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Graham R, Bharthi K, Williams J, Sharifi V, Pedram P, Fahim M, Bulloch A, Patten SB. Trends in vaping and smoking behavior before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: Beneficial and potentially detrimental changes. Addict Behav 2024; 149:107839. [PMID: 37839145 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarette and cigarette use may have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, there is no consensus in existing literature, and current Canadian studies have not used representative samples. Thus, there is a need for robust national estimates. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS The primary objective was to describe the 30-day period prevalence of smoking and vaping before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. This study analyzed three years of the cross-sectional Canadian Tobacco and Nicotine Survey: 2019 (pre-pandemic), 2020 (9 months into the pandemic) and 2021 (21 months into pandemic). RESULTS Thirty-day period prevalence of vaping over the 2019, 2020, and 2021 study periods were 4.8 (95%CI: 4.2-5.3), 4.6% (95%CI: 4.1-5.2), and 5.2% (95%CI: 4.7-5.7), respectively. The 30-day period prevalence of smoking over the 2019, 2020, and 2021 study periods were 11.9% (95%CI: 10.9-12.7), 10.3% (95%CI: 9.4-11.2), and 10.3% (95%CI: 9.4-11.1), respectively. Notably, estimates of smoking for females decreased considerably from 2019 (11.0%; 95%CI: 9.9--12.2%) to 2020 (8.6%; 95%CI: 7.5-9.7). Estimates of vaping in those aged 20-24 increased substantially from 2020 (13.0%; 95%CI: 10.9-15.1) to 2021 (17.2%; 95%CI: 15.4-18.9). CONCLUSIONS Changes to smoking and vaping were restricted to subsets within the population. In those aged 20-24, there was a modest increase in vaping from 2020 to 2021. In females, there was a decrease in smoking from 2019 to 2020, which persisted in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Graham
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Kanika Bharthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Jeanne Williams
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Vandad Sharifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Pardis Pedram
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Mina Fahim
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Andrew Bulloch
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Scott B Patten
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
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Doumi R, Khaytan S, Alobaidan AS, Alqahtany BM, Aldosari NM, Almutairi AA, Alanazi AA, Fayed A. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of E-Cigarettes of Adolescents and Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2998. [PMID: 37998490 PMCID: PMC10671544 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11222998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes have gained enormous popularity, and their use has increased drastically worldwide. However, little is known regarding adolescents' and adults' knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-administered online-modified WHO GATS questionnaire on a convenience sample approach. Data were collected between January and March 2021 after the alleviation of COVID-19 lockdown measures in Saudi Arabia. Univariate and multivariate regression models were developed to identify independent factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and practice. Our sample (1335) had a mean age of 26.45 ± 10.5 years; nearly half of the participants had poor knowledge about e-cigarettes. The usage and positive attitude were reported by 18.6% and 19.4%, respectively. Around 43.5% of e-cigarette users reported starting or increased use during the COVID-19 pandemic, while 9.5% of participants would recommend it to others. Logistic regressions showed that older participants were more likely to have poor knowledge (OR = 1.02, 95% C.I. = 1.01-1.03) and positive attitudes (OR = 0.98, 95% C.I. = 0.91-0.96). Male participants and smokers (OR = 3.0, 95% C.I. = 2.3-3.8) were more likely to have a positive attitude. However, younger participants were less likely to go for e-cigarettes (OR = 0.95, 95% C.I. = 0.93-0.97), while males (OR = 2.53, 95% C.I. = 1.65-3.86) and smokers (OR = 4.63, 95% C.I. = 3.47-6.18) were more likely to use them. This study indicated a high level of poor knowledge about e-cigarettes. A considerable proportion of participants reported usage and a positive attitude towards them. Older age, male gender, and being a smoker were the main elicited predictors for e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Doumi
- College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.); (A.S.A.); (B.M.A.); (N.M.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.F.)
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Amin S, Pokhrel P, Elwir T, Mettias H, Kawamoto CT. A systematic review of experimental and longitudinal studies on e-cigarette use cessation. Addict Behav 2023; 146:107787. [PMID: 37393697 PMCID: PMC10527397 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study addresses the need to synthesize the findings in the current literature on e-cigarette use cessation. METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched in November 2022 to systematically review studies focused on intentions, attempts, and successful e-cigarette use cessation. Three authors independently reviewed the full-texts of the initial pool of potentially eligible articles. Narrative data synthesis was conducted, and the risk of bias was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 12 studies were selected for review, 7 of which were experimental and 5longitudinal. The majority of the studies focused on participants' intentions to quit e-cigarette use. The experimental studies varied in sample size, intervention type, and length of participant follow-up. Findings across the experimental studies were mixed, with only one full-fledged trial having examined cessation as an outcome. The experimental studies that assessed cessation outcomes utilized mobile technology as an intervention tool. Results from longitudinal studies indicated sociodemographic characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity), vaping frequency, and cigarette smoking status as predictors of intentions, attempts and e-cigarette use cessation. CONCLUSION This review highlights the current paucity of methodologically rigorous research on e-cigarette use cessation. Our findings suggest that vaping cessation programs that employ mobile health technology to provide personalized cessation services may help promote intentions, attempts, and e-cigarette use cessation. Limitations of the current studies on vaping cessation include small sample sizes, heterogeneous cohorts that limit comparisons, and inconsistent ways of assessing vaping cessation. Future research needs to test long-term intervention effects using experimental and prospective designs among representative samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Amin
- Population Sciences Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, United States.
| | - Pallav Pokhrel
- Population Sciences Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Taha Elwir
- Population Sciences Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Hannah Mettias
- Population Sciences Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Crissy T Kawamoto
- Population Sciences Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
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van Walbeek C, Hill R, Filby S. Quitting behavior during the tobacco sales ban in South Africa: Results from a broadly nationally representative survey. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:102. [PMID: 37551390 PMCID: PMC10398832 DOI: 10.18332/tid/168594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In response to COVID-19, the South African government banned the sale of tobacco products for 20 weeks. Before the ban, the illicit cigarette market was well-entrenched and smoking cessation services were not widely available. Several surveys conducted to ascertain cigarette smokers' responses to the ban reported substantial differences in the proportion of smokers who quit. This study provides a broadly nationally representative ex-post investigation into cigarette smokers' quitting behavior related to the sales ban. METHODS We used data from wave three of NIDS-CRAM (the National Income Dynamics Study-Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey) conducted in November-December 2020. We first investigated the proportion of people who quit and who continued smoking during and after the sales ban. We subsequently linked the NIDS-CRAM survey to the fifth wave of NIDS (2017) to identify a subset of established smokers, and considered whether their quitting behavior differed from that of all smokers who smoked at the start of the sales ban. RESULTS The cross-sectional analysis showed that 7.8% of cigarette smokers quit during the sales ban, but that 55% of these quitters relapsed after it was lifted. Of the pre-ban smokers, 3.5% indicated that they did not smoke both during and after the sales ban, and 3.7% quit after the ban was lifted. The longitudinal analysis showed that 7% of people who were smoking in 2017, quit smoking cigarettes during the tobacco sales ban, but that >70% of quitters relapsed after it was lifted. Only 2% of pre-ban established smokers indicated that they did not smoke during or after the ban. CONCLUSIONS The sales ban did not have the intended objective of encouraging large-scale smoking cessation. This reflects policy failures to provide smokers with appropriate cessation support and to effectively control the illicit market both prior to and during the sales ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corné van Walbeek
- Research Unit on the Economics of Excisable Products, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Robert Hill
- Development Policy Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Samantha Filby
- Research Unit on the Economics of Excisable Products, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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Cioe PA, Schnoll R, Hoeppner BB, Gross R, Hitsman BL, Leone FT, Ashare R, Vilardaga R, Tashima K, Pinkston M, Kahler CW. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Stress, Isolation, Smoking Behaviors, and Motivation to Quit in People with HIV Who Smoke. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:1862-1869. [PMID: 36357808 PMCID: PMC9649403 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) smoke at higher rates compared with the general population and have lower cessation rates. The primary aim of this study was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking in PWH. A survey was administered to participants in two smoking cessation trials in the United States. Mean cigarettes per day was 13.9 (SD 8.6), and participants reported they had smoked on average for 30.93 years (SD 10.4). More than half (55.7%) of participants (N = 140) reported not changing their smoking during the pandemic, while 15% reported decreasing, and 25% reported increasing their smoking. In bivariate analyses, worrying about food due to lack of money (χ2 = 9.13, df 2, p = 0.01) and greater Covid-related worry (rs = 0.19, p = 0.02) were significantly associated with increased smoking. Qualitative research may be needed to more clearly elucidate factors related to smoking behaviors among PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Cioe
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Robert Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bettina B Hoeppner
- Department of Psychiatry, Recovery Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Gross
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian L Hitsman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank T Leone
- Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Ashare
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Roger Vilardaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karen Tashima
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Megan Pinkston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Rubinson NG, Fong GT, Gravely S, Quah ACK, Bitan M, Lev Ari S, Rosen LJ. The association between risk perceptions, anxiety, and self-reported changes in tobacco and nicotine product use due to COVID-19 in May-June 2020 in Israel. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:759. [PMID: 37098558 PMCID: PMC10126559 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, reports about a possible protective effect of nicotine on COVID-19 conflicted with messaging by public health organizations about increased risks of COVID-19 due to smoking. The ambiguous information the public received, combined with COVID-19-induced anxiety, may have led to changes in tobacco or other nicotine product use. This study examined changes in use of combustible cigarettes (CCs), nargila (hookah/waterpipe), e-cigarettes, and IQOS and home-smoking behaviors. We also assessed COVID-19 related anxiety and perceptions regarding changes in risk of COVID-19 severity due to smoking. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from a population telephone survey that was conducted in Israel in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (May-June 2020) and included 420 adult (age 18+) individuals who reported having ever used CCs (n = 391), nargila (n = 193), and/or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)/heated tobacco products (e.g., IQOS) (n = 52). Respondents were asked about the effect that COVID-19 had on their nicotine product use (quit/reduced use, no change, increased use). We assessed changes in product use, risk perceptions, and anxiety using adjusted multinomial logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Most respondents did not change their frequency of product use (CCs: 81.0%, nargila: 88.2%, e-cigarettes/IQOS: 96.8%). A small percentage either decreased use (CCs: 7.2%, nargila: 3.2%, e-cigarettes/IQOS:2.4%) or increased use (CCs:11.8%, nargila:8.6%, e-cigarettes/IQOS:+ 0.9%). 55.6% of respondents used a product in the home prior to COVID-19; but during the first lockdown COVID-19 period, a greater percentage increased (12.6%) than decreased (4.0%) their home use. Higher levels of anxiety due to COVID-19 were associated with increased home smoking (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI:1.04-2.42, p = 0.02). Many respondents believed that increased severity of COVID-19 illness was associated with CCs (62.0%) and e-cigarettes/vaping (45.3%), with uncertainty about the association being lower for CCs (20.5%) than for vaping (41.3%). CONCLUSIONS While many respondents believed that nicotine product use (particularly CCs and e-cigarettes) was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 disease severity, the majority of users did not change their tobacco/nicotine use. The confusion about the relationship between tobacco use and COVID-19 calls for clear evidence-based messaging from governments. The association between home smoking and increased COVID-19-related stress suggests the need for campaigns and resources to prevent smoking in the home, particularly during times of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah G Rubinson
- School of Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shannon Gravely
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Anne C K Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Michal Bitan
- Department of Computer Science, College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Lev Ari
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Laura J Rosen
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
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Arshad H, Jackson SE, Kock L, Ide-Walters C, Tattan-Birch H. What drives public perceptions of e-cigarettes? A mixed-methods study exploring reasons behind adults' perceptions of e-cigarettes in Northern England. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 245:109806. [PMID: 36907122 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite growing evidence that e-cigarettes are likely less harmful than cigarettes, perceptions of equal or more harm have increased worldwide. This study aimed to identify the most common reasons behind adults' perceptions of the (i) relative harm of e-cigarettes compared with cigarettes and (ii) effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. METHODS Adults (N = 1646) from Northern England were recruited through online panels from December-March 2017/2018, using quota sampling to guarantee socio-demographic representativeness. Qualitative content analysis of open-ended responses was performed with codes representing reasons for a given perception about e-cigarettes. Percentages of participants who gave each reason for each perception were calculated. RESULTS 823 (49.9%) participants agreed that e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes, 283 (17.1%) disagreed, and 540 (32.8%) were undecided. The most common reasons for agreeing that e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes were that they produce no smoke (29.8%) and fewer toxins (28.9%). Those who disagreed were most concerned about a perceived lack of trustworthy research (23.7%) and safety issues (20.8%). Lacking knowledge (50.4%) was the most common reason for being undecided. 815 (49.5%) of participants agreed that e-cigarettes were an effective smoking cessation aid, 216 (13.2%) disagreed, and 615 (37.4%) were undecided. The most common reasons participants gave for agreeing were related to e-cigarettes being successful smoking replacements (50.3%) and advice from family, friends or health professionals (20.0%). Respondents who disagreed were most concerned about e-cigarettes being addictive (34.3%) and containing nicotine (15.3%). Lacking knowledge (45.2%) was the most common reason for being undecided. CONCLUSIONS Negative perceptions of e-cigarette harm were driven by concerns about a perceived lack of research and safety issues. Adults who viewed e-cigarettes as ineffective for smoking cessation feared that they perpetuate nicotine addiction. Campaigns and guidelines that address these concerns may help promote informed perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humairah Arshad
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loren Kock
- Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, US
| | | | - Harry Tattan-Birch
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Cox S, Tattan‐Birch H, Jackson SE, Dawkins L, Brown J, Shahab L. Cutting down, quitting and motivation to stop smoking by self-reported COVID-19 status: Representative cross-sectional surveys in England. Addiction 2022; 118:365-371. [PMID: 35971298 PMCID: PMC9539337 DOI: 10.1111/add.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the association of self-reported COVID-19 disease status with cutting down, past-month and past-year quit attempts and motivation to stop smoking. DESIGN AND SETTING Repeat cross-sectional survey, representative of the adult population in England. PARTICIPANTS Past-year smokers, n = 3338 (aged ≥ 18 years) responding between May 2020 and April 2021. MEASUREMENTS Outcomes were (i) currently cutting down, (ii) having made a quit attempt in the past month, (iii) having made a quit attempt in the past year and (iv) motivation to stop smoking. The explanatory variable was self-reported COVID-19 disease status (belief in never versus ever had COVID-19). Covariates included age, sex, occupational grade, region, children in the household, alcohol use and survey month. FINDINGS Of past-year smokers, 720 (21.6%) reported past-COVID-19 infection and 48 (1.4%) reported current COVID-19 infection. In adjusted analyses, rates of currently cutting down [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93-1.34], past-year quit attempts (aOR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.82-1.19) and motivation to stop smoking (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.89-1.23) were comparable in those who did and did not report ever having had COVID-19. People who reported ever having had COVID-19 had 39% higher odds than those without of attempting to quit in the past month, but the confidence interval contained the possibility of no difference (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI = 0.94-2.06) and for some the quit attempt may have occurred before they had COVID-19. CONCLUSION During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in England, rates of reducing smoking and attempting to quit in the past year were similar in smokers who did or did not self-report ever having had COVID-19. There was also little difference in motivation to stop smoking between groups. However, causal interpretation is limited by the study design, and there is potential misclassification of the temporal sequence of infection and changes to smoking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Cox
- Department of Behavioural Science and HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Spectrum Research ConsortiumUsher Institute, Old Medical School, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Harry Tattan‐Birch
- Department of Behavioural Science and HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Spectrum Research ConsortiumUsher Institute, Old Medical School, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Sarah E. Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Spectrum Research ConsortiumUsher Institute, Old Medical School, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Lynne Dawkins
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours ResearchLondon South Bank UniversityLondonUK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Spectrum Research ConsortiumUsher Institute, Old Medical School, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Spectrum Research ConsortiumUsher Institute, Old Medical School, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Wang X, Ma Z, Wang C. A Longitudinal Study on the Addictive Behaviors of General Population before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105979. [PMID: 35627516 PMCID: PMC9141667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
By using nationally representative longitudinal data, this study investigates the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the addictive behaviors (smoking and drinking) of the general population in China. From the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2018 and 2020, we extract a sample of individuals over 16 years of age in China, consisting of 14,468 individuals and 28,936 observations. We decompose the sample into three age groups, that is, ages between 16 and 39, ages between 40 and 59 and ages above 60. The bootstrap method is used to estimate the confidence interval of the difference in the mean of addictive behaviors, and logit models are used in the regression analysis. Our results show that the COVID-19 pandemic reduces the smoking behavior of individuals above 40 years of age, and that it reduces the drinking behavior of individuals above 16 years of age. However, the pandemic increases the smoking behavior of individuals between 16 and 39 years of age. These results may be closely related to the characteristics of COVID-19 (that is, a respiratory system disease), the working and economic pressures of young Chinese and the role of drinking alcohol in building and maintaining social networks in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Institute of Population and Labor Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100006, China;
| | - Zaifei Ma
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
| | - Chunan Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Complex System Analysis and Management Decision, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence:
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East KA, Reid JL, Burkhalter R, Kock L, Hyland A, Fong GT, Hammond D. Evaluating the Outcomes of the Menthol Cigarette Ban in England by Comparing Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in England, Canada, and the US, 2018-2020. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2210029. [PMID: 35503218 PMCID: PMC9066289 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Menthol cigarettes were prohibited in England in May 2020 and nationally in Canada in October 2017 but remain permitted in the US. Evidence on the outcomes of menthol cigarette bans among youth outside of Canada, and the characteristics of youth smokers, is lacking. Objectives To evaluate the outcomes of menthol cigarette bans on youth menthol cigarette smoking and to characterize youth menthol cigarette smokers in terms of demographics and cigarette consumption and dependence. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study uses data from online repeat cross-sectional International Tobacco Control Youth Tobacco and Vaping Surveys conducted in 2018, 2019, February 2020, and August 2020. Participants included past 30-day smokers aged 16 to 19 years. Data analysis was performed from March 2021 to January 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Usually smoke a brand of cigarettes that was menthol, including capsule. Exposures Menthol cigarette ban, comparing 3 countries over time: Canada, where a ban already existed, England, where a ban was implemented during the study, and the US, where no national ban was present. Age, sex, race, and consumption and dependence were also examined by menthol smoking in each country, and in England before vs after the ban. Results The analytical sample comprised 7067 participants aged 16 to 19 years, of whom 4129 were female and 5019 were White. In England, the weighted percentage of youth smokers who reported smoking a menthol or capsule cigarette brand was stable in the 3 survey waves before the menthol ban (2018 to February 2020, 9.4% vs 12.1%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.03; 95% CI, 0.99-1.06; P = .15) but decreased to 3.0% after the ban (February 2020 vs August 2020, AOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.10; P < .001). The decrease between February and August 2020 in England was similar across all demographic groups but was greater among youth who perceived themselves as addicted to cigarettes (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.41-0.97; P = .04). In the 2 comparison countries, menthol or capsule smoking was stable across all waves (2018 to August 2020: US, 33.6%-36.9%; Canada, 3.1%-2.3%) and was more prevalent in the US than in England (AOR, 5.58; 95% CI, 4.63-6.72; P < .001). Menthol or capsule smoking was also more prevalent among smokers in England who were female vs male (10.9% vs 7.2%; AOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P = .002); among smokers in the US who identified as Black vs White (60.6% vs 31.9%; AOR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.23-1.44; P < .001) or who were frequent smokers (AOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.13; P = .03), smoked more cigarettes per day (2-5 vs 1, AOR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02-1.15; P = .006; >5 vs 1, AOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.18; P = .007), or had urges to smoke every or most days (AOR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02-1.14; P = .006); and among smokers in Canada who perceived themselves as addicted to cigarettes (AOR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03; P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance In this survey study, the proportion of youth smokers who smoke menthol (including capsule) cigarettes decreased substantially after the menthol ban in England. This association was consistent across all demographic groups. Perceived addiction among menthol smokers was also lower where menthol cigarettes were banned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. East
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L. Reid
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Burkhalter
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Loren Kock
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Chiner-Vives E, Cordovilla-Pérez R, de la Rosa-Carrillo D, García-Clemente M, Izquierdo-Alonso JL, Otero-Candelera R, Pérez-de Llano L, Sellares-Torres J, de Granda-Orive JI. Short and Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Previous Respiratory Diseases. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58 Suppl 1:39-50. [PMID: 35501222 PMCID: PMC9012323 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic. Till now, it affected 452.4 million (Spain, 11.18 million) persons all over the world with a total of 6.04 million of deaths (Spain, 100,992). It is observed that 75% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients have at least one COVID-19 associated comorbidity. It was shown that people with underlying chronic illnesses are more likely to get it and grow seriously ill. Individuals with COVID-19 who have a past medical history of cardiovascular disorder, cancer, obesity, chronic lung disease, diabetes, or neurological disease had the worst prognosis and are more likely to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome or pneumonia. COVID-19 can affect the respiratory system in a variety of ways and across a spectrum of levels of disease severity, depending on a person's immune system, age and comorbidities. Symptoms can range from mild, such as cough, shortness of breath and fever, to critical disease, including respiratory failure, shock and multi-organ system failure. So, COVID-19 infection can cause overall worsening of these previous respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, etc. This review aims to provide information on the impact of the COVID-19 disease on pre-existing lung comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusebi Chiner-Vives
- Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Respiratory Department, Sant Joan University Hospital, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosa Cordovilla-Pérez
- Respiratory Department, Salamanca University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Marta García-Clemente
- Lung Management Area, HUCA, Institute for Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - José Luis Izquierdo-Alonso
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
| | | | - Luis Pérez-de Llano
- Respiratory Department, Lucus Augusti University Hospital, EOXI Lugo, Monforte, CERVO, Lugo, Spain
| | - Jacobo Sellares-Torres
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Working Group, Respiratory Department, Clinic-University Hospital-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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