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Sukuroglu AA, Burgaz S. Micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in exfoliated urothelial cells and urinary 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine levels among Turkish hairdressers. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 896:503754. [PMID: 38821667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Hairdressers are constantly occupationally exposed to many chemicals have the potential to cause allergies and carcinogenic effects, act as skin and eye irritants and induce oxidative stress and DNA damage. This study aimed to evaluate occupation-induced genotoxicity based on the presence of micronucleus (MN) and other nuclear anomalies in urothelial cells and measure oxidative DNA damage based on the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level in the urine of Turkish hairdressers. Originality of this study comes from that there was no study on MN and other nuclear anomalies frequencies and oxidative DNA damage in urine samples of hairdressers in the literature. The mean±standard deviation frequency (‰) of micronucleated (MNed) cells was higher in the hairdresser group (n=56) (4.81±7.87, p<0.001) than in the control group (n=56) (0.93±1.85). Nuclear buds were not observed in either group. While the frequency of basal cells was higher in the control group (446.6±106.21) than in the hairdresser group (367.78±101.51, p<0.001), the frequency of binuclear, karyolytic, pycnotic and karyorrhectic cells were higher in the hairdresser group (0.41±0.80, p<0.001; 438.02±118.27, p<0.001; 0.43±0.76, p<0.001; and 47.27±28.40, p<0.001) than in the control group (0.04±0.27, 358.57±95.71, 0.05±0.23 and 24.41±14.50). Condensed chromatins were observed only in the hairdresser group. Specific gravity adjusted 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level was statistically lower in the hairdresser group (908.21±403.25 ng/mL-SG) compared to the control group (1003.09±327.09 ng/mL-SG) (p=0.024). No significant correlation was found between the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level and the frequency MN. The amount of formaldehyde released during Brazilian keratin treatment was higher than the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists -Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH-TLV; 0.1 ppm). Similarly, the amount of ethyl acetate released in three salons was above the recommended limit (400 ppm). These findings suggest that hairdressers have an increased risk of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity owing to occupational exposure, regardless of age, working hours, smoking and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Aktas Sukuroglu
- Mersin University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Mersin 33169, Turkey.
| | - Sema Burgaz
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara 06330, Turkey
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Gedik Toker Ö, Kuru E. The effect of occupational exposure to noise and chemical agents on hearing abilities. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2024; 79:1-10. [PMID: 38265067 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2024.2305803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to loud noise or chemical agents may cause hearing disorders such as tinnitus and recruitment, known as an increase in the perception of loudness in addition to hearing loss. Our study aims to evaluate the hearing abilities of hairdressers exposed to noise and chemical agents in the working environment. The study included one hundred hairdressers and one hundred participants who do not work as hairdressers or are nonworkers. The participants' demographic characteristics, working conditions, and auditory complaints were questioned, and each participant completed the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ). A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in speech perception, spatial perception, hearing quality, and general SSQ scores. Hairdressers' SSQ scores were significantly lower in all sub-dimensions and general scale scores (p < 0.001). The auditory complaints of the hairdressers and the low SSQ scores indicate that exposure to noise and chemical agents affects the hairdressers' hearing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Gedik Toker
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Kuru
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hao R, Sun J, Liu R, Zhao H, Yao Z, Wang H, Hao Z. Emission characteristics, environmental impact, and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during manicure processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167464. [PMID: 37783437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the nail industry has been widely popular in China, and the use of nail care products has also significantly increased. Due to its high content of volatile solvents, the released VOCs not only have a negative impact on indoor air quality but also pose a health threat to nail salon workers who are highly exposed to such environments. The objectives of this research were to characterize VOCs emissions from detailed manicure processes and to evaluate the impact on the environment and health risks. Results showed that the VOCs concentration in the anti-warping treatment process was much higher than that in other manicure steps, at 360.69 mg/m3, making its contributions of OFP and SOA equally prominent. The trend of concentration contribution was similar to that of OFP, and OVOCs were the most significant contributor to the VOCs components in the whole manicure process. Since organic solvent nail gels were also frequently used in most steps, the main VOCs were methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. Aromatics were the component that contributed the most to SOA, and its contributions in all processes were >85 %. Health risk assessments performed in our study indicated that acrolein was the main non-carcinogen, and the carcinogenic risk of this study could be ignored. The results of this study can be used as a basis for controlling VOCs emission and reducing exposure to VOCs in nail salons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jianling Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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Ramírez DM, Gutenkunst S, Lothrop N, Quijada C, Chaires M, Cortez I, Sandoval F, Camargo FJ, Gallardo EV, Torabzadeh E, Wagoner R, Lopez-Galvez N, Ingram M, Billheimer D, Wolf AM, Beamer PI. What a mix! Volatile organic compounds and worker exposure in small business beauty salons in Tucson, Arizona. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1300291. [PMID: 38164445 PMCID: PMC10757921 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1300291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Small business beauty salons have volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their workplace air. VOCs are present as ingredients in beauty or hair products. They may also form because of chemical reactions, where thermal-styling elements accelerate the volatilization of these compounds. Uncertainties remain about the relationship between air pollutant concentrations and the variety of beauty salon activities in a work shift. Investigating these associations can help determine high-risk services, associated products, and at-risk workers. Methods In this exploratory study, female community health workers recruited beauty salons from target zip codes in predominately Latino neighborhoods, including primarily Spanish-speaking small businesses. We collected salon chemical inventories, business characteristics, and participant activity logs to understand how chemicals and activities influence the total and specific VOC concentrations. We sampled personal total VOCs and specific VOCs from the same shop during the participant work shift. We also measured personal total VOCs for four work shifts per shop. Results A linear mixed effects model of log VOCs on the fixed effect of activity and the random effects of salon and shift within the salon showed that the variance between salons explains over half (55%) of the total variance and is 4.1 times bigger than for shifts within salons. Summa canisters detected 31 specific VOCs, and hazard scores ranged between 0 and 4.3. 2-Propanol (isopropyl alcohol) was the only VOC detected in all shifts of all salons. Discussion In this study, differences in VOC measurements were primarily between salons. These differences may result from differences in ventilation, services rendered, and product lines applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Moreno Ramírez
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Nathan Lothrop
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Carolina Quijada
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Marvin Chaires
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Imelda Cortez
- Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc., Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Flor Sandoval
- Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc., Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Fernanda J. Camargo
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emma V. Gallardo
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Elmira Torabzadeh
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rietta Wagoner
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- College of Health and Human Services School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Maia Ingram
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Dean Billheimer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ann Marie Wolf
- Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc., Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Paloma I. Beamer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Janjani H, Yunesian M, Yaghmaeian K, Aghaei M, Yousefian F, Alizadeh B, Fazlzadeh M. BTEX in indoor air of barbershops and beauty salons: Characterization, source apportionment and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140518. [PMID: 37890789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds, mainly BTEX, are among the pollutants of concern in beauty salons and barbershops that threaten both staff personnel and clients' health. This study aimed to determine the concentration of BTEX in barbershops and beauty salons and assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks based on the actual risk coefficients. Also, possible sources of BTEX were determined. METHOD Samples were collected by passive sampling. Quantitative and qualitative measurements of BTEX compounds were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MASS). Subsequently, the health risks were assessed according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. SPSS24 software and positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis were used for statistical analysis and source apportionment respectively. RESULTS Toluene is the most abundant compound in beauty salons, with a maximum concentration of 219.4 (μg/m3) in beauty salons. Results indicated that the mean ELCR value estimated for benzene regarding female staff exposure (1.04 × 10-5) was higher than that for men (4.05 × 10-6). Also, ELCR values of ethylbenzene for staff exposure were 2.08 × 10-6 and 3.8 × 10-6 for men and women, respectively, and possess possible carcinogenesis risks. CONCLUSION Use of solvents and cosmetic products, improper heating systems, and type of service are the sources that probably contribute to BTEX emissions in beauty salons. It is necessary to follow health guidelines and conduct continuous monitoring for their implementation, in addition to setting a mandated occupational regulation framework or air quality requirements, to improve the health conditions in beauty salons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosna Janjani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Bahram Alizadeh
- Students Research Committee, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Song K, Yang X, Wang Y, Wan Z, Wang J, Wen Y, Jiang H, Li A, Zhang J, Lu S, Fan B, Guo S, Ding Y. Addressing new chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in an indoor office. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108259. [PMID: 37839268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Indoor pollutants change over time and place. Exposure to hazardous organics is associated with adverse health effects. This work sampled gaseous organics by Tenax TA tubes in two indoor rooms, i.e., an office set as samples, and the room of chassis dynamometer (RCD) set as backgrounds. Compounds are analyzed by a thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometer (TD-GC × GC-qMS). Four new chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) are screened in 469 organics quantified. We proposed a three-step pipeline for CECs screening utilizing GC × GC including 1) non-target scanning of organics with convincing molecular structures and quantification results, 2) statistical analysis between samples and backgrounds to extract useful information, and 3) pixel-based property estimation to evaluate the contamination potential of addressed chemicals. New CECs spotted in this work are all intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), containing mintketone, isolongifolene, β-funebrene, and (5α)-androstane. Mintketone and sesquiterpenes may be derived from the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs), while (5α)-androstane is probably human-emitted. The occurrence and contamination potential of the addressed new CECs are reported for the first time. Non-target scanning and the measurement of IVOCs are of vital importance to get a full glimpse of indoor organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zichao Wan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junfang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yi Wen
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Han Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ang Li
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), Beijing 100176, China
| | | | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Baoming Fan
- TECHSHIP (Beijing) Technology Co., LTD, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Ebrahimi V, Yarahmadi R, Salehi M, Ashtarinezhad A. Exposure assessment to BTEX in the air of nail salons in Tehran city, Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18195. [PMID: 37519745 PMCID: PMC10375791 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nail salon industry has grown considerably, but there are serious concerns about the health risks associated with working in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the exposure of nail technicians to BTEX. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 49 salons, and NIOSH Method 1501 was used to measure the concentration of BTEX in the breathing zone of technicians. The EPA method was used to assess health risks. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The mean concentrations of toluene were (82.65 ± 198.84µg/m3)µg/m3, followed by benzene (10.58 ± 9.62µg/m3), p-xylenes (20.77 ± 37.79µg/m3), o-xylene (13.79 ± 25.70µg/m3), and ethylbenzene (29.35 ± 58.26µg/m3) , that lower than the permissible exposure limits suggested by NIOSH. Among the BTEX, toluene (82.65 ± 198.84µg/m3) has the most concentration in the nail salons. It was also discovered through multiple linear regression analysis that humidity had a significant effect on increasing the concentration of toluene (Beta = 0.50, P-value = 0.001) and ethylbenzene (Beta = 0.16, P = 0.049), while there was a considerable association between the number of services performed and benzene concentration (Beta = 0.34, P = 0.010). The average inhalation lifetime cancer risk for benzene (4.9 × 10 -5±4.5 × 10-5) was higher than the recommended value set by the US EPA. Although the concentrations of BTEX were lower than the maximum permissible limits, the results of the cancer risk assessment for benzene showed that working in nail salons with poor ventilation is hazardous. Therefore, exposure can be minimized by ensuring appropriate ventilation in the workplace and using safe products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Ebrahimi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yarahmadi
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Salehi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mahmoodi M, Arfaeinia H, Fazlzadeh M, Soleimani F, Samaei MR, Arfaeinia L, Hosseini SF, Omidvar M, Baghmollaie MM. Urinary levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in female beauticians and their association with urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress/inflammation and kidney injury. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163099. [PMID: 36996979 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present research was aimed to assess the urinary levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in female beauticians and its correlation with oxidative stress/inflammation and kidney injury. To this end, the urine samples were collected from 50 female beauticians from beauty salons (exposed group) and 35 housewives (control group), and then, the level of PTEs was determined. The mean levels of the sum of urinary PTEs (∑PTEs) biomarkers in before and after exposure and control group were 83.55, 114.27 and 13.61 μg/L, respectively. Results also showed that the urinary level of PTEs biomarkers is significantly higher in women occupationally exposed to cosmetics compared to control group. The urinary levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) biomarkers have high correlation coefficients with early oxidative stress effects such as 8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-isoprostane and Malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, As and Cd biomarker levels were positively and significantly associated with kidney damages such as urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM-1) and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (uTIMP-1) (P < 0.01). Therefore, women who working in beauty salons can probably be categorized as high - exposure and high-risk workers in terms of DNA oxidative and kidney damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mahmoodi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Arfaeinia
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University-Bushehr Branch, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Hosseini
- Health and treatment network of Dashtestan City, Vice-Chancellery of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohsen Omidvar
- Department of Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE), Faculty of HSEEM, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Masoud Mohamadi Baghmollaie
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Vinnikov D, Romanova Z, Raushanova A, Beisbekova A, Vitale E, Bimuratova G, Rapisarda V. Exposure to Respirable Particulate Matter and Its Association with Respiratory Outcomes in Beauty Salon Personnel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20032429. [PMID: 36767795 PMCID: PMC9915914 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to assess exposure to respirable particulate matter (PM) of beauty salon personnel, identify its determinants and ascertain the associated respiratory effects. We collected 122 full-day respirable PM samples from 12 beauty salons (floor area ranging from 24 to 550 m3, staff from 4 to 8) in Almaty, Kazakhstan, taking 10 samples from each place using a portable SidePak AM520 monitor. We also assessed lifestyle (smoking, etc.), respiratory symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQL) of the personnel using questionnaires. Out of 11,831 5-min data points, daily median respirable PM concentrations were highly variable and ranged from 0.013 to 0.666 mg/m3 with 8.5-times difference in the median concentrations between the venue with the highest median (0.29 mg/m3) and the least median (0.034 mg/m3). In a multivariate linear regression modelling, ambient PM2.5 concentration was the strongest predictor of daily median respirable PM concentration (beta 2.12; 95% CI 1.89; 2.39), and R2 of the model was 0.63. We also found a positive association of the median respirable PM with respiratory symptoms and seasonal allergy, but not with HRQL. Short-term respirable PM levels in the beauty salons may be very high, but the median concentrations are mainly determined by the ambient air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Vinnikov
- Environmental Health Laboratory, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Occupational Health Risks Laboratory, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-705-2068036
| | - Zhanna Romanova
- Environmental Health Laboratory, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Aizhan Raushanova
- Environmental Health Laboratory, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Arailym Beisbekova
- Environmental Health Laboratory, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Department of Nutrition, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Gulnar Bimuratova
- City Polyclinic #7 of the Public Health Department of Almaty, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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Arfaeinia H, Dobaradaran S, Mahmoodi M, Farjadfard S, Tahmasbizadeh M, Fazlzadeh M. Urinary profile of PAHs and related compounds in women working in beauty salons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158281. [PMID: 36029813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of chemical compounds which interest to human biological monitoring researches because of their potential carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. However, the exposure of female beauticians to these contaminants is not well-reported. For biomonitoring of potential exposure of female cosmeticians to PAHs in beauty salons, urine samples were taken from cosmetologist women (n = 50.00) and housewives (n = 35.00) as the exposure group (EG) and control group (CG), respectively. Next, unmetabolized PAHs levels as well as the concentration of - 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) were analyzed in these specimens. In addition, since benzene has some common source with PAHs, in this study t, t'-Muconic acid (TTMA) level was also determined as the metabolite and indicator of exposure to benzene. The results indicated a high detection frequency of the target compounds (PAHs, 1-OHP and TTMA) in the urine specimens of beauticians. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between the concentration of these pollutants in the urine specimens of the exposure and control groups. The median concentration of ΣPAHs, 1-OHP, and TTMA in the before exposure (BE) specimens collected from the exposure group were 337.42 ng/L, 593.92 ng/L, and 247.90 μg/L, respectively. However, a higher concentration of these contaminants was observed in the after exposure specimens with a median concentration of 423.29 ng/L, 745.03 ng/L, and 310.97 μg/L, respectively. In terms of contribution of PAHs compounds in total toxic equivalents, DahA, BaP, and IndP with 59.03, 28.73, and 2.86 % had the largest share. In this study, it was also observed that some kidney damage biomarkers as well as some oxidative stress injury biomarkers are positively and significantly correlated with the urinary values of ∑PAHs. Thus, it can be concluded that high health risks threaten the female beauticians regarding kidney injury and DNA oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mahmoodi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tahmasbizadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Pytel K, Marcinkowska R, Rutkowska M, Zabiegała B. Recent advances on SOA formation in indoor air, fate and strategies for SOA characterization in indoor air - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156948. [PMID: 35753459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies proves that indoor air chemistry differs in many aspects from atmospheric one. People send up to 90 % of their life indoors being exposed to pollutants present in gas, particle and solid phase. Particle phase indoor is composed of particles emitted from various sources, among which there is an indoor source - secondary chemical reactions leading to formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Lately, researchers' attentions turned towards the ultrafine particles, for there are still a lot of gaps in knowledge concerning this field of study, while there is evidence of negative influence of ultrafine particles on human health. Presented review sums up current knowledge about secondary particle formation in indoor environment and development of analytical techniques applied to study those processes. The biggest concern today is studying ROS, for their lifetime in indoor air is very short due to reactions at the very beginning of terpene oxidation process. Another interesting aspect that is recently discovered is monoterpene autooxidation process that leads to HOMs formation that in turn can influence SOA formation yield. A complex studies covering gas phase and particle phase characterization, but also toxicological studies are crucial to fully understand indoor air chemistry leading to ultrafine particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Pytel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Renata Marcinkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland.
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12
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Han I, Seo JY, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Yakimavets V, D’Souza PE, An-Han H, Afshar M, Chao YY. Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12411. [PMID: 36231706 PMCID: PMC9566193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Greater New York City area ranks highest in the United States in the number of nail salon technicians, primarily Asian immigrant women. Nail salon technicians are exposed to toxic phthalates and volatile organic compounds daily in nail salons. The purpose of this pilot study was to measure a mixture of phthalates and volatile organic compounds in nail salons in the Greater New York City area, and to characterize work-related determinants of indoor air quality in these nail salons. Working with four Asian nail salon organizations in the Greater New York City area, we measured indoor air phthalates and volatile organic compounds at 20 nail salons from February to May 2021 using silicone wristbands and passive samplers, respectively. Nail salon characteristics were also examined. We measured six phthalates and 31 volatile organic compounds. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Diethyl phthalate had the highest concentrations among the six phthalates measured. Concentrations of toluene, d-limonene, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate were higher than that of the rest. Manicure/pedicure tables, the number of customers per day, and application of artificial nail (acrylic) services were positively associated with the levels of phthalates and volatile organic compounds. Given the large number of people employed in the nail industry and the even larger number of customers visiting such establishments, exposures to these toxic chemicals are likely to be widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jin Young Seo
- Hunter College School of Nursing, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Volha Yakimavets
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priya Esilda D’Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heyreoun An-Han
- Gulf Coast Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masoud Afshar
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Chao
- School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Aqueous Chlorination of D-Limonene. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092988. [PMID: 35566337 PMCID: PMC9099452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene) is one of the most widespread monocyclic terpenes, being both a natural and industrial compound. It is widely present in the environment, including in water supplies. Therefore, it may be subjected to aqueous chlorination at water treatment stations during drinking water preparation. Besides, being a component of numerous body care and cosmetic products, it may present at high levels in swimming pool waters and could also be subjected to aqueous chlorination. Laboratory experiments with aqueous chlorination of D-limonene demonstrated the prevalence of the conjugated electrophilic addition of HOCl molecule to the double bonds of the parent molecule as the primary reaction. The reaction obeys the Markovnikov rule, as the levels of the corresponding products were higher than those of the alternative ones. Fragmentation pattern in conditions of electron ionization enabled the assigning of the structures for four primary products. The major products of the chlorination are formed by the addition of two HOCl molecules to limonene. The reactions of electrophilic addition are usually accompanied by the reactions of elimination. Thus, the loss of water molecules from the products of various generations results in the reproduction of the double bond, which immediately reacts further. Thus, a cascade of addition-elimination reactions brings the most various isomeric polychlorinated species. At a ratio of limonene/active chlorine higher than 1:10, the final products of aqueous chlorination (haloforms) start forming, while brominated haloforms represent a notable portion of these products due to the presence of bromine impurities in the used NaOCl. It is worth mentioning that the bulk products of aqueous chlorination are less toxic in the bioluminescence test on V. fischeri than the parent limonene.
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Kaikiti C, Stylianou M, Agapiou A. TD-GC/MS analysis of indoor air pollutants (VOCs, PM) in hair salons. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133691. [PMID: 35065178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hairdressing personnel is daily exposed to various chemical air pollutants, and specifically to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Particulate Matter (PM) in hair salons. This is of concern, due to the hazardous effects of these chemicals on the individual's health. Nevertheless, a limited exposure assessment of indoor air quality (IAQ) has been performed. The aim of this study was to analyze the indoor air in 5 hair salons, to assess the IAQ of the occupational exposure, and to identify the main VOCs produced or activities responsible for the respective indoor pollution. The chemical analysis took place inside the salon environment by monitoring the emitted VOCs, as well as the PM of 1, 2.5, 4, and 10 μm aerodynamic diameter. The sampling of VOCs was performed by adsorption of pollutants on Tenax TA sorbent tubes, that were subsequently analyzed using a thermal desorption unit coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). The obtained results showed that hair products are a major source of air pollutants, as elevated concentrations of VOCs and PM are released in the working environment. Furthermore, the type and concentration of VOCs are affected by the various hair treatment activities taking place in the salons. Among the main compounds detected there was benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, known as BTEX, as well as, diethyl phthalate, 1,4-dioxane, etc. More than 50 VOCs were identified (occurrence ≥60%) and 14 of them were quantified. Their average concentration levels varied from 12 μg m-3 for naphthalene to 941 μg m-3 for toluene. The measuring levels for PM revealed violations of the EPA and WHO international standards for permissible limit concentrations; this was the case in all hair treatment activities but mostly during keratin treatment. Hence, much more effort is needed to reduce the respective concentration levels of PM and VOCs, that contribute to self-reported health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Kaikiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marinos Stylianou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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15
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Kezic S, Nunez R, Babić Ž, Hallmann S, Havmose MS, Johansen JD, John SM, Macan M, Symanzik C, Uter W, Weinert P, Turk R, Macan J, van der Molen HF. Occupational Exposure of Hairdressers to Airborne Hazardous Chemicals: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074176. [PMID: 35409860 PMCID: PMC8998463 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to hazardous chemicals released during hairdressing activities from hair care products puts hairdressers at risk of adverse health effects. Safety assessments of hair products are mainly focused on consumers, but exposure for professional hairdressers might be substantially higher. OBJECTIVE To identify and assess available research data on inhalation exposures of professional hairdressers. METHODS A systematic search of studies between 1 January 2000 and 30 April 2021 was performed in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and in Cochrane registry, toxicological dossiers of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission as well as the German MAK Commission. Studies reporting quantitative data on airborne concentrations of chemicals in the hairdresser's workplace were considered. The outcome was an airborne concentration of chemicals in the working environment, which was compared, when possible, with current occupational exposure limits (OEL) or guidance levels. RESULTS In total, 23 studies performed in 14 countries were included. The average number of hairdressing salons per study was 22 (range 1-62). Chemicals most frequently measured were formaldehyde (n = 8), ammonia (n = 5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) (n = 5), and toluene (n = 4). More than fifty other chemicals were measured in one to three studies, including various aromatic and aliphatic organic solvents, hydrogen peroxide, persulfate, and particulate matter. Most studies reported environmental air concentrations, while personal exposure was measured only in seven studies. The measured air concentrations of formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeded OEL or guidance values in some studies. There was large variability in measuring conditions and reported air concentrations differed strongly within and between studies. CONCLUSION Hairdressers are exposed to a wide spectrum of hazardous chemicals, often simultaneously. Airborne concentrations of pollutants depend on salon characteristics such as ventilation and the number of customers but also on used products that are often country- or client-specific. For exposure to formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeding OELs or guidance values for indoor air was observed. Therefore, occupational exposure should be taken into account by safety regulations for hair care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kezic
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (H.F.v.d.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-205-665-321
| | - Roberto Nunez
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (H.F.v.d.M.)
| | - Željka Babić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.B.); (M.M.); (R.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Sarah Hallmann
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (W.U.)
| | - Martin S. Havmose
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.H.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.H.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Swen M. John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (S.M.J.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, 10777 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Marija Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.B.); (M.M.); (R.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Cara Symanzik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (S.M.J.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, 10777 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (W.U.)
| | - Patricia Weinert
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, 10777 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Rajka Turk
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.B.); (M.M.); (R.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Jelena Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.B.); (M.M.); (R.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Henk F. van der Molen
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (H.F.v.d.M.)
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16
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Arfaeinia L, Tabatabaie T, Miri M, Arfaeinia H. Bioaccessibility-based monitoring and risk assessment of indoor dust-bound PAHs collected from housing and public buildings: Effect of influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112039. [PMID: 34509479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bounded in indoor dust have significant effects in residents' health. Although various researches has evaluated exposure to PAHs in some indoor areas around the world, no work has been conducted on bioaccessibility of indoor PAHs in the buildings of Bushehr city. Therefore, dust samples were collected from various indoor microenvironments including residential buildings (RB), office buildings (OB), commercial buildings (CB), industrial buildings (IB), school classroom (SC), laboratory (LR), drugstores (DS), beauty salons (BS), smoking cafés (SC) and restaurants (Res) - 10 from each microenvironment. In order to determine the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bioaccessible PAHs, and sink sorption PAHS were analyzed in them. The results showed that the highest level of these contaminants was detected in SC and the lowest in Lab. The median concentration of dust-bound ΣPAHs, bioaccessible ΣPAHs, and sink sorption ΣPAHs in the SC samples were 10,890.00, 1157.92, and 297.28 ng/g, and they were 1160.00, 19.69, and 0.75 ng/g in Lab samples. The results also indicated that the ΣPAHs concentration had a negative and significant association with the ventilation rate (pvalue <0.05 in most cases), as well as a positive and significant relationship with smoking inside buildings (pvalue <0.05). The estimated daily intake (EDI) values calculated for residential buildings (RB) were higher compared to most of the other studied microenvironments. These observations can be due to the fact that people spend much more time in residential buildings (50% of the entire day) compared to occupational settings (22%). Thus, they intake more dust within a longer time, and are hence exposed to larger amounts of pollutants bound with these particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Arfaeinia
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University-Bushehr Branch, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Taybeh Tabatabaie
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University-Bushehr Branch, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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Cammalleri V, Pocino RN, Marotta D, Protano C, Sinibaldi F, Simonazzi S, Petyx M, Iavicoli S, Vitali M. Occupational scenarios and exposure assessment to formaldehyde: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12949. [PMID: 34708443 PMCID: PMC9298394 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the systematic review were to: identify the work sectors at risk for exposure to formaldehyde; investigate the procedures applied to assess occupational exposure; evaluate the reported exposure levels among the different settings. An electronic search of Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and ToxNet was carried out for collecting all the articles on the investigated issue published from January 1, 2004 to September 30, 2019. Forty-three papers were included in the review, and evidenced a great number of occupational scenarios at risk for formaldehyde exposure. All the included studies collected data on formaldehyde exposure levels by a similar approach: environmental and personal sampling followed by chromatographic analyses. Results ranged from not detectable values until to some mg m-3 of airborne formaldehyde. The riskiest occupational settings for formaldehyde exposure were the gross anatomy and pathology laboratories, the hairdressing salons and some specific productive settings, such as wooden furniture factories, dairy facilities and fish hatcheries. Notice that formaldehyde, a well-known carcinogen, was recovered in air at levels higher than outdoor in almost all the studied scenarios/activities; thus, when formaldehyde cannot be removed or substituted, targeted strategies for exposure elimination or mitigation must be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cammalleri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Roberta Noemi Pocino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Daniela Marotta
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Anatomical Histological Medical Legal Sciences and Locomotor ApparatusUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Stefano Simonazzi
- Department of Anatomical Histological Medical Legal Sciences and Locomotor ApparatusUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Marta Petyx
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and HygieneINAIL ResearchRomeItaly
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and HygieneINAIL ResearchRomeItaly
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
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18
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Pytel K, Marcinkowska R, Zabiegała B. Investigation on air quality of specific indoor environments-spa salons located in Gdynia, Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59214-59232. [PMID: 32661962 PMCID: PMC8541956 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to excessive application of essential oils and scented products in spa salons during aromatherapy and massage sessions, the elevated concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), particularly terpenes, which are known as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors, is expected there. This study was aimed at determination of VOCs with a particular regard to terpenes in air samples collected in selected spa salons located in Northern Poland. Active air sampling was conducted before and after treatments. Samples were analyzed with the use of thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detector (TD-GC-FID) and mass spectrometer (TD-GC-MS). Obtained results allowed to characterize chemical composition of indoor air of spa salons and also to relate the dependence between applied essential oil and indoor air chemical composition. It has been proved that (i) spa salons are characterized by TVOC concentrations exceeding recommended values of 300-400 μg m-3 in most of examined cases, reaching up to several thousand of micrograms per cubic meter, (ii) TVOC concentration is strictly related to salon characteristics and carried out treatments, (iii) terpenes constitute a significant part of TVOCs present in spa indoor air, from 22 up to 86%, (iv) most commonly investigated terpenes in the literature (D-limonene, α-pinene, camphene, and linalool) were also determined at the highest concentration levels in this study and (v) VOC chemical composition is strictly dependent on the type of applied essential oils. On the basis of obtained results, it may be stated that extensive application of essential oils rich in terpenes can significantly alter indoor air chemistry of spa salons, thereby influencing health and well-being of employees working there. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Pytel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Renata Marcinkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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19
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Arfaeinia H, Ramavandi B, Yousefzadeh S, Dobaradaran S, Ziaei M, Rashidi N, Asadgol Z. Urinary level of un-metabolized parabens in women working in beauty salons. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111771. [PMID: 34324847 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are a group of chemical additive extensively utilized in various health care products and ubiquitously observed in the different environmental matrixes. Nevertheless, the exposure of women working in beauty salons to these pollutants is not well-documented. For this purpose, 50.00 women working in beauty salons were chosen as the exposed group (EG) and 35.00 housewives were chosen as the control group (GC). The concentration of methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), butyl paraben (BuP), propyl paraben (PrP), benzyl paraben (BzP), heptyl paraben (HepP), and para-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB) metabolite were quantified in the collected urine samples. It was seen that paraben sexist with a high detection frequency (DF) in the urine of women working in beauty salons. The results also revealed that the significant difference between the urinary parabens level in the EG and CG (P value < 0.05). The median concentration of Σparaben and HB-4 metabolite in the before exposure (BE) samples was 124.00 and 219.00 μg/L, while in the after exposure (AE) samples, it was 156.00 and 249.00 μg/L, respectively. Moreover, the parabens levels in the AE samples were considerably higher than in BE samples in women working in beauty salons (P value < 0.05). This research also documented that "personal care products (PCPs) usage" can be known as a leading factor for the urinary paraben level in the studied individuals. The median total estimated daily intakes (TEsDI) for MeP, EtP, and PrP for the studied women were obtained as 8.02, 4.57, and 7.88 μg/L respectively. Also, a significant and positive association was observed between EtP, PrP as well as BuP and 8-OhdG (as a DNA oxidative stress biomarker) (P value < 0.01). Further, a significant and positive association was found between EtP as well as BuP and some biomarkers of kidney damage (like uTIMP-1 and uKim-1). Accordingly, it can be stated that women working in beauty salons are at a high risk in terms of DNA oxidative stress and kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Samira Yousefzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mansour Ziaei
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment and Environment Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Nima Rashidi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadgol
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tran HM, Bui HTM, Thoumsang S, Ngo NTB, Nguyen NPT, Nguyen HTM, Nguyen SM, Hara K, Wangwongwatana S. Occupational symptoms due to exposure to volatile organic compounds among female Vietnamese nail salon workers in Danang city. J Occup Health 2021; 62:e12160. [PMID: 32949076 PMCID: PMC7507489 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nail workers are exposed to many hazardous chemicals. Despite many warnings about health problems among nail workers in other countries, data concerning exposure to chemical hazards among nail workers is still limited in Vietnam. In this study, we aimed to identify exposure to volatile organic compounds and their relationship with occupational symptoms among Vietnamese female nail salon workers. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Danang, Vietnam, from January 2019 to September 2019. Total 42 personal passive samplers were collected to evaluate 12 substances from 21 nail workers (15 salons) twice a week. We chose one representative worker from each of the nine salons with less than six workers and two representative workers from each of the six salons with over five workers for personal sampling based on the principle of similar exposure groups. We interviewed a total of 100 nail workers in 15 salons and 100 office workers in offices adjacent to the salons to compare occupational symptoms among them. RESULTS The commonly detected compounds in nail salons were acetone (97.6%), butyl acetate (83.3%), and ethyl acetate and ethyl methacrylate (78%). The concentration of total target VOCs was related to the number of serviced customers, the concentration of CO2 , and general ventilation used. The subjective symptoms were significantly higher for the nail workers than for the comparison subjects, that is, headache, nausea, nose irritation, skin irritation, shortness of breath, and confusion. Among 100 nail workers, nose irritation was significantly higher for nail workers who were exposed to acetone at levels exceeding the Vietnam occupational exposure limit (VOEL) adjusted with the Brief-Scala model. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to VOCs such as acetone in nail salons results in occupational symptoms among workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan M Tran
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit, Thailand.,Faculty of Public Health, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Hanh T M Bui
- Department of Quarantine Service, Danang Center for Disease Control, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | | | - Ngoc T B Ngo
- Faculty of Public Health, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Nhan P T Nguyen
- Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Hai T M Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Son M Nguyen
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Kunio Hara
- Department of Safety and Health Management, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Tagesse M, Deti M, Dadi D, Nigussie B, Eshetu TT, Tucho GT. Non-Combustible Source Indoor Air Pollutants Concentration in Beauty Salons and Associated Self-Reported Health Problems Among the Beauty Salon Workers. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:1363-1372. [PMID: 33833599 PMCID: PMC8021251 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s293723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cosmetic products emits Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) and Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers (PM10) of different sizes and characteristics with adverse health effects. Despite the increasing need for cosmetic products, related pollutants level of concentration from beauty salon is not well understood in developing countries. Objective This study aims to assess indoor air pollutant concentrations in the beauty salon and self-reported health problems among the salon workers in Jimma town. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used on 87 beauty salons from May 13-24, 2019. The concentrations of PM10, TVOCs, CO2, room temperature, and relative humidity were measured and triangulated with the survey data collected through measurements and questionnaires. A statistical software package, SPSS v.21, was used to analyze the data. A binary logistic regression was used to analyze categorical data and linear regressions to predict pollutants level and associated health outcomes. Results The results show that 93.1% of the respondents are females, and 85% were below 30 years old. More than 60% of the respondents were married individuals. 56.3% and 44.8% of the workers work over 10 hours per day and work the whole week. 34.6% of the workers reported as worked during pregnancy. About 70% of the workers know the harmful effects of cosmetics, benefits of ventilation, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use, but only 19.4% use face masks. The majority (88.5%) reported health problems after starting work in the beauty salon. The mean volume of the beauty salon was 36.3 m3, with a mean PM10 concentration of 0.465 mg/m3 and a mean TVOC concentration of 1034.2 µg/m3. These air pollutants have shown a statistically significant association with self-reported health problems. Hence, urgent intervention with subsequent continuous awareness creation is needed to reduce the health consequences of a beauty salon's indoor air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihretu Tagesse
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mulunesh Deti
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dessalegn Dadi
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Nigussie
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Education and Behavioural Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tizita Teshome Eshetu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gudina Terefe Tucho
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Formaldehyde Exposure and Its Potential Health Risk in Some Beauty Salons in Kumasi Metropolis. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:8875167. [PMID: 33204257 PMCID: PMC7661109 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8875167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetologists may be potentially exposed to high levels of formaldehyde as a result of their exposure to formaldehyde released from the various cosmetic products used in the beauty salons. In order to assess the exposure of cosmetologists to formaldehyde, the indoor air in sixty beauty salons across the ten submetros in Kumasi were sampled to determine the formaldehyde levels and the associated noncarcinogenic human health risks. Sampling was done using System Service Innovation Incorporation air sampler model 1000i, and the MBTH spectrophotometric method was used for analysis. The mean levels of formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 88.67 to 170.67 µg/m3. Out of the sixty salons sampled, 36 salons had formaldehyde levels above the WHO permissible limit of 100 µg/m3 for an eight-hour working period and also exceeded the 55 and 9 µg/m3 for chronic and acute reference exposure limit, respectively, set by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. The results of this study revealed that the number of customers that visit the salon in a week, number of salon services offered, and age of salon had a positive significant correlation with the level of formaldehyde determined in each salon. The health risk study also revealed that about 50% of the salons had hazard quotient (HQ) above the safety limit (HQ = 1) and may, therefore, pose health risks to cosmetologists in these salons. Results from the analysis of the questionnaire revealed that hairdressers in salons that provide the entire range of salon services captured in the study are at higher risk to the effects of formaldehyde.
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Tomar S, Tiwari RR, Verma G. Occupational respiratory morbidity among hair and beauty salon workers in Udupi taluk, Karnataka, India. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:902-906. [PMID: 32803802 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Indian hair and beauty salon industry is growing rapidly due to the demand for beauty and personal care services and products. Workers in the industry are vulnerable to several occupational factors such as chemicals, confined space, and poor ventilation. Chemicals in the products used are known or suspected to cause allergies, respiratory, neurological and reproductive health problems and cancer. METHODS The present study was carried out to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of respiratory morbidity among hair and beauty salon workers of Udupi taluk, Karnataka, India. A total of 240 salon workers were recruited for the study. A semistructured, interviewer-led questionnaire was used to collect data. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was done using a JSB peak flow meter. RESULTS The frequency of respiratory morbidity among participating beauty salon workers was 19%. Men reported respiratory symptoms more frequently than women. Receiving training on work materials and practices was a significant protective factor (odds ratio = 0.3; 95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.7) for the occurrence of respiratory morbidity. The mean observed PEFR in these workers was significantly lower than their predicted values. While 61.2% of the workers were using some form of personal protective equipment, only 4% of workers used a mask or respiratory protection. CONCLUSION Hair and beauty salon workers are at risk of developing respiratory morbidity potentially from harmful exposures and lack of effective control measures at the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhi Tomar
- Prasanna School of Public Health Manipal University Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Rajnarayan R. Tiwari
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health Indian Council of Medical Research Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Garima Verma
- Prasanna School of Public Health Manipal University Manipal Karnataka India
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Pytel K, Marcinkowska R, Zabiegała B. Investigation of the Dynamism of Nanosized SOA Particle Formation in Indoor Air by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:E2202. [PMID: 32397186 PMCID: PMC7248949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are VOCs of particular importance, since they are emitted from a wide range of indoor sources and are considered to be precursors of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation. It has been proven that SOA particles, especially nanosized ones, pose a threat to human health. In this research, experiments with the application of an environmental chamber and real-time measurement techniques were carried out to investigate in a complimentary way the formation of monoterpene oxidation products and nanosized SOA particles initiated by monoterpene ozonolysis. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry with a Time-Of-Flight analyzer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) were applied to determine in real time the dynamism of the formation of the corresponding terpene ozonolysis products and submicron SOA particles. Results proved that firstly, oxidation products were formed, and then, they underwent nucleation and condensation, forming particles whose diameters grew with time. The oxidation products formed were different depending on the type of terpenes applied. The comparison of the results obtained during the experiments with gaseous standard mixtures and real samples commonly present and used in indoor air revealed that the diversified chemical composition of the emission source had implications for both the particle formation initiated by the oxidation of essential oil components and the chemical reactions occurring via the oxidation process. With the instrumentation utilized, the concentration changes at the level of a few ppbv could be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Marcinkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str. 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.P.); (B.Z.)
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Shi Y, Xue H, Ma Y, Wang L, Gao T, Shi L, Wang Y, Cui M, Wang C, Yang X, Liu M, Fan L, Yan G. Prevalence of occupational exposure and its influence on job satisfaction among Chinese healthcare workers: a large-sample, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e031953. [PMID: 32303512 PMCID: PMC7200032 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study had three objectives: (1) describe the prevalence of occupational exposure among Chinese medical personnel in detail, (2) verify the partial mediating role of work environment satisfaction in the relationship between occupational exposure and job satisfaction, and (3) examine if stress symptoms moderate the relationship between occupational exposure and job satisfaction. DESIGN A large cross-sectional online survey was conducted in July 2018 in China. SETTING A survey was conducted in 54 cities across 14 provinces of China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 12 784 questionnaires were distributed, and 9924 healthcare workers (HCWs) completed valid questionnaires. The response rate was 77.63%. OUTCOME MEASURES A confidential questionnaire was distributed to HCWs. The relationships among and the mechanisms of the variables were explored using descriptive statistical analyses, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS The most common occupational exposures among HCWs in the past 12 months were psychosocial and organisational hazards (85.93%). Overall, physicians (93.7%) and nurses (89.2%) were the main victims of occupational exposure. Occupational exposure correlated negatively with work environment satisfaction and job satisfaction, and positively with stress symptoms. Moreover, work environment satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between occupational exposure and job satisfaction, and stress symptoms moderated the relationship between occupational exposure and job satisfaction. CONCLUSION The incidence of occupational exposure among HCWs is generally high. The high frequency of psychosocial and organisational hazards among physicians and nurses should be taken seriously and dealt with in a timely manner by hospital managers. The negative impact of occupational exposure on job satisfaction must be buffered by measures to reduce stress symptoms and enhance working environment satisfaction, ultimately improving the overall quality of life of HCWs and promoting comprehensive development of the medical team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haifeng Xue
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yuanshuo Ma
- School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- Office of the Outpatient Department of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tian Gao
- Performance Office, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Office of Coordination of Doctor-Patient Relations, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Doctor-Patient Office, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Medical Insurance Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xi Yang
- School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lihua Fan
- School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guanyun Yan
- Department of Marketing, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Assessing Acute Symptoms Related to Occupational Exposures Among Nail Salon Technicians. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 60:343-349. [PMID: 29099468 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional field study evaluated potential associations between acute symptoms among nail technicians and exposure of chemical hazards in New Jersey salons. METHODS In 2016, an in-person safety and health survey was conducted. Data were gathered on symptoms, demographics, work history, tobacco use, area and/or task ventilation, use of personal protective equipment, and safety training. Workplace hazards were identified by observational survey during site visit walk-throughs. RESULTS Of the 68 respondents from 40 participating salons whose owners agreed to participate (35% salon-level participation), most were Asian females with a self-reported history of work-associated eye, nose, throat, and skin symptoms. Few workers used personal protective equipment. Most workers had not received training in their primary language. CONCLUSIONS Nail salon workers need comprehensive chemical use training. More research is needed to determine extent of exposure.
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Quiros-Alcala L, Pollack AZ, Tchangalova N, DeSantiago M, Kavi LKA. Occupational Exposures Among Hair and Nail Salon Workers: a Scoping Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:269-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ceballos DM, Craig J, Fu X, Jia C, Chambers D, Chu MT, Fernandez AT, Fruh V, Petropoulos ZE, Allen JG, Vallarino J, Thornburg L, Webster TF. Biological and environmental exposure monitoring of volatile organic compounds among nail technicians in the Greater Boston area. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:539-550. [PMID: 31112343 PMCID: PMC6565444 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from nail products, but no studies have previously measured VOC biomarkers for these workers. This study of 10 nail technicians aimed to identify VOCs in nail salons and explore relationships between air concentrations and biomarkers. Personal and area air samples were collected using thermal desorption tubes during a work shift and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 71 VOCs. Whole blood samples were collected pre-shift and post-shift, and analyzed using GC/MS for 43 VOCs. Ventilation rates were determined using continuous CO2 measurements. Predominant air VOC levels were ethyl methacrylate (median 240 µg/m3 ), methyl methacrylate (median 205 µg/m3 ), toluene (median 100 µg/m3 ), and ethyl acetate (median 639 µg/m3 ). Blood levels were significantly higher post-shift than pre-shift for toluene (median pre-shift 0.158 µg/L and post-shift 0.360 µg/L) and ethyl acetate (median pre-shift <0.158 µg/L and post-shift 0.510 µg/L); methacrylates were not measured in blood because of their instability. Based on VOCs measured in these seven nail salons, we estimated that emissions from Greater Boston area nail salons may contribute to ambient VOCs. Ventilation rates did not always meet the ASHRAE guideline for nail salons. There is a need for changes in nail product formulation and better ventilation to reduce VOC occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Ceballos
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
- Correspondence to: Tel: +1 (617) 358 1911,
| | - Jessica Craig
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Xianqiang Fu
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3825 DeSoto Avenue, Robison Hall 337, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3825 DeSoto Avenue, Robison Hall 337, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - David Chambers
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - MyDzung T. Chu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Alai T. Fernandez
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Victoria Fruh
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Zoe E. Petropoulos
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Lydia Thornburg
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
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Rivas I, Fussell JC, Kelly FJ, Querol X. Indoor Sources of Air Pollutants. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
People spend an average of 90% of their time in indoor environments. There is a long list of indoor sources that can contribute to increased pollutant concentrations, some of them related to human activities (e.g. people's movement, cooking, cleaning, smoking), but also to surface chemistry reactions with human skin and building and furniture surfaces. The result of all these emissions is a heterogeneous cocktail of pollutants with varying degrees of toxicity, which makes indoor air quality a complex system. Good characterization of the sources that affect indoor air pollution levels is of major importance for quantifying (and reducing) the associated health risks. This chapter reviews some of the more significant indoor sources that can be found in the most common non-occupational indoor environments.
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Determinants of Exposures to Hazardous Materials among Nail Cosmeticians in the Kampala City, Uganda. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 2019:1925863. [PMID: 31061662 PMCID: PMC6466909 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1925863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, nail salons represent a fast expanding industry and often with low-income cosmeticians. In general, cosmeticians have limited access to safety information about the hazardous materials they handle, which would potentially enable them to minimize workplace exposures. The problem is much pronounced in low- and middle-income countries due to weaknesses in regulation of the industry. We investigated determinants of exposures to hazardous materials among nail cosmeticians in Kampala District, Uganda. We employed a cross-sectional study design among a random sample of 243 participants. The sociodemographic characteristics, education and training status, knowledge about routes of exposure to hazardous chemicals, and personal protective material use of cosmeticians were assessed through face-to-face interviews. Most cosmeticians were aged 18–34 years, and more males were engaged in this work than females. Also, 82.7% believed inhalation was the major exposure route for the chemicals they handled. Participants who had attained secondary-level education and above were over three times more likely to wear masks (AOR = 3.19, 95% CI 1.58–6.41) and gloves (AOR = 3.48, 95% CI 1.55–7.81) and over two times more likely to use aprons (AOR = 2.50, 95% CI 1.18–5.32). Participants who had ever received safety training on hazardous chemicals were more likely to wear all four personal protective equipment: masks (AOR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.61–6.42), gloves (AOR = 4.23, 95% CI 2.05–8.75), goggles (AOR = 4.14, 95% CI 1.25–13.65), and aprons (AOR = 2.73, 95% CI 1.25–5.96). Participants who had spent more than two years in the nail cosmetics business were more likely to wear masks (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI 1.64–6.95). With the increasing demand for nail cosmetics, and many people in urban areas of low-income countries engaging in this industry, there is need for training and better workplace policies to promote a healthier urban workforce dealing in cosmetics.
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Moradi M, Hopke P, Hadei M, Eslami A, Rastkari N, Naghdali Z, Kermani M, Emam B, Farhadi M, Shahsavani A. Exposure to BTEX in beauty salons: biomonitoring, urinary excretion, clinical symptoms, and health risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:286. [PMID: 30997562 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) concentrations were measured in beauty salons (BS) and in the urine of the beauty practitioners and a control group. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of BTEX were measured in 36 randomly selected salons. Before- and after-shift urinary BTEX were measured from one female non-smoker employee in each salon, and repeated three times. Clinical symptoms in that beautician were assessed by a physician. Thirty-six unexposed women were included as the control group. Cancer and non-cancer risks of exposure were assessed using deterministic and stochastic methods. Average indoor concentrations of BTEX were higher than those in the ambient air. Urinary BTEX concentrations in the beauty practitioners were significantly higher than in the control group. Linear regression showed that 77% of urinary benzene and toluene variations can be explained by their airborne concentrations. A positive significant relationship was found between age and urinary BTEX concentrations. Although the BTEX cancer and non-cancer risks were not significant, BTEX led to irritation of the eyes, throat, lung, and nose. In addition, toluene caused menstrual disorders among beauty practitioners. These results suggest that it is essential to decrease the exposure of beauty practitioners to BTEX compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Moradi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philip Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Akbar Eslami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Naghdali
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Baharan Emam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Heaton T, Hurst LK, Amiri A, Lungu CT, Oh J. Laboratory Estimation of Occupational Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds During Nail Polish Application. Workplace Health Saf 2019; 67:288-293. [PMID: 30614420 DOI: 10.1177/2165079918821701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, there are more than 120,000 nail salons in which workers could be potentially exposed to a number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) used in various procedures. Measuring workers exposure in the field is time-consuming and could be very expensive. The purpose of this study was to estimate the VOC levels in the proximity of workers in nail salons through simulating the application process of some popular nail polishes in a laboratory chamber. The worst-case scenario was defined as a worker's exposure during nail polish application to one set of fingernails every 15 minutes for an 8-hour shift (total nail sets = 32). Nail polish was applied on paper plates in a flow-controlled test chamber. Air was sampled during the application of five different nail polishes for 8 hours using passive air samplers and the experiment was triplicated. Passive samplers were used for VOCs and formaldehyde. In this worst-case scenario setting, a total of 17 VOCs were detected, with eight that were found in all the samples. The mean concentration of butyl acetate (161-330 ppm, parts per million) and ethyl acetate (440 ppm) exceeded the threshold limit value (TLV) of 150 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. Formaldehyde was analyzed separately and the mean concentrations exceeded the TLV of 0.10 ppm in all types of nail polish, ranging from 0.12 ppm to 0.22 ppm. Occupational safety and health professionals could use these data to increase awareness of workers' potential exposure to high levels of VOCs in nail salons and recommend practical measures to reduce potential exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonghwa Oh
- 4 The University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Zhong L, Batterman S, Milando CW. VOC sources and exposures in nail salons: a pilot study in Michigan, USA. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 92:141-153. [PMID: 30276513 PMCID: PMC6325001 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposures of nail salon technicians have received attention due to the potentially toxic materials used in nail products, which include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde and methyl methacrylate (MMA). This study characterized area and personal concentrations and other indoor air parameters in 17 nail salons in fall and winter seasons in three areas of Michigan. METHODS VOC samples were analyzed using thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, and the VOC composition of 35 nail products (e.g., polish, top coat, base coat) was measured using headspace sampling. Ventilation rates were derived using CO2 concentrations, occupancy and building information, and VOC sources were apportioned by a novel application of chemical mass balance models. RESULTS We detected ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, MMA, n-heptane and toluene in most salons, and benzene, D-limonene, formaldehyde, and ethyl methacrylate in some salons. While MMA was not measured in the consumer and professional products, and the use of pure MMA in salons has been not been permitted since the 1970s, MMA was found in air at concentrations from 100 to 36,000 µg/m3 in 15 of 17 salons; thus its use appears to be commonplace in the industry. Personal measurements, representing exposures to workers and clients, were about twice those of the area measurements for many VOCs. CONCLUSION This study identifies the products responsible for emissions, shows the widespread presence of MMA, and documents low ventilation rates in some salons. It also demonstrates that "informal" short-term sampling approaches can evaluate chemical exposures in nail salons, providing measurements that can be used to protect a potentially susceptible and vulnerable population. Additional controls, including restrictions on the VOC compositions and improved ventilation, can reduce exposures to salon workers and clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexuan Zhong
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Stuart Batterman
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Chad W Milando
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Hadei M, Hopke PK, Shahsavani A, Moradi M, Yarahmadi M, Emam B, Rastkari N. Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment. J Occup Med Toxicol 2018; 13:30. [PMID: 30275872 PMCID: PMC6161385 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of cosmetic products in beauty salons emits numerous kinds of toxic air pollutants. The objectives of this study were to measure the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in 20 large beauty salons in Tehran and relate the observed concentrations to environmental and occupational characteristics of the salons. METHODS Samples were collected from inside and outside air of 20 selected salons located in different areas of the city. Several additional parameters were recorded during the sampling process including surface area, number of active employees, type of ventilation, type of ongoing treatments, temperature, humidity. Deterministic and stochastic health risk assessment of the compounds were performed. RESULTS Indoor concentrations of each pollutant were significantly higher than its outdoor concentrations. Health risk assessment showed that benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde represent a possible cancer risk in the beauty salons. In addition, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene had negligible non-carcinogenic risks. Ventilation with air purifier, and fan with open window were more effective than using just a fan. Concentrations of benzene and toluene were affected by the number of hair dying treatments. The concentration of xylene was affected by the number of hair styling. The concentration of formaldehyde was affected by the number of hair styling and number of nail treatments. CONCLUSION With improved ventilation and requirements for reformulated cosmetic, concentrations of toxic air pollutants in beauty salons could be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Hadei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Moradi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yarahmadi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Baharan Emam
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Baghani AN, Rostami R, Arfaeinia H, Hazrati S, Fazlzadeh M, Delikhoon M. BTEX in indoor air of beauty salons: Risk assessment, levels and factors influencing their concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 159:102-108. [PMID: 29730403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) were investigated in indoor air quality of 50 beauty salons in Ardabil, Iran (2017). Ten liters of air samples were collected from each salons regarding the recommended method and analyzed by GC-FID for BTEX concentration. Also, structural and operational conditions of the salons were studied with a self-designed questioner. The results of this study show that the mean concentration of benzene (32.40 ± 26.38) higher than the recommended levels by Health Canada, ANSES and HKSAR. Among the BTEX, ethylbenzene (62.38 ± 32.37) has the most concentrations in the salons. Subsequently, the cancer risk values in different age groups of birth to <6, 6 to <21, and 21 to <81 for benzene (1.83 × 10-3, 2.76 × 10-4 and 1.50 × 10-4, respectively) and ethylbenzene (4.9 × 10-4, 7.30 × 10-5 and 3.52 × 10-5, respectively) for long time exposure were drastically higher than the recommended levels. The results showed that the benzene concentration is significantly influenced by the structural and operational conditions of type of ventilation system, area of the salons, the number of people in the salon, number of services in the salons, and while doing of bridal makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roohollah Rostami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sadegh Hazrati
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Almatarneh MH, Elayan IA, Poirier RA, Altarawneh M. The ozonolysis of cyclic monoterpenes: a computational review. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are prevalent organic compounds emitted to the atmosphere, via biogenic activities in various types of plants. Monoterpenes undergo atmospheric decomposition reactions derived by the potent atmospheric oxidizing agents, OH, O3, and NOx. This review critically surveys literature pertinent to the atmospheric removal of monoterpenes by ozone. In general, the ozonolysis reactions of monoterpenes occur through the so-called Criegee mechanism. These classes of reactions generate a wide array of chemical organic and inorganic low vapor pressure (LVP) species. Carbonyl oxides, commonly known as Criegee intermediates (CIs), are the main intermediates from the gas-phase ozonolysis reaction. Herein, we present mechanistic pathways, reactions rate constants, product profiles, thermodynamic, and kinetic results dictating the ozonolysis reactions of selected monoterpenes (namely carene, camphene, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and sabinene). Furthermore, the unimolecular (vinyl hydroperoxide and ester channels) and bimolecular reactions (cycloaddition, insertion, and radical recombination) of the resulting CIs are fully discussed. The orientations and conformations of the resulting primary ozonides (POZs) and CIs of monoterpenes are classified to reveal their plausible effects on reported thermokinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour H. Almatarneh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Ismael A. Elayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Raymond A. Poirier
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X7, Canada
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Chang CJ, Cheng SF, Chang PT, Tsai SW. Indoor air quality in hairdressing salons in Taipei. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:173-180. [PMID: 28779498 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To improve indoor air quality and to protect public health, Taiwan has enacted the "Indoor Air Quality Act (IAQ Act)" in 2012. For the general public, the indoor air quality in hair salons is important because it is a popular location that people will often visit for hair treatments. However, only a few exposure assessments regarding air pollutants have previously been performed in hair salons. To assess the air quality of hairdressing environments in Taipei, ten hairdressing salons were included for a walk-through survey in this study. In addition, the airborne concentrations of formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO2 , and phthalate esters were also determined in 5 salons. Charcoal, XAD-2, and OVS-Tenax tubes were used for the air sampling, while the samples were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. It was found that the products used in hair salons contained various chemicals. In fact, from the walk-through survey, a total of 387 different ingredients were found on 129 hair product labels. The hair salons were not well ventilated, with CO2 levels of 600 to 3576 ppm. The formaldehyde concentrations determined in this study ranged from 12.40 to 1.04 × 103 μg m-3 , and the maximum level was above the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (US OSHA). Additionally, 83% of the samples were with levels higher than the standard regulated by Taiwan's IAQ Act. The concentrations of VOCs and phthalate esters were below the occupational exposure limits (OELs), but higher than what was found in general residential environments. The hair products were considered as the major source of air pollutants because significantly higher concentrations were found around the working areas. The number of perming treatments, the number of workers, and the frequency of using formaldehyde releasing products, were found to be associated with the levels of formaldehyde. This study indicates that efforts are needed to improve the indoor air quality in hairdressing salons in Taipei.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-J Chang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-F Cheng
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, Sijhih,Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P-T Chang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-W Tsai
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Risques professionnels et grossesse dans les métiers de la coiffure et de l’esthétique : enquête auprès des médecins du travail sur leur pratique. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cryofocusing capillary microextraction of volatiles (Cryo-CMV) as a novel headspace extraction device for the analysis of volatile organic compounds and smokeless powders. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Nkansah MA, Opoku F, Ephraim JH, Wemegah DD, Tetteh LP. Characterization of Beauty Salon Wastewater from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, and Its Surrounding Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2016; 10:147-54. [PMID: 27594788 PMCID: PMC5004995 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s40360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increase in students' population over the years, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana, and its surrounding communities have seen an increase in the number of beauty salons. The assessment of the quality of salon wastewater has received little attention, as a potential source of environmental and public health hazard, due to the lack of literature on this issue. The main aim of this study is to assess wastewater effluent characteristics in KNUST and its surrounding areas, in relation to its physicochemical and microbial parameters. A total of 48 wastewater samples were collected monthly in 250 L polystyrene bottles, over a two-month period from the KNUST and Ayigya, Ayeduase, and Bomso communities. Standard methods of American Public Health Association (APHA, 19th edition) were employed in the determination of the physicochemical parameters and microbial content of the wastewater samples. The results showed that all the sampling towns had mean chemical oxygen demand (COD; 60.04 ± 1.82 mg/L), biological oxygen demand (BOD; 30.03 ± 9.11 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (DO; 3.00 ± 0.53 mg/L), pH (9.55 ± 0.42), nitrate (5.42 ± 0.36 mg/L), phosphate (23.61 ± 0.16 mg/L), acidity (1.70 ± 0.01 mg/L), alkalinity (70.88 ± 2.59 mg/L), turbidity (20.29 ± 3.86 NTU), electrical conductivity (EC; 1404.89 ± 114.11 μm/S), and total dissolved solids (TDS; 1150.25 ± 262.10 mg/L) in the salon waste. In the case of bacterial levels, pathogenic bacteria such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella enterica were absent, while the levels of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not pose any health risk. The correlation matrix showed a significant positive correlation between and among pH, alkalinity, TDS, and turbidity (P < 0.05). The results revealed that the wastewater collected from the salon effluents contain pollution indicator parameters such as EC, pH, PO4 (3-), BOD, and turbidity, considerably higher than the tolerance limits recommended by the World Health Organization. The principal component analysis indicated that pH, alkalinity, acidity, COD, PO4 (3-), S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, turbidity, TDS, EC, DO, and BOD were the most influential parameters to wastewater variations. Based on these characteristics, a call for a regular and persistent monitoring strategy by the relevant authorities is significant to ensure best practices with respect to the discharge of salon wastewater into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian A. Nkansah
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Francis Opoku
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - James H. Ephraim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - David D. Wemegah
- Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Luke P.M. Tetteh
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Goldin LJ, Ansher L, Berlin A, Cheng J, Kanopkin D, Khazan A, Kisivuli M, Lortie M, Bunker Peterson E, Pohl L, Porter S, Zeng V, Skogstrom T, Fragala MA, Myatt TA, Stewart JH, Allen JG. Indoor air quality survey of nail salons in Boston. J Immigr Minor Health 2015; 16:508-14. [PMID: 23765035 PMCID: PMC4008780 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Employees in nail salons, largely Vietnamese immigrant women in Boston, are exposed to a range of volatile organic chemicals from the products used in salons, including solvents, glues and polishes. Some of these chemicals have the potential to cause short and long-term adverse health effects. Only limited research has been performed on assessing occupational exposures. This project aimed to characterize total volatile organic compound (TVOC) and PM2.5 concentrations in nail salons as a function of ventilation, building characteristics, customer and employee occupancy, and type of services being performed. Students conducted sampling in 21 salons in Boston, MA from September to December, 2011. Study visits included: indoor environmental quality measurements (TVOCs, PM2.5 and carbon dioxide), site observations, and an interview. CO2 levels in 15 of 21 salons exceeded 800 ppm, suggesting that these salons may have insufficient ventilation. Higher TVOC and PM2.5 levels were found in salons with less ventilation (as estimated using CO2 concentrations). Contrary to our a priori hypothesis, average levels of TVOCs, CO2 and PM2.5 were consistent throughout salons, indicating that exposures may not be restricted to areas in the salon where work is being performed (e.g., at the manicure table). Higher TVOC concentrations were observed when tasks were being performed, yet were not dependent upon the number of tasks being performed. Improving ventilation conditions in salons to meet minimum outdoor air delivery requirements can reduce exposures to TVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Goldin
- Environmental Studies, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, MS055, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA,
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Henrotin JB, Picot C, Bouslama M, Collot-Fertey D, Radauceanu A, Labro MT, Larroque B, Roudot AC, Sater N, Elhkim MO, Lafon D. Reproductive disorders in hairdressers and cosmetologists: a meta-analytical approach. J Occup Health 2015; 57:485-96. [PMID: 26269279 DOI: 10.1539/joh.15-0068-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and to use a meta-analytical approach to assess quantitatively the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in hairdressers and cosmetologists. METHODS A systematic literature search up to 1 February 2012 was carried out using major bibliographic databases, grey literature, contacts with research teams working on the subject, review papers and reference lists of selected articles. Observational studies reporting measures of effects in relation with body care (hairdressers, cosmetologists, etc.) and reproductive disorders were included. Study quality was assessed by three reviewers. The estimated risk ratios (RR) from all studies reporting on identical outcomes were combined using an average of logarithm transformation of estimated RR weighted by their inverted variance. Statistical heterogeneity across studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test. To explore the sources of heterogeneity, several sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were conducted based on study quality, country, study period, alcohol consumption, smoking habit, jobs and control populations. RESULTS Nineteen studies were selected and reviewed in-depth. The combined risk ratios (RRcs) of five reproductive outcomes were calculated and found to be significantly increased for four outcomes: time to pregnancy, which had an RRc of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.03-1.19); premature birth, which had an RRc of 1.05 (95% CI: 0.99-1.11); small for gestational age, which had an RRc of 1.24 (95 CI%: 1.10-1.41); low birth weight, which had an RRc of 1.21 (95% CI: 1.06-1.39); and embryonic and fetal losses, which had an RRc of 1.19 (95% CI: 1.03-1.38). CONCLUSIONS This work confirms a weak increase in risk of some reproductive disorders in female hairdressers/cosmetologists. However, the evidence level is rather weak, and a causal association between job and reproductive outcomes cannot be asserted.
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Direct-reading methods for analysis of volatile organic compounds and nanoparticles in workplace air. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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44
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Pak VM, Powers M, Liu J. Occupational Chemical Exposures Among Cosmetologists: Risk of Reproductive Disorders. Workplace Health Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.3928/21650799-20131206-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pak VM, Powers M, Liu J. Occupational chemical exposures among cosmetologists: risk of reproductive disorders. Workplace Health Saf 2013. [PMID: 24328919 PMCID: PMC4260452 DOI: 10.3928/21650799-20131121-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
More research is needed to understand possible occupational reproductive risks for cosmetologists, specifically hairdressers and nail technicians, two occupations that often share workspace and exposure to hair dyes and nail polish. Cosmetologists are predominantly females of reproductive age; thus, they may be at higher risk for the effects of exposure to reproductive toxins. The purpose of this article is to inform nurses and public health professionals about occupational exposures for cosmetologists and discuss interventions to reduce the risks of reproductive disorders among susceptible worker populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M. Pak
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Biobehavioral Research Center, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Martha Powers
- MPH Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing; faculty member, Penn MPH Program; and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Pak VM, Powers M, Liu J. Occupational chemical exposures among cosmetologists: risk of reproductive disorders. Workplace Health Saf 2013; 61:522-8; quiz 529. [PMID: 24328919 PMCID: PMC4260452 DOI: 10.1177/216507991306101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
More research is needed to understand possible occupational reproductive risks for cosmetologists, specifically hairdressers and nail technicians, two occupations that often share workspace and exposure to hair dyes and nail polish. Cosmetologists are predominantly females of reproductive age; thus, they may be at higher risk for the effects of exposure to reproductive toxins. The purpose of this article is to inform nurses and public health professionals about occupational exposures for cosmetologists and discuss interventions to reduce the risks of reproductive disorders among susceptible worker populations.
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Lindström I, Suojalehto H, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Suuronen K. Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by cyanoacrylate-based eyelash extension glues. Occup Med (Lond) 2013; 63:294-7. [PMID: 23553564 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqt020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eyelash extensions are applied on top of customers' lashes using instant glue containing cyano acrylate, known to cause occupational rhinitis (OR) and occupational asthma (OA). The number of beauty professionals applying these extensions is increasing due to their popularity. AIMS To report on a case of OA with OR and a case of OR attributable to lash extension glue and to evaluate respiratory exposure in lash extension work. METHODS Two beauty professionals with suspected OA and/or OR underwent inhalation challenge, including both control challenge and work-mimicking challenges using the lash extension glue, each with a 24-h follow-up. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present were assessed during the lash extension glue challenge. The glues were analysed for their (meth)acrylate content. RESULTS Both beauty professionals (case 1 and case 2) applied lash extensions regularly for several hours per day as part of their work and had work-related rhinitis. Case 1 had a longer history of lash extension work and also had asthmatic symptoms. The first lash extension glue challenge was negative in both cases, but positive OR reactions were detected in the second test. Case 1 also had a late asthmatic reaction. During the lash extension glue challenge, VOC were present in total concentrations below the irritant threshold and ethylcyanoacrylate (ECA) was detected in a concentration of 0.4mg/m(3). Chemical analysis of the glues revealed ECA was the major component. CONCLUSIONS Application of eyelash extensions using small amounts of cyanoacrylate-based glues can cause OA and OR.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lindström
- Control of Hypersensitivity Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
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Shendell DG, Mapou AEM, Kelly SW. Younger Cosmetology Workers and Environmental and Occupational Asthma Triggers at Training Sites and in Salons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/2150129712474820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Secondary school students in career, technical, and vocational education (CTE) programs include minors aged ≤17 years. These students enter the workforce starting at age 18 as young adults, and specifically in cosmetology after completing the State of New Jersey mandated 2-part licensing exam (theory and practical). The New Jersey Safe Schools Task Force 2010-2012 focused on potential safety and health (S&H) risks encountered by minors training in cosmetology. We conducted a stakeholder-driven participatory process with relevant state and federal agencies, private sector partners, teachers, administrators, and students from 1-in-3 of 21 county CTE school districts. We developed and disseminated Web pages ( http://www.njsafeschools.org/Cosmetology.htm ) with science-based information, materials such as “Right to Know” brochures in multiple languages (English, Spanish), and student-designed educational posters. Resources highlight S&H issues such as chemical exposures, including known environmental and occupational asthma triggers and respiratory irritants, for example, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds. Asthma education professionals working in clinical management of chronic respiratory diseases can increase self-awareness of S&H in cosmetology. They can then help inform younger patients/workers with asthma, teachers, older employees, and managers/owners of hair, nail, and skin care salons of potential asthma triggers. The goal is to minimize exposures (S&H risks) among these professionals and their clients (general public).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G. Shendell
- Center for School and Community-Based Research and Education and NJ Safe Schools Program, New Brunswick, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM, SWK)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS)
| | - Ashley E. Miller Mapou
- Center for School and Community-Based Research and Education and NJ Safe Schools Program, New Brunswick, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM, SWK)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS)
| | - Sarah W. Kelly
- Center for School and Community-Based Research and Education and NJ Safe Schools Program, New Brunswick, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM, SWK)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS, AEMM)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (DGS)
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Bessonneau V, Mosqueron L, Berrubé A, Mukensturm G, Buffet-Bataillon S, Gangneux JP, Thomas O. VOC contamination in hospital, from stationary sampling of a large panel of compounds, in view of healthcare workers and patients exposure assessment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55535. [PMID: 23393590 PMCID: PMC3564763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess, for the first time, the nature of the indoor air contamination of hospitals. METHODS AND FINDINGS More than 40 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including aliphatic, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, ethers and terpenes were measured in a teaching hospital in France, from sampling in six sampling sites--reception hall, patient room, nursing care, post-anesthesia care unit, parasitology-mycology laboratory and flexible endoscope disinfection unit--in the morning and in the afternoon, during three consecutive days. Our results showed that the main compounds found in indoor air were alcohols (arithmetic means ± SD: 928±958 µg/m³ and 47.9±52.2 µg/m³ for ethanol and isopropanol, respectively), ethers (75.6±157 µg/m³ for ether) and ketones (22.6±20.6 µg/m³ for acetone). Concentrations levels of aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes and limonene were widely variable between sampling sites, due to building age and type of products used according to health activities conducted in each site. A high temporal variability was observed in concentrations of alcohols, probably due to the intensive use of alcohol-based hand rubs in all sites. Qualitative analysis of air samples led to the identification of other compounds, including siloxanes (hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane), anesthetic gases (sevoflurane, desflurane), aliphatic hydrocarbons (butane), esters (ethylacetate), terpenes (camphor, α-bisabolol), aldehydes (benzaldehyde) and organic acids (benzoic acid) depending on sites. CONCLUSION For all compounds, concentrations measured were lower than concentrations known to be harmful in humans. However, results showed that indoor air of sampling locations contains a complex mixture of VOCs. Further multicenter studies are required to compare these results. A full understanding of the exposure of healthcare workers and patients to complex mixtures of chemical compounds can then be related to potential health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bessonneau
- Environmental and Health Research Laboratory, Advanced School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- U 1085 Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Luc Mosqueron
- Veolia Environment Research & Innovation, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Adèle Berrubé
- Veolia Environment Research & Innovation, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Gaël Mukensturm
- Veolia Environment Research & Innovation, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Sylvie Buffet-Bataillon
- Operational Staff for Hospital Hygiene, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- U 1085 Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Thomas
- Environmental and Health Research Laboratory, Advanced School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- U 1085 Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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Alaves VM, Sleeth DK, Thiese MS, Larson RR. Characterization of indoor air contaminants in a randomly selected set of commercial nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 23:419-433. [PMID: 23286453 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.755152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected in 12 randomly selected commercial nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah. Measurements of salon physical/chemical parameters (room volume, CO2 levels) were obtained. Volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations were collected using summa air canisters and sorbent media tubes for an 8-h period. Multivariate analyses were used to identify relationships between salon physical/chemical characteristics and the VOCs found in the air samples. The ACGIH(®) additive mixing formula was also applied to determine if there were potential overexposures to the combined airborne concentrations of chemicals monitored. Methyl methacrylate was detected in 58% of the establishments despite having been banned for use in nail products by the state of Utah. Formaldehyde was found above the NIOSH REL(®) (0.016 ppm) in 58% of the establishments. Given the assortment of VOCs to which nail salon workers are potentially exposed, a combination of engineering as well as personal protective equipment is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Alaves
- a Salt Lake Valley Health Department, Environmental Health Division , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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