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Friedman SD, Cooper E, Blackwell A, Elliott MA, Weinstein M, Cara J, Wan Y. A multi-tiered approach to assess fecal pollution in an urban watershed: Bacterial and viral indicators and sediment microbial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174141. [PMID: 38901597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Development of effective pollution mitigation strategies require an understanding of the pollution sources and factors influencing fecal pollution loading. Fecal contamination of Turkey Creek in Gulfport, Mississippi, one of the nation's most endangered creeks, was studied through a multi-tiered approach. Over a period of approximately two years, four stations across the watershed were analyzed for nutrients, enumeration of E. coli, male-specific coliphages and bioinformatic analysis of sediment microbial communities. The results demonstrated that two stations, one adjacent to a lift station and one just upstream from the wastewater-treatment plant, were the most impacted. The station adjacent to land containing a few livestock was the least impaired. While genotyping of male-specific coliphage viruses generally revealed a mixed viral signature (human and other animals), fecal contamination at the station near the wastewater treatment plant exhibited predominant impact by municipal sewage. Fecal indicator loadings were positively associated with antecedent rainfall for three of four stations. No associations were noted between fecal indicator loadings and any of the nutrients. Taxonomic signatures of creek sediment were unique to each sample station, but the sediment microbial community did overlap somewhat following major rain events. No presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) or enterococci were found in the sediment. At some of the stations it was evident that rainfall was not always the primary driver of fecal transport. Repeated monitoring and analysis of a variety of parameters presented in this study determined that point and non-point sources of fecal pollution varied spatially in association with treated and/or untreated sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Friedman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA.
| | - Emilie Cooper
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
| | - Aaron Blackwell
- Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Mark A Elliott
- Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | | | - Jared Cara
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yongshan Wan
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Gulf Breeze, FL, USA
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2
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Bartolomeu M, Gomes TJ, Campos F, Vieira C, Loureiro S, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Gomes ATPC, Almeida A. Wastewater disinfection with photodynamic treatment and evaluation of its ecotoxicological effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142421. [PMID: 38797202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated the presence of viruses in wastewater (WW), which can remain viable for a long period, posing potential health risks. Conventional WW treatment methods involving UV light, chlorine and ozone efficiently reduce microbial concentrations, however, they produce hazardous byproducts and microbial resistance that are detrimental to human health and the ecosystem. Hence, there is a need for novel disinfection techniques. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) emerges as a promising strategy, utilizing photosensitizers (PS), light, and dioxygen to inactivate viruses. This study aims to assess the efficacy of PDI by testing methylene blue (MB) and the cationic porphyrin TMPyP as PSs, along a low energy consuming white light source (LED) at an irradiance of 50 mW/cm2, for the inactivation of bacteriophage Phi6. Phi6 serves as an enveloped RNA-viruses surrogate model in WW. PDI experiments were conducted in a buffer solution (PBS) and real WW matrices (filtered and non-filtered). Considering the environmental release of the treated effluents, this research also evaluated the ecotoxicity of the resulting solution (post-PDI treatment effluent) on the model organism Daphnia magna, following the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) immobilization technical 202 guideline. Daphnids were exposed to WW containing the tested PS at different concentrations and dilutions (accounting for the dilution factor during WW release into receiving waters) over 48 h. The results indicate that PDI with MB efficiently inactivated the model virus in the different aqueous matrices, achieving reductions superior to 8 log10 PFU/mL, after treatments of 5 min in PBS and of ca. 90 min in WW. Daphnids survival increased when subjected to the PDI-treated WW with MB, considering the dilution factor. Overall, the effectiveness of PDI in eliminating viruses in WW, the fading of the toxic effects on daphnids after MB' irradiation and the rapid dilution effect upon WW release in the environment highlight the possibility of using MB in WW PDI-disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bartolomeu
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal; Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal.
| | - Thierry J Gomes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio Campos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana T P C Gomes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal.
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3
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Martin NA, Reynolds LJ, Sala-Comorera L, Nolan TM, Stephens JH, Gitto A, Gao G, Corkery A, O'Sullivan JJ, O'Hare GMP, Meijer WG. Quantitative source apportionment of faecal indicator bacteria from anthropogenic and zoogenic sources of faecal contamination. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 205:116591. [PMID: 38908189 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Recreational bathing waters are complex systems with diverse inputs from multiple anthropogenic and zoogenic sources of faecal contamination. Faecal contamination is a substantial threat to water quality and public health. Here we present a comprehensive strategy to estimate the contribution of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) from different biological sources on two at-risk beaches in Dublin, Ireland. The daily FIB loading rate was determined for three sources of contamination: a sewage-impacted urban stream, dog and wild bird fouling. This comparative analysis determined that the stream contributed the highest daily levels of FIB, followed by dog fouling. Dog fouling may be a significant source of FIB, contributing approximately 20 % of E. coli under certain conditions, whereas wild bird fouling contributed a negligible proportion of FIB (<3 %). This study demonstrates that source-specific quantitative microbial source apportionment (QMSA) strategies are vital to identify primary public health risks and target interventions to mitigate faecal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh A Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Liam J Reynolds
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Laura Sala-Comorera
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tristan M Nolan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jayne H Stephens
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aurora Gitto
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Guanghai Gao
- UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aisling Corkery
- UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John J O'Sullivan
- UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gregory M P O'Hare
- School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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4
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Espira LM, Contreras JD, Felix-Arellano EE, Siebe C, Mazari-Hiriart M, Riojas-Rodríguez H, Eisenberg JNS. A comparative analysis of regional infection risk due to wastewater recontamination in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170615. [PMID: 38316303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Urban wastewater reuse for agriculture provides reliable nutrient-rich water, reduces water stress, and strengthens food systems. However, wastewater reuse also presents health risks and characterizing the spatial dynamics of wastewater can help optimize risk mitigation. We conducted comparative risk analysis of exposure to wastewater in irrigation canals, where we compared those exposed to a) treated vs. untreated wastewater, and b) wastewater upstream vs. downstream from communities in the Mezquital Valley. The canal system with treated wastewater was sampled prior to being treated, directly after treatment, as well as before and after it flowed through a community. Along the canal system that carried untreated wastewater, we sampled before and after a community. We quantified the concentrations of bacterial, protozoal, and viral pathogens in the wastewater. Pathogen concentration data were used to calculate measures of relative risk between sampling points. Wastewater treatment reduced predicted bacterial pathogen infection risk in post-treatment locations (RR = 0.73, 95 % CI 0.61, 0.87), with no evidence of similar reductions in Giardia or viral pathogens (RR = 1.02, 95 % CI 0.56, 1.86 and RR = 1.18, 95 % CI 0.70, 2.02 respectively). Although infection risk decreased further down the canals, infection risk increased for bacterial pathogens after our sentinel community (RR = 1.94, 95 % 1.34, 2.86). For Giardia and viral pathogens infection risk was elevated but not significantly. We found similar evidence for increases in risk when comparing the treated section of the canal system with a canal section whose wastewater was not treated, i.e., the risk benefits of wastewater treatment were lost after our sentinel community for bacteria (RR = 5.27 vs. 2.08 for sampling points before and after our sentinel community respectively) and for Giardia (RR = 6.98 vs. 3.35 respectively). The increase in risk after transit through communities could have resulted from local community recontamination of the treated wastewater stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M Espira
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Jesse D Contreras
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Eunice E Felix-Arellano
- Dirección de Salud Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Christina Siebe
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marisa Mazari-Hiriart
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior s/n. Anexo Jardín Botanico Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez
- Dirección de Salud Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
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Gwenzi W, Adelodun B, Kumar P, Ajibade FO, Silva LFO, Choi KS, Selvarajan R, Abia ALK, Gholipour S, Mohammadi F, Nikaeen M. Human viral pathogens in the wastewater-source water-drinking water continuum: Evidence, health risks, and lessons for future outbreaks in low-income settings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170214. [PMID: 38278242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Human viral pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2 continue to attract public and research attention due to their disruption of society, global health, and the economy. Several earlier reviews have investigated the occurrence and fate of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, and the potential to use such data in wastewater-based epidemiology. However, comprehensive reviews tracking SARS-CoV-2 and other viral pathogens in the wastewater-water-drinking water continuum and the associated risk assessment are still lacking. Therefore, to address this gap, the present paper makes the following contributions: (1) critically examines the early empirical results to highlight the occurrence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater-source water-drinking water continuum, (2) discusses the anthropogenic and hydro(geo)logical processes controlling the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater-source water-drinking water continuum, (3) discusses the risky behaviour, drivers and high-risk settings in the wastewater-source water-drinking water continuum, (4) uses the available empirical data on SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in the wastewater-source water-drinking water continuum to discuss human health risks from multiple exposure pathways, gendered aspects of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via shared on-site sanitation systems, and (5) develops and risk mitigation strategy based on the available empirical evidence and quantitative human risk assessment data. Finally, it presents a comprehensive research agenda on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 to guide the mitigation of future similar outbreaks in low-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Westgate, Harare, Zimbabwe; Currently Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest/Visiting Professor at: Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, India; Research and Development Division, Society for AgroEnvironmental Sustainability, Dehradun 248007, India.
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, 340001, Nigeria.
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002 Barranquilla, Atlàntico, Colombia.
| | - Kyung Sook Choi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ramganesh Selvarajan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida branch, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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6
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Farkas K, Mannion F, Sorby R, Winterbourn B, Allender S, Gregory CGM, Holding P, Thorpe JM, Malham SK, Le Vay L. Assessment of wastewater derived pollution using viral monitoring in two estuaries. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116081. [PMID: 38354589 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Human wastewater-derived pollution of the environment is an emerging health risk that increases the number of waterborne and foodborne illnesses globally. To better understand and mitigate such health risks, we investigated the prevalence of faecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli, and indicator virus (crAssphage) along with human and animal enteric viruses (adenoviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, hepatitis E virus) in shellfish and water samples collected from two shellfish harvesting areas in the UK. Human noroviruses were detected at higher detection rates in oyster and water samples compared to mussels with peaks during the autumn-winter seasons. Human enteric viruses were sporadically detected during the warmer months, suggesting potential introduction by tourists following the relaxation of COVID-19 lockdown measures. Our results suggest that viral indicators are more suitable for risk assessment and source tracking than E. coli. The detection of emerging hepatitis and sapoviruses, support the need for comprehensive viral monitoring in shellfish harvesting areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK; School of Environment & Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK.
| | - Finn Mannion
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Rees Sorby
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Ben Winterbourn
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Susan Allender
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Charlie G M Gregory
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK; School of Environment & Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Phoebe Holding
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Jamie M Thorpe
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Lewis Le Vay
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
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7
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Li E, Saleem F, Edge TA, Schellhorn HE. Assessment of crAssphage as a human fecal source tracking marker in the lower Great Lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168840. [PMID: 38036144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
CrAssphage or crAss-like phage ranks as the most abundant phage in the human gut and is present in human feces-contaminated environments. Due to its high human specificity and sensitivity, crAssphage is a potentially robust source tracking indicator that can distinguish human fecal contamination from agricultural or wildlife sources. Its suitability in the Great Lakes area, one of the world's most important water systems, has not been well tested. In this study, we tested a qPCR-based quantification method using two crAssphage marker genes (ORF18-mod and CPQ_064) at Toronto recreational beaches along with their adjacent river mouths. Our results showed a 71.4 % (CPQ_064) and 100 % (ORF18-mod) human sensitivity for CPQ_064 and ORF18-mod, and a 100 % human specificity for both marker genes. CrAssphage was present in 57.7 % or 71.2 % of environmental water samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.45 to 5.14 log10 gene copies per 100 mL water. Though concentrations of the two marker genes were strongly correlated, ORF18-mod features a higher human sensitivity and higher positive detection rates in environmental samples. Quantifiable crAssphage was mostly present in samples collected in June and July 2021 associated with higher rainfall. In addition, rivers had more frequent crAssphage presence and higher concentrations than their associated beaches, indicating more frequent and greater human fecal contamination in the rivers. However, crAssphage was more correlated with E. coli and Enterococcus at the beaches than in the rivers, suggesting human fecal sources may be more predominant in driving the increases in E. coli and Enterococcus at the beaches when impacted by river plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enze Li
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Faizan Saleem
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Thomas A Edge
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Herb E Schellhorn
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.
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8
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Hernández-Zepeda C, Negrete-Alcalde LJ, Rosiles-González G, Carrillo-Jovel VH, Abney SE, Betancourt WQ, Gerba CP, Chaidez-Quiroz C, Wilson AM. Human adenovirus-associated health risk in the recreational waters of the Yal-ku lagoon in the Mexican Caribbean. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:372-384. [PMID: 38421631 PMCID: wh_2024_309 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate human faecal contamination impacts in the Yal-ku lagoon in the Mexican Caribbean and to estimate adenovirus infection and illness risks associated with recreational exposure during water activities. A total of 20 water samples (10 from each site × two sites) (50 L) were collected monthly over a period of 12 months from two selected sampling sites in the swimming area of the Yal-ku lagoon. The occurrence of faecal-associated viruses was explored, and human adenovirus (HAdV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) concentrations were quantified. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was used to estimate exposure and subsequent adenovirus infection and illness risk for 1 h of swimming or snorkelling. Somatic and F + -specific coliphages occurred in 100% of the samples. Both HAdV and PMMoV were detected at a 60% frequency thereby indicating persistent faecal inputs. PMMoV concentrations (44-370 GC/L) were relatively lower than the concentrations of HAdV (64-1,000 GC/L). Estimated mean adenovirus risks were greater for snorkelling than for swimming by roughly one to two orders of magnitude and estimated mean illness risks for snorkelling were >32/1,000. Human faecal contamination is frequent in the Yal-ku lagoon, which is associated with human gastrointestinal illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Hernández-Zepeda
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México E-mail:
| | - Luis Jorge Negrete-Alcalde
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Gabriela Rosiles-González
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Victor Hugo Carrillo-Jovel
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Sarah E Abney
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez-Quiroz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Amanda M Wilson
- Department of Community, Environment, & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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9
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Hayes EK, Gouthro MT, Fuller M, Redden DJ, Gagnon GA. Enhanced detection of viruses for improved water safety. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17336. [PMID: 37833399 PMCID: PMC10575868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human viruses pose a significant health risk in freshwater environments, but current monitoring methods are inadequate for detecting viral presence efficiently. We evaluated a novel passive in-situ concentration method using granular activated carbon (GAC). This study detected and quantified eight enteric and non-enteric, pathogenic viruses in a freshwater recreational lake in paired grab and GAC passive samples. The results found that GAC passive sampling had a higher detection rate for all viruses compared to grab samples, with adenovirus found to be the most prevalent virus, followed by respiratory syncytial virus, norovirus, enterovirus, influenza A, SARS-CoV-2, and rotavirus. GAC in-situ concentration allowed for the capture and recovery of viral gene copy targets that ranged from one to three orders of magnitude higher than conventional ex-situ concentration methods used in viral monitoring. This simple and affordable sampling method may have far-reaching implications for reducing barriers associated with viral monitoring across various environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emalie K Hayes
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Madison T Gouthro
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Megan Fuller
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David J Redden
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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10
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Lanzarini NM, Mannarino CF, Mata RM, Saggioro EM, Moreira JC, Miagostovich MP. Quantification and molecular characterization of intact rotavirus species A (RVA) in municipal solid waste leachate. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad146. [PMID: 37429601 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Leachate comprises a solid waste decomposition product found fresh in collection trucks or as an effluent in landfills. This study aimed to assess the occurrence, concentrations, and genetic diversity of intact rotavirus species A (RVA) in solid waste leachate. METHODS AND RESULTS Leachate samples were concentrated by ultracentrifugation, treated with propidium monoazide (PMA), and exposed to LED photolysis. Treated and untread samples were extracted using the QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit, and nucleic acids were screened for RVA employing a Taqman® Real-time PCR. The PMA RT-qPCR method detected RVA in eight out of nine truck samples and in 15.40% (2/13) of the landfill leachate samples. The RVA concentrations in the PMA-treated samples ranged from 4.57 × 103 to 2.15 × 107 genomic copies (GC) 100 mL-1 in truck leachate and from 7.83 × 103 to 1.42 × 104 GC 100 mL-1 in landfill samples. Six truck leachate samples were characterized as RVA VP6 genogroup I2 by partial nucleotide sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The high intact RVA detection rates and concentrations in truck leachate samples indicate potential infectivity and comprise a warning for solid waste collectors concerning hand-to-mouth contact and the splash route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Marinho Mata
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Environmental Health Evaluation and Promotion Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Josino Costa Moreira
- Center for Studies on Workers' Health and Human Ecology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
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11
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Oduah UI, Ogunye EB. A smart solution for preventing environmental pollution caused by overflowing onsite sewage septic tank. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14925. [PMID: 37064474 PMCID: PMC10102450 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An innovative remote sensing device for the detection and monitoring of sewage levels in underground onsite septic tank is developed. The overflow of underground onsite sewage septic tanks located around buildings for the collection and disposal of wastewater is hazardous to the environment releasing infectious pollutants and obnoxious contaminants. The inability to accurately determine the level of the sewage in the underground septic tank most times causes overflow of sewage into the environment without the knowledge of the users of the facility. A smart onsite sewage septic tank level monitoring device is developed enabling the users of the facility to promptly detect when it malfunctions to plan ahead for the evacuation in order to prevent the overflow. The device implements ultrasonic sensor to detect and monitor level of the wastewater in the septic tank and a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) module to send short message service (SMS) to the enrolled users' mobile phone numbers and the sewage evacuation agents. A test run conducted showed response time within 30 s. The developed device is suitable for low income countries of Africa.
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12
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Kelmer GAR, Ramos ER, Dias EHO. Coliphages as viral indicators in municipal wastewater: A comparison between the ISO and the USEPA methods based on a systematic literature review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119579. [PMID: 36640612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of traditional faecal indicator bacteria as surrogate organisms for pathogenic viruses in domestic wastewater has been noted as a problematic as concentrations and removal rates of bacteria and viruses do not seem to correlate. In this sense, bacteriophages (phages) emerge as potential viral indicators, as they are commonly found in wastewater in high levels, and can be quantified using simple, fast, low-cost methods. Somatic and F-specific coliphages comprise groups of phages commonly used as indicators of water quality. There are two internationally recognised methods to detect and enumerate coliphages in water samples, the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methods. Both methods are based on the lysis of specific bacterial host strains infected by phages. Within this context, this systematic literature review aimed at gathering concentrations in raw and treated domestic wastewater (secondary, biological treatment systems and post-treatment systems), and removal efficiencies of somatic and F-specific coliphages obtained by ISO and USEPA methods, and then compare both methods. A total of 33 research papers were considered in this study. Results showed that the ISO method is more commonly applied than the USEPA method. Some discrepancies in terms of concentrations and removal efficiencies were observed between both methods. Higher removal rates were observed for both somatic and F-specific coliphages in activated sludge systems when using the USEPA method compared to the ISO method; in other secondary (biological) treatment systems, this was observed only for F-specific coliphages. The use of different standardised methods available might lead to difficulties in obtaining and comparing phage data in different conditions and locations. Future research comparing both ISO and USEPA methods as well as viral and bacterial pathogens and indicators in WWTP is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A R Kelmer
- Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering (PEC), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Elloís R Ramos
- Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Course, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Edgard H O Dias
- Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering (PEC), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil; Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (ESA), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil.
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13
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Gao Y, Sun Z, Guo Y, Qiang Z, Ben W. Virus inactivation by sequential ultraviolet-chlorine disinfection: Synergistic effect and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137632. [PMID: 36565762 PMCID: PMC9770000 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has raised concerns about the efficacy of the disinfection process followed in water treatment plants in preventing the spread of viruses. Ultraviolet (UV) and chlorine multi-barrier disinfection processes are commonly used in water treatment plants; however, their effects on virus inactivation are still unclear. In this study, the effects of different disinfection processes (i.e., UV, free chlorine, and their combination) on waterborne viruses were analyzed using bacteriophage surrogates (i.e., MS2 and PR772) as alternative indicators. The results showed that the inactivation rates of PR772 by either UV or free chlorine disinfection were higher than those of MS2. PR772 was approximately 1.5 times more sensitive to UV disinfection and 8.4 times more sensitive to chlorine disinfection than MS2. Sequential UV-chlorine disinfection had a synergistic effect on virus inactivation, which was enhanced by an increase in the UV dose. As compared with single free chlorine disinfection, UV irradiation at 40 mJ cm-2 enhanced MS2 and PR772 inactivation significantly with a 2.7-fold (MS2) and a 1.7-fold (PR772) increase in the inactivation rate constants on subsequent chlorination in phosphate buffered saline. The synergistic effect was also observed in real wastewater samples, in which the MS2 inactivation rate increased 1.4-fold on subsequent chlorination following UV irradiation at 40 mJ cm-2. The mechanism of the synergistic effect of sequential UV-chlorine disinfection was determined via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using MS2 as an indicator. The results showed that the synergistic effect was due to damage to MS2 surface proteins caused by previous UV disinfection, which enhanced the sensitivity of MS2 to chlorination. This study provides a feasible approach for the efficient inactivation of viruses in water supply and drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Ben
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
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14
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Wu X, Moyne AL, Ramos TDM, Harris LJ, DiCaprio E. Impact of irrigation water quality on human norovirus surrogate survival during leafy green production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128579. [PMID: 37077630 PMCID: PMC10106680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The impact of water quality on the survival of human norovirus (NoV) was determined in irrigation water field run-off (tail water) and well water from a representative Central Coast vegetable production site in the Salinas Valley, California. Methods Tail water, well water, and ultrapure water samples were inoculated separately with two surrogate viruses for human NoV-Tulane virus (TV) and murine norovirus (MNV)-to achieve a titer of 1×105 plaque forming units (PFU)/ml. Samples were stored at 11, 19, and 24°C for 28 days. Additionally, inoculated water was applied to soil collected from a vegetable production site in the Salinas Valley or to the surface of growing romaine lettuce leaves, and virus infectivity was evaluated for 28 days in a growth chamber. Results Virus survival was similar for water stored at 11, 19, and 24°C and there was no difference in infectivity based on water quality. After 28 days, a maximum 1.5 log reduction was observed for both TV and MNV. TV decreased by 1.97-2.26 log and MNV decreased by 1.28- 1.48 logs after 28 days in soil; infectivity was not influenced by water type. Infectious TV and MNV were recovered from lettuce surfaces for up to 7 and 10 days after inoculation, respectively. Across the experiments there was no significant impact of water quality on the stability of the human NoV surrogates. Discussion Overall, the human NoV surrogates were highly stable in water with a less than 1.5 log reduction over 28 days and no difference observed based on the water quality. In soil, the titer of TV declined by approximately 2 logs over 28 days, while MNV declined by 1 log during the same time interval, suggesting surrogate-specific inactivation dynamics in the soil tested in this study. A 5-log reduction in MNV (day 10 post inoculation) and TV (day 14 post inoculation) was observed on lettuce leaves, and the inactivation kinetics were not significantly impacted by the quality of water used. These results suggest that human NoV would be highly stable in water, and the quality of the water (e.g., nutrient content, salinity, and turbidity) does not significantly impact viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anne-laure Moyne
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Thais De Melo Ramos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Linda J. Harris
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erin DiCaprio
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Erin DiCaprio,
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15
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García-Salazar G, Urbán-Morlán Z, Mendoza-Elvira S, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Mendoza S. Broad Antiviral Spectrum of Glycyrrhizic Acid for Human and Veterinary Medicine: Reality or Fiction? Intervirology 2022; 66:41-53. [PMID: 36455522 PMCID: PMC10015762 DOI: 10.1159/000528198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging virus infections provoke health problems in people and animals, which generate social and economic issues worldwide. This has spurred the search for new pharmacological strategies to confront them. SUMMARY The purpose of this review is to draw the reader's attention to pharmacological evaluations of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and its analogs on the broad range of viruses known in human and veterinary medicine. GA is the main water-soluble constituent extracted from the roots of plants from the genus Glycyrrhiza, commonly known as licorice root. It has long been used due to its broad spectrum of bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and antitumor properties. It has also been proposed as an antiviral agent. Medicines derived from GA are currently being used to combat acute and chronic hepatitis and herpes viruses. KEY MESSAGES This review suggests that GA could be a new broad-spectrum antiviral due to its ability to inhibit DNA or RNA viruses both in vitro and in vivo. GA could be a potential drug for preventing and/or treating various viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto García-Salazar
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico,
| | - Zaida Urbán-Morlán
- Facultad de Química, Centro de Información de Medicamentos, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Susana Mendoza-Elvira
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Virología de las Enfermedades Respiratorias del Cerdo, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - David Quintanar-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra Mendoza
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
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16
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Al-Hazmi HE, Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jabbour K, Abida O, Mousavi Khadem SS, Habibzadeh S, Sonawane SH, Saeb MR, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Badawi M. Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135441. [PMID: 35764113 PMCID: PMC9233172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has triggered a massive research, but still urgent detection and treatment of this virus seems a public concern. The spread of viruses in aqueous environments underlined efficient virus treatment processes as a hot challenge. This review critically and comprehensively enables identifying and classifying advanced biochemical, membrane-based and disinfection processes for effective treatment of virus-contaminated water and wastewater. Understanding the functions of individual and combined/multi-stage processes in terms of manufacturing and economical parameters makes this contribution a different story from available review papers. Moreover, this review discusses challenges of combining biochemical, membrane and disinfection processes for synergistic treatment of viruses in order to reduce the dissemination of waterborne diseases. Certainly, the combination technologies are proactive in minimizing and restraining the outbreaks of the virus. It emphasizes the importance of health authorities to confront the outbreaks of unknown viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanieh Shokrani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Karam Jabbour
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | | | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirish H Sonawane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Michael Badawi
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR CNRS, 7019, Nancy, France.
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17
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Miao J, Wei Z, Zhou S, Li J, Shi D, Yang D, Jiang G, Yin J, Yang ZW, Li JW, Jin M. Predicting the concentrations of enteric viruses in urban rivers running through the city center via an artificial neural network. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129506. [PMID: 35999718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral waterborne diseases are widespread in cities due largely to the occurrence of enteric viruses in urban rivers, which pose a significant concern to human health. Yet, the application of rapid detection technology for enteric viruses in environmental water remains undeveloped globally. Here, multiple linear regression (MLR) modeling and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling, which used frequently measured physicochemical parameters in river water, were constructed to predict the concentration of enteric viruses including human enteroviruses (EnVs), rotaviruses (HRVs), astroviruses (AstVs), noroviruses GⅡ (HuNoVs GⅡ), and adenoviruses (HAdVs) in rivers. After training, testing, and validating, ANN models showed better performance than any MLR model for predicting the viral concentration in Jinhe River. All determined R-values for ANN models exceeded 0.89, suggesting a strong correlation between the predicted and measured outputs for target enteric viruses. Furthermore, ANN models provided a better congruence between the observed and predicted concentrations of each virus than MLR models did. Together, these findings strongly suggest that ANN modeling can provide more accurate and timely predictions of viral concentrations based on frequent (or routine) measurements of physicochemical parameters in river water, which would improve assessments of waterborne disease prevalence in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Miao
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zilin Wei
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Shuqing Zhou
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, QLD 4103, Australia
| | - Danyang Shi
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhong Wei Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jun Wen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ndip L, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Oyono MG, Kenfack-Momo R, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko'o Menkem E, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Nkie Esemu S, Veneri C, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Suffredini E, La Rosa G. Hepatitis E Virus in Water Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:223-235. [PMID: 36036329 PMCID: PMC9458591 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for acute hepatitis in humans, through foodborne, zoonotic, and waterborne transmission routes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HEV in water matrices. Six categories were defined: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water (river, lake, and seawater), drinking water, groundwater, and other water environments (irrigation water, grey water, reservoir water, flood water, and effluent of pig slaughterhouse). We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Study selection and data extraction were performed by at least two independent investigators. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed using the χ2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameter. Sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analysis. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42021289116. We included 87 prevalence studies from 58 papers, 66.4% of which performed in Europe. The overall prevalence of HEV in water was 9.8% (95% CI 6.4-13.7). The prevalence was higher in untreated wastewater (15.1%) and lower in treated wastewater (3.8%) and in drinking water (4.7%). In surface water, prevalence was 7.4%, and in groundwater, the percentage of positive samples, from only one study available, was 8.3%. Overall, only 36.8% of the studies reported the genotype of HEV, with genotype 3 (HEV-3) prevalent (168 samples), followed by HEV-1 (148 sample), and HEV-4 (2 samples). High-income countries were the most represented with 59/87 studies (67.8%), while only 3/87 (3.5%) of the studies were performed in low-income countries. The overall prevalence obtained of this study was generally higher in industrialized countries. Risk of bias was low in 14.9% of the studies and moderate in 85.1%. The results of this review showed the occurrence of HEV in different waters environments also in industrialized countries with sanitation and safe water supplies. While HEV transmission to humans through water has been widely demonstrated in developing countries, it is an issue still pending in industrialized countries. Better knowledge on the source of pollution, occurrence, survival in water, and removal by water treatment is needed to unravel this transmission path.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - S Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - L Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - J T Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | - D S Mbaga
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - A Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M G Oyono
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - S Tchatchouang
- Scientific Direction, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - J Kenfack-Zanguim
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R Lontuo Fogang
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - E Zeuko'o Menkem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - G I Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - S Nkie Esemu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Lanrewaju AA, Enitan-Folami AM, Sabiu S, Edokpayi JN, Swalaha FM. Global public health implications of human exposure to viral contaminated water. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981896. [PMID: 36110296 PMCID: PMC9468673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are common waterborne pathogens found in environmental water bodies contaminated with either raw or partially treated sewage discharge. Examples of these viruses include adenovirus, rotavirus, noroviruses, and other caliciviruses and enteroviruses like coxsackievirus and polioviruses. They have been linked with gastroenteritis, while some enteric viruses have also been implicated in more severe infections such as encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis (hepatitis A and E viruses), cancer (polyomavirus), and myocarditis (enteroviruses). Therefore, this review presents information on the occurrence of enteric viruses of public health importance, diseases associated with human exposure to enteric viruses, assessment of their presence in contaminated water, and their removal in water and wastewater sources. In order to prevent illnesses associated with human exposure to viral contaminated water, we suggest the regular viral monitoring of treated wastewater before discharging it into the environment. Furthermore, we highlight the need for more research to focus on the development of more holistic disinfection methods that will inactivate waterborne viruses in municipal wastewater discharges, as this is highly needed to curtail the public health effects of human exposure to contaminated water. Moreover, such a method must be devoid of disinfection by-products that have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami,
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Joshua Nosa Edokpayi
- Water and Environmental Management Research Group, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Feroz Mahomed Swalaha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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20
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Sabar MA, Honda R, Haramoto E. CrAssphage as an indicator of human-fecal contamination in water environment and virus reduction in wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118827. [PMID: 35820313 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Viral indicators of human-fecal contamination in wastewaters and environmental waters have been getting much attention in the past decade. Cross-assembly phage (crAssphage) is the most abundant DNA virus in human feces. Recently, the usefulness of crAssphage as a microbial source tracking and water quality monitoring tool for human-fecal contamination has been highlighted. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review on crAssphage in water, focusing on detection methodology, concentration range in various waters and wastewaters, specificity to human-fecal contamination, and reduction in wastewater treatment systems. This review highlights that crAssphage is globally distributed in wastewaters and various fecal-contaminated water bodies at high concentrations without seasonal fluctuations. CrAssphage is highly specific to human-fecal contamination and is rarely found in animal feces. It also has a good potential as a performance indicator to ensure virus reduction in wastewater treatment systems. Accordingly, crAssphage could be an effective tool for monitoring of human-fecal contamination and potential presence of fecal pathogenic microbes in environmental waters. Bridging the research gaps highlighted in this review would make crAssphage a powerful tool to support the control of water-related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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21
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A Review on SARS-CoV-2 Genome in the Aquatic Environment of Africa: Prevalence, Persistence and the Future Prospects. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic (Coronavirus disease 2019) remains problematic in all its manifestations on the global stage where countless events of human-to-human exposure have led to fatal cases; thus, the aftermath being an unprecedented public health concern, with inaccessible health care and the instability of economies and financial institutions. These pose massive obstacles that can insatiably devour existing human resources causing negative impacts, especially in developing countries. Tracking the origin, dissemination and mutating strains of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on population-wide scales is a somewhat overwhelming task, with the urgent need to map the dissemination and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 in near real-time. This review paper focuses on the poor sanitation of some waterbodies and wastewater management policies in low-income African countries, highlighting how these contribute to the COVID-19 pandemic on the continent. Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pandemic, there has been an upsurge in scientific literature and studies concerning SARS-CoV-2 with different opinions and findings. The current paper highlights the challenges and also summarizes the environmental aspects related to the monitoring and fate of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes in the aquatic milieu of Sub-Saharan Africa.
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22
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Mostafa-Hedeab G, Allayeh AK, Elhady HA, Eledrdery AY, Mraheil MA, Mostafa A. Viral Eco-Genomic Tools: Development and Implementation for Aquatic Biomonitoring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137707. [PMID: 35805367 PMCID: PMC9265447 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses (EVs) occurrence within aquatic environments varies and leads to significant risk on public health of humans, animals, and diversity of aquatic taxa. Early and efficacious recognition of cultivable and fastidious EVs in aquatic systems are important to ensure the sanitary level of aquatic water and implement required treatment strategies. Herein, we provided a comprehensive overview of the conventional and up-to-date eco-genomic tools for aquatic biomonitoring of EVs, aiming to develop better water pollution monitoring tools. In combination with bioinformatics techniques, genetic tools including cloning sequencing analysis, DNA microarray, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and metagenomic sequencing technologies are implemented to make informed decisions about the global burden of waterborne EVs-associated diseases. The data presented in this review are helpful to recommend that: (1) Each viral pollution detection method has its own merits and demerits; therefore, it would be advantageous for viral pollution evaluation to be integrated as a complementary platform. (2) The total viral genome pool extracted from aquatic environmental samples is a real reflection of pollution status of the aquatic eco-systems; therefore, it is recommended to conduct regular sampling through the year to establish an updated monitoring system for EVs, and quantify viral peak concentrations, viral typing, and genotyping. (3) Despite that conventional detection methods are cheaper, it is highly recommended to implement molecular-based technologies to complement aquatic ecosystems biomonitoring due to numerous advantages including high-throughput capability. (4) Continuous implementation of the eco-genetic detection tools for monitoring the EVs in aquatic ecosystems is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department and Health Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Skaka 11564, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.M.-H.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Abdou Kamal Allayeh
- Water Pollution Department, Virology Laboratory, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | | | - Abozer Y. Eledrdery
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.M.-H.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: (G.M.-H.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.)
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23
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Three-Phase Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Process for Efficient Treatment of Greywater. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050514. [PMID: 35629840 PMCID: PMC9143647 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water shortages around the world have intensified the search for substitute sources. Greywater can serve as a solution for water requirements. Compared to two-dimensional electrochemical processes for water treatment, the addition of particle activated carbon enhances the conductivity and mass transfer or the adsorption of pollutants in a three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical process. The large specific surface areas of these particles can provide more reactive sites, resulting in a higher removal efficiency. In this study, the treatment of greywater by the electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) method was carried out in a 3D electrolytic reactor. The effects of the operating conditions, such as electrode spacing, applied voltage, treatment time, and activated carbon loading, on the efficacy of the E-Fenton process were investigated, and the corresponding optimum conditions were found to be 7 cm, 9 V, 2 h, and 10 g. The results showed that CODCr removal of greywater treated using the 3D electrochemical process was 85%. With the help of the Box–Behnken experiment design and the response surface methodology, the parameters were optimized to determine the optimal conditions. The results of the response surface analysis were consistent with the experimental results. The above findings illustrate that the proposed three-phase 3D electrochemical process is feasible for the efficient treatment of greywater.
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24
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Cuevas-Ferrando E, Pérez-Cataluña A, Falcó I, Randazzo W, Sánchez G. Monitoring Human Viral Pathogens Reveals Potential Hazard for Treated Wastewater Discharge or Reuse. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:836193. [PMID: 35464930 PMCID: PMC9026171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.836193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater discharge to the environment or its reuse after sanitization poses a concern for public health given the risk of transmission of human viral diseases. However, estimating the viral infectivity along the wastewater cycle presents technical challenges and still remains underexplored. Recently, human-associated crAssphage has been investigated to serve as viral pathogen indicator to monitor fecal impacted water bodies, even though its assessment as biomarker for infectious enteric viruses has not been explored yet. To this end, the occurrence of potentially infectious norovirus genogroup I (GI), norovirus GII, hepatitis A virus (HAV), rotavirus A (RV), and human astrovirus (HAstV) along with crAssphage was investigated in influent and effluent water sampled in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) over 1 year by a PMAxx-based capsid integrity RT-qPCR assay. Moreover, influent and effluent samples of a selected WWTP were additionally assayed by an in situ capture RT-qPCR assay (ISC-RT-qPCR) as estimate for viral infectivity in alternative to PMAxx-RT-qPCR. Overall, our results showed lower viral occurrence and concentration assessed by ISC-RT-qPCR than PMAxx-RT-qPCR. Occurrence of potentially infectious enteric virus was estimated by PMAxx-RT-qPCR as 88–94% in influent and 46–67% in effluent wastewaters with mean titers ranging from 4.77 to 5.89, and from 3.86 to 4.97 log10 GC/L, with the exception of HAV that was sporadically detected. All samples tested positive for crAssphage at concentration ranging from 7.41 to 9.99 log10 GC/L in influent and from 4.56 to 6.96 log10 GC/L in effluent wastewater, showing higher mean concentration than targeted enteric viruses. Data obtained by PMAxx-RT-qPCR showed that crAssphage strongly correlated with norovirus GII (ρ = 0.67, p < 0.05) and weakly with HAstV and RV (ρ = 0.25–0.30, p < 0.05) in influent samples. In effluent wastewater, weak (ρ = 0.27–0.38, p < 0.05) to moderate (ρ = 0.47–0.48, p < 0.05) correlations between crAssphage and targeted viruses were observed. Overall, these results corroborate crAssphage as an indicator for fecal contamination in wastewater but a poor marker for either viral occurrence and viral integrity/infectivity. Despite the viral load reductions detected in effluent compared to influent wastewaters, the estimates of viral infectivity based on viability molecular methods might pose a concern for (re)-using of treated water.
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25
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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:380-399. [PMID: 35174845 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, waterborne gastroenteritis attributable to rotaviruses is on the increase due to the rapid increase in population growth, poor socioeconomic conditions, and drastic changes in climatic conditions. The burden of diarrhea is quite alarming in developing nations where the majority of the populations still rely on untreated surface water that is usually polluted for their immediate water needs. Humans and animals of all ages are affected by rotaviruses. In humans, the preponderance of cases occurs in children under 5 years. Global efforts in advancing water/wastewater treatment technologies have not yet realized the objective of complete viral removal from wastewater. Most times, surface waters are impacted heavily by inadequately treated wastewater run-offs thereby exposing people or animals to preventable health risks. The relative stability of rotaviruses in aquatic matrices during wastewater treatment, poor correlation of bacteriological indicators with the presence of rotaviruses, and their infectiousness at a low dose informed the proposal for inclusion in the routine microbiological water screening panel. Environmental monitoring data have been shown to provide early warnings that can complement clinical data used to monitor the impact of current rotavirus vaccination in a community. This review was therefore undertaken to critically appraise rotavirus excretion and emission pathways, and the existence, viability and persistence in the receiving aquatic milieu. The efficiency of the current wastewater treatment modality for rotavirus removal, correlation of the current bacteriological water quality assessment strategy, public health risks and current laboratory methods for an epidemiological study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
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26
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Effect of Wastewater Treatment on Bacterial Community, Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Endoparasites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052750. [PMID: 35270443 PMCID: PMC8910630 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater and wastewater treatment plants serve as urban reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms. Wastewaters frequently contain bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and developmental stages of parasites with significant zoonotic potential. Five wastewater treatment plants in the central part of Slovakia were investigated to determine the effect of treatment on bacterial community, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and the occurrence of helminth eggs. Although all monitored chemical factors (chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, N-NH4, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) in the effluent were in line with the legislative standards for discharge into public waterways, the results of minimal inhibitory concentrations show that reclaimed water harbors E. coli resistant to several commonly used antibiotics (ampicillin, piperacillin, and tazobactam, combine ampicillin and sulbactam, cefotaxime, tetracycline). The presence of endoparasite developmental stages in wastewater and sludge (Ascaris spp., Hymenolepis nana, eggs from the Ancylostomatidae family, Giardia duodenalis) indicates potential health risks for humans and workers at these sites. Treatment such as composting before applying sludge to land is necessary to reduce human pathogens.
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27
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Anand U, Li X, Sunita K, Lokhandwala S, Gautam P, Suresh S, Sarma H, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Bontempi E, Jiang G. SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens in municipal wastewater, landfill leachate, and solid waste: A review about virus surveillance, infectivity, and inactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111839. [PMID: 34358502 PMCID: PMC8332740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the techniques available for detecting and inactivating of pathogens in municipal wastewater, landfill leachate, and solid waste. In view of the current COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 is being given special attention, with a thorough examination of all possible transmission pathways linked to the selected waste matrices. Despite the lack of works focused on landfill leachate, a systematic review method, based on cluster analysis, allows to analyze the available papers devoted to sewage sludge and wastewater, allowing to focalize the work on technologies able to detect and treat pathogens. In this work, great attention is also devoted to infectivity and transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the literature analysis shows that sewage sludge and landfill leachate seem to have a remote chance to act as a virus transmission route (pollution-to-human transmission) due to improper collection and treatment of municipal wastewater and solid waste. However due to the incertitude about virus infectivity, these possibilities cannot be excluded and need further investigation. As a conclusion, this paper shows that additional research is required not only on the coronavirus-specific disinfection, but also the regular surveillance or monitoring of viral loads in sewage sludge, wastewater, and landfill leachate. The disinfection strategies need to be optimized in terms of dosage and potential adverse impacts like antimicrobial resistance, among many other factors. Finally, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic microorganisms in sewage sludge, wastewater, and landfill leachate can hamper the possibility to ensure safe water and public health in economically marginalized countries and hinder the realization of the United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kumari Sunita
- Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Snehal Lokhandwala
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, UPL University of Sustainable Technology, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, 393135, India
| | - Pratibha Gautam
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, UPL University of Sustainable Technology, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, 393135, India
| | - S Suresh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hemen Sarma
- Department of Botany, Nanda Nath Saikia College, Dhodar Ali, Titabar, 785630, Assam, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641-046, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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28
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Chern EC, Wymer L, Brenner K, Oshima K, Haugland RA. Persistence of fecal indicator bacteria and associated genetic markers from wastewater treatment plant effluents in freshwater microcosms. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:205-215. [PMID: 35100168 PMCID: PMC9000909 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Limited information exists on the environmental persistence of genetic markers for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in treated wastewaters. Here, the decay rate constants of culturable cells and genetic markers for four diverse groups of FIBs, such as enterococci, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides, were investigated in freshwater microcosms seeded with disinfected and non-disinfected secondary-treated wastewaters. Decay rate constants of genetic markers and culturable cells varied significantly among the different FIB groups. Water temperatures (winter vs. fall/spring/summer) significantly affected the decay of all genetic marker and cell types; however, genetic marker decay were not found to be significantly different in disinfected (chlorination/ultraviolet) and non-disinfected wastewater-seeded microcosms or, for example, lake- and river-receiving waters. No evidence was seen that decay rate constants of FIB genetic markers from treated wastewater were substantially different from those observed in similar, previously reported microcosm studies using raw sewage. Unexpected relationships between decay rate constants of genetic markers and culturable cells of Bacteroides were observed. Results suggest that decay rate constants of FIB genetic markers determined from other studies may be applicable to treated wastewaters. Results of this study should be informative for ongoing efforts to determine the persistence of FIB genetic markers relative to surviving pathogens after wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice C Chern
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10 Laboratory, 7411 Beach Dr. E., Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA E-mail:
| | - Larry Wymer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Kristen Brenner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Kevin Oshima
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Richard A Haugland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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29
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Zhao Y, Qiu Y, Mamrol N, Ren L, Li X, Shao J, Yang X, van der Bruggen B. Membrane bioreactors for hospital wastewater treatment: recent advancements in membranes and processes. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021; 16:634-660. [PMID: 34849268 PMCID: PMC8617552 DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Discharged hospital wastewater contains various pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic groups, toxic organic compounds, radioactive elements, and ionic pollutants. These contaminants harm the environment and human health causing the spread of disease. Thus, effective treatment of hospital wastewater is an urgent task for sustainable development. Membranes, with controllable porous and nonporous structures, have been rapidly developed for molecular separations. In particular, membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology demonstrated high removal efficiency toward organic compounds and low waste sludge production. To further enhance the separation efficiency and achieve material recovery from hospital waste streams, novel concepts of MBRs and their applications are rapidly evolved through hybridizing novel membranes (non hydrophilic ultrafiltration/microfiltration) into the MBR units (hybrid MBRs) or the MBR as a pretreatment step and integrating other membrane processes as subsequent secondary purification step (integrated MBR-membrane systems). However, there is a lack of reviews on the latest advancement in MBR technologies for hospital wastewater treatment, and analysis on its major challenges and future trends. This review started with an overview of main pollutants in common hospital waste-water, followed by an understanding on the key performance indicators/criteria in MBR membranes (i.e., solute selectivity) and processes (e.g., fouling). Then, an in-depth analysis was provided into the recent development of hybrid MBR and integrated MBR-membrane system concepts, and applications correlated with wastewater sources, with a particular focus on hospital wastewaters. It is anticipated that this review will shed light on the knowledge gaps in the field, highlighting the potential contribution of hybrid MBRs and integrated MBR-membrane systems toward global epidemic prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yangbo Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Natalie Mamrol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Longfei Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiahui Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal pollution, commonly detected in untreated or less treated sewage, is associated with health risks (e.g., waterborne diseases and antibiotic resistance dissemination), ecological issues (e.g., release of harmful gases in fecal sludge composting, proliferative bacterial/algal growth due to high nutrient loads) and economy losses (e.g., reduced aqua farm harvesting). Therefore, the discharge of untreated domestic sewage to the environment and its agricultural reuse are growing concerns. The goals of fecal pollution detection include fecal waste source tracking and identifying the presence of pathogens, therefore assessing potential health risks. This review summarizes available biological fecal indicators focusing on host specificity, degree of association with fecal pollution, environmental persistence, and quantification methods in fecal pollution assessment. The development of practical tools is a crucial requirement for the implementation of mitigation strategies that may help confine the types of host-specific pathogens and determine the source control point, such as sourcing fecal wastes from point sources and nonpoint sources. Emerging multidisciplinary bacterial enumeration platforms are also discussed, including individual working mechanisms, applications, advantages, and limitations.
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31
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Ahmad J, Ahmad M, Usman ARA, Al-Wabel MI. Prevalence of human pathogenic viruses in wastewater: A potential transmission risk as well as an effective tool for early outbreak detection for COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113486. [PMID: 34391102 PMCID: PMC8352675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Millions of human pathogenic viral particles are shed from infected individuals and introduce into wastewater, subsequently causing waterborne diseases worldwide. These viruses can be transmitted from wastewater to human beings via direct contact and/or ingestion/inhalation of aerosols. Even the advanced wastewater treatment technologies are unable to remove pathogenic viruses from wastewater completely, posing a serious health risk. Recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been urged globally due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has resulted in >4.1 million deaths until July 2021. A rapid human-to-human transmission, uncertainties in effective vaccines, non-specific medical treatments, and unclear symptoms compelled the world into complete lockdown, social distancing, air-travel suspension, and closure of educational institutions, subsequently damaging the global economy and trade. Although, few medical treatments, rapid detection tools, and vaccines have been developed so far to curb the spread of COVID-19; however, several uncertainties exist in their applicability. Further, the acceptance of vaccines among communities is lower owing to the fear of side effects such as blood-clotting and heart inflammation. SARS-CoV-2, an etiologic agent of COVID-19, has frequently been detected in wastewater, depicting a potential transmission risk to healthy individuals. Contrarily, the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater can be used as an early outbreak detection tool via water-based epidemiology. Therefore, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through fecal-oral pathway can be reduced and any possible outbreak can be evaded by proper wastewater surveillance. In this review, wastewater recycling complications, potential health risks of COVID-19 emergence, and current epidemiological measures to control COVID-19 spread have been discussed. Moreover, the viability of SARS-CoV-2 in various environments and survival in wastewater has been reviewed. Additionally, the necessary actions (vaccination, face mask, social distancing, and hand sanitization) to limit the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have been recommended. Therefore, wastewater surveillance can serve as a feasible, efficient, and reliable epidemiological measure to lessen the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel R A Usman
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohammad I Al-Wabel
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Wang Y, Ye J, Ju F, Liu L, Boyd JA, Deng Y, Parks DH, Jiang X, Yin X, Woodcroft BJ, Tyson GW, Hugenholtz P, Polz MF, Zhang T. Successional dynamics and alternative stable states in a saline activated sludge microbial community over 9 years. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:199. [PMID: 34615557 PMCID: PMC8495973 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial communities in both natural and applied settings reliably carry out myriads of functions, yet how stable these taxonomically diverse assemblages can be and what causes them to transition between states remains poorly understood. We studied monthly activated sludge (AS) samples collected over 9 years from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant to answer how complex AS communities evolve in the long term and how the community functions change when there is a disturbance in operational parameters. RESULTS Here, we show that a microbial community in activated sludge (AS) system fluctuated around a stable average for 3 years but was then abruptly pushed into an alternative stable state by a simple transient disturbance (bleaching). While the taxonomic composition rapidly turned into a new state following the disturbance, the metabolic profile of the community and system performance remained remarkably stable. A total of 920 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), representing approximately 70% of the community in the studied AS ecosystem, were recovered from the 97 monthly AS metagenomes. Comparative genomic analysis revealed an increased ability to aggregate in the cohorts of MAGs with correlated dynamics that are dominant after the bleaching event. Fine-scale analysis of dynamics also revealed cohorts that dominated during different periods and showed successional dynamics on seasonal and longer time scales due to temperature fluctuation and gradual changes in mean residence time in the reactor, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our work highlights that communities can assume different stable states under highly similar environmental conditions and that a specific disturbance threshold may lead to a rapid shift in community composition. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Feng Ju
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joel A. Boyd
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Yu Deng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Donovan H. Parks
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Xiaotao Jiang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ben J. Woodcroft
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Gene W. Tyson
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Martin F. Polz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Parsa SM, Momeni S, Hemmat A, Afrand M. Effectiveness of solar water disinfection in the era of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic for contaminated water/wastewater treatment considering UV effect and temperature. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2021; 43:102224. [PMID: 35592836 PMCID: PMC8285244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Long is the way and hard, that out of COVID-19 leads up to light. The virus is highly contagious and spread rapidly and the number of infections increases exponentially. The colossal number of infections and presence of the novel coronavirus RNA in human wastes (e.g. Excreta/urine) even after the patients recovered and the RT-PCR tests were negative, results in massive load of the viral in water environments. Numerous studies reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples. The risk of contaminating water bodies in the regions which suffer from the lack of proper sanitation system and wastewater treatment plants (mostly in developing countries) is higher. Since solar water disinfection (SODIS) is usually used by people in developing countries, there is a concern about using this method during the pandemic. Because the SARS-CoV-2 can be eliminated by high temperature (>56 °C) and UVC wavelength (100-280 nm) while SODIS systems mainly work at lower temperature (<45 °C) and use the available UVA (315-400 nm). Thus, during a situation like the ongoing pandemic using SODIS method for wastewater treatment (or providing drinking water) is not a reliable method. It should be reminded that the main aim of the present study is not just to give insights about the possibilities and risks of using SODIS during the ongoing pandemic but it has broader prospect for any future outbreak/pandemic that results in biological contamination of water bodies. Nevertheless, some experimental studies seem to be necessary by all researchers under conditions similar to developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Parsa
- Department of Energy Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Momeni
- Guilan University of Medical Science, Anzali International Campus, Bandar Anzali, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Hemmat
- Department of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Masoud Afrand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
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Parsa SM. Reliability of thermal desalination (solar stills) for water/wastewater treatment in light of COVID-19 (novel coronavirus "SARS-CoV-2") pandemic: What should consider? DESALINATION 2021; 512:115106. [PMID: 33967299 PMCID: PMC8096177 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2021.115106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disturbed the world from the beginning of 2020. The high excessive number of patients and the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta and urine even after the infected person's respiratory tests were negative, results in a heavy load of viral in various water bodies and mostly untreated wastewaters. In the present study, the reliability of using small-scale solar thermal desalination systems (solar stills) during a situation like the COVID-19 pandemic is discussed. Pollution of water bodies through the SARS-CoV-2 via numerous routes increases the risk of contaminating the feed water and subsequently the whole structure of solar stills. Since the transmission of pathogens (particle size: 0.5-3 μm) via droplets of water in solar still is reported before, transmitting of SARS-CoV-2 via droplets of water which multiple times smaller (particle size: 60-140 nm) than those pathogens is a concern. The most important issue which must be highlighted is that solar stills worked at low-temperature while the viability and survival of the SARS-CoV-2 in various water matrices in the temperature range (4-37 °C) for several days is reported. In this regard, using solar stills during the COVID-19 pandemic need further consideration by all researchers and people around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Parsa
- Department of Energy Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Saba B, Hasan SW, Kjellerup BV, Christy AD. Capacity of existing wastewater treatment plants to treat SARS-CoV-2. A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 15:100737. [PMID: 34179735 PMCID: PMC8216935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Water is one of many viral transmission routes, and the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater has brought attention to its treatment. SARS CoV-2 primarily transmits in the air but the persistence of the virus in the water possibly can serve as a secondary source even though current studies do not show this. In this paper, an evaluation of the current literature with regards to the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and biosolids is presented. Treatment efficiencies of WWTPs are compared for viral load reduction on the basis of publicly available data. The results of this evaluation indicate that existing WWTPs are effectively removing 1-6 log10 viable SARS-CoV-2. However, sludge and biosolids provide an umbrella of protection from treatment and inactivation to the virus. Hence, sludge treatment factors like high temperature, pH changes, and predatory microorganisms can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Saba
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan,Corresponding author at: Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shadi W. Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Birthe V. Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ann D. Christy
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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36
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Detection and molecular characterization of enteric adenovirus in treated wastewater in the Brazilian Federal District. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHuman enteric viruses, such as enteric adenoviruses (HAdV), are known to be involved with gastrointestinal disorders, especially acute gastroenteritis. Several studies have used HAdV as an indicator of water quality, since they are considered highly stable and widely distributed viruses in water matrices. The aim of this study was to detect and genotype HAdVs in water matrices impacted by discharges of treated effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Wastewater treatment plants from the sanitary system of the Brazilian Federal District were assessed in 2018 and 2019. Samples were collected upstream and downstream from discharge points for each WWTP. Viral concentration based on adsorption-elution and conventional PCR was used for molecular detection, and positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Pluviosity data for the period in which the samples were collected were obtained. Our results demonstrated the presence of HAdVs in 27.2% (61/224) of the samples. The positivity was significantly higher in downstream samples compared to upstream. Moreover, the HAdV positivity was higher in downstream samples collected from receiving water bodies impacted by secondary-level WWTPs in comparison with those impacted by tertiary-level WWTPs. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the presence of genotypes 40 and 41, with prevalence of HAdV genotype 41. Despite the predominance of HAdV-41, an increasing frequency of the HAdV-40 was associated with higher pluviosity. In conclusion, this study is the first documentation in the Brazilian Federal District dealing with the prevalence and diversity of HAdVs in several WWTP, along with their correlation with rainfall index.
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Li X, Cheng Z, Dang C, Zhang M, Zheng Y. Metagenomic and viromic data mining reveals viral threats in biologically treated domestic wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 7:100105. [PMID: 36160698 PMCID: PMC9488056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2021.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated sludge (AS), a common biological secondary treatment process in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), is known to remove a large spectrum of microorganisms. Yet little is known about its effect on the entire viral community. After compiling 3 Tbp of next-generation sequencing (NGS) metagenomic/viromic datasets consisted of 119 sub-datasets of influent, effluent, and AS samples from 27 WWTPs, viral removal efficacy is evaluated through data mining. The normalized abundance of viruses suggests effluents exhibit the highest viral prevalence (3.21 ± 3.26%, n = 13) followed by the AS (0.48 ± 0.25%, n = 57) and influents (0.23 ± 0.17%, n = 17). In contrast, plasmids, representing genetic element of bacteria, show higher average prevalence (0.73 ± 0.82%, n = 17) in influents than those of the AS (0.63 ± 0.26%, n = 57) and effluents (0.35 ± 0.42%, n = 13). Furthermore, the abundance-occupancy analysis identifies 142 core phage viruses and 17 non-phages core viruses, including several pathogenic viruses in the AS virome. The persistent occurrence of pathogenic viruses, coupled with non-favorable virus removal by the AS treatment, reveals the hidden virus threats in biologically treated domestic wastewater. The mechanisms for why viruses persist and the possibility that WWTPs are potential hotspots for viral survival deserve attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhanwen Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chenyuan Dang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Archaea Geo-Omics, Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Corresponding author. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China.
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38
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Bartolomeu M, Oliveira C, Pereira C, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Approach in the Inactivation of Viruses in Wastewater: Influence of Alternative Adjuvants. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:767. [PMID: 34202496 PMCID: PMC8300698 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses are frequently present in marine and estuarine waters, due to poor wastewater (WW) treatments, which consequently affect water quality and human health. Chlorination, one of the most common methods used to ensure microbiological safety in tertiarily treated effluents, may lead to the formation of toxic chemical disinfection by-products on reaction with organic matter present in the effluents. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can be a promising disinfecting approach for the inactivation of pathogens, without the formation of known toxic by-products. Additionally, some studies have reported the potentiator effect on aPDT of some compounds, such as potassium iodide (KI) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In the present study, the aPDT efficiency of a PS formulation constituted of five cationic porphyrins (Form) in the inactivation of E. coli T4-like bacteriophage, a model of mammalian viruses, in different aqueous matrices with different organic matter content, was evaluated. Photoinactivation studies were performed at different concentrations of Form and in the presence of the adjuvants KI and H2O2. The results showed that the efficiency of bacteriophage photoinactivation is correlated with the Form concentration, the amount of the organic matter in WW, and the adjuvant type. Form can be an effective alternative to controlling viruses in WW, particularly if combined with H2O2, allowing to significantly reduce PS concentration and treatment time. When combined with KI, the Form is less effective in inactivating T4-like bacteriophage in WW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bartolomeu
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristiana Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
| | | | - M. Amparo F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
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Wurtzer S, Waldman P, Ferrier-Rembert A, Frenois-Veyrat G, Mouchel JM, Boni M, Maday Y, Marechal V, Moulin L. Several forms of SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in wastewaters: Implication for wastewater-based epidemiology and risk assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 198:117183. [PMID: 33962244 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.19.20248508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a public health emergency of international concern. Although SARS-CoV-2 is considered to be mainly transmitted by inhalation of contaminated droplets and aerosols, SARS-CoV-2 is also detected in human feces and to a less extent in urine, and in raw wastewaters (to date viral RNA only) suggesting that other routes of infection may exist. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 genomes in wastewaters has been proposed as a complementary approach for tracing the dynamics of virus transmission within human population connected to wastewater network. The understanding on SARS-CoV-2 transmission through wastewater surveillance, the development of epidemic modeling and the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from contaminated wastewater are largely limited by our knowledge on viral RNA genome persistence and virus infectivity preservation in such an environment. Using an integrity based RT-qPCR assay this study led to the discovery that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can persist under several forms in wastewaters, which provides important information on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewaters and associated risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, R&D and Water quality department, 33 avenue Jean Jaurès, F-94200 Ivry sur Seine, France.
| | - P Waldman
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, e-LTER Zone Atelier Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A Ferrier-Rembert
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Microbiology & Infectious diseases, Virology unit, 1 place Valérie André, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - G Frenois-Veyrat
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Microbiology & Infectious diseases, Virology unit, 1 place Valérie André, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - J M Mouchel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, e-LTER Zone Atelier Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Boni
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Microbiology & Infectious diseases, Virology unit, 1 place Valérie André, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Y Maday
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Université de Paris, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - V Marechal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - L Moulin
- Eau de Paris, R&D and Water quality department, 33 avenue Jean Jaurès, F-94200 Ivry sur Seine, France
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40
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Wurtzer S, Waldman P, Ferrier-Rembert A, Frenois-Veyrat G, Mouchel JM, Boni M, Maday Y, Marechal V, Moulin L. Several forms of SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in wastewaters: Implication for wastewater-based epidemiology and risk assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 198:117183. [PMID: 33962244 PMCID: PMC8060898 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a public health emergency of international concern. Although SARS-CoV-2 is considered to be mainly transmitted by inhalation of contaminated droplets and aerosols, SARS-CoV-2 is also detected in human feces and to a less extent in urine, and in raw wastewaters (to date viral RNA only) suggesting that other routes of infection may exist. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 genomes in wastewaters has been proposed as a complementary approach for tracing the dynamics of virus transmission within human population connected to wastewater network. The understanding on SARS-CoV-2 transmission through wastewater surveillance, the development of epidemic modeling and the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from contaminated wastewater are largely limited by our knowledge on viral RNA genome persistence and virus infectivity preservation in such an environment. Using an integrity based RT-qPCR assay this study led to the discovery that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can persist under several forms in wastewaters, which provides important information on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewaters and associated risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, R&D and Water quality department, 33 avenue Jean Jaurès, F-94200 Ivry sur Seine, France.
| | - P Waldman
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, e-LTER Zone Atelier Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A Ferrier-Rembert
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Microbiology & Infectious diseases, Virology unit, 1 place Valérie André, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - G Frenois-Veyrat
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Microbiology & Infectious diseases, Virology unit, 1 place Valérie André, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - J M Mouchel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, e-LTER Zone Atelier Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Boni
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Microbiology & Infectious diseases, Virology unit, 1 place Valérie André, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Y Maday
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Université de Paris, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - V Marechal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - L Moulin
- Eau de Paris, R&D and Water quality department, 33 avenue Jean Jaurès, F-94200 Ivry sur Seine, France
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41
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Kiulia NM, Gonzalez R, Thompson H, Aw TG, Rose JB. Quantification and Trends of Rotavirus and Enterovirus in Untreated Sewage Using Reverse Transcription Droplet Digital PCR. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:154-169. [PMID: 33591485 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quantification and trends in concentrations for naturally occurring rotaviruses (RV) and enteroviruses (EV) in untreated sewage in various wastewater systems have not often been compared. There is now greater interest in monitoring the infections in the community including live vaccine efficacy by evaluating untreated sewage. The goals of this study were to 1) survey the concentrations of naturally occurring RV and EV in untreated sewage using a reverse transcription-droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR) and 2) investigate the use of a new adsorption elution (bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) using ViroCap filters) against more traditional polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation for virus concentration. Sewage samples were collected from lagoons in Kenya and Michigan (MI), the United States (USA) and from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the USA. RVs were detected at geometric mean concentrations in various locations, California (CA) 1.31 × 105 genome copies/L (gc/L), Kenya (KE) 2.71 × 104 gc/L and Virginia (VA) 1.48 × 105 gc/L, and EVs geometric means were 3.72 × 106 gc/L (CA), 1.18 × 104 gc/L (Kenya), and 6.18 × 103 gc/L (VA). The mean RV concentrations using BMFS-ViroCap in split samples compared to PEG precipitation methods demonstrated that the levels were only 9% (#s BMFS/PEG) in the Michigan lagoons which was significantly different (p < 0.01). This suggests that RV concentrations in Kenya are around 1.69 × 106 gc/L. Overall, there was no difference in concentrations for the other sampling locations across the methods of virus recovery (i.e., PEG precipitation and HA filters) using one-way ANOVA (F = 1.7, p = 0.2739) or Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparisons (p > 0.05). This study provides useful data on RV and EV concentrations in untreated sewage in Kenya and the USA. It also highlights on the usefulness of the RT-ddPCR for absolute quantification of RV and EV in sewage samples. The BMFS using ViroCap filters while less efficient compared to the more traditional PEG precipitation method was able to recover RVs and EVs in untreated sewage and may be useful in poor resource settings while underestimating viruses by 1 to 1.5 logs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kiulia
- The Water Quality, Environmental and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Enteric Pathogens and Water Research Laboratory, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 1434 Air Rail Avenue, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, USA
| | - Hannah Thompson
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 1434 Air Rail Avenue, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, USA
| | - Tiong Gim Aw
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joan B Rose
- The Water Quality, Environmental and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Removal of Pathogens in Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Review of Design Considerations and Influencing Factors. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13091190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) could potentially contribute to the transmission of infectious diseases caused by waterborne pathogenic microorganisms and become an important human health concern, especially in the areas where OWTSs are used as the major wastewater treatment units. Although previous studies suggested the OWTSs could reduce chemical pollutants as well as effectively reducing microbial contaminants from onsite wastewater, the microbiological quality of effluents and the factors potentially affecting the removal are still understudied. Therefore, the design and optimization of pathogen removal performance necessitate a better mechanistic understanding of the hydrological, geochemical, and biological processes controlling the water quality in OWTSs. To fill the knowledge gaps, the sources of pathogens and common pathogenic indicators, along with their major removal mechanisms in OWTSs were discussed. This review evaluated the effectiveness of pathogen removal in state-of-art OWTSs and investigated the contributing factors for efficient pathogen removal (e.g., system configurations, filter materials, environmental and operational conditions), with the aim to guide the future design for optimized treatment performance.
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Kalinowska A, Jankowska K, Fudala-Ksiazek S, Pierpaoli M, Luczkiewicz A. The microbial community, its biochemical potential, and the antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. in Arctic lakes under natural and anthropogenic impact (West Spitsbergen). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142998. [PMID: 33213908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable management of small human communities in the Arctic is challenging. In this study, both a water supply system (Lake 1) under the natural impact of a bird-nesting area, and a wastewater receiver (Lake 2) were analysed in the vicinity of the Polish Polar Station on West Spitsbergen. Microbial community composition, abundance and activity were assessed in samples of the treated wastewater, lake water and sediments using next-generation sequencing and direct microscope counts. Special attention was given to the faecal indicator, Enterococcus spp., whose occurrence and antimicrobial resistance were tested in water and wastewater samples. The results indicate that Lake 1, at a tundra stream discharge (L-TS) and a water supply point (L-WS) were dominated by three phyla: Proteobacteria (57-58%) Bacteroidetes (27-29%) and Actinobacteria (9-10%), showing similar microbial composition up to the genus level. This suggests that nutrient-rich runoff from the bird colony was retained by surrounding tundra vegetation and reached Lake 1 at L-TS to a limited extent. Lake 2, being the wastewater recipient (WW-R), mirrors to some extent the core phyla of treated wastewater (WW-E), but in different shares. This suggests the possible washout of wastewater-related bacteria with activated sludge flocs, which was also supported by the microscopic observations. Compared to Lake 1, in WW-R an increase in all tested parameters was noted: total prokaryotic cell number, average cell volume, prokaryotic biomass and live cell percentage. The presence of Enterococcus spp. antibiotic resistance patterns highlight the importance of human associated microbiome and resistome dissemination via wastewater discharge. Moreover, it can be expected that temperature-related biochemical processes (e.g. nutrient cycling) may be accelerated by the ongoing climate change. Thus, proper wastewater treatment requires locally adapted solutions in increasingly visited and inhabited polar regions. Additionally, microbial community discharged to the environment with the treated wastewater, requires critical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kalinowska
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jankowska
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Sylwia Fudala-Ksiazek
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Mattia Pierpaoli
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Aneta Luczkiewicz
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
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Ofori S, Puškáčová A, Růžičková I, Wanner J. Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation: Pros and cons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:144026. [PMID: 33341618 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The appropriateness of using treated wastewater for crop or agricultural irrigation remains a bone of contention among experts and policymakers. Here, we outline and analyze not only the benefits but also the drawbacks of such a practice in order to suggest a way forward. To ensure that our review reflects the state-of-the-art in terms of technological advances and best practices, only literature published in the last decade is considered except for literature on the history of reuse. The review begins by highlighting growing water scarcity, the history of wastewater reuse in agriculture, and the limitations of existing studies. A short overview of the approach used in the write-up is outlined after the introduction. It then proceeds with an in-depth look at three broad areas: environmental impacts, public health impacts, and economic impacts. In terms of environmental impacts, effects on soil quality, water resources, plant growth, and soil microbial communities are analyzed. For each sub-area, the positive effects are described before the negative ones. The same approach is then applied to public health impacts, the focus of which is on human exposure to heavy metals and pathogens, and economic impacts, which are assessed with particular reference to investment cost, financial benefit to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), farm expenditure and income. Having weighed the advantages and disadvantages in each area, innovative measures are proposed for optimizing the benefits and mitigating the drawbacks of using treated wastewater for crop irrigation. Special consideration was given to contaminants of emerging concern and the known or perceived environmental and health risks associated with these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Ofori
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Adéla Puškáčová
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Růžičková
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Wanner
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
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45
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Upfold NS, Luke GA, Knox C. Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:1-31. [PMID: 33501612 PMCID: PMC7837882 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are a diverse group of human pathogens which are primarily transmitted by the faecal-oral route and are a major cause of non-bacterial diarrhoeal disease in both developed and developing countries. Because they are shed in high numbers by infected individuals and can persist for a long time in the environment, they pose a serious threat to human health globally. Enteric viruses end up in the environment mainly through discharge or leakage of raw or inadequately treated sewage into water sources such as springs, rivers, dams, or marine estuaries. Human exposure then follows when contaminated water is used for drinking, cooking, or recreation and, importantly, when filter-feeding bivalve shellfish are consumed. The human health hazard posed by enteric viruses is particularly serious in Africa where rapid urbanisation in a relatively short period of time has led to the expansion of informal settlements with poor sanitation and failing or non-existent wastewater treatment infrastructure, and where rural communities with limited or no access to municipal water are dependent on nearby open water sources for their subsistence. The role of sewage-contaminated water and bivalve shellfish as vehicles for transmission of enteric viruses is well documented but, to our knowledge, has not been comprehensively reviewed in the African context. Here we provide an overview of enteric viruses and then review the growing body of research where these viruses have been detected in association with sewage-contaminated water or food in several African countries. These studies highlight the need for more research into the prevalence, molecular epidemiology and circulation of these viruses in Africa, as well as for development and application of innovative wastewater treatment approaches to reduce environmental pollution and its impact on human health on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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46
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Mraz AL, Tumwebaze IK, McLoughlin SR, McCarthy ME, Verbyla ME, Hofstra N, Rose JB, Murphy HM. Why pathogens matter for meeting the united nations' sustainable development goal 6 on safely managed water and sanitation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116591. [PMID: 33189973 PMCID: PMC7814340 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Water and wastewater utilities, water and sanitation hygiene (WASH) practitioners, and regulating bodies, particularly in developing nations, rely heavily on indicator microorganisms, as opposed to pathogens, for much of their regulatory decisions. This commentary illustrates the importance of considering pathogens and not relying only on indicator organisms when making decisions regarding water and sanitation, especially with respect to meeting the current targets of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6. We use quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to present three common scenarios that WASH and public health practitioners encounter to illustrate our point. These include 1) chlorination of surface water for drinking, 2) land application of latrine waste as a fertilizer, and 3) recreation/domestic use of surface waters impacted by wastewater discharge. We show that the calculated probabilities of risk of infection are statistically significantly higher when using treatment/survival information for pathogens versus using indicator species data. Thus, demonstrating that relying solely on indicators for sanitation decision making is inadequate if we truly want to achieve the SDG6 targets of safely managed water and sanitation services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Mraz
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Lab (WHAM Lab), Philadelphia, PA USA; Department of Public Health, College of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Innocent K Tumwebaze
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Lab (WHAM Lab), Philadelphia, PA USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shane R McLoughlin
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Lab (WHAM Lab), Philadelphia, PA USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan E McCarthy
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Lab (WHAM Lab), Philadelphia, PA USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew E Verbyla
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Heather M Murphy
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Lab (WHAM Lab), Philadelphia, PA USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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47
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Shi D, Ma H, Miao J, Liu W, Yang D, Qiu Z, Shen Z, Yin J, Yang Z, Wang H, Li H, Chen Z, Li J, Jin M. Levels of human Rotaviruses and Noroviruses GII in urban rivers running through the city mirror their infection prevalence in populations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142203. [PMID: 32920413 PMCID: PMC7470703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses exposed to water pose a huge threat to global public health and can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. A sudden increase in enteric viruses in some water matrices also underpins the prevalence of corresponding waterborne diseases in communities over the same time period. However, few efforts have been focused on water matrices whose viral pollution may best reflect the clinical prevalence in communities. Here, a one-year surveillance of human enteric viruses including Enteroviruses (EnVs), Rotaviruses (HRVs), Astroviruses (AstVs), Noroviruses GII (HuNoVsGII) and Mastadenoviruses (HAdVs) in four representative water matrices: an urban river (UR) running through city, effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plant (EW), raw water for Urban Water Treatment Plant (RW), and tap water (TW) were performed by qPCR. The relationship between the virus detection frequency at each site and their prevalence in clinical PCR assay was further analyzed. We found that the detection frequencies of HRVs, HuNoVsGII, and AstVs in stools peaked in winter, while EnVs peaked in autumn. No EnVs occurred in EW, RW, or TW, but HuNoVsGII and AstVs occurred intensively in winter. For UR, all types of enteric viruses could be detected and the levels of acute gastroenteritis viruses (HRVs, HuNoVsGII, AstVs, and HAdVs) were highest in autumn or winter, whereas EnVs peaked in summer. In terms of correlation analyses, only HRVs and HuNoVsGII levels in UR showed a strong positive correlation with their prevalence in clinical stool samples. This study indicated that HRVs and HuNoVsGII levels in URs may mirror the local virus prevalence, thereby implying the possibility of revealing their local epidemiology by monitoring them in the URs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Children's Hospital, No. 238, Longyan Road, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Jing Miao
- Department of Public Health, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Weili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Huaran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Haibei Li
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Min Jin
- Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China.
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48
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Géba E, Rioult D, Palluel O, Dedourge-Geffard O, Betoulle S, Aubert D, Bigot-Clivot A. Resilience of Dreissena polymorpha in wastewater effluent: Use as a bioremediation tool? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111513. [PMID: 33113398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant treatments. In this context the use of biofilter species, like Dreissena polymorpha, as a bioremediation tool in wastewater is increasingly highlighted. The innovative aim of this study is to evaluate the zebra mussel survival in the outlet channel of a conventional WWTP to use them as bioremediation tool. For this, mussels were transplanted in the outlet channel for 28 days and different biomarkers were monitored. D. polymorpha is able to maintain itself in good physiological conditions until 21 days, yet at 28 days a high mortality rate (24%), a decrease in filtration efficiency (8/15 mussels filtered and 17.0% of filtration rate) and antioxidant system activation (CAT activity et gpx gene expression increase) suggest an exhaustion. Some biomarkers suggested a hypoxic stress. Despite the unfavourable conditions, bivalves have bioaccumulated pathogenic protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia duodenalis) during the exposure. Zebra mussel seems to be a promising tool for bioremediation in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Géba
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France; Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements) Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Damien Rioult
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France; Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Plateau Technique Mobile de cytométrie Environnementale MOBICYTE, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Olivier Palluel
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), Unité d'Ecotoxicologie in Vitro et in Vivo, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Odile Dedourge-Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA7510, ESCAPE (EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements) Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Aurélie Bigot-Clivot
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex, 2, France.
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49
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Zhu Y, Chen R, Li YY, Sano D. Virus removal by membrane bioreactors: A review of mechanism investigation and modeling efforts. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116522. [PMID: 33091802 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing pressure on the global water supply calls for more advanced solutions with higher efficiency and better sustainability, leading to the promptly developing water reclamation and reuse schemes including treatment technologies and risk management strategies where microbial safety is becoming a crucial aspect in the interest of public health. Backed up by the development of membrane technology, membrane bioreactors (MBR) have received substantial attention for their superiority over conventional treatment methods in many ways and are considered promising in the water reclamation realm. This review paper provides an overview of the efforts made to manage and control the potential waterborne viral disease risks raised by the use of effluent from MBR treatment processes, including the mechanisms involved in the virus removal process and the attempts to model the dynamics of the removal process. In principle, generalized and integrated virus removal models that provide insight into real-time monitoring are urgently needed for advanced real-time control purpose. Future studies of approaches that can well handle the inherent uncertainty and nonlinearity of the complex removal process are crucial to the development and promotion of related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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50
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Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Ighalo JO, Odey G, Ibrahim RG, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Tiamiyu AO, Ajibade TF, Abdulkadir TS, Adeniran KA, Choi KS. Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110309. [PMID: 33045227 DOI: 10.1016/j.envre.2020.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, and other recreational activities. While developed nations have made significant improvement in providing adequate quality water and sanitation devoid of virus contaminations to a significant percentage of the residences, many of the developing countries are still lacking in these regards, leading to many death cases among the vulnerable due to ingestion of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens. However, the recent global pandemic of COVID-19 seems to have changed the paradigm by reawakening the importance of water quality and sanitation, and focusing more attention on the pervasive effect of the use of virus-contaminated water as it can be a potential driver for the spread of the virus and other waterborne diseases, especially in developing nations that are characterized by low socioeconomic development. Therefore, this review assessed the socioeconomic inequalities related to the usage of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens in developing countries. The socioeconomic factors attributed to the various waterborne diseases due to the use of virus-contaminated water in many developing countries are poverty, the standard of living, access to health care facilities, age, gender, and level of education. Some mitigation strategies to address the viral contamination of water sources are therefore proposed, while future scope and recommendations on tackling the essential issues related to socioeconomic inequality in developing nations are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Golden Odey
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Kola Yusuff Kareem
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Temitope F Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | | | - Kamoru Akanni Adeniran
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kyung Sook Choi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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