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Brooks SK, Greenberg N. Recurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review of definitions, prevalence and predictors. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:37. [PMID: 38195482 PMCID: PMC10777598 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people will experience a potentially traumatic event in their lifetime and a minority will go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A wealth of literature explores different trajectories of PTSD, focusing mostly on resilient, chronic, recovered and delayed-onset trajectories. Less is known about other potential trajectories such as recurring episodes of PTSD after initial recovery, and to date there has been no estimate of what percentage of those who initially recover from PTSD later go on to experience a recurrence. This systematic review aimed to synthesise existing literature to identify (i) how 'recurrence' of PTSD is defined in the literature; (ii) the prevalence of recurrent episodes of PTSD; and (iii) factors associated with recurrence. METHODS A literature search of five electronic databases identified primary, quantitative studies relevant to the research aims. Reference lists of studies meeting pre-defined inclusion criteria were also hand-searched. Relevant data were extracted systematically from the included studies and results are reported narratively. RESULTS Searches identified 5,398 studies, and 35 were deemed relevant to the aims of the review. Results showed there is little consensus in the terminology or definitions used to refer to recurrence of PTSD. Because recurrence was defined and measured in different ways across the literature, and prevalence rates were reported in numerous different ways, it was not possible to perform meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of recurrence. We also found no consistent evidence regarding predictors of PTSD recurrence. CONCLUSION A clear and consistent evidence-based definition of recurrence is urgently needed before the prevalence and predictors of recurrence can be truly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Brooks
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, SE5 9RJ, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil Greenberg
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, SE5 9RJ, London, United Kingdom
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Schou-Bredal I, Grimholt TK, Bonsaksen T, Skogstad L, Heir T, Ekeberg Ø. Psychological responses and associated factors during the initial lockdown due to the corona disease epidemic (COVID-19) among Norwegian citizens. J Ment Health 2023; 32:1057-1064. [PMID: 34309479 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1952949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ongoing COVID-19 studies pay little attention to the risk or protective factors related to psychological stress. AIMS This study aims to estimate the prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia during the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, and explore factors that might be associated with these outcomes. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted using snowball-sampling strategy. Participants from 18 years or older filled out an anonymous online questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 4527 citizens filled out the questionnaire. Prevalence rates were; insomnia 31.8%, anxiety 17.1% and depression 12.5%. Risk factors associated with anxiety, depression and insomnia were being single (OR = 0.75, OR = 0.57, OR = 0.59), unemployed (OR = 0.47, OR = 0.53, OR = 0.73), financial concerns (OR = 1.66, OR = 2.09, OR = 1.80) at risk for complication from COVID-19 (OR = 1.63, OR = 1.68, OR = 1.60), and being generally worried due to the COVID-19 (OR 0 3.06, OR = 1.41, OR = 1.74). CONCLUSION Being single, unemployed, at risk of health complications, or having concerns because of financial or other consequences of the pandemic are associated with mental health adversities such as anxiety, depression and insomnia during a pandemic lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Schou-Bredal
- Institute for Health and Science, Faculty of Medicine, University in Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine K Grimholt
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HF, Nesodden, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Jensen P, Madsen C, Hauge LJ, Gustavson K, Lund IO, Pettersen JH, Knudsen AKS, Reneflot A, Brandlistuen RE, Valdimarsdóttir UA, Ask H, Nesvåg R. Contact with primary care physicians among adults with pre-existing common mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: a registry-based study from Norway. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1085. [PMID: 37821874 PMCID: PMC10568894 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals with pre-existing mental health problems may have experienced additional stress, which could worsen symptoms or trigger relapse. Thus, this study aimed to investigate if the number of consultations with general practitioners (GPs) among individuals with a pre-existing common mental health problem during the pandemic differed from pre-pandemic years. METHODS Data on consultations with GPs among 18-65-year-olds registered with common mental health problems in 2017-2021 were retrieved from the Norwegian Control and Payment of Health Reimbursements Database. Based on data from the pre-pandemic years (2017-2019), we predicted the number of consultations per week for depression, anxiety disorder, phobia/obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and eating disorders during the pandemic (March 2020-December 2021) among individuals with pre-existing mental health problems. The forecasted and observed trends in GP consultations per week during the pandemic were stratified by diagnosis, gender, and age groups. RESULTS The observed number of consultations for anxiety disorder, PTSD, and eating disorders were significantly higher than forecasted during extended periods of the two pandemic years. The differences were largest for PTSD (on average 37% higher in men and 47% higher in women during the pandemic), and for eating disorders among women (on average 87% higher during the pandemic). There were only minor differences between the predicted and observed number of consultations for depression and phobia/OCD. CONCLUSIONS During the pandemic, individuals with a recent history of mental health problems were more likely to seek help for anxiety disorder, PTSD, and eating disorders, as compared to pre-pandemic years.
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Grants
- #324620 Norges Forskningsråd
- #324620 Norges Forskningsråd
- #324620 Norges Forskningsråd
- #324620 Norges Forskningsråd
- #324620 Norges Forskningsråd
- #324620 Norges Forskningsråd
- #324620 Norges Forskningsråd
- #324620 Norges Forskningsråd
- #105668, #138929, #156298 NordForsk
- #105668, #138929, #156298 NordForsk
- #105668, #138929, #156298 NordForsk
- #105668, #138929, #156298 NordForsk
- #105668, #138929, #156298 NordForsk
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI)
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Jensen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christian Madsen
- Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Johan Hauge
- Department of Mental Health and Suicide, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Gustavson
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingunn Olea Lund
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanne Hagen Pettersen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anne Reneflot
- Department of Mental Health and Suicide, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Unnur Anna Valdimarsdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnar Nesvåg
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Nesic M, Vogel J, Krüger JP, Wenzel W, Sahebi A, Rassaf T, Siebermair J, Wesemann U. Association between different dimensions of anger and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in at-risk cardiovascular patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1228192. [PMID: 37829760 PMCID: PMC10565353 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1228192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The common connecting factor between PTSD and cardiovascular diseases lies in the disruption of the stress processing system. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in stress levels worldwide. Due to the life-threatening situation of affected risk patients, this also led to the accumulation of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The influence of anger on cardiovascular diseases has hardly been investigated so far. The focus of this study is on anger regulation in cardiovascular risk patients. The COVID-19 pandemic is considered as an additional stressor in this study, but not as a separate entity. The hypothesis is that individuals with inward anger are more prone to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods As part of the routine examination, all patients who were hospitalized between January 1st, 2021 and May 31st, 2022 with high-risk cardiovascular diseases were included. A total of N = 153 (84.1%) subjects participated in the study. On admission, anger (STAXI-2) and PTSD (PCL-5) were assessed using questionnaires. The relationship between different domains of anger and PTSS was examined. Results Inwardly directed anger was more pronounced in this population than in a standard sample (+1 SD) and had a significant impact on the presence of PTSD (B = -0.72, p < 0.001). Additionally, correlations were found between inward-directed anger and PTSD, as well as all other anger expressions studied and the PTSD total score. Discussion It can be assumed that anger and its regulation are relevant factors for both cardiac diseases and PTSD. The study results can be used for prevention, rehabilitation and therapeutic measures. However, the impact of inner anger on PTSD is theoretical and based on statistical testing. A confirmatory longitudinal study is needed to substantiate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihailo Nesic
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychotraumatology, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Vogel
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisberg, Germany
| | | | - Werner Wenzel
- Department of Microbiology, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ali Sahebi
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Siebermair
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisberg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Krankenhaus Göttlicher Heiland GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Wesemann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychotraumatology, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Slompo NR, Alves AM, Chociay Junior S, Feitosa GT, Dos Santos EM, Luchesi BM, Martins TCR. Factors Associated with Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress in Mothers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Matern Child Health J 2023:10.1007/s10995-023-03723-3. [PMID: 37273138 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-023-03723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to evaluate the factors associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress in mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted with mothers of children and adolescents living in Brazil, who answered an online questionnaire containing sociodemographic variables and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised. The Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to identify the factors associated with posttraumatic stress. RESULTS A percentage of 83.82% of mothers reported an overload in caring for their children during the pandemic. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms was 39.05%, and this condition was associated with younger age, living in the northern region of the country, using medications, presenting neuropsychiatric comorbidities and being little/more or less satisfied with life. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE The mental health situation of mothers during and after the pandemic must be monitored, in order to guarantee public policies capable of optimizing the coping with the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Ribeiro Slompo
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Undergraduate Medical School, Três Lagoas Campus, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Aline Martins Alves
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Undergraduate Medical School, Três Lagoas Campus, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Sergio Chociay Junior
- Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Undergraduate Medical School, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Tosi Feitosa
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Undergraduate Medical School, Três Lagoas Campus, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Edirlei Machado Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas Campus, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Undergraduate Medical School, Três Lagoas Campus, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas Campus, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Carvalho Reis Martins
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Undergraduate Medical School, Três Lagoas Campus, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas Campus, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil.
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Folayan MO, Zuñiga RAA, Virtanen JI, Ellakany P, Al-Tammemi AB, Quadri MFA, Jafer M, Ara E, Ayanore MA, Gaffar B, Aly NM, Idigbe I, Lusher J, Ezechi OC, Nguyen AL, Tantawi ME. A multi-country study of the associations between HIV vulnerability status, perception of COVID-19 related stigma and post-traumatic stress symptoms during the first wave of the pandemic. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1025. [PMID: 37254073 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the associations between COVID-19 related stigma and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS); and the associations between PTSS and COVID-19 related stigma, HIV status, COVID-19 status and key HIV population status. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of data of 12,355 study participants generated through an online survey that recruited adults from 152 countries between July and December 2020. The dependent variables were COVID-19-related stigma and PTSS. The independent variables were HIV status (positive/negative), transaction sex (yes/no), use of psychoactive drugs (yes/no), and vulnerability status (transaction sex workers, people who use psychoactive drugs, living with HIV, and COVID-19 status). The confounding variables were age, sex at birth (male/female), level of education, sexual minority individuals (yes/no) and country income level. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between the dependent and independent variables after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS There were 835 (6.8%) participants who experienced COVID-19 related stigma during the pandemic and 3,824 (31.0%) participants reported PTSS. Respondents who were living with HIV (AOR: 1.979; 95%CI: 1.522-2.573), tested positive for COVID-19 (AOR: 3.369; 95%CI: 2.692-4.217), engaged in transactional sex (AOR: 1.428; 95%CI: 1.060-1.922) and used psychoactive drugs (AOR: 1.364; 95%CI: 1.053-1.767) had significantly higher odds of experiencing COVID-19 related stigma. Individuals with vulnerability status (AOR:4.610; 95%CI: 1.590-13.368) and who experienced COVID-19 related stigma (AOR: 2.218; 95%CI: 1.920-2.561) had significantly higher odds of PTSS. CONCLUSION Individuals with vulnerability status may be at increased risk for COVID-19 related stigma. Key and vulnerable populations who were living with HIV and who experienced stigma may be at a higher risk of experiencing PTSS. Populations at risk for PTSS should be routinely screened and provided adequate support when they contract COVID-19 to reduce the risk for poor mental health during COVID-19 outbreaks and during future health crisis with similar magnitude as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma I Virtanen
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Passent Ellakany
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ala'a B Al-Tammemi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Mohammed Jafer
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Dental Public Health Division, Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eshrat Ara
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Psychology, Government College for Women, MA Road, Jizan, J&K, India
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Balgis Gaffar
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourhan M Aly
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ifeoma Idigbe
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Joanne Lusher
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Provosts Group, Regent's University London, London, UK
| | - Oliver C Ezechi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Centre for Reproductive and Population Health Studies, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Annie L Nguyen
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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George R, Gudegowda K, Partheeban I, Sobagaiah R. A cross-sectional study to assess the post-traumatic stress disorder among discharged coronavirus disease-19-infected individuals in Karnataka, Southern India. JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrsm.jcrsm_77_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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Marquardt CA, Chu C, Hill JE, Venables NC, Kuzenski L, Davenport ND, Disner SG, Finn JA, Gilmore CS, Erbes CR, Urošević S. Evaluating resilience in response to COVID-19 pandemic stressors among veteran mental health outpatients. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SCIENCE 2023; 132:26-37. [PMID: 36455008 PMCID: PMC9870973 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is a public health need to understand mental health vulnerabilities to COVID-19 pandemic-related stressors and promote resilience among high-risk populations with preexisting psychiatric conditions. Recent cross-sectional studies suggest increases in mental health distress (e.g., depression and anxiety) during the pandemic. The present study expands upon these emerging findings using longitudinal latent modeling and hierarchical linear regressions. Consistent with the developmental psychopathology literature on resilience, we distinguished between promotive or risk (i.e., main effect), and protective or vulnerability (i.e., moderation) effects on mental health during the pandemic. At a large medical center, 398 veterans receiving outpatient mental health care provided prepandemic (Time 1) and during pandemic (Time 2) assessments of mental and physical health-related distress. Additional Time 2 questionnaires assessed pandemic-related stressors and positive behavioral adaptations in the summer of 2020. As expected, total stressor scores predicted longitudinal worsening of self-reported mental (β = -.205) and physical health (β = -.217). Positive behavioral adaptations enacted during the pandemic moderated and protected against stressor effects on mental health (β = .160). In addition, the presence of substance use disorders moderated and conferred vulnerability to stressor effects on physical health (β = -.158). Thus, higher COVID-19 pandemic stressor exposure may have exacerbated mental and physical health distress among veterans with common forms of psychopathology. Nevertheless, behavioral activation, purposeful maintenance of social connections, and focused treatment for substance misuse may be important intervention targets for reducing the longitudinal impact of pandemic stressors and enhancing resilience among people with mental illness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. Marquardt
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Carol Chu
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Jessica E. Hill
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Noah C. Venables
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Laci Kuzenski
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Nicholas D. Davenport
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Seth G. Disner
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Jacob A. Finn
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Casey S. Gilmore
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Christopher R. Erbes
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | - Snežana Urošević
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
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9
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Rogier G, Zobel SB, Rizzi D, Velotti P. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Do Dissociation and Emotional Metacognitive Beliefs Mediate the Role of Emotion Dysregulation? Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:803-813. [PMID: 36327960 PMCID: PMC9633169 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the well-documented relationship between emotion dysregulation and both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder symptoms, no studies investigated this issue in the context of the outbreak. Moreover, additional research investigating the role of mediators intervening in these pathways is required. Dissociation and emotional beliefs are two factors that may explain such relationships. However, a poor number of studies empirically tested their role. METHODS A cross-sectional study on a sample of 719 community participants (32.5% males; Mage=34.36, standard deviation=14.38 years) was conducted. Participants fulfilled a battery of self-report questionnaires measuring levels of PTSD outbreak-related symptoms, alcohol use disorder, emotion dysregulation, emotional beliefs, and dissociation. RESULTS Partial r-Pearson correlations showed that PTSD symptoms' level was positively and significantly related to all variables investigated in the study whereas alcohol use disorder level was positively and significantly associated with emotion dysregulation and only some dimension of emotional beliefs and dissociation. Results drawn from a structural equation model highlight the mediating role of both emotional belief and dissociation in the relationship linking emotion dysregulation and alcohol use disorder whereas only dissociation, but not emotional beliefs, mediated the link between emotion dysregulation and PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSION Most of the hypotheses have been supported stressing the relevance of both dissociation and emotional beliefs in PTSD and alcohol use disorder symptoms. These two variables appear important framework from which deepen the impact of emotion dysregulation in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyonne Rogier
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Beomonte Zobel
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Velotti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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10
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Self-Reported Long COVID in the General Population: Sociodemographic and Health Correlates in a Cross-National Sample. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060901. [PMID: 35743932 PMCID: PMC9228837 DOI: 10.3390/life12060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to gain knowledge of possible sociodemographic predictors of long COVID and whether long COVID was associated with health outcomes almost two years after the pandemic outbreak. There were 1649 adults who participated in the study by completing a cross-sectional online survey disseminated openly in Norway, the UK, the USA, and Australia between November 2021 and January 2022. Participants were defined as having long COVID based on self-reports that they had been infected by COVID-19 and were experiencing long-lasting COVID symptoms. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine possible sociodemographic predictors, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine whether long COVID status was associated with health outcomes. None of the sociodemographic variables was significantly associated with reporting long COVID. Having long COVID was associated with higher levels of psychological distress, fatigue, and perceived stress. The effect of long COVID on health outcomes was greater among men than among women. In conclusion, long COVID appeared across sociodemographic groups. People with long COVID reported worsened health outcomes compared to those who had had COVID-19 but without long-term symptoms. Men experiencing long COVID appear to be particularly vulnerable to experiencing poorer health outcomes; health services may pay extra attention to potentially unnoticed needs for support among men experiencing long COVID.
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Stafseth SK, Skogstad L, Ræder J, Hovland IS, Hovde H, Ekeberg Ø, Lie I. Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Health Care Personnel in Norwegian ICUs during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic, a Prospective, Observational Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7010. [PMID: 35742259 PMCID: PMC9222786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has induced demanding work situations in intensive care units (ICU). The objective of our study was to survey psychological reactions, the disturbance of social life, work effort, and support in ICU nurses, physicians, and leaders. Methods: From May to July 2020, this cross-sectional study included 484 ICU professionals from 27 hospitals throughout Norway. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured on Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were measured on the PCL-5. Results: The study population were highly educated and experienced professionals, well prepared for working with COVID-ICU patients. However, 53% felt socially isolated and 67% reported a fear of infecting others. Probable cases of anxiety and depression were found in 12.5% of the registered nurses, 11.6% of the physicians, and 4.1% of the leaders. Younger age and <5 years previous work experiences were predictors for high HSCL-10 scores. Reported symptom-defined PTSD for nurses 7.1%; the leaders, 4.1%; and 2.3% of physicians. Conclusions: ICU health care professionals experienced talking with colleagues as the most helpful source of support. The COVID-ICU leaders reported a significantly higher mean score than physicians and nurses in terms of pushing themselves toward producing high work effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv Karlsson Stafseth
- Department of Postoperative and Intensive Care, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- MEVU, Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Johan Ræder
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Strand Hovland
- Department of Acute Medicine, Division of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Haakon Hovde
- The Norwegian Association for Critical Care Nurses, 0152 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Psychosomatic and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Irene Lie
- Centre for Patient-Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Health Sciences in Gjøvik, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway
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Schaffler Y, Kuska M, Barke A, Doering BK, Gossmann K, Meier Z, Kascakova N, Tavel P, Humer E, Pieh C, Stippl P, Schimböck W, Haid B, Probst T. Psychotherapists' Reports regarding the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Their Patients: A Cross-National Descriptive Study Based on the Social-Ecological Model (SEM). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6825. [PMID: 35682406 PMCID: PMC9180390 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has raised questions about how vulnerable groups experience the pandemic. Research that focuses on the view of individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions is still limited, and so are cross-country comparative surveys. We gathered our sample of qualitative data during the first lockdown after governmental measures against the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus came into force in Austria, Czechia, Germany, and Slovakia. A total of n = 1690 psychotherapists from four middle European countries answered the question of how the COVID-19 pandemic was addressed in sessions by their patients during the early stage of unprecedented public health conditions. We employed a descriptive qualitative methodology to determine themes following levels of the social-ecological model (SEM) regarding how the COVID-19 pandemic affected patients. At the public policy level, stressful environmental conditions concerned the governmental mitigation efforts. At the level of community/society, reported key themes were employment, restricted access to educational and health facilities, socioeconomic consequences, and the pandemic itself. Key themes at the interpersonal level regarded forced proximity, the possibility of infection of loved ones, childcare, and homeschooling. Key themes at the individual level were the possibility of contracting COVID-19, having to stay at home/isolation, and a changing environment. Within the SEM framework, adaptive and maladaptive responses to these stressors were reported, with more similarities than differences between the countries. A quantification of word stems showed that the maladaptive reactions predominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Schaffler
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (M.K.); (E.H.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Martin Kuska
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (M.K.); (E.H.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
- College of Applied Psychology, 41155 Terezin, Czech Republic
| | - Antonia Barke
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany; (A.B.); (K.G.)
| | - Bettina K. Doering
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16861 Neuruppin, Germany;
| | - Katharina Gossmann
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany; (A.B.); (K.G.)
| | - Zdenek Meier
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University Olomouc, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (N.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Natalia Kascakova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University Olomouc, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (N.K.); (P.T.)
- Psychiatric-Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Pro Mente Sana, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Tavel
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University Olomouc, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (N.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Elke Humer
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (M.K.); (E.H.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Christoph Pieh
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (M.K.); (E.H.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Peter Stippl
- Austrian Federal Association for Psychotherapy, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (P.S.); (W.S.); (B.H.)
| | - Wolfgang Schimböck
- Austrian Federal Association for Psychotherapy, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (P.S.); (W.S.); (B.H.)
| | - Barbara Haid
- Austrian Federal Association for Psychotherapy, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (P.S.); (W.S.); (B.H.)
| | - Thomas Probst
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (M.K.); (E.H.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
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Students’ Mental Health, Well-Being, and Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-National Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10060996. [PMID: 35742047 PMCID: PMC9222513 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, much research has been devoted to assessing mental health in a variety of populations. Students in higher education appear to be particularly vulnerable to experiencing reduced mental health. The purpose of the study was to assess whether higher education students experienced poorer mental health compared to the general population and examine the factors associated with students’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-national sample of students (n = 354) and non-students (n = 3120) participated in a survey in October/November 2020. Mental health outcomes among students and non-students were compared with independent t-tests. Multiple linear regression analysis and general linear estimation were used to assess the impact of student status on mental health outcomes while adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Students reported poorer mental health than non-students. The difference in mental health between students and non-students was bigger for participants aged 30 years or older. More social media use was associated with poorer mental health outcomes. In conclusion, students had poorer mental health than the wider population. Aspects of life as a student, beyond what can be attributed to life stage, appears to increase mental health problems.
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Schou-Bredal I, Bonsaksen T, Ekeberg Ø, Skogstad L, Grimholtg TK, Heir T. A comparison between healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers’ anxiety, depression and PTSD during the initial COVID -19 lockdown. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2022; 3:100267. [PMID: 35535328 PMCID: PMC9068258 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Bonati M, Campi R, Segre G. Psychological impact of the quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic on the general European adult population: a systematic review of the evidence. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2022; 31:e27. [PMID: 35475479 PMCID: PMC9069583 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796022000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) different countries implemented quarantine measures to limit the spread of the virus. Many studies analysed the mental health consequences of restrictive confinement, some of which focused their attention on specific populations. The general public's mental health also requires significant attention, however. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 quarantine on the general population's mental health in different European countries. Risk and protective factors associated with the psychological symptoms were analysed. METHODS A systematic search was conducted on four electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Google Scholar). Studies published up until 20th April 2021, and following eligibility criteria were selected for this review. One thousand three hundred thirty-five (1335) studies were screened, 105 of which were included. Via network analysis, the current study investigated the pathways that underlie possible risk factors for mental health outcomes. RESULTS Anxiety, depression, distress and post-traumatic symptoms are frequently experienced during the COVID-19 quarantine and are often associated with changes in sleeping and eating habits. Some socio-demographic and COVID-19-related variables were found to be risk factors for an individual's wellbeing. In particular, being female, young, having a low income, being unemployed and having COVID-19-like symptoms or chronic disorders, were found to be the most common risk factors for mental health symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic represented an unprecedented threat to mental health globally. In order to prevent psychological morbidity and offer support tailored to short-, medium- and long-term negative outcomes, it is essential to identify the direct and indirect psychosocial effects of the lockdown and quarantine measures, especially in certain vulnerable groups. In addition to measures to reduce the curve of viral transmission, policy makers should urgently take into consideration provisions to alleviate hazards to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bonati
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - R. Campi
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - G. Segre
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
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Prevalence and Sociodemographic Predictors of Mental Health in a Representative Sample of Young Adults from Germany, Israel, Poland, and Slovenia: A Longitudinal Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031334. [PMID: 35162364 PMCID: PMC8835083 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-national longitudinal study was to evaluate the prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of mental health indicators (coronavirus-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and suicidal/self-harm ideation) during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in a three-month period among representative samples of young adults from Germany, Israel, Poland, and Slovenia. The participants were 1724 young adults between 20 and 40 years of age (M = 30.74, SD = 5.74). The first measurement (T1) was in February 2021 and the second (T2) was in May–June 2021. The samples were representative of young adults in each country: Germany (n = 418, 24%), Israel (n = 428, 25%), Poland (n = 446, 26%), and Slovenia (n = 431, 25%). Women constituted 54% (n = 935) of the total sample. The mental health indicators were coronavirus-related PTSD measured by PCL-S, perceived stress (PSS-10), anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-8), and suicidal ideation (PHQ-9). The participants completed an online questionnaire that also included a physical activity (PA) measurement and sociodemographic variables. The Pearson’s χ2 independence test was used for prevalence comparisons and McNemar’s χ2 was used for longitudinal changes, whereas generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used for the predictors of change in mental health indices. Significant differences were found between countries in each mental health dimension in both T1 and T2, with moderate effect sizes for coronavirus-related PTSD and suicidal ideation. The highest rate of PTSD and depression risk was in Germany, the highest rates of stress and anxiety risk were in Poland, and there was insufficient PA in Slovenia. The anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation rates were the lowest in Israel and Slovenia. Israeli participants reported the lowest rate of coronavirus-related PTSD among the other countries in T1 and T2. Significant decreases in coronavirus-related PTSD and stress were observed during T2 compared to T1 in the total sample. There was no change in the risk of anxiety, depression, or suicidal ideation. Being single was a predictor of changes in all mental health indices. Having children was a risk factor for coronavirus-related PTSD and high stress. Being a student was a predictor of depression and suicidal ideation. A younger age (20–29 years) predicted coronavirus-related PTSD risk, whereas female gender predicted high stress. The mental health indices improved over time or remained stable. The groups that are most prone to mental health problems were single individuals, students, and parents in young adulthood across all countries. Future intervention programs for young adults should consider these factors when prioritizing, planning, and implementing such programs.
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Bonsaksen T, Brunes A, Heir T. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Visual Impairment Compared with the General Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020619. [PMID: 35055443 PMCID: PMC8775682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: People with a visual impairment appear to have an increased risk of experiencing potentially traumatizing life events and possibly also subsequently developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated the point prevalence of PTSD in people with a visual impairment compared with the general population of Norway and examined factors associated with PTSD among people with a visual impairment. Methods: A telephone-based survey was administered to a probability sample of 1216 adults with a visual impairment. Of these, 736 (61% response rate) participated. A probability sample from the general population served as a reference (n = 1792, 36% response rate). PTSD was measured with the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5), based on the currently most bothersome event reported from the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). We used the DSM-5 diagnostic guidelines to categorize participants as fulfilling the PTSD symptom criteria or not. Results: The prevalence of PTSD was higher among people with a visual impairment than in the general population, both for men (9.0% vs. 3.8%) and women (13.9% vs. 8.5%). The prevalence rates of PTSD from the illness or injury that had caused the vision loss (men 3.9%, women 2.2%) accounted for a considerable part of the difference between the populations. For women, PTSD related to sexual assaults also contributed significantly to a higher PTSD prevalence in the visually impaired versus the general population (5.2% vs. 2.2%), while for men there were no other event categories which resulted in significant differences. Among people with a visual impairment, the higher risk of PTSD was associated with lower age, female gender, having acquired the vision loss, and having other impairments in addition to the vision loss. Conclusion: The higher prevalence of PTSD in people with a visual impairment suggests that vulnerability to mental health problems is associated with serious life events. The higher incidence than in the general population is partly due to the illness or injury that had led to the vision loss and partly due to people with vision loss appearing to be more vulnerable through exposure to other types of potentially traumatizing events, such as sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Social and Health Studies, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway
- Department of Health, Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Audun Brunes
- Section for Trauma, Catastrophes and Forced Migration-Adults and Elderly, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, 0484 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.); (T.H.)
| | - Trond Heir
- Section for Trauma, Catastrophes and Forced Migration-Adults and Elderly, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, 0484 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.); (T.H.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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Fleischmann E, Dalkner N, Fellendorf FT, Reininghaus EZ. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with serious mental disorders: A systematic review of the literature. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:1387-1406. [PMID: 35070784 PMCID: PMC8717042 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a great impact on individuals from all over the world, particularly on individuals with mental disorders. Several studies found more pronounced psychiatric symptoms, notably symptoms of depression and anxiety.
AIM To assess the situation of patients with serious mental illness (SMI: Affective disorders and schizophrenia) regarding their mental health outcome during the pandemic.
METHODS A systematic search using the databases PubMed and MEDLINE was conducted, employing the key words “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “psychiatric/mental disorder/illness”, “affective/mood disorder”, “bipolar disorder”, “(major) depression”, “schizoaffective disorder”, and “schizophrenia”. Studies that had been published up until January 9, 2021 were included. Information of studies in languages other than English and German was mostly taken from their English abstracts.
RESULTS The literature search concluded in the finding of 36 studies containing relevant clinical data. A general impairment of the mental health of individuals with SMI could be detected, particularly in individuals with affective disorders, as compared to those with schizophrenia. Compared to healthy controls, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress were more pronounced in individuals with SMI. Relevant factors found that impacted their mental health were age, resilience, and socioeconomic environment, especially the shortage of mental health services, lack of social support, and inadequate information about COVID-19.
CONCLUSION In light of these results, mental health services should be reinforced, notably the use of telemental health services. Furthermore, supplying individuals with SMI with adequate information about the COVID-19 pandemic and increasing their resilience is important. When researching the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with SMI, standardization as well as follow-up studies are needed to enable better comparability and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fleischmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Frederike T Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Eva Z Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
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Berglund E, Olsson E, Jonsson M, Svensson L, Hollenberg J, Claesson A, Nordberg P, Lundgren P, Högstedt Å, Ringh M. Wellbeing, emotional response and stress among lay responders dispatched to suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 2021; 170:352-360. [PMID: 34774709 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systems for smartphone dispatch of lay responders to perform cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and bring automated external defibrillators to out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) are advocated by recent international guidelines and emerging worldwide. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the emotional responses, posttraumatic stress reactions and levels of wellbeing among smartphone-alerted lay responders dispatched to suspected OHCAs. METHODS Lay responders were stratified by level of exposure: unexposed (Exp-0), tried to reach (Exp-1), and reached the suspected OHCA (Exp-2). Participants rated their emotional responses online, at 90 minutes and at 4-6 weeks after an incident. Level of emotional response was measured in two dimensions of core affect: "alertness" - from deactivation to activation, and "pleasantness" - from unpleasant to pleasant. At 4-6 weeks, WHO wellbeing index and level of posttraumatic stress (PTSD) were also rated. RESULTS Altogether, 915 (28%) unexposed and 1471 (64%) exposed responders completed the survey. Alertness was elevated in the exposed groups: Exp-0: 6.7 vs. Exp-1: 7.3 and Exp-2: 7.5, (p < 0.001) and pleasantness was highest in the unexposed group: 6.5, vs. Exp-1: 6.3, and Exp-2: 6.1, (p < 0.001). Mean scores for PTSD at follow-up was below clinical cut-off, Exp-0: 9.9, Exp-1: 8.9 and Exp-2: 8.8 (p = 0.065). Wellbeing index showed no differences, Exp-0: 78.0, Exp-1: 78.5 and Exp-2: 79.9 (p = 0.596). CONCLUSION Smartphone dispatched lay responders rated the experience as high-energy and mainly positive. No harm to the lay responders was seen. The exposed groups had low posttraumatic stress scores and high-level general wellbeing at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Berglund
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Erik Olsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Clinical Psychology in Healthcare, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Martin Jonsson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Svensson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Hollenberg
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Claesson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Nordberg
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lundgren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Prehospen - Centre for Prehospital Research, University of Borås, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Högstedt
- Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ringh
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lei L, Zhu H, Li Y, Dai T, Zhao S, Zhang X, Muchu X, Su S. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorders and associated factors one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 among the public in southwestern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:545. [PMID: 34736442 PMCID: PMC8566661 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread across the whole world and brought strong psychological impact. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in the general people of southwestern China and associated factors 1 month after the outbreak of the COVID-19. METHODS This study was started on 4-10 Feb 2020 based on online survey. The present work was carried out in the provinces of southeastern China, including Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, Yunnan Province, and Chongqing City.1593 respondents aged 18 years and above administered to this study. Data on whether they have experienced confirmed or suspected COVID-19 of themselves/family members/acquaintances were also collected, and based on 'yes' answers, the number of affected individuals (via COVID-19) were categorized into four exposure levels i.e., non-affected, less, moderately, or significantly affected. The civilian version of the PTSD checklist and the self-reported information about COVID-19 were used. RESULTS The prevalence of PTSD was approximately 25.2%(n = 401/1593). The chances of developing PTSD were 6.053(OR = 6.053, 95% CI 1.394 to 26.280) or 3.673(OR = 3.673, 95% CI 1.738 to 7.765) times higher among respondents who had been significantly and moderately affected than those who had not been affected, accordingly. Male (OR = 1.484, 95% CI 1.147 to 1.920),younger age individuals (40 ~ 49 age group/<30 age group, OR = 0.395, 95% CI 0.258 to 0.606) and health care workers (OR = 1.788, 95% CI 1.155 to 2.277) were at higher risk of developing PTSD. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight that a positive correlation between the pandemic and PTSD. It is urgent to establish a screening and prevention systems for the population who are significantly exposed to COVID-19,and provide different psychological intervention strategies for different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pediatric Intensive Care unit Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Hongyi Zhu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pediatric Intensive Care unit Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yi Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pediatric Intensive Care unit Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Tao Dai
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pediatric Intensive Care unit Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Shouju Zhao
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pediatric Intensive Care unit Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Xiaochao Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pediatric Intensive Care unit Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Xiaoluzi Muchu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pediatric Intensive Care unit Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Shaoyu Su
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care unit Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Droit-Volet S, Martinelli N, Chevalère J, Belletier C, Dezecache G, Gil S, Huguet P. The Persistence of Slowed Time Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Two Longitudinal Studies in France. Front Psychol 2021; 12:721716. [PMID: 34539524 PMCID: PMC8442913 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The home confinement imposed on people to fight the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted the flow of time by disrupting daily life, making them feel that time was passing slowly. The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the evolution over time of this subjective experience of time and its significant predictors (boredom, decreased happiness, life rhythm, and sleep quality). Twso samples of French participants were followed up: the first for several weeks during the first lockdown (April 2020) and then 1year later (April 2021; Study 1), and the second during the first lockdown (April 2020) and then 6months (November 2020) and 1year later (April 2021; Study 2). Our study shows that the French participants have the feeling that time has passed slowly since the beginning of the first lockdown and that it has not resumed its normal course. This is explained by a persistent feeling of boredom characteristic of a depressive state that has taken hold in the population. The findings therefore suggest that the repeated contexts of confinement did not contribute to re-establishing a normal perception of time, to which a subjective acceleration of time would have testified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johann Chevalère
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Clément Belletier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Sandrine Gil
- Université de Poitiers et CNRS, CeRCA, Poitiers, France
| | - Pascal Huguet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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22
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Bonsaksen T, Ekeberg Ø, Schou-Bredal I, Skogstad L, Heir T, Grimholt TK. Use of Alcohol and Addictive Drugs During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Norway: Associations With Mental Health and Pandemic-Related Problems. Front Public Health 2021; 9:667729. [PMID: 34195169 PMCID: PMC8236640 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.667729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a major impact on people's daily life. This study aimed to examine use of alcohol and addictive drugs during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway and examine their association with mental health problems and problems related to the pandemic. Methods: A sample of 4,527 persons responded to the survey. Use of alcohol and addictive drugs were cross-tabulated with sociodemographic variables, mental health problems, and problems related to COVID-19. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the strength of the associations. Results: Daily use of alcohol was associated with depression and expecting financial loss in relation to the COVID-19 outbreak. Use of cannabis was associated with expecting financial loss in relation to COVID-19. Use of sedatives was associated with anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Use of painkillers was associated with insomnia and self-reported risk of complications if contracting the coronavirus. Conclusion: The occurrence of mental health problems is more important for an understanding of the use of alcohol and addictive drugs during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway, compared to specific pandemic-related worries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Psychosomatic and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Schou-Bredal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Cancer, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HF, Bjørnemyr, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine K. Grimholt
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Carballo JL, Coloma-Carmona A, Arteseros-Bañón S, Pérez-Jover V. The Moderating Role of Caregiving on Fear of COVID-19 and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6125. [PMID: 34204088 PMCID: PMC8201199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Caregiving has been associated with increased levels of fear and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) during COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is a lack of studies that analyze when the relationship between fear and PTSS occur, using informal caregiving as a moderator variable. To explore this moderating role, we conducted a cross-sectional online study between November 2020 and January 2021. A total of 503 men and women from the Spanish general population completed the survey. Sociodemographic and Covid-19-related data, fear of COVID-19, PTSS symptoms, and current psychological history were assessed. Prevalence of informal caregiving in the sample was 16.5%. Increased levels of fear and PTSS were found in caregivers compared to non-caregivers. Female gender and high number of COVID-19 related risk factors was also associated with fear and PTSS severity. The moderation analyses showed an interaction effect between caregiving and fear of COVID-19 when predicting PTSS symptoms. Particularly, results showed that informal caregivers reported greater PTSS symptoms, when compared to non-caregivers with same levels of fear of COVID-19. This evidence suggests that being a caregiver could increase the fear's impact on PTSS severity in the context of pandemics. Further studies with larger samples are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Carballo
- Center for Applied Psychology, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain; (S.A.-B.); (V.P.-J.)
| | - Ainhoa Coloma-Carmona
- Center for Applied Psychology, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain; (S.A.-B.); (V.P.-J.)
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24
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Schou-Bredal I, Skogstad L, Grimholt TK, Bonsaksen T, Ekeberg Ø, Heir T. Concerns in the Norwegian Population during the Initial Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116119. [PMID: 34204043 PMCID: PMC8201037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although concern affects one’s welfare or happiness, few studies to date have focused on peoples’ concerns during the initial COVID-19 lockdown. The aim of the study was to explore concerns in the Norwegian populations according to gender and age, and identify which concerns were most prominent during the lockdown. A population-based cross-sectional online survey using snowball-sampling strategies was conducted, to which 4527 adults (≥18 years) responded. Questions related to concerns had response alternatives yes or no. In addition, they were asked which concern was most prominent. Nearly all the 4527 respondents (92%) reported that they were concerned: 60.9% were generally concerned about the pandemic, 83.9% were concerned about family and friends, 21.8% had financial concerns, and 25.3% expected financial loss. More women were concerned about family and friends than males, (85.2% vs. 76.2%, p < 0.001), whereas more men expected financial loss (30.4% vs. 24.4%y, p = 0.001). Younger adults (<50 years) had more financial concerns than older adults (25.9% vs. 10.5%, p < 0.001). Being concerned about family and friends was the most prominent concern and was associated with; lower age (OR 0.79), female gender (OR 1.59), and being next of kin (2.42). The most prominent concern for adults 70 years or older was being infected by COVID-19. In conclusion, women and younger individuals were most concerned. While adults under 70 years of age were most concerned about family and friends and adults 70 years or older were most concerned about being infected by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Schou-Bredal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Health and Science, University in Oslo, 0130 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HF, 1453 Bjørnemyr, Norway;
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine K. Grimholt
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 0319 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway;
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Psychosomatic and CI Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, 0409 Oslo, Norway;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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25
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Beck K, Vincent A, Becker C, Keller A, Cam H, Schaefert R, Reinhardt T, Sutter R, Tisljar K, Bassetti S, Schuetz P, Hunziker S. Prevalence and factors associated with psychological burden in COVID-19 patients and their relatives: A prospective observational cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250590. [PMID: 33951085 PMCID: PMC8099094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the dramatic measures accompanying isolation and the general uncertainty and fear associated with COVID-19, patients and relatives may be at high risk for adverse psychological outcomes. Until now there has been limited research focusing on the prevalence of psychological distress and associated factors in COVID-19 patients and their relatives. The objective of our study was to assess psychological distress in COVID-19 patients and their relatives 30 days after hospital discharge. METHODS In this prospective observational cohort study at two Swiss tertiary-care hospitals we included consecutive adult patients hospitalized between March and June 2020 for a proven COVID-19 and their relatives. Psychological distress was defined as symptoms of anxiety and/or depression measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), i.e., a score of ≥8 on the depression and/or anxiety subscale. We further evaluated symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), defined as a score of ≥1.5 on the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). RESULTS Among 126 included patients, 24 (19.1%) had psychological distress and 10 (8.7%) had symptoms of PTSD 30 days after hospital discharge. In multivariate logistic regression analyses three factors were independently associated with psychological distress in patients: resilience (OR 0.82; 95%CI 0.71 to 0.94; p = 0.005), high levels of perceived stress (OR 1.21; 95%CI 1.06 to 1.38; p = 0.006) and low frequency of contact with relatives (OR 7.67; 95%CI 1.42 to 41.58; p = 0.018). The model showed good discrimination, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.92. Among 153 relatives, 35 (22.9%) showed symptoms of psychological distress, and 3 (2%) of PTSD. For relatives, resilience was negatively associated (OR 0.85; 95%CI 0.75 to 0.96; p = 0.007), whereas perceived overall burden caused by COVID-19 was positively associated with psychological distress (OR 1.72; 95%CI 1.31 to 2.25; p<0.001). The overall model also had good discrimination, with an AUC of 0.87. CONCLUSION A relevant number of COVID-19 patients as well as their relatives exhibited psychological distress 30 days after hospital discharge. These results might aid in development of strategies to prevent psychological distress in COVID-19 patients and their relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Beck
- Medical Communication and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Vincent
- Medical Communication and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Becker
- Medical Communication and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annalena Keller
- Medical Communication and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hasret Cam
- Medical Communication and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Schaefert
- Medical Communication and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Faculty of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinhardt
- Human Resources & Leadership Development, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Sutter
- Medical Faculty of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kai Tisljar
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bassetti
- Medical Faculty of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schuetz
- Medical Faculty of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Hunziker
- Medical Communication and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Faculty of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Geirdal AKØ, Price D, Schoultz M, Thygesen H, Ruffolo M, Leung J, Bonsaksen T. The Significance of Demographic Variables on Psychosocial Health from the Early Stage and Nine Months after the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. A Cross-National Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084345. [PMID: 33923936 PMCID: PMC8073997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This cross-national study explored stability and change in mental health, quality of life, well-being and loneliness during the early stage and nine months after the implementation of COVID-19 pandemic social distancing measures and periodic lockdowns as adjusted by demographic variables. In the USA, the UK, Australia and Norway, 7284 individuals responded to the invitation to take part in two cross-sectional web-based surveys (April and November 2020), including questions about sociodemographic variables and psychosocial outcomes. Independent t-tests and generalized linear models (GLM) and estimated marginal means were used to analyze differences between subgroups and countries, multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on the psychosocial outcome measures by demographic variables and time in each country and mean responses presented by time after adjusting for all demographic variables in the model. Age, gender, civil status, education, employment, place of work and living area were all significant factors for psychosocial health across the countries. Differences in mental health, quality of life, well-being and loneliness were found between the countries in both April and November 2020, while time did not contribute to reducing the toll in any of the four countries over the nine-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Østertun Geirdal
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Daicia Price
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Mariyana Schoultz
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
| | - Hilde Thygesen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway;
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway;
| | - Mary Ruffolo
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Janni Leung
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway;
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway
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Skogstad L, Schou-Bredal I, Bonsaksen T, Heir T, Ekeberg Ø, Grimholt T. Concerns Related to the COVID-19 in Adult Norwegians during the First Outbreak in 2020: A Qualitative Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4312. [PMID: 33921705 PMCID: PMC8073491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Concerns related to the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Norwegian population are studied in a cross-sectional web-survey conducted between 8 April and 20 May 2020. The qualitative thematic analysis of the open-ended question "Do you have other concerns related to the pandemic?", followed a six-step process. Concerns from 1491 informants were analyzed, 34% of women and 30% of men (p = 0.05) provided concerns. Respondents with higher educational level reported concerns more often (86% vs. 83%, p = 0.022). The qualitative analysis revealed five themes-society, health, social activities, personal economy and duration-and 13 sub-themes, mostly related to the themes "society" and "health" (724 and 704, respectively). Empathy for others was prominent, for society (nationally and globally), but also concerns related to infecting others and family members at risk for developing serious illness if infected. The responses to the open-ended question yielded additional information, beyond the information obtained from questions with pre-categorized response options, especially related to concerns about society and health. Themes arising from the qualitative analysis shed light on what are important concerns for people during the pandemic and this may serve as targeted measures for the authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Skogstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HF, 1453 Bjørnemyr, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway;
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, 0409 Oslo, Norway;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Psychosomatic and CI Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Tine Grimholt
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 0370 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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28
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Bonsaksen T, Skogstad L, Heir T, Ekeberg Ø, Schou-Bredal I, Grimholt TK. Suicide Thoughts and Attempts in the Norwegian General Population during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4102. [PMID: 33924558 PMCID: PMC8069206 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of suicide thoughts and attempts during the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak and examine pandemic-related factors associated with suicide thoughts in the general Norwegian population. A sample of 4527 adults living in Norway were recruited via social media. Data related to suicide thoughts and attempts, alcohol use, pandemic-related concerns, and sociodemographic variables were collected. Associations with suicide thoughts were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. In the sample, 3.6% reported suicide thoughts during the last month, while 0.2% had attempted suicide during the same period. Previous suicide attempts (OR: 11.93, p < 0.001), lower age (OR: 0.69, p < 0.001), daily alcohol use (OR: 3.31, p < 0.001), being in the risk group for COVID-19 complications (OR: 2.15, p < 0.001), and having economic concerns related to the pandemic (OR: 2.28, p < 0.001) were associated with having current suicide thoughts. In addition to known risk factors, the study suggests that aspects specific to COVID-19 may be important for suicidal behaviors during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HF, 1453 Bjørnemyr, Norway;
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, 0484 Oslo, Norway;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | | | - Tine K. Grimholt
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 0370 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Bonsaksen T, Schoultz M, Thygesen H, Ruffolo M, Price D, Leung J, Geirdal AØ. Loneliness and Its Associated Factors Nine Months after the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-National Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2841. [PMID: 33799497 PMCID: PMC7999676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has been a global healthcare concern impacting multiple aspects of individual and community wellness. As one moves forward with different methods to reduce the infection and mortality rates, it is critical to continue to study the impact that national and local "social distancing" policies have on the daily lives of individuals. The aim of this study was to examine loneliness in relation to risk assessment, measures taken against risks, concerns, and social media use, while adjusting for sociodemographic variables. The cross-sectional study collected data from 3474 individuals from the USA, the UK, Norway, and Australia. Loneliness was measured with the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Multiple linear regression was used in the analysis of associations between variables. The results showed that concerns about finances were more strongly associated with social loneliness, while concerns about the future was more strongly associated with emotional loneliness. Longer daily time spent on social media was associated with higher emotional loneliness. In conclusion, pandemic-related concerns seem to affect perceptions of loneliness. While social media can be used productively to maintain relationships, and thereby prevent loneliness, excessive use may be counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway;
| | - Mariyana Schoultz
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
| | - Hilde Thygesen
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway;
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mary Ruffolo
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Daicia Price
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Janni Leung
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Amy Østertun Geirdal
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway;
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Einvik G, Dammen T, Ghanima W, Heir T, Stavem K. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042079. [PMID: 33672759 PMCID: PMC7924607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This population-based study assessed the prevalence and determinants of symptom-defined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a cohort of hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients about 1.5–6 months after their COVID-19 onset. The data were acquired from two mixed postal/web surveys in June–September 2020 from patients all aged ≥18 years with a positive polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) until 1 June 2020, comprising both hospitalized and non-hospitalized subjects. The catchment areas of the two included hospitals covers about 17% of the population of Norway. In total, 211 hospitalized and 938 non-hospitalized subjects received invitation. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was assessed using the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Determinants of symptom-defined PTSD and PTSD symptoms were analyzed using multivariable logistic and linear regression analysis. In total, 583 (51%) subjects responded at median 116 (range 41–200) days after COVID-19 onset. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was 9.5% in hospitalized and 7.0% in non-hospitalized subjects (p = 0.80). Female sex, born outside of Norway, and dyspnea during COVID-19 were risk factors for persistent PTSD symptoms. In non-hospitalized subjects, previous depression and COVID-19 symptom load were also associated with persistent PTSD symptoms. In conclusion, COVID-19 symptom load, but not hospitalization, was associated with symptom-defined PTSD and PTSD symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Einvik
- Pulmonary Department, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (W.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Toril Dammen
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Waleed Ghanima
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (W.G.); (T.H.)
- Haematology and Oncology, Østfold Hospital Trust Kalnes, 1714 Grålum, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (W.G.); (T.H.)
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, 0484 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Stavem
- Pulmonary Department, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (W.G.); (T.H.)
- Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Tatsuno J, Unoki T, Sakuramoto H, Hamamoto M. Effects of social support on mental health for critical care nurses during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Japan: A web-based cross-sectional study. Acute Med Surg 2021; 8:e645. [PMID: 33868689 PMCID: PMC8035953 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to examine whether high social support has a protective effect on mental health for critical care nurses during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS This cross-sectional anonymous web-based survey was conducted from November 5 to December 5, 2020, in Japan and included critical care nurses. The invitation was distributed via mailing lists. RESULTS Of the 334 responses that were obtained, 64.4% were from female respondents, and their mean age was 37.4. Of the total, 269 (80.5%) were taking care of COVID-19 patients at the time the study was conducted. Participants with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were found to be older (P < 0.05), and those with an education level of a 4-year college degree or higher had fewer PTSD symptoms (P < 0.05). Those experiencing anxiety and depressive symptoms had lower social support scores. Having a 4-year college degree and higher (odds ratio [OR] 0.622, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39-0.99) was significantly associated with a lower probability of PTSD. Social support scores and the female sex were not associated with PTSD. Regarding anxiety symptoms, being female and having lower social support were independently associated with a higher probability. Regarding depression symptoms, lower social support was independently associated with a higher probability (OR 0.953, 95% CI 0.93-0.97). CONCLUSION It was found that social support was not associated with PTSD; however, it was associated with depression and anxiety symptoms for intensive care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Tatsuno
- Department of NursingKokura Memorial HospitalKitakyushuFukuokaJapan
| | - Takeshi Unoki
- Department of Acute and Critical Care NursingSchool of NursingSapporo City UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Hideaki Sakuramoto
- Department of Adult Health NursingCollege of NursingIbaraki Christian UniversityHitachiIbarakiJapan
| | - Miya Hamamoto
- Department of NursingTosei General HospitalSetoAichiJapan
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Idsoe T, Dyregrov A, Janson H, Nærde A. Pandemic-Related Stress Symptoms Among Norwegian Parents of Adolescents in Grades 6 to 8. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:701782. [PMID: 34690827 PMCID: PMC8526785 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.701782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated pandemic-related stress symptoms during the first COVID-19 lockdown period in spring 2020 among parents of adolescents that were 11 to 13 years old in the study period. We also investigated whether parental stress symptoms were associated with family situation and family activities during lockdown. Altogether 147 couples reported about their own trauma-related stress symptoms following the outbreak of the pandemic. Among the respondents, 9.5% of the mothers and 10.2% of the fathers had scores over cutoff on the screener (IES-6) measuring stress symptoms, a non-significant gender difference. Scores on the screener were not associated with family contamination or lockdown consequences. Family activities during lockdown did not impact the pandemic stress symptom levels. Whereas, the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic pose a stressor to most people, it is unlikely to be a criterion A event for other than directly affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thormod Idsoe
- The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, Oslo, Norway
| | - Atle Dyregrov
- Center for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Harald Janson
- The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Nærde
- The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, Oslo, Norway
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Husky MM, Pietrzak RH, Marx BP, Mazure CM. Research on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Methods and Implications in General Population Samples. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2021; 5:24705470211051327. [PMID: 34765850 PMCID: PMC8576091 DOI: 10.1177/24705470211051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing concern about the mental health sequelae to the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a surge in research and publications on the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in general population samples in relation to the pandemic. We examined how posttraumatic stress disorder in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic has been studied to date and found three general themes: (1) assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms relied on self-report measures and often did not determine direct trauma exposure as required by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition Criterion A to diagnose posttraumatic stress disorder; (2) inadequate assessment of pre-existing mental disorders and co-occurring stress; and (3) the use of cross-sectional designs in most studies, often relying on snowball sampling strategies to conduct online surveys. Notwithstanding these methodological limitations, these studies have reported moderate to severe posttraumatic symptoms in 25.8% of the general population on average in relation to the pandemic (ranging from 4.6% to 55.3%). Opportunities for advancing future research that will inform public health planning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West
Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian P. Marx
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston
Healthcare System, and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Mazure
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Women's Health
Research at Yale, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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