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Koç MC, Yıldırım E, Ozdurak Singin RH, Talaghir LG, Iconomescu TM, Karakaş N. Adaptation and Validation of the Post-Pandemic Health Promotion Behavior of Young Adults in the Digital Age (PS-SGD) Scale in the Turkish Population. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1337. [PMID: 38998871 PMCID: PMC11241518 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12131337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adulthood is a critical developmental period in which individuals establish life-long health behaviors and take responsibility for their own health care. Health promotion strategies tailored to young adults, leveraging digital tools, and addressing challenges exacerbated by events like the COVID-19 pandemic are needed. The aim of this study was to adapt the post-pandemic health promotion behavior of young adults in the digital age (PS-SGD) scale to the Turkish population in order to assess and compare the health behavior of young adults after the pandemic. METHODS A total of 312 participants, aged between 19 and 29 years, were included in the study via non-probabilistic criterion sampling, while the Turkish adaptation process started with translation and back translation methods performed with three language and two health science experts. For statistical analysis, EFA and CFA were conducted to evaluate internal consistency and structural validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to confirm the structure of the six sub-dimensions. Additionally, measurement invariance was examined regarding participants' gender to determine if the scale accurately captured similar traits across diverse groups. The relationship between the test-retest data was tested by Pearson correlation to measure consistency and its invariance over time. RESULTS The gender distribution of the sample was found to be 61.3% female and 38.7% male. According to the results of EFA, items 8 and 18 were removed from the Turkish-adapted version. As a result of the reliability analysis conducted with the Turkish version of the scale, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was obtained as 0.851 for the post-pandemic health promotion behavior. Additionally, the scale was rated as reliable with the following Cronbach alpha values: 0.79 for the "personal hygiene", 0.78 for "dietary habits", 0.72 for "using mobile devices", 0.70 for "emotional health", 0.68 for "health care and physical activity", and 0.51 for "social health" sub-dimensions. To examine the six sub-dimension factor structures of the scale, fit indices were calculated as χ2/df (1.722), GFI (0.894), IFI (0.908), TLI (0.892), CFI (0.907), RMSEA (0.048), and SRMR (0.057) and were within acceptable limits. Findings of the multi-group confirmatory factor analysis for measurement invariance were less than or equal to 0.01 for the ∆CFI and ∆RMSEA values across all indices. Consequently, it was observed that the item-factor structure, factor loadings, variances, covariances, and error variances of the scale were equivalent for both male and female young adults, while test-retest results showed a high positive correlation. CONCLUSIONS The Turkish version of the post-pandemic health promotion behavior scale of young adults in the digital age scale, consisting of 25 items and six subscales, was proven to be a valid and reliable tool to measure health promotion behavior in young adults aged 19-29 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Can Koç
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Istanbul Gelisim University, 34310 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Directorate of Sports Sciences Application and Research Center, Istanbul Gelisim University, 34310 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Elif Yıldırım
- Department of Statistics and Quality Coordinator, Konya Technical University, 42250 Konya, Türkiye
| | - Rabia Hurrem Ozdurak Singin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, 44000 Malatya, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Neşe Karakaş
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, 44000 Malatya, Türkiye
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Duncan MJ, Riazi NA, Belita E, Amores A, Vanderloo LM, Carsley S, Laxer RE, Carson V, Faulkner G, Chaput JP, Leatherdale ST, Patte KA. Physical activity and recreational screen time change among adolescents in Canada: Examining the impact of COVID-19 in worsening inequity. Prev Med 2023; 175:107676. [PMID: 37607659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess if sub-populations of adolescents in Canada (i.e., race/ethnicity, sex/gender, and socioeconomic status [SES]) experienced a larger change in physical activity and screen time between the 2019-2020 (pre-pandemic) and the 2020-2021 (mid-pandemic) school years. Longitudinally linked data from pre-pandemic and mid-pandemic school years of a prospective cohort study of secondary school students in Canada (n = 8209) were used for these analyses. Multivariable regression modelling tested the main effects of race/ethnicity, sex/gender, and SES on changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and screen time duration as well as adherence to Canada's 24-h Movement Guidelines. Overall between groups difference were assessed using type II analysis of deviance tests. Interactions between variables of interest were subsequently tested with a series of regression models compared to the main effects model using likelihood-ratio test. Post-hoc comparisons found Male participants' MVPA time decreased less compared to their female counterparts (M [95% CI] = -16.3 [-13.5, -19.2] min/day), but also reported greater increases in screen time compared to females (23.7 [14.7, 32.8] min/day) during the same period. MVPA in White participants decreased less than Asian participants (-10.7 [-19.5, -1.9] min/day) with a similar non-significant pattern observed in Black and Latin participants. Adolescents in higher SES categories fared better on adherence to MVPA (highest vs. lowest OR = 1.41 [0.97, 2.06]) and screen time recommendations(highest vs. lowest AOR = 3.13 [0.91, 11.11]). Results support the hypothesis that existing inequitable sociodemographic differences in MVPA participation and screen time have worsened throughout the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Duncan
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Saint Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Negin A Riazi
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Saint Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Emily Belita
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Angelica Amores
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Leigh M Vanderloo
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sarah Carsley
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Room 500, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Rachel E Laxer
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2, Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation; University of Alberta, 8840 114 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Lower Mall Research Station, 2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave. East, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Karen A Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Saint Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Haubenstricker JE, Lee JW, Segovia-Siapco G, Medina E. The theory of planned behavior and dietary behaviors in competitive women bodybuilders. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1716. [PMID: 37667272 PMCID: PMC10476312 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women bodybuilders build their ideal physique by manipulating their diet, supplement, and exercise regimens to extreme levels. Excess protein intake and dietary supplement use is ubiquitous in women bodybuilders preparing for a competition, i.e., in-season competitors, however the impetus for these two dietary behaviors are relatively unknown. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been used to explain dietary behaviors. The purpose of the study was to examine how the TPB can explain protein intake and dietary supplement use in in-season competitors. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, an online questionnaire was developed, validated, and administered to collect dietary supplement use, TPB variables, and other measures from 112 in-season competitors. Protein intake was assessed using multiple 24-h dietary recalls. Associations between TPB and protein intake and dietary supplement use were determined with multiple regression analysis while adjusting for confounders. RESULTS For protein intake: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explained 8% of the variance in intention; subjective norm independently predicted intention. Behavioral beliefs predicted attitude; subjective norm was predicted by trainer/coach, workout partners, and social media influencers. For dietary supplement use: intention explained 5% of the variance in dietary supplement use; attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control together explained 38% of the variance in intention. Attitudes towards dietary supplements use were predicted by five factors (not a waste of money, help improve physique, sustain energy levels, provide enough calories, help with recovery). Primary determinants of subjective norm were fellow competitors, social media influencers, and trainer/coach. Perceived behavioral control was predicted by three factors (ease of purchase, affordability to purchase, availability to purchase). CONCLUSIONS TPB predicted dietary supplement use in women bodybuilders during in-season but there was little evidence for the prediction of protein intake using the TPB. Health professionals should develop effective interventions using strategies that align health education messages with in-season competitors' outcome beliefs and collaborate with their referent others to influence safer and effective dietary supplement use.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Haubenstricker
- Loma Linda University, School of Public Health, 24951 Circle Drive, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| | - Jerry W Lee
- Loma Linda University, School of Public Health, 24951 Circle Drive, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Gina Segovia-Siapco
- Loma Linda University, School of Public Health, 24951 Circle Drive, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Ernesto Medina
- Loma Linda University, School of Public Health, 24951 Circle Drive, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
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Natsis K, Kostares M, Tsakotos G, Koutserimpas C, Kostares E, Triantafyllou G, Totlis T, Karampelias V, Chytas D, Pantazis N, Otountzidis N, Triantafyllou A, Achlatis V, Ediaroglou V, Piagkou M. Physical Activity Level Alterations Due to the Lockdowns: A Multi-Center Greek University-Based Study. Acta Med Acad 2023; 52:119-133. [PMID: 37933509 DOI: 10.5644/ama2006-124.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study determines the impact of the pandemic lockdowns on physical activity, and evaluates the factors associated with physical activity cessation on students and personnel of eight Greek Higher Education Institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 6,380 volunteer participants completed a survey reporting their physical activity levels and perceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey was made available through an online platform. RESULTS Both the conduct and intensity of physical activity were significantly reduced from the pre-pandemic era to the second lockdown (P<0.001). Walking was the most frequently selected type of physical activity, in all periods except for the second lockdown. Loss of interest (52.4%) was the main, self-reported factor for cessation of physical activity. Females had a 31% lower probability of ceasing physical activity during lockdowns. CONCLUSION The conduct and intensity of physical activity decreased significantly during the pandemic. Female gender, annual checkup attendance, and specific physical activity types during the pre-pandemic era were associated with a reduction in the risk of pausing physical activity during lockdowns. Lockdowns may be implemented in future health crises, hence measures for maintaining the physical activity of the general population, such as online group sessions and support from healthcare professionals, should be prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Natsis
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Kostares
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Tsakotos
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Christos Koutserimpas
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, "251" Hellenic Air Force General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Kostares
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Triantafyllou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Trifon Totlis
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilios Karampelias
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Chytas
- Basic Sciences Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Nikos Pantazis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Otountzidis
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Triantafyllou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Vlassis Achlatis
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilios Ediaroglou
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Piagkou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Nigg C, Petersen E, MacIntyre T. Natural environments, psychosocial health, and health behaviors in a crisis - A scoping review of the literature in the COVID-19 context. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 88:102009. [PMID: 37065613 PMCID: PMC10082968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak led to major restrictions globally, affecting people's psychosocial health and their health behaviors. Thus, the purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the available research regarding nature and health in the COVID-19 context. Keywords relating to natural environments and COVID-19 were combined to conduct a systematic online search in six major databases. Eligibility criteria were a) published since 2020 with data collected in the COVID-19 context b) peer-reviewed, c) original empirical data collected on human participants, d) investigated the association between natural environments and psychosocial health or health behaviors, and e) English, German, or Scandinavian languages. Out of 9126 articles being screened, we identified 188 relevant articles, representing 187 distinct studies. Most research focused on adults in the general population and was predominantly conducted in the USA, Europe, and China. Overall, the findings indicate that nature may mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on psychological health and physical activity. Through a systematic thematic analysis of the extracted data, three primary themes were identified: 1) type of nature assessed, 2) psychosocial health and health behaviors investigated, and 3) heterogeneity in the nature-health relationship. Research gaps in the COVID-19 context were identified regarding I) nature characteristics that promote psychosocial health and health behaviors, II) investigations of digital and virtual nature, III) psychological constructs relating to mental health promotion, IV) health-promoting behaviors other than physical activity, V) underlying mechanisms regarding heterogeneity in the nature-health relationship based on human, nature, and geographic characteristics, and VI) research focusing on vulnerable groups. Overall, natural environments demonstrate considerable potential in buffering the impact of stressful events on a population level on mental health. However, future research is warranted to fill the mentioned research gaps and to examine the long-term effects of nature exposure during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nigg
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 145, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Evi Petersen
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3800, Bø i, Telemark, Norway
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 42, 0167, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tadhg MacIntyre
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Maynooth University, North Campus, W23 F2K8, Maynooth, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Maynooth University, North Campus, W23 F2k8, Maynooth, Ireland
- TechPA Research Group, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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Larson N, Tavernier RE, Berge JM, Barr-Anderson DJ, Neumark-Sztainer D. Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic for the Well-Being of Emerging Adult Populations: A Synthesis of Findings From the COVID-19 Eating and Activity Over Time (C-EAT) Study. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2023; 11:779-796. [PMID: 37832141 PMCID: PMC10064195 DOI: 10.1177/21676968231166034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Research addressing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychosocial well-being and health behavior is accumulating; however, implications for emerging adult populations are underexplored. This manuscript synthesizes findings from a mixed-methods study of well-being, eating and activity behaviors, and food insecurity among a diverse, longitudinal cohort of emerging adults. The review includes findings from 11 original studies that involved collecting online surveys from 720 emerging adults and in-depth, virtual interviews with 33 respondents who were food insecure. Findings indicated the pandemic had widespread impacts on well-being. Population groups at greatest risk for poor outcomes included women; those who identified as Black, Indigenous, or a Person of Color; persons in households of low socioeconomic status; parents of young children; and persons who previously experienced mental health challenges or weight stigma. Further research will be needed to evaluate efforts to improve the well-being of emerging adults in the aftermath of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Larson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community
Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Emery Tavernier
- Department of Family Medicine and
Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical
School, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jerica M. Berge
- Department of Family Medicine and Community
Health, University of Minnesota Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community
Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Rescio G, Manni A, Caroppo A, Carluccio AM, Siciliano P, Leone A. Multi-Sensor Platform for Predictive Air Quality Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5139. [PMID: 37299868 PMCID: PMC10255563 DOI: 10.3390/s23115139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air quality monitoring is a very important aspect of providing safe indoor conditions, and carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the pollutants that most affects people's health. An automatic system able to accurately forecast CO2 concentration can prevent a sudden rise in CO2 levels through appropriate control of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, avoiding energy waste and ensuring people's comfort. There are several works in the literature dedicated to air quality assessment and control of HVAC systems; the performance maximisation of such systems is typically achieved using a significant amount of data collected over a long period of time (even months) to train the algorithm. This can be costly and may not respond to a real scenario where the habits of the house occupants or the environment conditions may change over time. To address this problem, an adaptive hardware-software platform was developed, following the IoT paradigm, with a high level of accuracy in forecasting CO2 trends by analysing only a limited window of recent data. The system was tested considering a real case study in a residential room used for smart working and physical exercise; the parameters analysed were the occupants' physical activity, temperature, humidity and CO2 in the room. Three deep-learning algorithms were evaluated, and the best result was obtained with the Long Short-Term Memory network, which features a Root Mean Square Error of about 10 ppm with a training period of 10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rescio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.C.); (P.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Manni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.C.); (P.S.); (A.L.)
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Fish E, Trejo Tello K. Experiences of COVID-19 Restrictions on Physical Activity in Assisted Living. ACTIVITIES, ADAPTATION & AGING 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2023.2199227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanore Fish
- Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Health Sciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen Trejo Tello
- Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Health Sciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Lindberg D, Elvén M, Nilsson KW, Von Heideken Wågert P, Stier J, Dahlen M, Kerstis B. How Have Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior, Changed during the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Swedish Repeated Cross-Sectional Design Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3642. [PMID: 36834336 PMCID: PMC9963654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) affect people's physical and mental health. The aim was to examine changes in PA and SB in a Swedish population: at three time points: 2019, 2020, and 2022, i.e., before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pre-pandemic PA and SB, i.e., 2019, were assessed retrospectively in 2020. Associations between PA and SB with sex, age, occupation, COVID-19 history, weight change, health, and life satisfaction were also examined. The design was repeated cross-sectionally. The main findings demonstrate the PA levels decreased between 2019 and 2020, and between 2019 and 2022, but not between 2020 and 2022. The SB increase was most evident between 2019 and 2020. Between 2020 and 2022, results showed a decrease in SB, but SB did not reach pre-pandemic levels. Both sexes decreased their PA over time. Although men reported more PA sex, they did not have any association with PA changes. Two age groups, 19-29 years and 65-79 years, decreased their PA over time. Both PA and SB were associated with COVID-19, occupation, age, life satisfaction, health, and weight change. This study underlines the importance of monitoring changes in PA and SB as they have relevance for health and well-being. There is a risk that the levels of PA and SB do not return to pre-pandemic levels in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lindberg
- Division of Social Work, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, SE-72134 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Maria Elvén
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, SE-72134 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Kent W. Nilsson
- Center for Clinical Research, Central Hospital of Västerås, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, SE-72134 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Petra Von Heideken Wågert
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, SE-72134 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Jonas Stier
- Division of Social Work, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, SE-72134 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Micael Dahlen
- Department of Marketing and Strategy, Stockholm School of Economics, SE-11383 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Kerstis
- Division of Caring Sciences, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, SE-72134 Västerås, Sweden
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Heredia NI, Machiorlatti M, Reininger BM, Robledo C. Factors associated with meeting physical activity guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2178. [PMID: 36434630 PMCID: PMC9700968 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic impacted individual physical activity levels. Less is known regarding how factors such as sociodemographic and built environment were associated with physical activity engagement during the pandemic. Understanding these factors is critical to informing future infectious disease mitigation policies that promote, rather than hinder physical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess predictors of physical activity levels during the beginning of the pandemic (April-June 2020), including Stay-at-Home length and orders, neighborhood safety, and sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS Data included 517 participants who responded to an anonymous online survey. Physical activity was assessed with a modified Godin Leisure-time exercise questionnaire. We used logistic regression models to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between independent variables (e.g., demographic variables, neighborhood safety, COVID Stay-at-Home order and length of time) and physical activity levels that did not meet (i.e., < 600 metabolic equivalents of task [MET]-minutes/week) or met guidelines (i.e., ≥ 600 MET-minutes/week). We used R-Studio open-source edition to clean and code data and SAS V9.4 for analyses. RESULTS Most participants were 18-45 years old (58%), female (79%), Hispanic (58%), and college/post-graduates (76%). Most (70%) reported meeting physical activity guidelines. In multivariate-adjusted analyses stratified by income, in the highest income bracket (≥ $70,000) pet ownership was associated with higher odds of meeting physical activity guidelines (aOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.23, 4.55), but this association did not persist for other income groups. We also found lower perceived neighborhood safety was associated with significantly lower odds of meeting physical activity guidelines (aOR = 0.15, 95% CI:0.04-0.61), but only among individuals in the lowest income bracket (< $40,000). Within this lowest income bracket, we also found that a lower level of education was associated with reduced odds of meeting physical activity guidelines. DISCUSSION We found that perceived neighborhood safety, education and pet ownership were associated with meeting physical activity guidelines during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, but associations differed by income. These findings can inform targeted approaches to promoting physical activity during subsequent waves of COVID-19 or future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Heredia
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Michael Machiorlatti
- grid.449717.80000 0004 5374 269XSchool of Medicine, Department of Population Health and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX USA
| | - Belinda M. Reininger
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, TX USA
| | - Candace Robledo
- grid.449717.80000 0004 5374 269XSchool of Medicine, Department of Population Health and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX USA
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11
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Creech WL, Towner BC, Battista RA. Physical Activity Among Adults in Rural Western North Carolina During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prev Chronic Dis 2022; 19:E74. [PMID: 36395002 PMCID: PMC9673977 DOI: 10.5888/pcd19.220112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the COVID-19 pandemic, measures implemented to protect community health may have influenced how and where people engaged in physical activity. In rural communities, access to resources, the environment, and socioeconomic status could play a role in how adults are physically active. Our study examined locations where rural residents of a county in western North Carolina engaged in physical activity early in the COVID-19 pandemic, their reasons for being physically active, and their perceptions of benefits and barriers related to engaging in physical activity. METHODS Rural adults (N =297) completed an online survey from August 3 through September 15, 2020, describing their physical activity during the summer of 2020. Data were analyzed using nonparametric measures. RESULTS Survey respondents frequently engaged in physical activity in the home (57.8%), at parks or on trails (45.3%), and around their neighborhood (39.4%). The most common types of physical activities at parks or on trails were walking and hiking (99.5%). Across all locations, the most frequently reported reasons for engaging in physical activity were getting out of the house, maintaining fitness and mental health, and exercising. CONCLUSION Our study showed many locations where rural residents were physically active and their reasons for participating in physical activity during the pandemic. Data about perceived benefits of and barriers to physical activity during the pandemic can assist in meeting the current need to increase physical activity levels in rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade L Creech
- Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
- 5464 NC Highway 231, Zebulon, NC 27597-7661.
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12
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Vazquez CE, Hess KE, McBride MJ, Cubbin C, Bearman SK, Calzada EJ. Impact of COVID social distancing measures on eating and exercise behaviors among a sample of Hispanic parents of young children in the United States. J Public Health Res 2022; 11:22799036221132389. [PMID: 36337260 PMCID: PMC9634197 DOI: 10.1177/22799036221132389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the United States, healthy behaviors, such as eating fruits/vegetables and
exercise, are well below recommended levels, particularly for Hispanics. The
COVID pandemic may have exacerbated existing health behavior disparities.
The current study examines the impact of COVID social distancing measures on
Hispanic parents’ eating and exercise behaviors, and how the impact may
differ by socioeconomic status (SES) and distress levels. Design and methods: This cross-sectional logistic regression study utilized data from a sample of
Hispanic parents in Texas (n = 237). COVID-related
questions were collected in Summer 2020. Dependent variables included
self-reported changes in exercise and eating behaviors due to the pandemic
(i.e. got better or got worse). Primary independent variables included
family-SES, neighborhood-SES, and distress due to COVID. Results: More than half (60%) of parents reported that their eating and exercise
behaviors worsened. Results showed a significant relationship between
distress due to COVID and both dependent variables; changes in eating
(OR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.20, 1.58]) and changes in exercise (OR = 1.28, 95% CI
[1.11, 1.48]). There were no observed differences by SES. Conclusions: Results suggest distress due to COVID was associated with worsening of eating
and exercise behaviors, regardless of SES. The direction of the relationship
between distress and healthy eating and exercise behaviors requires further
attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Vazquez
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Katherine E Hess
- Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Megan J McBride
- Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Cubbin
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Kate Bearman
- Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Esther J Calzada
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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13
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Yi L, Wang SD, Chu D, Ponnada A, Intille SS, Dunton GF. Examining Whether Physical Activity Location Choices Were Associated With Weekly Physical Activity Maintenance Across 13 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Emerging Adults. J Phys Act Health 2022; 19:446-455. [PMID: 35609883 PMCID: PMC10913447 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown potentially detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity (PA) in emerging adults (ages 18-29 y). However, studies that examined the effects of COVID-19 on PA location choices and maintenance for this age group remain limited. The current study investigated changes in PA location choices across 13 months during the pandemic and their associations with PA maintenance in this population. METHODS Emerging adults (N = 197) living in the United States completed weekly survey on personal smartphones (May 2020-June 2021) regarding PA location choices and maintenance. Mixed-effects models examined the main effects of PA location choice and its interaction with weeks into the pandemic on participants' PA maintenance. RESULTS On a given week, participants performing PA on roads/sidewalks or at parks/open spaces were 1½ and 2 times as likely to maintain PA levels, respectively. Moreover, after September 2021, weeks when individuals performed PA on roads/sidewalks had a protective effect on PA maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Performing PA on roads/sidewalks and at parks/open spaces was associated with PA maintenance during the COVID-19 pandemic. PA promotion and intervention efforts for emerging adults during large-scale disruptions to daily life should focus on providing programmed activities in open spaces to maintain their PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California
| | - Shirlene D. Wang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California
| | - Daniel Chu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California
| | - Aditya Ponnada
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University
| | - Stephen S. Intille
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University
| | - Genevieve F. Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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14
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Lefferts EC, Saavedra JM, Song BK, Lee DC. Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061568. [PMID: 35329894 PMCID: PMC8952771 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the COVID-19 pandemic has long-lasting effects on physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior in the vulnerable older adult population is uncertain. A total of 387 older adults (75 ± 6 years) completed a retrospective questionnaire on time spent sitting, walking, and performing aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA before, during the first three months, and one year into the COVID-19 pandemic. Whether the participants met the aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA guidelines was then determined. Of the 387 older adults, 376 (97%) were vaccinated. The participants completed 361 ± 426, 293 ± 400, and 454 ± 501 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic PA before, during the first three months, and one year into the pandemic, respectively. During the same time periods, the participants performed muscle-strengthening PA 87 ± 157, 68 ± 163, and 90 ± 176 min/week, walked 2.4 ± 1.7, 2.3 ± 1.7, and 2.6 ± 1.9 h/day, and sat 6.2 ± 2.9, 7.4 ± 3.1, and 6.1 ± 2.9 h/day, respectively. Aerobic PA, muscle-strengthening PA, and walking time decreased, whereas sitting time increased, during the first three months of the pandemic (p < 0.05), and then returned to pre-pandemic levels after one year (p < 0.05). The percentage of participants meeting both aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA guidelines decreased during the first three months of the pandemic (48.9% to 33.5%, p < 0.001), but returned to pre-pandemic levels one year later (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly decreased PA and increased sitting time in older adults; however, both PA and sitting time returned to pre-pandemic levels after one year.
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15
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Influences of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Intuitive Exercise and Physical Activity among College Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12030072. [PMID: 35323391 PMCID: PMC8945213 DOI: 10.3390/bs12030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the health behaviors of people around the world, including their physical activity patterns. Intuitive exercise, a facet of one’s relationship with physical activity, is defined as one’s awareness, mindset (positive versus negative), and mindfulness when engaged in movement. The study’s purpose was to explore whether self-reported physical activity and psychological mindsets around exercise changed during the pandemic. College students (n = 216) described their relationship with exercise before and during the pandemic through anonymous completion of the Intuitive Exercise Scale (IEXS) and open-ended questions to provide in-depth contextualized responses about exercise habits. Participants reported significantly higher scores on intuitive exercise during the pandemic, such as on the Body Trust subscale (M = 3.43), compared to pre-pandemic levels (M = 3.20), p < 0.001. Moreover, varied themes related to physical activity were uncovered such as exercising for fun, exercise influenced by emotion, and loss of motivation to exercise. Important takeaways of the study include the diversity of responses to the pandemic (i.e., some participants reported an increase in physical activity levels and more positive exercise attitudes while others experienced the opposite), the need to promote self-care, and the need for positive coping strategies.
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16
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Wunsch K, Kienberger K, Niessner C. Changes in Physical Activity Patterns Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2250. [PMID: 35206434 PMCID: PMC8871718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease 19 (Covid-19) in late 2019, governments increasingly imposed containment strategies, including social distancing as well as restricted population movement, potentially having negative impacts on mental and physical health. A growing number of studies have examined the impact of the pandemic on different facets of physical activity (PA); an overview combining these (mixed) results, however, is missing. Thus, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate whether and to which extent PA changed from before to during the Covid-19 pandemic, taking age, gender, and measurement method into account. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Results of the main characteristics were descriptively synthesized and analyzed in a meta-analysis quantifying effects of the pandemic on PA divided by age groups, with additional subgroup analyses of the characteristics age, gender, and measurement method being narratively synthesized. Overall, 57 studies with a total sample size of 119,094 participants (N between 10 and 60,560 subjects) from 14 countries worldwide with participants aged between four and 93 years were included. Thirty-two studies revealed a significant decline in PA, whereas only five studies found a significant increase in PA during the Covid-19 pandemic. Fourteen studies revealed mixed results. PA decreased in all age groups, independent of gender. Most self-reported and all device-based measurement methods showed a reduction in PA. However, effects were not found to be significant in all age groups. Nevertheless, the declining trend should be noted and governments should strive to enable PA within periods of pandemic restrictions, or promote alternatives such as digital training to avoid negative health consequences within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Wunsch
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (K.K.); (C.N.)
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17
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Barr-Anderson DJ, Hazzard VM, Hahn SL, Folk AL, Wagner BE, Neumark-Sztainer D. Stay-at-Home Orders during COVID-19: The Influence on Physical Activity and Recreational Screen Time Change among Diverse Emerging Adults and Future Implications for Health Promotion and the Prevention of Widening Health Disparities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13228. [PMID: 34948833 PMCID: PMC8701160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine changes in physical activity (PA) and recreational screen time (RST) behaviors from pre-COVID-19 in 2018 to Spring 2020 during the mandatory stay-at-home order in an ethnically/racially, socioeconomically diverse sample of emerging adults. METHODS Longitudinal data were analyzed from 218 participants (Mage = 24.6 ± 2.0 years) who completed two surveys: EAT 2018 (Eating and Activity over Time) and C-EAT in 2020 (during COVID-19). Repeated ANCOVAs and multiple linear regression models were conducted. RESULTS Moderate-to-vigorous and total PA decreased (4.7 ± 0.3 to 3.5 ± 0.3 h/week [p < 0.001] and 7.9 ± 0.4 to 5.8 ± 0.4 h/week [p < 0.001], respectively), and RST increased from 26.5 ± 0.9 to 29.4 ± 0.8 h/week (p = 0.003). Perceived lack of neighborhood safety, ethnic/racial minoritized identities, and low socioeconomic status were significant predictors of lower PA and higher RST during COVID-19. For example, low SES was associated with 4.04 fewer hours of total PA compared to high SES (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Stay-at-home policies may have significantly influenced PA and RST levels in emerging adults with pre-existing disparities exacerbated during this mandatory period of sheltering-in-place. This suggests that the pandemic may have played a role in introducing or magnifying these disparities. Post-pandemic interventions will be needed to reverse trends in PA and RST, with a focus on improving neighborhood safety and meeting the needs of low socioeconomic and ethnic/racial minoritized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivienne M Hazzard
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha L Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amanda L Folk
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brooke E Wagner
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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18
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Jungwirth D, Weninger CA, Haluza D. Fitness and the Crisis: Impacts of COVID-19 on Active Living and Life Satisfaction in Austria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413073. [PMID: 34948682 PMCID: PMC8701068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted human lifestyles across the world. Lockdowns and home confinement decreased prior opportunities for everyday physical activity. To retrospectively assess how the Austrian population coped with these aspects of the crisis, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey from March to September 2021 using a structured questionnaire in German. In total, 1214 participants (56.9% females, mean age 37.0 years) living across Austria shared self-reported information on sociodemographic characteristics, indoor and outdoor physical activity, reasons for being outdoors, and life satisfaction before and after the emergence of the virus. As a result, overall indoor physical activity significantly decreased in a before–during COVID-19 crisis comparison, although exercising at home with online instructions increased by about 63%. Exercising outdoors increased overall, specifically in periurban forests and rural areas, both by about 9%. Life satisfaction decreased significantly by 19.7% (p < 0.001). Outdoor public places and natural environments gained importance due to restrictions affecting access to sport facilities. Further research is needed to evaluate benefits and therapeutic values of outdoor nature for physical and mental health in times of a global pandemic to maintain resilient societies, as it might impact future active living and life satisfaction.
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19
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Bhoyroo R, Chivers P, Millar L, Bulsara C, Piggott B, Lambert M, Codde J. Life in a time of COVID: a mixed method study of the changes in lifestyle, mental and psychosocial health during and after lockdown in Western Australians. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1947. [PMID: 34702238 PMCID: PMC8547299 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Western Australian government imposed multiple restrictions that impacted daily life activities and the social life. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the community's physical, mental and psychosocial health. METHODS Approximately 2 months after a three-month lockdown, a cross-sectional study was opened to Western Australian adults for an 8-week period (25th August - 21 October 2020). Participants competed a 25-min questionnaire adapted from the Western Australia Health and Wellbeing Surveillance system. Participants provided information on their socio-demographic status, lifestyle behaviours, mental health, and psychosocial health during and post-lockdown. Open-ended questions explored key issues in greater detail. Changes between the lockdown and post-lockdown period were assessed using Wilcoxon signed rank test and One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Normal tests as appropriate. Sex differences were examined using the Mann-Whitney U test. A content analysis approach examined responses to the open-ended questions with frequencies and variations in responses determined using Chi-Square tests. RESULTS A total of 547 complete responses were obtained. Compared to post-lockdown period, lockdown was associated with a significantly lower levels of physical activity, poorer mental well-being and sense of control over one's life, and a higher level of loneliness. Similarly, during lockdown, there was a significantly higher consumption of junk food, soft drinks and alcoholic drinks but no change in fruit and vegetable intake. Participants recalled health campaigns on hand washing and social distancing and there was a retrospective view that more timely and informative campaigns on physical activity, nutrition and mental well-being should have been available during lockdown. CONCLUSIONS While advice on infection control measures were appropriately provided, there is a need for concurrent health promotional information to help combat the changes in physical, mental and psychosocial well-being observed during quarantine to prevent negative health consequences in the community even if there are minimal effects of the pandemic itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranila Bhoyroo
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 19 Mouat Street, PO Box 1225, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6959, Australia. .,School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia. .,School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia. .,Disciplines of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Paola Chivers
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 19 Mouat Street, PO Box 1225, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6959, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Lynne Millar
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 19 Mouat Street, PO Box 1225, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6959, Australia.,School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Caroline Bulsara
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 19 Mouat Street, PO Box 1225, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6959, Australia
| | - Ben Piggott
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michelle Lambert
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia.,Injury Matters, Perth, Australia
| | - Jim Codde
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, 19 Mouat Street, PO Box 1225, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6959, Australia.,Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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20
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Wagner BE, Folk AL, Hahn SL, Barr-Anderson DJ, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D. Recreational Screen Time Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S.: A Mixed-Methods Study among a Diverse Population-Based Sample of Emerging Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4613. [PMID: 33925317 PMCID: PMC8123581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how screen time behaviors changed during the COVID-19 pandemic is important to inform the design of health promotion interventions. The purpose of this study was to quantify and describe changes in recreational screen time from 2018 to 2020 among a diverse sample of emerging adults. Participants (n = 716) reported their average weekly recreational screen time in 2018 and again during the pandemic in 2020. Additionally, participants qualitatively reported how events related to COVID-19 had influenced their screen time. Weekly recreational screen time increased from 25.9 ± 11.9 h in 2018 to 28.5 ± 11.6 h during COVID-19 (p < 0.001). The form of screen time most commonly reported to increase was TV shows and streaming services (n = 233). Commonly reported reasons for changes in screen time were boredom (n = 112) and a desire to connect with others (n = 52). Some participants reported trying to reduce screen time because of its negative impact on their mental health (n = 32). Findings suggest that screen time and mental health may be intertwined during the pandemic as it may lead to poorer mental health for some, while promoting connectedness for others. Health professionals and public health messaging could promote specific forms for screen time to encourage social connection during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E. Wagner
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.F.); (D.J.B.-A.)
| | - Amanda L. Folk
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.F.); (D.J.B.-A.)
| | - Samantha L. Hahn
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.L.H.); (N.L.); (D.N.-S.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daheia J. Barr-Anderson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.F.); (D.J.B.-A.)
| | - Nicole Larson
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.L.H.); (N.L.); (D.N.-S.)
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.L.H.); (N.L.); (D.N.-S.)
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