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Spruijtenburg GE, van Abswoude F, Adams ILJ, Platvoet SWJ, de Niet M, Steenbergen B. Change in general and domain-specific physical activity during the transition from primary to secondary education: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1005. [PMID: 38605307 PMCID: PMC11008009 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of changes in the domains of physical activity (PA) during the transition period from primary to secondary education and the factors associated with these changes, are prerequisites for the design of effective PA promotion strategies. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to systematically review changes in general, leisure-time, school, transport, work, and home PA across the transition from primary to secondary education. The second aim was to systematically review the individual, social, and physical environmental factors that were associated with these changes. METHODS Records published up until September 2023 were retrieved from five electronic databases. We included longitudinal and cross-sectional studies that investigated general or domain-specific PA from 2 years before to 2 years after the transition from primary to secondary education. Information on source, study characteristics, sample characteristics, PA, and factors were extracted from the papers included. We reported the direction of change in general and domain-specific PA and the direction of association of the factors with change in general and domain-specific PA. RESULTS Forty-eight papers were included in the study. The evidence on changes in PA and associated factors was greatest for general PA. A limited number of the studies investigated the separate domains of leisure-time, school, and transport. Most studies on general and school PA reported a decline in PA, but there were no consistent results for the domains of leisure-time and transport. With respect to the associated factors, evidence was predominantly found for individual factors and to a lesser degree for physical environmental and social environmental factors. None of the factors were consistently associated with changes in general or domain-specific PA during the school transition. CONCLUSIONS For the design of targeted PA promotion strategies, further studies are warranted to explore changes in the specific domains of PA across the transition from primary to secondary education, especially in the domains of leisure-time, transport, home, and work PA. In addition, the interactions between factors at different socioecological levels to influence changes in PA need to be addressed more in the future. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020190204.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Femke van Abswoude
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Imke L J Adams
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan W J Platvoet
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark de Niet
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Barnett LM, Verswijveren SJJM, Colvin B, Lubans DR, Telford RM, Lander NJ, Schott N, Tietjens M, Hesketh KD, Morgan PJ, Hinkley T, Downing KL, Telford RD, Cohen KE, Ridgers ND, Abbott G. Motor skill competence and moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity: a linear and non-linear cross-sectional analysis of eight pooled trials. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:14. [PMID: 38326890 PMCID: PMC10848369 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the relationship between motor skill competence and device-measured physical activity in large samples and none have used non-linear modelling. This study assessed the linear and non-linear associations between motor skill competence and physical activity in children using pooled data from eight studies. METHODS Cross-sectional ActiGraph accelerometer and motor skills competence data from 988 children (50.8% boys) aged 3-11 years were included. Total, object control and locomotor skill competence were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Skill Development. Linear mixed models were fitted to examine linear associations between motor skill competence and physical activity. Then, restricted cubic splines models were used to assess potential non-linear relationships. Interactions by sex and age were assessed. RESULTS There was evidence of positive linear associations between total skill, and object control and locomotor skills, with moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity; however, the associations with total skill competence and object control better fitted a non-linear model. Non-linear models indicated associations were positive but relatively weak in the low to mid ranges of TGMD/object control scores but at high ranges (~ > 70 out of 100/ and ~ 35 out of 50) the association strength increased for both moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity. There were sex interactions for locomotor skills only, specifically for vigorous activity with boys having a stronger positive association than girls. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be a threshold for object control skill proficiency that children need to reach to enhance their physical activity levels which provides support for a motor skill "proficiency barrier". This provides a tangible benchmark for children to achieve in motor competence programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Barnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Australia.
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - S J J M Verswijveren
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Australia
| | - B Colvin
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - D R Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Keskussairaalantie 4, 40600, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - R M Telford
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
- The Australian National University, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, ANU College of Health & Medicine, 62 Mills Rd, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - N J Lander
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Australia
| | - N Schott
- Department of Sport Psychology and Human Movement Sciences Organization, University of Stuttgart, Institute for Sport and Movement Science, Allmandring 28, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - M Tietjens
- University of Muenster, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Horstmarer Landweg 62 b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - K D Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Australia
| | - P J Morgan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | | | - K L Downing
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Australia
| | - R D Telford
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - K E Cohen
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - N D Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Australia
- University of South Australia, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - G Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Australia
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González-Gálvez N, Vaquero-Cristobal R, Maciá-Andreu MJ, García-Tascon M, Soler-Marín A, Gallardo-Guerrero AM. Influence of physical fitness components on personality factors and risk perception of children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071995. [PMID: 38072471 PMCID: PMC10728990 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max) and muscular strength with indicators related to the risk scale, such as perceived competence, sensation seeking, competitiveness, risk taking and risk perception in sports. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING High schools from the Region of Murcia (Spain). PARTICIPANTS Three-hundred-and-seventeen adolescents participated (mean age: 13.69±1.2 years old). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Body mass, body height, Course-Navette test, upper limb strength and psychoeducational factors that determine the propensity towards sports accidents in school children, the Sports Accident Propensity Scale were evaluated. It was performance t-test for independent samples, stepwise multiple linear regression models and a multiple mediation analysis. RESULTS The analysis showed significant differences with respect to sex in height, VO2 max, handgrip strength and in all factors of the questionnaire (p=0.02-<0.01). Adolescents who presented greater VO2 max, strength in the handgrip test and age showed a higher score in factors 1 and 3. Higher scores in factor 2 were associated with better VO2 max and strength in handgrip test. Youngers and better values of strength in the handgrip showed higher score in factors 4 and 5. The mediation analysis with two mediating variables (handgrip strength and VO2 max) showed a significant indirect effect. When handgrip strength and VO2 max were included in the equations, the association between sex and each factor ceased to be significant. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential benefits of muscular strength (handgrip) and VO2 max in the perceived risk scale, and the variable of age on this. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinical trial: NCT05544370 (pre-results).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia González-Gálvez
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Región de Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristobal
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Región de Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Marta García-Tascon
- Departamento del Deporte e Informática, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Antonio Soler-Marín
- Dpto. Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Región de Murcia, Spain
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Malnes L, Berntsen S, Kolle E, Ivarsson A, Dyrstad SM, Resaland GK, Solberg R, Haugen T. School-based physical activity in relation to active travel - a cluster randomized controlled trial among adolescents enrolled in the school in motion study in Norway. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:136. [PMID: 37990252 PMCID: PMC10664674 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active travel and school settings are considered ideal for promoting physical activity. However, previous research suggests limited effect of school-based interventions on overall physical activity levels among adolescents. The relationship between physical activity in different domains remains inconclusive. In this study, we examined the effects of adding two weekly hours of school-based physical activity on active travel rates. METHOD We analyzed data from 1370 pupils in the 9th-grade participating in the cluster RCT; the School In Motion (ScIM) project. Intervention schools (n = 19) implemented 120 min of class-scheduled physical activity and physical education, in addition to the normal 2 hours of weekly physical education in the control schools (n = 9), for 9 months. Active travel was defined as pupils who reported walking or cycling to school, while motorized travel was defined as pupils who commuted by bus or car, during the spring/summer half of the year (April-September), or autumn/winter (October-February). The participants were categorized based on their travel mode from pretest to posttest as; maintained active or motorized travel ("No change"), changing to active travel (motorized-active), or changing to motorized travel (active-motorized). Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the intervention effect on travel mode. RESULTS During the intervention period, most participants maintained their travel habits. In total, 91% of pupils maintained their travel mode to school. Only 6% of pupils switched to motorized travel and 3% switched to active travel, with small variations according to season and trip direction. The intervention did not seem to influence the likelihood of changing travel mode. The odds ratios for changing travel habits in spring/summer season were from active to motorized travel 1.19 [95%CI: 0.53-2.15] and changing from motorized to active travel 1.18 [0.30-2.62], compared to the "No change" group. These findings were consistent to and from school, and for the autumn/winter season. CONCLUSION The extra school-based physical activity does not seem to affect rates of active travel among adolescents in the ScIM project. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov ID nr: NCT03817047. Registered 01/25/2019' retrospectively registered'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Malnes
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Elin Kolle
- Department Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Sindre M Dyrstad
- Department of Education and Sport Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Geir K Resaland
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Runar Solberg
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy Haugen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Hamdani SMZH, Zhuang J, Hadier SG, Khurram H, Hamdani SDH, Danish SS, Fatima SU, Tian W. Establishment of health related physical fitness evaluation system for school adolescents aged 12-16 in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1212396. [PMID: 37829094 PMCID: PMC10564982 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1212396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The decline in adolescent physical fitness is a significant global public health concern, and Pakistan is no exception. The country's absence of a health-related physical fitness (HRPF) evaluation system has compounded this issue. To bridge this gap, this study aims to develop a scientifically-based HRPF evaluation system for the adolescent population that meets international standards. The evaluation system identifies at-risk children and improves adolescent health outcomes, including obesity, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders, chronic diseases, and psychological illnesses, through crucial physical fitness evaluation. This study specifically aims to establish an HRPF evaluation system for school adolescents aged 12-16 in Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,970 school adolescents aged 12-16 years in the South Punjab, Pakistan. The study used a stratified sampling technique to select participants. The HRPF evaluation system included four components: cardiorespiratory endurance, core muscular endurance, muscular strength, and body composition. Data were collected through standardized tests and anthropometric measurements. Results The study's results indicated that the HRPF evaluation scoring system was feasible and valid for evaluating the HRPF of school adolescents in the South Punjab region of Pakistan. The results of the evaluation system categorized participants into five groups based on their performance: excellent (6.2%), good (24.9%), medium (50.7%), poor (17%), and very poor (1.2%). Conclusion The study establishes an HRPF evaluation system for Pakistani school adolescents. This system lays the foundation for implementing effective strategies to improve their physical health. The findings offer valuable insights to policymakers, health professionals, and educators, enabling them to promote fitness and devise impactful interventions for enhancing HRPF in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Zeeshan Haider Hamdani
- Faculty of Sport Science, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Department of Sports Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Jie Zhuang
- Faculty of Sport Science, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Syed Ghufran Hadier
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Department of Sports Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Haris Khurram
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Danish Haider Hamdani
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Department of Sports Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
- School Education Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Shireen Danish
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Department of Sports Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Urooj Fatima
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Department of Sports Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Physical Education, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Wang Tian
- Faculty of Sport Science, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Britton Ú, Onibonoje O, Belton S, Behan S, Peers C, Issartel J, Roantree M. Moving well-being well: Using machine learning to explore the relationship between physical literacy and well-being in children. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:1110-1129. [PMID: 36628524 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Physical literacy provides a foundation for lifelong engagement in physical activity, resulting in positive health outcomes. Direct pathways between physical literacy and health have not yet been investigated thoroughly. Associations between physical literacy and well-being in children (n = 1073, mean age 10.86 ± 1.20 years) were analysed using machine learning. Motor competence (TGMD-3 and BOT-2) and health-related fitness (PACER and plank) were assessed in the physical competence domain. Motivation (adapted-Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire) and confidence (modified-Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Scale) were assessed in the affective domain. Well-being was measured using the KIDSCREEN-27. Accuracy of predicting well-being from physical literacy was investigated using five machine learning classifiers (decision tree, random forest, XGBoost, AdaBoost, k-nearest neighbour) in the full sample and across subgroups (sex, socioeconomic status [SES], age). XGBoost predicted well-being from physical literacy with an accuracy of 87% in the full sample. Predictive accuracy was lowest in low SES participants. Contribution of physical literacy features differed substantially across subgroups. Physical literacy predicts well-being in children but the relative contribution of physical literacy features to well-being differs substantially between subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úna Britton
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Sarahjane Belton
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Behan
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cameron Peers
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Johann Issartel
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Roantree
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Menescardi C, De Meester A, Álvarez O, Castillo I, Haerens L, Estevan I. The mediational role of motivation in the model of motor development in childhood: A longitudinal study. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102398. [PMID: 37665860 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was twofold: first, to examine the stability of the hypothesized conceptual model of motor development (without and with including various types of motivation) when children are followed up one-year later, and second to examine longitudinally whether changes in one model variable predict changes in other variables, according to the hypothesized pathways in the model. A sample of 361 Spanish students (50.7% girls, 8-11 years old) voluntarily participated in this study. In relation to the first aim, structural equation modeling revealed the expected positive relationship between the model variables in both measurement times. That is: actual motor competence (MC) predicted physical activity (PA) (p < .001), perceived MC mediated the relationship between actual MC and PA (p < .001), and autonomous motivation mediated the relationship between perceived MC and PA (p < .05). Moreover, the comparison of the invariance analysis showed non-practical differences between the unconstrained model and the constrained model, supporting the stability of the model over time. In relation to the second aim, the hypothesized model in Time 2 controlling for Time 1 values showed that changes in children's actual MC positively predicted changes in their perceived MC (p < .001), which in turn, predicted changes in their autonomous motivation (p < .001), and PA (p < .001) at Time 2. Based on these findings Physical Education teachers are recommended to foster children's actual and perceived MC as well as their autonomous motivation over time in order to promote PA strategies for lifelong health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Menescardi
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion (AFIPS) Research Group, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, Valencia, Spain.
| | - An De Meester
- University of South Carolina, Department of Physical Education, Columbia, USA; Ghent University, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Octavio Álvarez
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion (AFIPS) Research Group, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Department of Social Psychology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Castillo
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion (AFIPS) Research Group, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Department of Social Psychology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leen Haerens
- Ghent University, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isaac Estevan
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion (AFIPS) Research Group, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, Valencia, Spain
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Mota J, Martins J, Onofre M. Portuguese Physical Literacy Assessment - Observation (PPLA-O) for adolescents (15-18 years) from grades 10-12: Development and initial validation through item response theory. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:1033648. [PMID: 36589780 PMCID: PMC9799258 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1033648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aims of these studies were to develop the Portuguese Physical Literacy Assessment Observation instrument (PPLA-O) to assess the physical and part of the cognitive domain of Physical Literacy (PL) through data collected routinely by Physical Education (PE) teachers; and to assess the construct validity (dimensionality, measurement invariance, and convergent and discriminant validity) and score reliability of one of its modules [Movement Competence, Rules, and Tactics (MCRT)]. Methods Content analysis of the Portuguese PE syllabus and literature review were used for PPLA-O domain identification. Multidimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT) models were used to assess construct validity and reliability, along with bivariate correlations in a sample of 515 Portuguese grade 10-12 students (M age = 16, SD = 1). Results PPLA-O development resulted in an instrument with two modules: MCRT (22 physical activities) and Health-Related Fitness (HRF; 5 protocols); both assessed with teacher-reported data entered in a spreadsheet. A two correlated dimensions Graded Response Model (Manipulative-based Activities [MA], and Stability-based Activities [SA]) showed best fit to the MCRT data, suggesting measurement invariance across sexes, and adequate to good score reliabilities (MA = .89, and SA = .73). There was a moderate to high correlation (r = .68) between dimensions, and boys had higher scores in both dimensions. Correlations among MCRT scores and HRF variables were similar in magnitude to previous reports in meta-analysis and systematic reviews. Conclusions PPLA-O is composed of two modules that integrate observational data collected by PE teachers into a common frame of criterion-referenced PL assessment. The HRF module uses data collected through widely validated FITescola® assessment protocols. The MCRT makes use of teacher-reported data collected in a wide range of activities and movement pursuits to measure movement competence and inherent cognitive skills (Tactics and Rules). We also gathered initial evidence supporting construct validity and score reliability of the MCRT module. This highly feasible instrument can provide Portuguese grade 10-12 (15-18 years) PE students with feedback on their PL journey, along with the other instrument of PPLA (PPLA-Questionnaire). Further studies should assess inter and intra-rater reliability and criterion-related validity of its two modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Mota
- Centro de Estudos em Educação, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Cruz-Quebrada-Dafundo, Oeiras, Portugal,UIDEF, Instituto de Educação, Lisbon, Portugal,School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education Programme, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Correspondence: João Mota
| | - João Martins
- Centro de Estudos em Educação, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Cruz-Quebrada-Dafundo, Oeiras, Portugal,UIDEF, Instituto de Educação, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marcos Onofre
- Centro de Estudos em Educação, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Cruz-Quebrada-Dafundo, Oeiras, Portugal,UIDEF, Instituto de Educação, Lisbon, Portugal
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Wessela S, Meigen C, Poulain T, Sobek C, Vogel M, Möller S, Kiess W. Reference centiles based on year-to-year changes for a longitudinal evaluation of motor performance in children and adolescents. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262163. [PMID: 34995341 PMCID: PMC8741030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim was to evaluate the longitudinal course of motor skills development in children with a view to improve the understanding of intra-individual variance. Previous publications have been based on cross-sectional data or analyzed longitudinal studies in a cross-sectional manner. Design Longitudinal. Year-to-year change. Methods The present study is based on motor function data collected in the LIFE Child study (Germany). The participants (6 to 17 years) completed parts of the motor tests according to the standard of the German Motor Performance Test 6–18 (DMT). For a total of 1653 participants, 4616 motor tests with an annual interval in the period 2011 to 2019 were included in the evaluation. Results We were able to produce gender and age-specific change centiles for the test items standing long jump, jumping sideways, push-ups, stand and reach and balancing walking backwards. Each set of centiles revealed a range of variability in motor development in children and adolescents, with distinct progressive patterns in the different test items and different genders. The supplied tables offer an indication of expected year-to-year change for each test item depending on age and gender. Depending on the test item and the mean age, a deterioration in test results after a one-year interval was observed, despite cross-sectional centiles showing an upward trend. Conclusion We present a user-friendly tool as a way to assess individual dynamic changes in motor development of children and adolescents. In combination with the well-known cross-sectional centiles as baseline, this can be helpful for the scientific evaluation of motor skills tests and can also be used in school settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Wessela
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christof Meigen
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Sobek
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Möller
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Chagas DDV, Marinho B. Exploring the Importance of Motor Competence for Behavioral and Health Outcomes in Youth. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2544-2560. [PMID: 34632860 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between motor competence (MC) and behavioral and health outcomes in youth through its relationship to physical activity (PA) and body composition (in terms of body fat). To date, it is unclear whether these variables reciprocally influence each other over time. We assessed whether and how MC, PA and body composition influence each other across adolescence. In a longitudinal study with 14 months of follow-up, we recruited 166 adolescents aged 12-13 years. We recorded participants' self-reported PA and body fat percentage and assessed their MC using the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK). We used linear mixed models and mediation analyses with crude and adjusted (age, sex, time point) models to examine associations among the selected variables across time. MC showed a bidirectional relationship with both PA (p < .001) and body fat (p < .001) in both crude and adjusted models. In addition, MC was a potential mediator (Sobel test = -3.18, p < .001) in the relation between body fat (as predictor) and PA (as outcome) in crude models, but no mediating effect was found in adjusted models. Thus, this study provided longitudinal evidence that MC and PA, as well as MC and body composition, can reciprocally influence each other across adolescence. We recommend the development of MC as a crucial strategy to increase PA engagement and to prevent obesity in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel das Virgens Chagas
- Graduate Program in Physical Exercise and Sport Sciences, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil
| | - Blena Marinho
- Graduate Program in Physical Exercise and Sport Sciences, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil
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Gråstén A, Huhtiniemi M, Hakonen H, Jaakkola T. Development of accelerometer-based light to vigorous physical activity in fitness profiles of school-aged children. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2343-2355. [PMID: 34536979 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the developmental trajectories of light (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in fitness profiles derived from motor competence, perceived motor competence, health-related fitness, and MVPA behavior. Locomotor, stability, and object control skills, muscular and cardiovascular fitness, and physical activity were assessed in 510 (girls 285 and boys 225) Finnish school-aged children (Mage = 11.26 ± 33 years) over three years. Physical activity was measured using hip-mounted accelerometers. Fitness profiles were identified using latent profile analysis, and the development of physical activity levels across four assessments was analyzed with latent growth curve models. Results showed that (1) three homogeneous profiles were identified: At-risk, Intermediate, and Desirable; (2) the Desirable group was more physically active than the other groups, the Intermediate group was more physical active than the At-risk group; and (3) LPA decreased similarly over time, while MVPA remained stable in all three profiles. Initial more advanced motor competence, perceived motor competence, health-related fitness, and higher MVPA behavior were associated with higher levels of long-term LPA and MVPA. This finding supports the importance of motor competence skills acquisition in the early school years. Attention should also be paid to increasing engagement in light physical activities, especially in inactive or insufficiently active children with low motor competence skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Gråstén
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mikko Huhtiniemi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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12
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Bidirectional Relationships among Children's Perceived Competence, Motor Skill Competence, Physical Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness across One School Year. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1704947. [PMID: 34485510 PMCID: PMC8416382 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1704947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The bidirectional associations among children's motor skill competence (MSC), perceived competence (PC), physical activity (PA), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) over time remain unanswered. This study is aimed at discerning the bidirectional relationships among elementary school children's MSC, PC, PA and, CRF over the course of one school year. Methods A total of 261 second and third grade children (127 boys, 134 girls; meanage = 8.27 years; BMI = 18.22 ± 3.71) were recruited from two Texas elementary schools. Approximately 73.56% of participants were White American. Children's baseline data were assessed in September/October in 2012 (Time1), and identical assessments were conducted in April/May in 2013 (Time2). MSC was assessed using product-oriented skill tests (e.g., throw, kick, and jump). PC was assessed via the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence for Children. Minutes spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was assessed using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers for five days, and CRF was assessed by the PACER test. Six age- and body mass index-adjusted cross-lagged panel models were used to test the relationships between the variables. Results We observed that T1 MSC significantly predicted T2 MSC (β = 0.59; p < 0.01), T2 CRF (β = 0.28; p < 0.01), and T2 MVPA (β = 0.18; p < 0.01). Children's CRF was a positive predictor for T2 CRF (β = 0.56; p < 0.01) and T2 MSC (β = 0.13; p < 0.05) Additionally, T1 MVPA significantly predicted T2 MVPA (β = 0.30; p < 0.01) and T2 PC (β = −0.14; p < 0.05). Conclusion Findings suggested a fully bidirectional relationship between elementary children's MSC and CRF. Other bidirectional relationships among the variables were only partially supported. Educators and health professionals need to emphasize the importance of developing both MSC and CRF to maintain physical health over time.
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Kolunsarka I, Gråsten A, Huhtiniemi M, Jaakkola T. Development of Children's Actual and Perceived Motor Competence, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and BMI. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2653-2660. [PMID: 34310501 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine synergistic associations between developmental trajectories of motor competence, perceived motor competence, cardiorespiratory fitness, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and body mass index (BMI) from late childhood to adolescence. METHODS In this three-year follow-up study, motor competence, perceived motor competence, cardiorespiratory fitness, MVPA, and BMI were assessed in 1 167 Finnish school-aged children (girls = 583, boys = 565; Mage = 11.27 ± 0.33). MVPA was measured using hip-mounted accelerometers. Developmental trajectories were analyzed using latent growth curve modeling. RESULTS The development of motor competence, cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI was positive over time, whereas the development of perceived motor competence and physical activity was negative. The development of BMI was inversely associated with the development of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity. CONCLUSION In the transition from late childhood to adolescence, motor competence, cardiorespiratory fitness, and BMI increased, and perceived motor competence and physical activity decreased. However, individual variance in the developmental trajectories was significant. Moreover, children with a greater increase in BMI showed a greater decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity from late childhood to adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iiris Kolunsarka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Zhang T, Lee J, Barnett LM, Gu X. Does Perceived Competence Mediate between Ball Skills and Children's Physical Activity and Enjoyment? CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8070575. [PMID: 34356554 PMCID: PMC8306476 DOI: 10.3390/children8070575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The major purpose of this study was to examine the potential mediating role of perceived motor skill competence on relationships between actual ball skills and children’s physical activity (PA) and PA enjoyment. A total of 294 students (Mage = 10.96 ± 0.76; 51.7% boys) from three elementary schools completed validated questionnaires assessing their perceived competence, self-reported PA, and PA enjoyment. Students’ actual ball skills (i.e., basketball, overhand throwing, striking) were measured by PE MetricsTM. Correlation analyses showed positive relationships among the study variables (rs ranging from 0.12 to 0.56). The structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses demonstrated that the mediation model produces a goodness-of-fit to the data: χ2/df = 52.03/32; CFI = 0.96; NFI = 0.90; IFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.04. Path coefficients suggested that actual ball skill competence was strongly associated with perceived competence (β = 0.36, p < 0.01), which in turn significantly predicted PA (β = 0.29, p < 0.01) and PA enjoyment (β = 0.35, p < 0.01). The findings highlight that ball skills significantly impact students’ perceived competence, positively and indirectly affecting their PA and PA enjoyment. This study provides empirical evidence that recommends intervention strategies aimed at fostering elementary school students’ PA and PA enjoyment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joonyoung Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
| | - Lisa M. Barnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health & Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Xiangli Gu
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA;
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Relative Age Effect in Physical Fitness during the Elementary School Years. Pediatr Rep 2021; 13:322-333. [PMID: 34201263 PMCID: PMC8293459 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric13020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-groups are commonly implemented in education and sports in order to provide fair and equal opportunities. Various studies, however, have shown a competitive advantage for early born children over their relatively younger peers, which is referred to as relative age effect. The present study examined differences in various components of physical fitness in Austrian elementary-school children. A total of 18,168 children (51% boys) between 6 and 11 years of age provided valid data on anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness. Specifically, children completed eight fitness tests that assessed cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and power, speed, agility, flexibility and object control. Across age-specific quartiles, older children were significantly taller and heavier than their younger peers. Older children also displayed better performance for strength and power, speed, agility and object control, while differences in cardio-respiratory endurance were less pronounced. These results highlight the presence of a relative age effect during the elementary school years and emphasize the need to consider individual differences in the evaluation of children's performance. As all children should be given equal opportunities to engage successfully in physical education and sports, physical education teachers and youth coaches need to be educated on the implications of a relative age effect.
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Drenowatz C, Hinterkörner F, Greier K. Physical Fitness and Motor Competence in Upper Austrian Elementary School Children-Study Protocol and Preliminary Findings of a State-Wide Fitness Testing Program. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:635478. [PMID: 33693431 PMCID: PMC7937611 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.635478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor competence and physical fitness are key components for the promotion of an active and healthy lifestyle. Poor motor competence and low physical fitness in children, therefore, are a major threat to future public health. Even though the assessment of physical fitness and motor competence per se does not enhance these entities, fitness tests can provide important information for intervention strategies. Fitness tests may also motivate children to become more active in order to increase their physical abilities. In the school-year 2016/17 the Upper Austrian government initiated the state-wide testing program "wie fit bist du" (how fit are you) in elementary schools, that examined cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular power, speed, agility, flexibility and object control skills along with the assessment of height and weight. Since the beginning of the program more than 18,000 children between 6 and 11 years of age participated in the school-based tests. The results show a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity with increasing age (p > 0.01). Overweight/obese children displayed lower motor competence and physical fitness, except for upper body strength. Further, the improvement in test performance with increasing age was less pronounced in overweight/obese children compared to their normal weight peers. In fact, distance covered during the 6-min run did not improve throughout the elementary school years in overweight/obese children. Given the importance of motor competence and physical fitness for general development and well-being, physical education should be considered a viable setting for the promotion of these entities as a majority of children can be reached independent of their socio-economic background. In order to provide adequate movement experiences that enhance motor competence and physical fitness while ensuring a motivating environment, objective information on current ability levels are required. The implementation of fitness monitoring at young ages, therefore, can be an important contributor for the promotion of an active and healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Education Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Klaus Greier
- Division of Physical Education, Private Educational College (Kirchliche Pädagogische Hochschule - Edith Stein), Stams, Austria.,Department of Sports Science, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Moss S, Lind E, Ferkel R, McGinnis P, True L. Relationships among Actual Motor Competence, Perceived Motor Competence, and Health-Related Fitness in College-Aged Males. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8120158. [PMID: 33276465 PMCID: PMC7760704 DOI: 10.3390/sports8120158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actual motor competence (MC), perceived motor competence (PMC), and health-related fitness (HRF) exhibit a dynamic and reciprocal relationship in child populations, but little is known about the nature of these relationships in young adulthood. The purpose of the study was to assess these relationships in a sample of college-aged males. A total of 55 participants enrolled in an undergraduate Kinesiology course completed the study. Perceived motor competence (PMC) was assessed with the Physical Self-Perception Profile questionnaire; MC was assessed using maximum throw and kick speed and maximum jump distance; HRF was assessed with a two-minute push-up test, two-minute sit-up test, and the Multistage 20-m Shuttle Run Test. Pearson’s bivariate correlations were calculated to assess relationships among PMC total score, MC scores, and HRF scores. Two separate indices were calculated to create composite total MC and total HRF scores used for subsequent analyses. Significant correlations were found between PMC total score, MC index, and HRF index. Multiple linear regressions were used for analyzing predictive measures for HRF and PMC scores. From the two regression models, significance varied among total MC scores, PMC scores, and HRF individual measures. These findings may suggest that relationships among MC, HRF, and PMC strengthen over developmental time in young adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Moss
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA;
| | - Erik Lind
- Kinesiology Department, State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA; (E.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Rick Ferkel
- College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48858, USA;
| | - Peter McGinnis
- Kinesiology Department, State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA; (E.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Larissa True
- Department of Kinesiology and Dance, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88011, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-575-646-5873
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Individual and Environmental Factors Associated with Participation in Physical Activity as Adolescents Transition to Secondary School: A Qualitative Inquiry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207646. [PMID: 33092157 PMCID: PMC7588993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The transition from elementary to secondary school is an emotionally and socially complex time when adverse behaviors appear, such as decreased levels of physical activity (PA). Behavioral and environmental factors that influence PA during this time are poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to identify factors that influence PA as adolescents transition to secondary school. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 27 ethnically diverse child–parent dyads within the public-school system in British Columbia, Canada (50% boys, 68% mothers, 25% White). The interviews probed for environmental and behavioral factors in school, family, and social contexts that potentially initiated changes in PA, specifically related to the adolescents’ transitions. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analyses identified factors at the individual, social, familial, and school levels that may trigger adolescents to change their participation in PA as they transition from elementary to secondary school. Twenty-two factors emerged from the qualitative analysis including school factors (8), household factors (3), social factors (4), and intrapersonal factors (7). These findings contribute to a better understanding of adolescents’ PA behaviors and highlight the influence of changing environments as they transition from elementary school to secondary school.
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Xin F, Chen ST, Clark C, Hong JT, Liu Y, Cai YJ. Relationship between Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Activity in Preschool-Aged Children: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3566. [PMID: 32438736 PMCID: PMC7277928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Preschool-aged children are in a critical period of developing fundamental movement skills (FMS). FMS have a close link with physical activity (PA). This study aimed to systematically review the associations between FMS and PA in preschool-aged children. Searching Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO (including SPORTDiscus, ERIC, and Academic Search Premier) was utilized to conduct a systematic review of the available literature. Studies were included if they examined associations between FMS and PA among typically developing children aged 3-6 years, published between January 2000 and April 2020. A total of 26 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 24 cross-sectional studies and two cohort studies. There was a strong level of evidence to support low to moderate associations between moderate to vigorous physical activity and components of FMS, specifically, the total FMS (r = 0.11-0.48, R2 = 16%-19%) and object control skill (r = 0.16-0.46, β = 0.28-0.49, R2 = 10.4%-16.9%). Similar associations were also found between the total physical activity and components of FMS, specifically, the total FMS (r = 0.10-0.45, R2 = 16%), locomotor skills (r = 0.14-0.46, R2 = 21.3%), and objective control skills (r = 0.16-0.44, β = 0.47, R2 = 19.2%). There was strong evidence that there is no significant association between light physical activity and FMS, specifically, total FMS and locomotor skills. The associations, including "stability skills-PA" and "locomotor skills-moderate to vigorous PA", were uncertain due to insufficient evidence. Our findings provide strong evidence of associations between specific FMS components and a specific PA intensity. Future studies should consider using a longitudinal study design in order to explore the causal relationship between specific-intensity PA and the FMS subdomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xin
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.X.); (J.-T.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Si-Tong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 3000, Australia;
| | - Cain Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK;
| | - Jin-Tao Hong
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.X.); (J.-T.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.X.); (J.-T.H.); (Y.L.)
- Shanghai Research Centre for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu-Jun Cai
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.X.); (J.-T.H.); (Y.L.)
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