alleviate Pb-induced intoxication. In the current investigation, essential oil extracted from the fresh bulbs of Allium sativum was considered as a natural remedy. Initially, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of A. sativum essential oil (ASEO) were explored. The results reported that ASEO exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Additionally, an in vivo study was conducted to elucidate its preventive role against Lead-nitrate (LN)-induced hepatic damage in Swiss albino mice. The experimental mice were allocated into six groups: Control, LN-intoxicated group (50 mg/kg), LN + ASEO (50 mg/kg), LN + ASEO (80 mg/kg), LN + Silymarin (25 mg/kg), and LN + vehicle oil control group. The entire duration of the study was of 30 days. From the results, it was determined that LN exposure elevated the Pb content in hepatic tissues which subsequently increased the serum biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines (NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6) as well as apoptotic factors (caspase-3, BAX), all of which contribute to DNA damage. Meanwhile, it reduced anti-inflammatory (IFN-γ and IL-10) and anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2). Furthermore, Pb accumulation in hepatic tissues changed the histological architecture, which was linked to necrosis, central vein dilation, inflammatory cell infiltration and Kupffer cell activation. In contrast to this, ASEO administration decreased the Pb content, which in turn reduced the level of serum biomarkers, inflammatory and apoptotic factors. At the same time, it increased the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic factors, thereby reduced DNA damage and restored the hepatic histology. In conclusion, exhaustive research is of the utmost demand to elucidate the precise defense mechanisms of ASEO against LN-induced hepatotoxicity.

Individual and combined effects of cadmium and lead exposure in rats

The exposure of humans and animals to environmental compounds is rarely restricted to a single chemical. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are two heavy metals known to be the most toxic. Deleterious effects of each metal alone are well documented. Unfortunately, very few studies were conducted to determine their combined effect. Four groups of Wistar rats were treated intravenously for 15 days. The control group received physiological saline solution; groups 2 and 3 were treated with Cd chloride and lead acetate, respectively ; and the treatment group 4 received a combined treatment of Cd and Pb . A significant decrease was recorded for hematological parameters , with an increase in white blood cells and an inhibition in δ-ALAD level. Cell injury in the livers and kidneys was clearly shown by the significant elevation of the biochemical markers. Cd and Pb induced oxidative stress and had adverse health effects at lower exposure levels than previously thought.

Integrative investigation of hematotoxic effects induced by low doses of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic mixture: In vivo and in silico approach

The effect of the lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) mixture (MIX) on hematotoxicity development was investigated trough combined approach. In vivo subacute study (28 days) was performed on rats (5 per group): a control group and five groups orally exposed to increasing metal(loid) mixture doses, MIX 1- MIX 5 (mg/kg bw./day) (Pb: 0.003, 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 1; Cd: 0.01, 0.03, 0.3, 0.9, 3; Hg: 0.0002, 0.0006, 0.006, 0.018, 0.06; As: 0.002, 0.006, 0.06, 0.18, 0.6). Blood was taken for analysis of hematological parameters and serum iron (Fe) analysis. MIX treatment increased thrombocyte/platelet count and MCHC and decreased Hb, HCT, MCV and MCH values compared to control, indicating the development of anemia and thrombocytosis. BMDIs with the narrowest width were identified for MCH [pg] (6.030E-03 - 1.287E-01 mg Pb/kg bw./day; 2.010E-02 - 4.290E-01 mg Cd/kg bw./day; 4.020E-04 - 8.580E-03 mg Hg/kg bw./day; 4.020E-03 - 8.580E-02 mg As/kg bw./day). In silico analysis showed target genes connected with MIX and the development of: anemia - ACHE, GSR, PARP1, TNF; thrombocytosis - JAK2, CALR, MPL, THPO; hematological diseases - FAS and ALAD. The main extracted pathways for anemia were related to apoptosis and oxidative stress; for thrombocytosis were signaling pathways of Jak-STAT and TPO. Changes in miRNAs and transcription factors enabled the mode of action (MoA) development based on the obtained results, contributing to mechanistic understanding and hematological risk related to MIX exposure.

Assessment of the effect of sodium tetraborate on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in lead-induced nephrotoxicity

Exposure to Pb, a toxic heavy metal, is a risk factor for renal damage. Borax, an essential trace element in cellular metabolism, is a naturally occurring compound found in many foods. This study investigated the effects of sodium tetraborate (ST), a source of borax, on renal oxidative stress and inflammation in rats exposed to Pb. Wistar Albino rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups: Control (0.5 mL, i.p. isotonic), Pb (50 mg/kg/day/i.p.), ST (4.0 mg/kg/day/oral), and Pb + ST groups. At the end of the five-day experimental period, kidney tissue samples were obtained and analyzed. Histopathologically, the Pb-induced damage observed in the Pb group improved in the Pb + ST group. Immunohistochemically, Pb administration increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and caspase-3. When evaluated biochemically, Pb application inhibited catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities and activated superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. An increase in malondialdehyde levels was considered an indicator of damage. ST application increases glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity and decreased malondialdehyde levels. These results indicate that ST might play a protective role against Pb-induced renal damage via the upregulation of renal tissue antioxidants and cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and caspase-3 immunoexpression.

Elucidating hepatoprotective potential of Cichorium intybus through multimodal assessment and molecular docking analysis with hepatic protective enzymes

This study employed a comprehensive approach to validate the hepatoprotective potential of phytoconstituents from Cichorium intybus leaves. In vitro, in vivo and in silico techniques were used to confirm the protective effects on liver enzymes. In vitro antioxidant assessment revealed the highest potential in the hydroethanolic leaf extract compared to aqueous and methanolic extracts. The study further investigated the ameliorative efficacy of the hydro-ethanolic extract (HECL) in male Wistar rats exposed to lead (50 mg/kg b wt.) and nickel (4.0 mg/kg b wt.) individually and in combination for 90 days. HECL at 250 mg/kg b wt. mitigated hepatic injury, oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, ultrastructural and histopathological alterations induced by lead and nickel. Molecular docking explored the interaction of 28 phytoconstituents from C. intybus with hepatoprotective protein targets. Cyanidin and rutin exhibited the highest affinity for liver corrective enzymes among the screened phytoconstituents. These findings underscore the liver corrective potential of C. intybus leaf phytoconstituents, shedding light on their molecular interactions with hepatoprotective targets. This research contributes valuable insights into the therapeutic applications of C. intybus in liver protection.

Analysis of the Cadmium Removal Mechanism of Human Gut Bacteria Enterococcus faecalis Strain ATCC19433 from a Genomic Perspective

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most well-known toxic metals capable of entering the human body via the food chain, leading to serious health problems. Human gut microbes play a pivotal role in controlling Cd bioavailability and toxicity within the human gastrointestinal tract, primarily due to their capacity for Cd adsorption and metabolism. In this work, a Cd-resistant bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC19433 was isolated from human gut microbiota. Cd binding assays and comprehensive characterization analyses were performed, revealing the ability of strain ATCC19433 to remove Cd from the solution. Cd adsorption primarily occurred on the bacterial cell walls, which was ascribed to the exciting of functional groups on the bacterial surfaces, containing alkyl, amide II, and phosphate groups; meanwhile, Cd could enter cells, probably through transport channels or via diffusion. These results indicated that Cd removal by the strain was predominantly dependent on biosorption and bioaccumulation. Whole-genome sequencing analyses further suggested the probable mechanisms of biosorption and bioaccumulation, including Cd transport by transporter proteins, active efflux of Cd by cadmium efflux pumps, and mitigating oxidative stress-induced cell damage by DNA repair proteases. This study evaluated the Cd removal capability and mechanism of Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC19433 while annotating the genetic functions related to Cd removal, which may facilitate the development of potential human gut strains for the removal of Cd.

Toxicity and bioremediation of the lead: a critical review

Lead is a naturally occurring, bluish-gray metal that is found in small quantities in the earth's crust. The existing literature demonstrates that non-biodegradable character and continuous use results in accumulation of lead concentration in the environment and causes various ill effects such as neurotoxicity, change in psychological and behavioral development of different organisms. Nowadays the most effective technique in the revival of the environment is bioremediation and it is environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Bacterial strains such as Oceanobacillus profundus and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 have the ability to reduce lead 97% and 73.9%, respectively. Similarly some species of algae and fungal strains also showed lead removal efficiency as 74% (spirulina), 97.1% (Chlorella kessleri), 95.5% (Penicillium janthinillum) and 86% (Aspergillus flavus). Biodegradation of lead by various microbes would be the most efficient and sustainable approach. This review focuses on toxicity, fate of lead in the environment and its microbial degradation.

Cadmium induces microcytosis and anisocytosis without anaemia in hypertensive rats

Dietary cadmium (Cd2+) intake is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and anaemia, but there is a paucity of information on the haematological changes in hypertensive conditions. This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the effects of Cd2+ on blood pressure (BP) and haematological indices in the Sprague-Dawley rat model. Three cohorts (n = 10 each) of control and Cd2+-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected. Cd2+-exposed rats received 2.5 or 5 mg/kg b.w. cadmium chloride via gavage thrice-weekly for eight weeks, while control animals received tap water. BP and flow were measured non-invasively from rat tails twice-weekly using a CODA machine, while weights were measured thrice-weekly. Haematological indices were assessed using the Cell-Dyn Emerald Haematology Analyzer. Data were reported as mean ± SEM, and statistically analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance. Bonferroni post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Cd2+-exposure induced hypertension by significantly (p < 0.05) elevating systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BPs, pulse pressure, and heart rate (HR), and increased (p < 0.05) blood flow. Mean cell volume (MCV) and haemoglobin (MCH) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, and red cell distribution width (RDW) significantly (p < 0.01) increased by exposure to 5 mg/kg b.w. Cd2+. Haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell, platelet, mean platelet volume, and white blood cell counts were unaffected by Cd2+-exposure. Cd2+ induced hypertension, microcytosis, hypochromicity, and anisocytosis without anaemia, which may be precursor to microcytic anaemia and coronary artery disease. This study is important in Cd2+-exposed environments and warrants further investigations.

Prenatal double-hit with aluminium and cadmium mediate testicular atrophy and hypothalamic hypoplasia: the role of oxido-nitrergic stress and endocrine perturbations

There is limited experimental evidence on the biochemical consequences of aluminium (Al) and cadmium (Cd) co-exposures during pregnancy and postnatal life.This study investigated the impacts of perinatal Al chloride (AlCl3) and Cd chloride (CdCl2) co-exposures on neuroendocrine functions in mice offspring during postnatal life. The study comprised of four pregnant experimental groups. Group 1 received AlCl3 (10 mg/kg), group 2 were administered CdCl2 (1.5 mg/kg), while group 3 received both AlCl3 (10 mg/kg) and CdCl2 (1.5 mg/kg) (AlCl3+CdCl2), and group 4 received saline (10 mL/kg) only and served as control group. All experimental animals were chemically exposed once daily from gestation days 7-20. Upon delivery, male pups were regrouped based on maternal chemical exposure on postnatal day 21 (PND 21) and allowed to grow to adulthood until PND 78, after which they were sacrificed for assessment of neuroendocrine markers and histological investigations. There was no statistical significance (p > 0.05) on follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxine (T4) in all treatment groups relative to controls|. However, AlCl3 and AlCl3-CdCl2 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced triiodothyronine (T3) levels, with a profound increase in T3:T4 ratio by AlCl3, and AlCl3+CdCl2 compared to control. Furthermore, pups from pregnant mice treated with CdCl2 and AlCl3+CdCl2 demonstrated increased testicular malondialdehyde concentration with increased catalase activity relative to controls, suggesting oxidative imbalance. In addition, AlCl3, CdCl2, and AlCl3+CdCl2 exposures induced testicular and hypothalamic architectural disruption compared to controls, with marked architectural derangement in the AlCl3+CdCl2 group. Our findings suggest that prenatal co-exposures to Alcl3 and CdCl2 induce testicular and hypothalamic alterations in offspring via a testicular oxidative stress and thyrotoxicosis-dependent mechanisms.

Endocrine disruptors in e-waste dismantling dust: In silico prediction of mixture-induced reproductive toxicity mechanisms

The constant exposure of humans to a mixture of low doses of toxic substances, emerging from the daily emission of toxic dust containing various metals and organic compounds in electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling areas, poses potential harmful effects on health and the environment. While individually recognized as endocrine disruptors affecting hormonal balance, the combined impact of these toxic substances in a mixture remains insufficiently explored, particularly in relation to reproductive health. Thus, the aim of this in silico analysis was to: (i) assess the relationship between the exposure to a mixture of DBDE, DBDPE, TBBPA, Pb, Cd and Ni and development of male and female reproductive system disorders; and (ii) demonstrate the ability of in silico toxicogenomic tools in revealing the potential molecular mechanisms involved in the mixture toxicity. As the main data-mining tool, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was used, along with the ToppGene Suite portal and GeneMANIA online server. Our analysis identified 5 genes common to all the investigated substances and linked to reproductive system disorders. Notably, the most prominent interactions among these genes were physical interactions (77.64 %). Pathway enrichment analysis identified oxidative stress response as the central disrupted molecular pathway linked to reproductive pathology in the investigated mixture, while our chemical-phenotype CTD analysis uncovered additional affected pathways - apoptosis, hormonal regulation, and developmental functions. These findings highlight an increased risk of reproductive system disorders associated with the exposure to the investigated mixture of toxic substances in electronic waste recycling areas, emphasizing the urgent need for attention to address this environmental health concern. Hence, future laboratory studies should prioritize investigating the specific genes and common mechanisms identified in this study.

Aloe vera gel relieves cadmium triggered hepatic injury via antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic routes

Aloe vera (AV) gel extracted from fresh AV leaves was chosen in this study to evaluate its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities against cadmium (Cd) -induced liver injury. Forty Wistar male adult rats were equally divided into four groups. Group I (standard control) ingested with 2.5 ml/kg b.w. of physiological saline. Group II (Cd-intoxicated) received 3 mg/kg b.w./day of CdCl2 dissolved in saline. Group III (AV) received 200 mg/kg b.w./day of AV gel dissolved in saline. Group IV (Cd+AV) ingested with 200 mg/kg b.w./day of AV gel solution along with 3 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2. All groups were ingested orally by gavage for 3 consecutive weeks. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and HSP70 were measured in serum. The deposited Cd level, nitric oxide content, lipid peroxidation, collagen-1 (COL-1), and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were all determined in liver tissue homogenates. Gene expression of NF-κB and IL-6, Bax, and Bcl2, as well as immunohistochemistry analysis of activated caspase-3, was performed. Results showed that ingestion of AV gel greatly relieved all oxidative stress due to Cd exposure, modulated the NF-κB, IL-6, Bax, and Bcl2 expression levels, and improved the apoptotic state. In conclusion, AV gel confirmed its potential ameliorating effect against liver injury induced due to Cd exposure.

An overview of the ameliorative efficacy of Catharanthus roseus extract against Cd2+ toxicity: implications for human health and remediation strategies

Rapid industrialization has led to an increase in cadmium pollution, a dangerously toxic heavy metal. Cadmium (Cd) is released into the environment through industrial processes and can contaminate air, water, and soil. This pollution poses a significant risk to human health and has become a pressing concern in many industrialized areas. Due to its extended half-life, it leads to a range of health problems, including hepato-nephritic toxicity, brain damage, and degenerative bone disorders. Intoxication alters various intracellular parameters, leading to inflammation, tissue injury, and oxidative stress within cells, which disrupts normal cellular functions and can eventually result in cell death. It has also been linked to the development of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. These adverse effects highlight the urgent need to address cadmium pollution and find effective solutions to mitigate its impact on human health. This article highlights the Cd-induced risks and the role of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) extract as a source of alternative medicine in alleviating the symptoms. Numerous herbal remedies often contain certain bioactive substances, such as polyphenols and alkaloids, which have the power to mitigate these adverse effects by acting as antioxidants and lowering oxidative cell damage. Research conducted in the field of alternative medicine has revealed its enormous potential to meet demands that may be effectively used in safeguarding humans and their environment. The point of this review is to investigate whether C. roseus extract, known for its bioactive substances, is being investigated for its potential to mitigate the harmful effects of cadmium on health. Further investigation is needed to fully understand its effectiveness. Moreover, it is important to explore the potential environmental benefits of using C. roseus extract to reduce the negative effects of Cd. This review conducted in the field of alternative medicine has revealed its enormous potential to meet demands that could have significant implications for both human health and environmental sustainability.

Effects of continuous and pulse lead exposure on the swimming behavior of tadpoles revealed by brain-gut axis analysis

Lead (Pb) is present in aquatic environments with a continuous or pulse form due to the regular or irregular discharge of wastewater. These two modes of exposure result in different toxicological effects on aquatic animals. To compare the effects of Pb exposure mode on the swimming behavior of amphibian larvae, this study proposed a combination method to examine the brain-gut axis (gut bacteria, histopathology, metabolomics, and ethology) in order to evaluate the ecotoxic differences in Pelophylax nigromaculatus tadpoles (Gs 21-28) when exposed to continuous (CE100) versus pulse exposure (PE100) of environmental concentrations of Pb (100 μg/L). The results showed that: 1) CE100 significantly decreased the movement distance and swimming activity of the tadpoles compared to PE100 and the control, while there were no significant differences between the control group and PE100. 2) At the phyla level, compared to PE100, CE100 treatment significantly decreased the abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes and increased the abundance of Fusobacteria in the gut. At the genus level, compared to PE100, CE100 significantly increased the abundance of U114 and decreased the abundance of Anaerorhabdus, Exiguobacterium and Microbacterium. 3) Compared to PE100, CE100 changed the metabolites of the brain-gut axis pathway, such as quinolinic acid, L-valine, L-dopa, L-histidine, urocanic acid, L-threonine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), L-glutamate (Glu), acetylcholine (Ach), L-tyrosine (Tyr), L-tryptophan (Trp), and levodopa (DOPA). 4) CE100 and PE100 played a repressive role in the histidine metabolism and tyrosine metabolism pathways and played a promoting role in the purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism pathways. This study provides a method for evaluating the toxic effects of heavy metal exposure via two different exposure modes (pulse versus continuous) which tadpoles may encounter in the natural environment from a combined study examining the brain-gut axis.

Vitamin C and/or garlic can antagonize the toxic effects of cadmium on growth performance, hematological, and immunological parameters of growing Japanese quail

This study used 300 1-day-old, sexless, developing chicks of Japanese quail to estimate the ability of vitamin C and/or garlic to antagonize the venomous influence of cadmium (Cd) on the hematological, immunological, and performance characteristics of developing Japanese quail. The quail was separated into 5 similar groups of 60 chicks apiece, and 6 duplicates (10 each) were given to each sub-group. The control group received a basal diet without any supplements. The Cd group was nourished with a basal diet of + 80 mg cadmium chloride (CdCl2)/kg diet. The 3rd group was fed a basal diet + 80 mg CdCl2/kg diet and complemented with a 200 mg Vitamin C (Cd + C)/kg diet. The 4th group was nourished with a basal diet + 80 mg CdCl2/kg diet and complemented by a 500 mg dried garlic powder (Cd + G)/kg diet. The 5th group was fed a basal diet + 80 mg CdCl2/kg diet, complemented by a 200 mg vitamin C/kg diet + 500 mg dried garlic powder (Cd + CG)/kg diet. Results showed that in the 5th group in which cadmium was added together with Vit C + garlic, there was an improvement in both live weight gain (1-42 d) and feed consumption (1-21 and 1-42 d ) compared to the group in which Cd was added alone. The addition of Vit C alone and together with garlic seems to completely improve the cadmium-related increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels when compared to the control. Compared to cadmium-polluted diets, quail that got cadmium and feed additives significantly reduced cadmium residue. In addition, the cadmium group's serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) level decreased significantly. These data imply that dietary supplementation with (C) or (G) may be beneficial in retrogressing the drop in immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM caused by Cd and minimizing Cd's deleterious influence on immunity.

Exposure to heavy metal elements may significantly increase serum prostate-specific antigen levels with overdosed dietary zinc

BACKGROUND

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a primary metric for diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa). Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and zinc can impact PSA levels in PCa patients. However, it is unclear whether this effect also occurs in men without PCa, which may lead to the overdiagnosis of PCa.

METHOD

Data on a total of 5089 American men who had never been diagnosed with PCa were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed from 2003-2010. The relationship between serum PSA levels (dependent variable) and concentrations of lead (μmol/L), cadmium (nmol/L), and mercury (μmol/L) were investigated with dietary zinc intake being used as a potential modifier or covariate in a weighted linear regression model and a generalized additive model. A series of bootstrapping analyses were performed to evaluate sensitivity and specificity using these models.

RESULTS

Regression analyses suggested that, in general, lead, cadmium, or mercury did not show an association with PSA levels, which was consistent with the results of the bootstrapping analyses. However, in a subgroup of participants with a high level of dietary zinc intake (≥14.12 mg/day), a significant positive association between cadmium and serum PSA was identified (1.06, 95% CI, P = 0.0268, P for interaction=0.0249).

CONCLUSIONS

With high-level zinc intake, serum PSA levels may rise in PCa-free men as the exposure to cadmium increases, leading to a potential risk of an overdiagnosis of PCa and unnecessary treatment. Therefore, environmental variables should be factored in the current diagnostic model for PCa that is solely based on PSA measurements. Different criteria for PSA screening are necessary based on geographical variables. Further investigations are needed to uncover the biological and biochemical relationship between zinc, cadmium, and serum PSA levels to more precisely diagnose PCa.

Urtica pilulifera leaves extract mitigates cadmium induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of antioxidants, inflammatory markers and Nrf-2 signaling in mice

Introduction: Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful heavy metal that results in many toxic issues. Urtica pilulifera showed potential pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the possible ameliorative mechanism of Urtica pilulifera leaves extract (UPLE) against hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in mice. Methods: In vitro phytochemical screening and the metal-chelating activity of UPLE were ascertained. Four groups of forty male mice were used (n = 10) as follows; Group 1 (G1) was a negative control. G2 was injected i.p., with UPLE (100 mg/kg b. wt) daily. G3 was injected i.p., with Cd (5 mg/kg b. wt) daily. G4 was injected with Cd as in G3 and with UPLE as in G2. On day 11, the body weight changes were evaluated, blood, and serum samples were collected for hematological and biochemical assessments. Liver tissues were used for biochemical, molecular, and histopathological investigations. Results: The results showed that UPLE contains promising secondary metabolites that considerably lessen the negative effects of Cd on liver. Furthermore, UPLE inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation; restored antioxidant molecules; and promoted nuclear-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) expression. Also, UPLE improved the histopathological alterations induced by Cd. Discussion: This study explored the beneficial role of UPLE treatment in Cd-induced liver injury through enhancing Nrf-2 signaling and antioxidant enzyme gene expression in the liver of mice. Therefore, UPLE could have valuable implications against hepatotoxicity induced by environmental cadmium exposure. Which can be used as a chelating agent against Cd.

Cyto and Genoprotective Potential of Tannic Acid Against Cadmium and Nickel Co-exposure Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity in BALB/c Mice

Tannic acid (TA) is a metal chelating polyphenol that plays a crucial role in metal detoxification, but its modulatory role in co-exposure of these heavy metals' exposure needs to be explored. Cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are inorganic hazardous chemicals in the environment. Humans are prone to be exposed to the co-exposure of Cd and Ni, but the toxicological interactions of these metals are poorly defined. Present study was undertaken to study the preventive role of TA in Cd-Ni co-exposure-evoked hepato-renal toxicity in BALB/c mice. In the current investigation, increased oxidative stress in metal intoxicated groups was confirmed by elevated peroxidation of the lipids and significant lowering of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Altered hepato-renal serum markers, DNA fragmentation, and histological alterations were also detected in the metal-treated groups. Present study revealed that Cd is a stronger toxicant than Ni and when co-exposure was administered, additive, sub-additive, and detrimental effects were observed. Prophylactic treatment with TA significantly reinstated the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), non-enzymatic, and enzymatic antioxidants. Moreover, it also restored the serum biomarker levels, DNA damage, and histoarchitecture of the given tissues. TA due to its metal chelating and anti-oxidative properties exhibited cyto- and genoprotective potential against Cd-Ni co-exposure-induced hepatic and renal injury.

Unveiling the underwater threat: Exploring cadmium's adverse effects on tilapia

Prolonged exposure to environmentally relevant amounts of cadmium (Cd) in aquatic environments, even at small doses (0.1 and 1 μg/L), might endanger the health of underwater creatures. This research delved into the impacts of a four-month cadmium exposure on Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), aiming to uncover the mechanisms behind it. Through close examination, we found that the 4-momth cadmium exposure led to harmful effects on the fish's gills, muscles, brain, and intestines. This exposure also triggered changes in gene expressions in the brain and liver, affected the respiratory system and weakened liver's ability to detoxify and defend against potential infections. Looking deeper into the fish's gut, we noticed alterations in energy-related genes and disruptions in immune pathways, making it more susceptible to illnesses. The exposure to cadmium also had an impact on the fish's gut and water-dwelling microorganisms, reducing diversity and encouraging harmful microbial communities. Interestingly, some gut microbes seemed to assist in breaking down and detoxifying cadmium, which could potentially protect the fish. Taken together, prolonged low-level cadmium exposure impaired gill, muscle, and brain function, suppressed immunity, disrupted intestines, and altered microbial balance, leading to hindered growth. These insights illuminate cadmium's impact on fish, addressing vital environmental concerns.

Mechanism of cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity

Heavy metals are found naturally in our environment and have many uses and applications in daily life. However, high concentrations of metals may be a result of pollution due to industrialization. In particular, cadmium (Cd), a white metal abundantly distributed in the terrestrial crust, is found in mines together with zinc, which accumulates after volcanic eruption or is found naturally in the sea and earth. High levels of Cd have been associated with disease. In the human body, Cd accumulates in two ways: via inhalation or consumption, mainly of plants or fish contaminated with high concentrations. Several international organizations have been working to establish the limit values of heavy metals in food, water, and the environment to avoid their toxic effects. Increased Cd levels may induce kidney, liver, or neurological diseases. Cd mainly accumulates in the kidney, causing renal disease in people exposed to moderate to high levels, which leads to the development of end-stage chronic kidney disease or death. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity, the mechanisms of Cd damage, and the current treatments used to reduce the toxic effects of Cd exposure.

Study on the combined toxicity of DEHP and lead on the blood system of rats

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used phthalate ester compound, while lead is a persistent and bioaccumulative heavy metal. Both can be exposed to the body through a variety of ways, which may have an impact on the blood system. In this study, we examined the impact of co-exposure to DEHP (0, 10, 100 mg/kg) and Pb (0, 5, 50 mg/kg) on the blood system of male SD rats. The study revealed that continuous exposure to DEHP and Pb for 20 days resulted in a decrease in leukocytes and lymphocytes, while an increase in neutrophils and monocytes. Co-exposure led to a significant decrease in the spleen coefficients. Furthermore, the combined exposure could increase the ratio of bone marrow cells in G1 phase, and decrease the ratio of cells in S phase and G2 phase. Cytokine testing showed that combined exposure affects the secretion of hematopoietic factors and may cause bone marrow cell apoptosis. Single or combined exposure to DEHP and Pb can cause oxidative stress in serum and bone marrow. Overall, these results indicate that the co-exposure of DEHP and Pb adversely affected the blood system of rats, mainly due to the induction of oxidative stress and ultimately affects the secretion of cytokines. The combined effect of the two substances is primarily antagonistic. These results have important implications for the risk assessment of combined pollution and provide valuable theoretical guidance.

Ameliorative Effects of Zn and Se Supplementation on Heavy Metal Mixture Burden via Increased Renal Metal Excretion and Restoration of Redoxo-Inflammatory Alterations

Heavy metals (HM)in the environment have provoked global attention because of its deleterious effects. This study evaluated the protection offered by Zn or Se or both against HMM-induced alterations in the kidney. Male Sprague Dawley rats were distributed into 5 groups of 7 rats each. Group I served as normal control with unrestricted access to food and water. Group II received Cd, Pb, and As (HMM) per oral daily for 60 days while groups III and IV received HMM in addition to Zn and Se respectively for 60 days. Group V received both Zn and Se in addition to HMM for 60 days. Metal accumulation in feces was assayed at days 0, 30, and 60 while accumulation in the kidney and kidney weight were measured at day 60. Kidney function tests, NO, MDA, SOD, catalase, GSH, GPx, NO, IL-6, NF-Κb, TNFα, caspase 3, and histology were assessed. There is a significant increase in urea, creatinine, and bicarbonate ions while potassium ions decreased. There was significant increase in renal function biomarkers, MDA, NO, NF-Κb, TNFα, caspase 3, and IL-6 while SOD, catalase, GSH, and GPx decrease. Administration of HMM distorted the integrity of the rat kidney, and co-treatment with Zn or Se or both offered reasonable protection suggesting that Zn or Se could be used as an antidot against the deleterious effects of these metals.

Selenium and zinc supplementation mitigates metals-(loids) mixture- mediated cardiopulmonary toxicity via attenuation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic mechanisms in female Sprague Dawley rats

This study evaluated the cardiopulmonary protective effects of essential elements (Zn and Se) against heavy metals mixture (HMM) exposure. Twenty five female Sprague Dawley albino rats, divided in to five groups: controls were orally treated only with distilled water; next, group 2 was exposed to HMM with the following concentrations: 20 mg/kg of Pb body weight, 0.40 mg/kg of Hg, 0.56 mg/kg of Mn, and 35 mg/kg of Al. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were exposed to HMM and co-treated with zinc chloride (ZnCl2; 0.80 mg/kg), sodium selenite (Na2SeO3;1.50 mg/kg) and both zinc chloride and sodium selenite, respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 days. Afterwards animals were sacrificed, and we conduced biochemical and histopathological examination of the heart and lungs. HMM only exposed animals had an increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), increased IL-6 and TNF-α, attenuated SOD, GPx, CAT and GSH and caspase 3 in the heart and lungs. HMM affected NF-kB and Nrf2 in the heart muscle with histomorphological alterations. Zn and Se attenuated adverse effects of HMM exposure. Essential element supplementation ameliorated heavy metal cardiopulmonary intoxication in rats.

Biosorption and Bioprotective Potential of Levilactobacillus brevis in Mice Challenged by Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress

Lead (Pb) poisoning is a widespread issue in both developed and developing countries that poses a significant public health challenge. Our study aimed to explore the impact of Levilactobacillus brevis strains on inflammatory and antioxidant gene expression in the liver and brain of mice exposed to oxidative stress caused by Pb. We began by evaluating Pb absorption by Levilactobacillus brevis strains (ARKA-CH-1 (A1) and ARKA-CH-6 (A6)) using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in vitro to identify the most effective strain. We then divided four groups of BALB/c mice into control and experimental groups and treated them for 30 days. The control group received a normal diet, while the experimental groups consumed lead-containing water (0.6 g/L) with or without Levilactobacillus brevis strains. Following the experiments, we collected blood samples to test liver markers, antioxidant enzymes, and immunoglobulins. We also used real-time PCR to examine the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes. The results showed that the A1 strain was the most effective in absorbing Pb. The Pb exposure led to an increase in liver enzyme values and a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity and immunoglobulin factors. However, the combination of A1 and A6 strains had a greater effect in reducing inflammatory enzymes and increasing antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in iNOS gene expression and a notable decrease in SOD gene expression with Pb consumption. However, the combination of A1 and A6 strains had a synergistic effect in reducing iNOS and increasing SOD gene expression. In conclusion, Levilactobacillus brevis A1 strain alone or in combination with the A6 strain could be a promising strategy to mitigate the oxidative stress symptoms in mice challenged by lead-induced toxicity.

Levilactobacillus brevis MZ384011 and Levilactobacillus brevis MW362779 can mitigate lead induced hepato-renal damage by regulating visceral dispersion and fecal excretion

Heavy metal pollution is a global issue. Current study provides evidence on Pb toxicity ameliorative potential and safe nature of Levilactobacillus brevis MZ384011 (S1) and Levilactobacillus brevis MW362779 (S2), isolated from carnivore gut and human milk, respectively. In a 60-days experiment, the rats were distributed into six groups. G-I, G-V and G-VI were kept on normal diet, while GII-IV were fed on lead nitrate (500 mg/kg) supplemented food, throughout experiment. After confirmation of Pb toxicity in GII-IV at 15th day, S1 was orally administered to G-III and G-V while S2 was given to G-IV and G-VI at a dose of 1 × 109 CFU/animal/day. On day 60 of experiment, positive control (G-II) displayed significant reduction in body weight, total protein, albumin, globulin, mineral profile, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and hematological indices and elevation in leukocyte count, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, uric acid and creatinine along with alterations in hepato-renal architecture. With reference to G-II, the G-III and G-IV displayed significant improvement in all aforementioned parameters, 40-60% reduction in tissue Pb levels (blood, liver, kidney and adipose tissue) and elevation in fecal Pb contents (p = 0.000). The groups V and VI did not show any sign of toxicity. The findings confirm that strains are safe for biological application and can reverse Pb toxicity by facilitating fecal Pb excretion and reducing its systemic dispersal. To best of our information this is the first report on Pb toxicity ameliorative role of Levilactobacillus brevis from human milk, the safest source.

Hepato-renal toxicity of low dose metal(oid)s mixture in real-life risk simulation in rats: Effects on Nrf2/HO-1 signalling and redox status

The understanding that humans are exposed to a low level of toxic metals and metalloids in their lifetime has resulted in a shift in scientific and regulatory perspectives from the traditional evaluation of single metal toxicity to complex mixtures, relevant to real-life exposure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of real-life, 90-days exposure to mixture of toxic metal(oid)s, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, As and Hg, on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and hemoxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signalling and redox status by assessing total sulfhydryl groups (SH), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ischemia modified albumin (IMA) in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats. Animals (20 males and 20 females) were randomized in 2 control and 6 treated groups that received by oral gavage mixture of metal(oid)s solutions in doses that reflect blood metal(oid) levels determined in previous human biomonitoring study as benchmark dose (F/M _BMD), median (F/M _MED), and 95th percentile (F/M _95). Our results have shown that metal(oid)s mixture impaired the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in the kidney and liver of male rats and kidney of female rats, followed by depletion of GSH levels in males. Additionally, in males elevated levels of IMA in the liver were observed, while in both genders increased MDA levels were observed in the kidney. Interestingly, the effects were more pronounced in male than in female rats. This study is among the first that examined hepato-renal toxic mechanisms of real-life metal mixture exposure, while our results might be of immense importance for assessing the risk of exposure to mixtures of toxic substances.

Effect of lactoferrin supplement on cadmium chloride induced toxicity to male rats: Toxicopathological, ultrastructural and immunological studies

This study sought to determine whether lactoferrin supplementation could counteract the harm that cadmium (Cd) induced to the rats. The effect of Cd and lactoferrin were investigated in hematological, biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical expression and ultrastructural studies. After 30 days of treatment, rats exposed to Cd had significantly higher levels of Cd in their blood, more oxidized lipids, and less antioxidant capacity overall. Supplemental lactoferrin also significantly undoes that effect. Hematological and biochemical parameters changed along with the increase in blood Cd levels. The histological integrity of the liver, kidney, spleen, and (axillary, cervical, mesenteric and popliteal) lymph nodes that had been damaged by Cd exposure was also restored by lactoferrin supplementation. Moreover, the liver and spleen ultrastructure showed the same improvement. In addition, the spleen of Lf/Cd group showed less immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in comparison to the Cd group. In conclusion, the current study showed that supplementing with lactoferrin improved immune response and restored biochemical and oxidative stability induced by Cd.

Selenium and zinc alleviate quaternary metal mixture -induced neurotoxicity in rats by inhibiting oxidative damage and modulating the expressions of NF-kB and Nrf2/Hmox-1 pathway

Background

This study evaluated the potential protective effects of Zn and Se in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, two fundamentally important brain regions, in albino rats that were exposed to heavy metals mixture (Al, Pb, Hg and Mn).

Methods

Animals were divided into five groups of seven animals per group with following patterns of exposure, controls group 1 were orally treated with deionized water for 60 days; group 2 was exposed to heavy metal mixture (HMM) with following concentrations (20 mg·kg^-1 of Pb body weight; 0.40 mg·kg^-1 of Hg; 0.56 mg·kg^-1 of Mn; and 35 mg·kg^-1; of Al), while groups 3,4 and 5 were exposed to HMM and orally co-treated with zinc chloride (ZnCl₂; 0.80 mg/kg), sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃;1.50 mg/kg) and zinc chloride plus sodium selenite (ZnCl_0.2 + Na₂SeO₃) respectively.

Results

Exposure to HMM depressed cellular antioxidant apparatus, induced generation of lipid peroxidation markers (Malondialdehyde and NO), downregulated expression of transcription factors (Nrf2, and NF-kB) and upregulated Caspase 3 levels. HMM potentiated acetylcholinesterase activity and induced moderate histopathological alterations. Nevertheless, Zn, Se and in particular Zn + Se had recovering effects on all mentioned hazardous effects produced by HMM exposure in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.

Conclusions

Selenium and zinc exert neuroprotection via Nrf2/NF-kB signaling pathways against quaternary heavy metal mixture-induced impairments in albino Sprague Dawley rats.

Quercetin alleviates cadmium-induced BRL-3A cell apoptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and the PERK/IRE1α/ATF6 signaling pathway

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic environmental pollutant. The liver is an important metabolic organ in the body and is susceptible to Cd toxicity attacks. Quercetin (Que) is a flavonoid compound with pharmacological activities of scavenging free radicals and antioxidant activity. Previous studies have shown that Que can alleviate Cd caused hepatocyte apoptosis in rats, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. To explore the specific mechanism, we established a model of Cd toxicity and Que rescue in BRL-3A cells and used 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitor, as positive control. Set up a control group, Cd treatment group, Cd and Que co treatment group, Que treatment group, Cd and 4-PBA co treatment group, and 4-PBA treatment group. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method was employed to measure cell viability. Fluorescence staining was applied to observe cell apoptosis. Flow cytometry was performed to detect reactive oxygen species levels. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot method was adopted to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of ERS and apoptosis-related genes. The results showed that compared with the control group, the Cd treated group showed a significant decrease in cell viability (P < 0.01), an increase in intracellular ROS levels, and apoptosis. The mRNA and protein expression levels of ERS and apoptosis related factors such as GRP78, IRE1α, XBP1, ATF6, Caspase-12, Caspase-3 and Bax in the cells were significantly increased (P < 0.01), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bcl-2 were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with the Cd treatment group, the Cd and Que co treatment group and the Cd and 4-PBA co treatment group showed a significant increase in cell viability (P < 0.01), a decrease in intracellular ROS levels, a decrease in cell apoptosis, and a significant decrease in the expression levels of ERS and apoptosis related factors mRNA and protein (P < 0.01), as well as a significant increase in Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression (P < 0.01). We confirmed that Que could alleviate the apoptosis caused by Cd in BRL-3A cells, and the effects of Que were similar to those of ERS inhibitor.

Removal of heavy metals from the aqueous solution by nanomaterials: a review with analysing and categorizing the studies

With the development of nanotechnology and its application in various sciences, scientists have investigated the use of nanoparticles as adsorbents to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions all over the world. So far, the results of many of these studies have been published in reputable journals. Obviously, reviewing these articles and summarizing the results of these studies from different aspects will provide new perspectives for the development of this technology for heavy metals removal from water. So the current study was performed to review the results of the published studies between 1/January/1980 to 1/January/2022. The focus of the study is on the analysis of these studies and their classification. In addition, a more detailed investigation was carried out. Among the 5155 articles, 576 articles were included based on Cochrane protocols. Results show that most of the studies (90.8%) were conducted on a laboratory scale and used synthetic solutions. Most studies were performed for Pb, Cd and Cu, removal respectively. Compared to other countries, authors with affiliation from China and Iran have published more articles. The ranking of the use of various nanomaterials were: nanocomposites > metal oxide nanomaterials > metal-based nanomaterials > carbon-based nanomaterials > dendrimers, with the wide range of sizes from less than 10 nm to several hundreds of nanometers. The required amount of carbon-based nanoparticles to remove many heavy metals were lower than other nanoparticles. In most studies, pH ≤ 7 has been reported as optimal. Most studies have been followed pseudo second-order and pseudo first-order reactions and have been more agreement with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms respectively. The results of studies show that the synthesis and optimization of new nanomaterials can be considered as a new and competitive technology. However, more studies are needed to investigate the removal of heavy metals in real samples and to overcome some challenges in the full-scale application.

Lead and cadmium co-exposure modified PC12 viability and ER stress: study from a 3 × 3 factorial design

Background

Although exposure to individual metal does exhibit its toxicity, combined exposures provide a more effective representation of the toxic effects of different heavy metal exposures on public health as well as ecosystems. Furthermore, there are few studies on composite exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals, which is more consistent with real-life exposure. The purpose of this study was to explore the neurotoxicity induced by combined exposure to low concentrations of Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and the potential interaction of their mixture in vitro.

Methods

PC12 cells were incubation with the corresponding concentration of cadmium chloride and/or lead acetate. Viability of PC12 cells was measured by CCK8 assay after 12, 24 and 48h incubation. Next, We measured the ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis produced by different treated cells using ROS assay kit, JC-1 MMP assay kit and annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) apoptosis assay kit, respectively. Expression of proteins related to PI3K/AKT and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in PC12 cells were tested by western blotting. Our study was the first to analyze the interaction between Pb and Cd using a 3 × 3 factorial design approach to observe neurotoxicity.

Results

The results showed that the combined exposure of them was more cytotoxic than the single metal. The activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and several parameters related to oxidative stress and ER stress were significantly altered in combined exposure to low concentrations of Pb and Cd compared with the Pb or Cd. Regarding apoptosis and ER stress, a synergistic interaction between Pb and Cd was evident. Moreover, evoked ER stress as a mechanism involved in the apoptosis of PC12 cells by the combined exposure to Pb and Cd.

Conclusion

The present study provides a theoretical basis used for the toxicological assessment of metal mixtures induced neurotoxicity of concern in terms of public health, and more effective control measures should be taken for the environmental pollution caused by various mixed heavy metals discharged from industry and agriculture.

Cabbage juice supplementation abrogates Lead acetate-induced haematological and haemorheological imbalances in male Wistar rat

Lead is a hazardous naturally found heavy metal that has been reported to induce haematological alterations. Whether cabbage, a commonly consumed vegetable rich in antioxidants and anticancer compounds, can mitigate these alterations remains unknown. This study investigated the protective effect of cabbage juice against Lead-induced haematological changes. Twenty (20) male Wistar rats were randomly selected into four groups (n = 5) and given distilled water (1 ml/100 g b.wt), Lead acetate (25 mg/kg b.wt), Cabbage juice (1 ml/100 g b.wt), and Lead acetate with Cabbage juice. All treatments were given orally for 28 days. Lead exposure induces normocytic normochromic anemia with substantial leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Lead-intoxicated animals had significantly higher haemolysis and prolonged clotting times. However, cabbage juice reverses these adverse haematological and haemorheological changes induced by Lead acetate. Conclusively, cabbage juice demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and immunomodulatory properties, as well as the ability to protect the red blood cell membrane from damage caused by Lead-induced osmotic stress.

Antagonistic effectiveness of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract on lead-acetate exposure-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats

Lead (Pb) poisoning is an environmental substance that accumulates in the hepato-renal tissue, which is hazardous to health, while Anacardium occidentale L. is a tropical herb used to treat oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the antagonistic effect of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract on lead acetate exposure-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Thirty-six adult Wistar rats were split into six equal groups (n = 6). Group I served as a control, and groups II and III were administered lead acetate (50 mg/kg) and Anacardium occidentale leaf extract (400 mg/kg), respectively, while rats in groups IV-VI were administered Anacardium occidentale (L) extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and 10 mg/kg of Succimer, respectively, and were then administered lead acetate (50 mg/kg). When compared to the group I, rats administered lead acetate showed an increase in hepatic enzymes, urea, creatinine, MDA, TNF-α, and IL-1β (p < 0.001) levels and decreased levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH, whereas Anacardium occidentale prevented the increase in hepatorenal function parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β) induced by lead acetate. Rats administered only lead acetate had a marked increase in hepatic Pb concentration, severe hepatic steatosis, and renal glomerulus degeneration. However, treatment with Anacardium occidentale extract and succimer decreases the Pb concentration, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and also reduces histological liver steatosis and glomerular cytoarchitecture deterioration in the kidney. The results of this study revealed that Anacardium occidentale extract protects against lead acetate-induced liver and kidney toxicity by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Salvia officinalis restores semen quality and testicular functionality in cadmium-intoxicated male rats

The present study investigated the potential ability of Salvia officinalis, one of the oldest medicinal plants, to protect male rats against cadmium reproductive toxicity. Twenty-eight healthy male rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 7); control, Salvia-extract treated group, cadmium treated group and a group treated with both Cd and Salvia. Administration of cadmium reduced the relative testis to body weight and significantly affected sperm parameters by decreasing motility, viability, count and increasing morphological aberrations. Comet assay was used to detect DNA fragmentation in sperms of the rats exposed to Cd. Serum levels of testosterone T, follicle stimulating hormone FSH, and luteinizing hormone LH were significantly decreased. The biochemical analysis of testicular tissue showed a significant rise in Malondialdehyde MDA level coupled with a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx and catalase CAT). The histological examination of testis sections after Cd administration revealed severe degeneration of spermatogenic cells. Seminiferous tubules were filled with homogenous eosinophilic fluid associated with atrophy of other seminiferous tubules. Co-treatment with the Salvia officinalis extract restored the oxidative enzymes activities and decreased the formation of lipid peroxidation byproduct, which in turn ameliorated the effect of Cd on sperm parameters, DNA damage and testis histopathology. Taken together, it can be concluded that the synergistic antioxidant and radical savaging activities of Salvia officinalis prevented the effect of Cd on semen quality, sperm DNA damage, along with the oxidative stress and histological abnormalities in the testis tissues.

Cadmium-chelating ability of the siderophore DHBS secreted by Leclercia adecarboxylata FCH-CR2 and its action mechanism

As one of the most accumulative toxic heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) poses a major threat to human health. Bacterial siderophores, as small molecules with metal-absorbing ability, have great potential activity for Cd-reduction. In this study, the siderophore-producing bacterialstrain FCH-CR2 was isolated from a high-Cd contaminated soil using the CAS method. Leclercia adecarboxylata was identified through 16S rRNA sequence, homology analysis, colony morphology, physiological and biochemical tests. A siderophore, catechol type 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-l-serine (DHBS) secreted by FCH-CR2, was purified using RP-HPLC and identified by LC-MS/MS. Intraperitoneal injection of DHBS significantly increased fecal Cd levels, and reduced Cd accumulation in organs. In density flooding theory (DFT) analysis, DHBS may bind to Cd via the hydroxyl site on the benzene ring. Besides, the isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assay revealed that the formation of Cd-DHBS is a spontaneous and endothermic reaction with ΔG = -21.4 kJ/mol and ΔH = 1.51 ± 0.142 kJ/mol.

In vivo and in silico approach in revealing the influence of lead (Pb) on thyroid gland function

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of low doses of lead (Pb) on levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4, FT3, and FT4) and thyroid-related antibodies (anti-Tg and anti-TPO) in the rat model, as well as genes that are related to Pb and thyroid function, relationships between genes, biological processes, molecular processes, and pathways using an in silico approach. Male rats were randomized into seven groups (n = 42), one control group and six groups that received a range of Pb doses: 0.1, 0.5, 1, 3, 7, and 15 mg Pb/kg body weight (b.w.). Dose-response modelling was performed by PROAST software using model averaging method. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, GeneMANIA server, and ToppGene Suite portal were used as the main bioinformatic tools in this analysis. The results of our study have shown that low Pb doses induced elevation of thyroid hormones (T4, FT4, and TSH) in rats after subacute exposure, while had no impact on T3, FT3, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg, indicating hyperthyroidism. Dose-dependent effects were increases in T4 and FT4, with the lowest benchmark dose derived for FT4 levels. In silico toxicogenomic data analysis showed that the main molecular pathways/process related to Pb-induced hyperthyroidism are connected with 14 genes involved in antioxidant defense and Se-dependent processes. The results presented here may be useful in further investigation of the health impacts of low-level Pb exposure on thyroid function and endocrine disruption effects.

Relationship of individual and mixed urinary metals exposure with liver function in the China National Human Biomonitoring (CNHBM) of Zhejiang Province

BACKGROUND

Heavy metals have been reported to affect liver function. However, there is currently little and inconsistent knowledge about the effects of combined and individual urinary metals on specific parameters of liver function in the general population. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate their associations.

METHODS

This study involved 807 general population from the China National Human Biomonitoring of Zhejiang Province 2017-2018. Concentrations of urinary metals, including Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickle (Ni), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Molybdenum (Mo), Cadmium (Cd), Thallium (Tl) and Lead (Pb) were measured. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), direct bilirubin (DBIL), total bilirubin (TBIL) as liver function biomarkers. Multivariable linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were employed to explore the associations of urinary metals with liver function biomarkers. Subgroup analysis stratified by gender and age, excluding smokers and drinkers for sensitivity analysis.

RESULTS

Both statistical models indicated that urinary metals were positively associated with ALT and AST, while negatively with TP, ALB, DBIL and TBIL. In the WQS analysis, each quartile increase in the ln-transformed levels of metal mixtures was associated with 4.11 IU/L (95% CI: 1.07, 7.15) higher ALT and 3.00 IU/L (95% CI: 1.75, 4.25) higher AST, as well as, with 0.67 g/L (95% CI: 1.24, -0.11) lower TP, 0.74 g/L (95% CI: 1.09, -0.39) lower ALB, 0.38 μmol/L (95% CI: 0.67, -0.09) lower DBIL, and 1.56 μmol/L (95% CI: 2.22, -0.90) lower TBIL. The association between urinary metals and ALT was primarily driven by Cd (55.8%), Cr contributed the most to the association with AST (20.2%) and TBIL (45.2%), while the association with TP was primarily driven by Ni (38.2%), the association with ALB was primarily driven by As (32.8%), and the association with DBIL was primarily driven by Pb (30.9%). The associations between urinary metals and liver function might differ by sex and age.

CONCLUSION

Urinary metals were significantly associated with liver function parameters. Further studies are required to clarify the relationship between heavy metals and liver function.

Alternations in interleukin-1β and nuclear factor kappa beta activity (NF-kB) in rat liver due to the co-exposure of Cadmium and Arsenic: Protective role of curcumin

Cadmium chloride (Cd) and sodium arsenite (As) are two prominent examples of non-biodegradable substances that accumulate in ecosystems, pose a serious risk to human health and are not biodegradable. Although the toxicity caused by individual use of Cd and As is known, the toxicity of combined use (Cd+As) to mammals is poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of curcumin (CUR), a naturally occurring bioactive component isolated from the root stem of Curcuma longa Linn., in preventing liver damage caused by a Cd+As mixture. A group of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intraperitoneal administration of Cd+As (0.44 mg/kg+5.55 mg/kg i.p.) and CUR (100 or 200 mg/kg) for a period of 14 days. The experimental results showed that the animals treated with Cd+As exhibited changes in liver biochemical parameters, inflammation and oxidative stress at the end of the experiment. Administration of CUR significantly reduced inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the Cd+As plus CUR groups compared to the Cd+As group. Furthermore, histological examination of the liver tissue showed that administration of CUR had led to a significant reduction in the liver damage observed in the Cd+As group. The present study provides scientific evidence for the protective effects of CUR against lipid peroxidation, inflammation, oxidative stress and liver damage induced by Cd+As in the liver of rats. The results of our in vivo experiments were confirmed by those of our molecular modelling studies, which showed that CUR can enhance the diminished antioxidant capacity caused by Cd+As.

Protective effect of Agaricus bisporus mushroom against maternal and fetal damage induced by lead administration during pregnancy in rats

INTRODUCTION

Lead (Pb) is a toxic pollutant, which can affect different tissues of the human body. The use of natural elements, as medicinal mushroom can reduce the toxic effects of Pb.

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated, through preclinical tests, the oral co exposures to mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Ab) by gavage and Pb in drinking water, and the capability of Ab be a protective agent for both pregnant rats and their fetuses.

METHODS

Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 5/group): Group I-Control; Group II-Ab 100 mg/kg; Group III-Pb 100 mg/L; Group IV-Ab +Pb -100 mg/kg +100 mg/L. Exposure was performed until the 19th day of gestation. On the 20th day, pregnant rats were euthanized, and the outcomes evaluated were weight gain; hematological profile; biochemical markers; oxidative stress markers; reproductive capacity; and embryo fetal development.

RESULTS

The characterization of mushrooms reveals them to be a valuable source of nutrients. However, Pb ingestion resulted in reduced weight gain and negative impacts on hematological and biochemical parameters. Fortunately, co administration of mushrooms helped to mitigate these negative effects and promote recovery. The mushroom also showed antioxidant activity, improving parameters of oxidative stress. In addition, Ab partially recovered the damage in fetal morphology and bone parameters.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that the co administration of Ab improved the toxicity caused by Pb, and the mushroom could be used as a natural alternative as a protective/chelator agent.

Benefits of Chlorella vulgaris against Cadmium Chloride-Induced Hepatic and Renal Toxicities via Restoring the Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Modulating Nrf2 and NF-KB Pathways in Male Rats

In our life scenarios, we are involuntarily exposed to many heavy metals that are well-distributed in water, food, and air and have adverse health effects on animals and humans. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic 10 chemicals reported by The World Health Organization (WHO), affecting organ structure and function. In our present study, we use one of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris (ChV, 500 mg/kg body weight) to investigate the beneficial effects against CdCl2-induced hepato-renal toxicity (Cd, 2 mg/kg body weight for 10 days) on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. In brief, 40 adult male rats were divided into four groups (n = 10); Control, ChV, Cd, and Cd + ChV. Cadmium alters liver and kidney architecture and disturbs the cellular signaling cascade, resulting in loss of body weight, alteration of the hematological picture, and increased ALT, AST, ALP, and urea in the blood serum. Moreover, cadmium puts hepatic and renal cells under oxidative stress due to the up-regulation of lipid peroxidation resulting in a significant increase in the IgG level as an innate immunity protection and induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) that causes hepatic hemorrhage, irregular hepatocytes in the liver and focal glomeruli swelling and proximal tubular degeneration in the kidney. ChV additive to CdCl2, could organize the protein translation process via NF-kB/Nrf2 pathways to prevent oxidative damage by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and improving the survival of and tolerance of cells against oxidative damage caused by cadmium. The present study shed light on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of Chlorella vulgaris that suppress the toxicity influence of CdCl2.

Toxicity assessment of heavy metal (Pb) and its bioremediation by potential bacterial isolates

Lead (Pb) is a non-essential metal with high toxicity, is persistent, is not biodegradable, and has no known biological function. It is responsible for severe health and environmental issues that need appropriate remediation. Therefore, microbes have thrived in a lead-contaminated environment without exhibiting any negative impacts. The present study aimed to examine the toxic effects of lead on animals and the isolation, identification, and characterization of lead-resistant bacterial strains and their biodegradation potential. After oral administration of lead for 4 weeks, mice showed an elevated level of leukocytes and a decrease in TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels. However, a decline in body weight and inflammation and oxidative stress was observed in liver tissues. To remediate toxic heavy metal, lead-resistant bacterial strains were isolated, among which Enterobacter exhibited maximum degradation potential at high lead concentrations. It was identified by molecular basis and after 16S rRNA sequencing, and 99% resemblance was observed with Enterobacter cloacae. FT-IR analysis of the bacteria illustrated the presence of functional groups, including hydroxyl, carboxyl group, sulfide, and amino groups, on the bacterial cell surface involved in the adsorption of lead. Moreover, electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the morphological and physiochemical changes in the bacterial cell after biosorption, indicating the interaction of Cu ions with functional groups. To summarize, the findings show the highly toxic effects of lead on animals and humans and its effective biodegradation by the bacterial strains in the lead-contaminated environment. This biological strategy can be an ideal alternative to remediate heavy metals from contaminated sites to clean up the environment.

Effects of cadmium acetate contaminated drinking water on vital organs: A histopathological and biochemical study

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal with various human exposure sources. It accumulates in the liver, forming a complex with metallothionein protein and progresses to other organs. As a heavy metal, cadmium can replace calcium and other divalent ions and disturb their cascades, ultimately affecting the vital organs. Since cadmium acetate (CA) is considered more lethal than other Cd compounds, the current study examines the effect of different concentrations of CA doses in drinking water for different exposure times in murine models (Mus musculus). After the exposure period, the murine models were then examined histopathologically and biochemically. The histopathological examination of the heart, liver, and kidneys of the experimental group showed extensive degenerative effects. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the quantity of cadmium in serum, kidney, and hepatic tissues. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of hepatic proteins, especially metallothionein, directly related to Cd administration. The biochemical parameters, including creatine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total proteins, glucose, urea, uric acid, and creatinine, were also analyzed. After thorough histochemical and biochemical analysis, it was concluded that even low dose exposure of CA is hazardous to murine models with damaging effects.

Estimation of the cumulative risks from dietary exposure to cadmium, arsenic, nickel, lead and chromium Guangzhou, China

Heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, are ubiquitously present as single substances and compounds in the environment. These substances have various and overlapping health effects. Consumption of contaminated foods is the main pathway of the human exposure, however, estimation of their dietary exposure in combination with health risk analysis, particularly at various endpoints, has rarely been reported. In this study, we integrated relative potency factor (RPF) analysis into the margin of exposure (MOE) model to evaluate the health risk of combined heavy metal (including cadmium, arsenic, lead, chromium, and nickel) exposure in the residents in Guangzhou, China, after quantifying the heavy metals in various food samples and estimating their dietary exposure. The results indicated that rice, rice products and leafy vegetables contributed primarily to the dietary exposure of all metals except arsenic, which exposed the population largely through consumption of sea-foods. With all the five metals contributing to nephro- and neurotoxicity, the 95% confidence limits of MOE for the residents were clearly below 1.0 in the 3∼6-year group, suggesting a recognizable risk to young children. This study provides substantial evidence for the non-negligible health risk in young children due to increased heavy metal exposure,at least on some toxicity targets.

The association of lead exposure with blood pressure and hypertension: a mediation analyses of estimated glomerular filtration rate

The link between lead and blood pressure was debatable, and whether it was mediated by renal function was unknown. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between blood lead concentrations and blood pressure and hypertension, as well as the mediating role of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in this relationship. Participants aged 18 were recruited from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2014) and provided with lead and blood pressure data. Multivariate linear and logistic regression, stratification, interaction tests, and a restricted cubic spline curve were used to assess the association of blood lead with systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) and hypertension, and mediation effect analysis was used to investigate the role of eGFR in this relationship. A total of 20,073 subjects were enrolled, and among them, 9837 (49.01%) were male and 7800 (38.86%) were hypertensive patients. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis showed that blood lead levels were significantly associated with SBP (β = 3.14, 95%CI: 2.03, 4.25; P < 0.001), DBP (β = 3.50, 95%CI: 2.69, 4.30; P < 0.001), and hypertension (OR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.52; P = 0.0026). In comparison to the lowest blood lead quartile, the highest lead group was significantly associated with SBP (= 2.55, 95%CI: 1.66, 3.44; P = 0.0001), DBP (= 2.60, 95%CI: 1.95, 3.24; P = 0.0001), and hypertension (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.10, 1.45; P = 0.0007). Mediation analysis showed that the proportion of blood lead mediated for SBP, DBP, and hypertension was 3.56% (95%CI: 0.42%, 7.96%; P = 0.0320), 6.21% (95%CI: 4.02%, 9.32%; P < 0.0001), and 17.39% (95%CI: 9.34%, 42.71%; P < 0.0001), respectively. Adjusted restricted cubic spline curves presented a non-linear correlation of blood lead levels with DBP (P-non-linearity < 0.001), linear with SBP (P-non-linearity = 0.203), and hypertension (P-non-linearity = 0.763). Our findings demonstrated that blood lead levels were non-linear with DBP, but linear with SBP and hypertension, and this relationship was mediated by eGFR.

The Effects of Sodium Tetraborate against Lead Toxicity in Rats: The Behavior of Some Metabolic Enzymes

This study was planned to research the in vivo effects of lead (Pb) ions and sodium tetraborate (Na₂B₄O₇) on G6PD and 6PGD, which are some of the enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway, which carries vital importance for metabolism, and GR and GST, which are glutathione metabolism enzymes, and the in vitro effects of the same agents on the 6PGD enzyme. According to the in vivo analysis results, in comparison to the control group, the rat liver G6PD (p < 0.05), and 6PGD (p < 0.01) enzyme activities in the Na₂B₄O₇ group were significantly lower. In addition, GR and GST enzyme activities were insignificantly lower in the Na₂B₄O₇ group compared to the control group (p > 0.05). The Pb group had lower G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activity levels and higher GR and GST enzyme activity levels compared to the control group, while these changes did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). In the in vitro analyses of the effects of Pb ions on the 6PGD enzyme that was purified out of rat liver with the 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography method, it was determined that Pb ions (200-1200 μM) increased the rat liver 6PGD enzyme activity levels by 33%. On the other hand Na₂B₄O₇ was not significantly effective on 6PGD activity. These results will also contribute to future studies in understanding the physiopathology of the states triggered by Pb ions and sodium tetraborate (Na₂B₄O₇).

A novel mushroom (Auricularia polytricha) glycoprotein protects against lead-induced hepatoxicity, promotes lead adsorption, inhibits organ accumulation of lead, upregulates detoxifying proteins, and enhances immunoregulation in rats

Introduction

Lead is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant. Its nonbiodegradable toxicity induces a plethora of human diseases. A novel bioactive glycoprotein containing 1.15% carbohydrate, with the ability of adsorbing lead and effecting detoxification, has been purified from Auricularia polytricha and designated as APL. Besides, its mechanisms related to regulation of hepatic metabolic derangements at the proteome level were analyzed in this study.

Methods

Chromatographic techniques were utilized to purify APL in the current study. For investigating the protective effects of APL, Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily intraperitoneal injections of lead acetate for establishment of an animal model, and different dosages of APL were gastrically irrigated for study of protection from lead detoxification. Liver samples were prepared for proteomic analyses to explore the detoxification mechanisms.

Results and discussion

The detoxifying glycoprotein APL displayed unique molecular properties with molecular weight of 252-kDa, was isolated from fruiting bodies of the edible fungus A. polytricha. The serum concentrations of lead and the liver function biomarkers aspartate and alanine aminotransferases were significantly (p<0.05) improved after APL treatment, as well as following treatment with the positive control EDTA (300 mg/kg body weight). Likewise, results on lead residue showed that the clearance ratios of the liver and kidneys were respectively 44.5% and 18.1% at the dosage of APL 160 mg/kg, which was even better than the corresponding data for EDTA. Proteomics disclosed that 351 proteins were differentially expressed following lead exposure and the expression levels of 41 proteins enriched in pathways mainly involved in cell detoxification and immune regulation were normalized after treatment with APL-H. The results signify that APL ameliorates lead-induced hepatic injury by positive regulation of immune processing, and suggest that APL can be applied as a therapeutic intervention of lead poisoning in clinical practice. This report represents the first demonstration of the protective action of a novel mushroom protein on lead-elicited hepatic toxicity.

Hepatoprotective and Neuroprotective Effects of Naringenin against Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Rats

Naringenin (NRG) is one of the most important naturally occurring flavonoids, predominantly found in some edible fruits, such as citrus species and tomatoes. It has several biological activities, such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic, and cardioprotective effects. The heavy metal lead is toxic and triggers oxidative stress, which causes toxicity in many organs, including the liver and brain. This study explored the potential protective role of NRG in hepato- and neurotoxicity caused by lead acetate in rats. Four groups of ten male albino rats were included: group 1 was a control, group 2 was orally treated with lead acetate (LA) at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW, group 3 was treated with naringenin (NRG) at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW, and group 4 was treated with 500 mg/kg LA and 50 mg/kg NRG for 4 weeks. Then, blood was taken, the rats were euthanized, and liver and brain tissues were collected. The findings revealed that LA exposure induced hepatotoxicity with a significant increase in liver function markers (p < 0.05). In addition, albumin and total protein (TP) and the albumin/globulin ratio (A/G ratio) (p < 0.05) were markedly lowered, whereas the serum globulin level (p > 0.05) was unaltered. LA also induced oxidative damage, demonstrated by a significant increase in malonaldehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05), together with a pronounced antioxidant system reduction (SOD, CAT, and GSH) (p < 0.05) in both liver and brain tissues. Inflammation of the liver and brain caused by LA was indicated by increased levels of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κβ) and caspase-3, (p < 0.05), and the levels of B-cell lymphocyte-2 (BCL-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (p < 0.05) were decreased. Brain tissue damage induced by LA toxicity was demonstrated by the downregulation of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and creatine kinase (CK-BB) (p < 0.05). Additionally, the liver and brain of LA-treated rats displayed notable histopathological damage. In conclusion, NRG has potential hepato- and neuroprotective effects against lead acetate toxicity. However, additional research is needed in order to propose naringenin as a potential protective agent against renal and cardiac toxicity mediated by lead acetate.

In silico assessment of mixture toxicity mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases: the combination of toxic metal(oid)s and decabrominated diphenyl ether

The current study aimed to assess the connection between the mixture of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), methylmercury (MeHg) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE) and thyroid function, by using in silico toxicogenomic data-mining approach. To obtain the linkage between investigated toxic mixture and thyroid diseases (TDs), the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was used, while gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed by ToppGeneSuite portal. The analysis has shown 10 genes connected to all chemicals present in the mixture and TDs (CAT, GSR, IFNG, IL1B, IL4, IL6, MAPK1, SOD2, TGFB1, TNF), most of which were in co-expression (45.68%), or belonged to the same pathway (30.47%). Top 5 biological processes and molecular functions affected by the investigated mixture emphasized the role of two common mechanisms - oxidative stress and inflammation. Cytokines and inflammatory response was listed as the main molecular pathway that may be triggered by simultaneous exposure to toxic metal(oid)s and decaBDE and connected to TDs. The direct relations between Pb/decaBDE and redox status impairment in thyroid tissue was confirmed by our chemical-phenotype interaction analysis, while the strongest linkage between Pb, As and decaBDE and thyroid disorders was found. The obtained results provide better understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the thyrotoxicity of the investigated mixture, and can be used to direct further research.

Pleurotus pulmonarius Strain: Arsenic(III)/Cadmium(II) Accumulation, Tolerance, and Simulation Application in Environmental Remediation

The arsenic (As, III) and cadmium (Cd, II) accumulation and tolerance traits of a new strain Pleurotus pulmonarius MT were evaluated, and the utilization of the strain for repairing contaminated liquid and soil was explored. The hypha cultivated in potato dextrose agar (PDA) exhibited medium or high Cd accumulation (0 to 320 mg/L), medium Cd tolerance (maximum tolerated concentration, MTC ≥ 640 mg/L), medium As accumulation (0 to 80 mg/L), and high As tolerance (MTC > 1280 mg/L). The hypha has application potential in processes related to the removal of Cd and As in aqueous pollutants at concentrations of 80 mg/L Cd and 20 mg/L As. The trends obtained for the fruiting bodies of P. pulmonarius MT seemed to deviate from those of the hypha of this strain. The results show that the fruiting bodies featured medium As accumulation (0 to 40 mg/kg), medium As tolerance (MTC > 160 mg/kg), medium Cd accumulation (0 to 10 mg/kg), and high Cd tolerance (MTC > 1280 mg/kg). The fruiting bodies of P. pulmonarius MT were utilized in processes related to the recovery of Cd and As in substrates, that is, 12% contaminated soil mixed with 50 mg/kg Cd and 200 mg/kg As; thus, the hypha and fruiting bodies of P. pulmonarius MT can be used for the decontamination of water and soil containing As(III) and Cd(II).