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Piacentini R, Grassi C. Interleukin 1β receptor and synaptic dysfunction in recurrent brain infection with Herpes simplex virus type-1. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:416-423. [PMID: 38819045 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Among the molecular mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction occurring after Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation in the brain neuroinflammatory cytokines seem to occupy a central role. Here, we specifically reviewed literature reports dealing with the impact of neuroinflammation on synaptic dysfunction observed after recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-1 reactivation in the brain, highlighting the role of interleukins and, in particular, interleukin 1β as a possible target against Herpes simplex virus type-1-induced neuronal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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2
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Chen W, Jiang S, Li S, Li C, Xu R. OSMR is a potential driver of inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2513-2521. [PMID: 38526287 PMCID: PMC11090450 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202419110-00031/figure1/v/2024-03-08T184507Z/r/image-tiff Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease, and the molecular mechanism underlying its pathology remains poorly understood. However, inflammation is known to play an important role in the development of this condition. To identify driver genes that affect the inflammatory response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as potential treatment targets, it is crucial to analyze brain tissue samples from patients with both sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and C9orf72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, in this study we used a network-driven gene analysis tool, NetBID2.0, which is based on SJARACNe, a scalable algorithm for the reconstruction of accurate cellular networks, to experimentally analyze sequencing data from patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The results showed that the OSMR gene is pathogenic in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and participates in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by mediating the neuroinflammatory response. Furthermore, there were differences in OSMR activity and expression between patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and those with C9orf72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These findings suggest that OSMR may be a diagnostic and prognostic marker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shishi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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3
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Kerkis I, da Silva ÁP, Araldi RP. The impact of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and mesenchymal stem cell-derived IL-6 on neurological conditions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1400533. [PMID: 39015561 PMCID: PMC11249726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1400533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a versatile cytokine crucial for immune response modulation, inflammation regulation, and various physiological processes in the body. Its wide-ranging functions underscore its importance in maintaining health. Dysregulated IL-6 is closely associated with many diseases, making it a key research and therapeutic target. Elevated IL-6 levels in the central nervous system worsen neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases by activating microglia and astrocytes and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic molecules. Moreover, dysregulated IL-6 weakens the blood-brain barrier, exacerbating neuroinflammation and neuronal damage by allowing peripheral immune cells and inflammatory mediators to enter the brain. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promise in modulating neuroinflammation by regulating IL-6 levels. They effectively suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, while promoting anti-inflammatory factors. This therapeutic approach highlights the importance of targeting IL-6 and other inflammatory mediators to alleviate neuroinflammation and its adverse effects on neurological disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of IL-6's involvement in neurological disorders, examining endogenous IL-6 and IL-6 derived from MSCs. We explore IL-6's mechanisms affecting neuronal function, survival, and immune modulation in the central nervous system. Additionally, we discuss the potential of MSC-derived IL-6 in neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. By elucidating IL-6's interplay with neurological pathologies, this review offers insights into novel therapeutic strategies targeting IL-6 signaling pathways for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kerkis
- Genetics Laboratory, Center of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Prieto da Silva
- Genetics Laboratory, Center of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- BioDecision Analytics Ltda., São Paulo, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Structural and Functional Biology, Paulista School of Medicine Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Gazzin S, Bellarosa C, Tiribelli C. Molecular events in brain bilirubin toxicity revisited. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1734-1740. [PMID: 38378754 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in bilirubin neurotoxicity are still far from being fully elucidated. Several different events concur to damage mainly the neurons among which inflammation and alteration of the redox state play a major role. An imbalance of cellular calcium homeostasis has been recently described to be associated with toxic concentrations of bilirubin, and this disequilibrium may in turn elicit an inflammatory reaction. The different and age-dependent sensitivity to bilirubin damage must also be considered in describing the dramatic clinical picture of bilirubin-induced neurological damage (BIND) formerly known as kernicterus spectrum disorder (KSD). This review aims to critically address what is known and what is not in the molecular events of bilirubin neurotoxicity to provide hints for a better diagnosis and more successful treatments. Part of these concepts have been presented at the 38th Annual Audrey K. Brown Kernicterus Symposium of Pediatric American Society, Washington DC, May 1, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzin
- Liver-Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Bellarosa
- Liver-Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Liver-Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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5
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Dhiman S, Manoj N, Liput M, Sangwan A, Diehl J, Balcerak A, Sudhakar S, Augustyniak J, Jornet JM, Bae Y, Stachowiak EK, Dutta A, Stachowiak MK. Systems Genome: Coordinated Gene Activity Networks, Recurring Coordination Modules, and Genome Homeostasis in Developing Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5647. [PMID: 38891836 PMCID: PMC11171963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As human progenitor cells differentiate into neurons, the activities of many genes change; these changes are maintained within a narrow range, referred to as genome homeostasis. This process, which alters the synchronization of the entire expressed genome, is distorted in neurodevelopmental diseases such as schizophrenia. The coordinated gene activity networks formed by altering sets of genes comprise recurring coordination modules, governed by the entropy-controlling action of nuclear FGFR1, known to be associated with DNA topology. These modules can be modeled as energy-transferring circuits, revealing that genome homeostasis is maintained by reducing oscillations (noise) in gene activity while allowing gene activity changes to be transmitted across networks; this occurs more readily in neuronal committed cells than in neural progenitors. These findings advance a model of an "entangled" global genome acting as a flexible, coordinated homeostatic system that responds to developmental signals, is governed by nuclear FGFR1, and is reprogrammed in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Dhiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (S.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Namya Manoj
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (N.M.); (M.L.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (J.A.); (Y.B.); (E.K.S.)
| | - Michal Liput
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (N.M.); (M.L.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (J.A.); (Y.B.); (E.K.S.)
- Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Stem Cell Bioengineering Department, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amit Sangwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.S.); (J.M.J.)
| | - Justin Diehl
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (N.M.); (M.L.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (J.A.); (Y.B.); (E.K.S.)
| | - Anna Balcerak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (N.M.); (M.L.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (J.A.); (Y.B.); (E.K.S.)
| | - Sneha Sudhakar
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (N.M.); (M.L.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (J.A.); (Y.B.); (E.K.S.)
| | - Justyna Augustyniak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (N.M.); (M.L.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (J.A.); (Y.B.); (E.K.S.)
- Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Stem Cell Bioengineering Department, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Josep M. Jornet
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.S.); (J.M.J.)
| | - Yongho Bae
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (N.M.); (M.L.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (J.A.); (Y.B.); (E.K.S.)
| | - Ewa K. Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (N.M.); (M.L.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (J.A.); (Y.B.); (E.K.S.)
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (S.D.); (A.D.)
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Michal K. Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; (N.M.); (M.L.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (J.A.); (Y.B.); (E.K.S.)
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Ortega JA, Soares de Aguiar GP, Chandravanshi P, Levy N, Engel E, Álvarez Z. Exploring the properties and potential of the neural extracellular matrix for next-generation regenerative therapies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1962. [PMID: 38723788 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic and complex network of proteins and molecules that surrounds cells and tissues in the nervous system and orchestrates a myriad of biological functions. This review carefully examines the diverse interactions between cells and the ECM, as well as the transformative chemical and physical changes that the ECM undergoes during neural development, aging, and disease. These transformations play a pivotal role in shaping tissue morphogenesis and neural activity, thereby influencing the functionality of the central nervous system (CNS). In our comprehensive review, we describe the diverse behaviors of the CNS ECM in different physiological and pathological scenarios and explore the unique properties that make ECM-based strategies attractive for CNS repair and regeneration. Addressing the challenges of scalability, variability, and integration with host tissues, we review how advanced natural, synthetic, and combinatorial matrix approaches enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and functional recovery. Overall, this review highlights the potential of decellularized ECM as a powerful tool for CNS modeling and regenerative purposes and sets the stage for future research in this exciting field. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Ortega
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Gisele P Soares de Aguiar
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Palash Chandravanshi
- Biomaterials for Neural Regeneration Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natacha Levy
- Biomaterials for Neural Regeneration Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Engel
- IMEM-BRT Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, EEBE, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zaida Álvarez
- Biomaterials for Neural Regeneration Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Marazziti D, Massa L, Carbone MG, Palermo S, Arone A, D’Angelo G, Schulz Bizzozzero Crivelli N, Gurrieri R, Perrone P, Palagini L, Dell’Osso L. Silent Infections are not So Silent: The Emerging Role of Combined Infections, Inflammation, and Vitamin Levels in OCD. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2024; 21:7-21. [PMID: 38559435 PMCID: PMC10979795 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20240101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective Recent evidence highlights that different agents may trigger immune-mediated processes involved in the pathophysiology of different neuropsychiatric conditions. Given the limited information on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the present study aimed at assessing current/past infections and plasma levels of vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine and common peripheral inflammatory markers in a group of OCD outpatients. Method The sample included 217 adult outpatients with an OCD diagnosis according to the DSM-5 criteria. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to assess the clinical phenotype and symptom severity. Laboratory blood tests measured levels of vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), blood count and antibodies titers for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Toxoplasma gondii and antistreptolysin titer. Results Sixty-one patients had a previous EBV infection, 46 were seropositive for CMV IgG, 24 showed positive antistreptolysin titer, 14 were seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii IgG, and four for CMV IgM. More than a half of patients showed vitamin D insufficiency. Compared to seronegative patients, patients with a past EBV infection displayed significantly higher scores on the Y-BOCS total score and compulsion subscale, and other symptoms. Vitamin D was negatively correlated with both the Y-BOCS total score and the subscales scores. Folic acid was negatively correlated with the Y-BOCS total and obsessions subscale score. Conclusions The findings of our study show an association between Epstein-Barr infection and hypovitaminosis D and the overall severity and specific symptom patterns of OCD. The laboratory measures used in this study are useful, cheap and easy parameters that should be routinely assessed in patients with OCD. Further studies are needed to clarify their role in OCD pathophysiology and outcomes, as well as the potential therapeutic impact of vitamins and antibiotics/immunomodulatory agents in OCD and other psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Massa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuel Glauco Carbone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Psychiatry, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefania Palermo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgia D’Angelo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Gurrieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Perrone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana Dell’Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Padilla-Valdez MM, Díaz-Iñiguez MI, Ortuño-Sahagún D, Rojas-Mayorquín AE. Neuroinflammation in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and related novel therapeutic approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166854. [PMID: 37611676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term to describe the neurological effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). It has been extensively characterized that PAE causes cell proliferation disruption, heterotopias, and malformations in various brain regions and there is increasing evidence that neuroinflammation is responsible for some of these neurotoxic effects. Despite evidence of its importance, neuroinflammation is not usually considered at diagnosis or treatment for FASD. Here, we discuss the literature regarding anti- inflammatory drugs and nutraceuticals, which hold promise for future therapeutical interventions in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Madeleine Padilla-Valdez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Guadalajara 45200, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, C.P 44340 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Díaz-Iñiguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Guadalajara 45200, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, C.P 44340 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, C.P 44340 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico.
| | - Argelia Esperanza Rojas-Mayorquín
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Guadalajara 45200, Mexico.
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9
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Essogmo FE, Zhilenkova AV, Tchawe YSN, Owoicho AM, Rusanov AS, Boroda A, Pirogova YN, Sangadzhieva ZD, Sanikovich VD, Bagmet NN, Sekacheva MI. Cytokine Profile in Lung Cancer Patients: Anti-Tumor and Oncogenic Cytokines. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5383. [PMID: 38001643 PMCID: PMC10670546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is currently the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (ICI) has emerged as a new treatment. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TMJ) or the immune system surrounding the tumor is needed. Cytokines are small proteins that carry messages between cells and are known to play an important role in the body's response to inflammation and infection. Cytokines are important for immunity in lung cancer. They promote tumor growth (oncogenic cytokines) or inhibit tumor growth (anti-tumour cytokines) by controlling signaling pathways for growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. The immune system relies heavily on cytokines. They can also be produced in the laboratory for therapeutic use. Cytokine therapy helps the immune system to stop the growth or kill cancer cells. Interleukins and interferons are the two types of cytokines used to treat cancer. This article begins by addressing the role of the TMJ and its components in lung cancer. This review also highlights the functions of various cytokines such as interleukins (IL), transforming growth factor (TGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Elad Essogmo
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
- Cameroon Oncology Center (COC), Douala P.O. Box 1864, Cameroon
| | - Angelina V. Zhilenkova
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
| | - Yvan Sinclair Ngaha Tchawe
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
| | - Abah Moses Owoicho
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
| | - Alexander S. Rusanov
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
| | - Alexander Boroda
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
| | - Yuliya N. Pirogova
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
| | - Zaiana D. Sangadzhieva
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
| | - Varvara D. Sanikovich
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
| | - Nikolay N. Bagmet
- Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow 117418, Russia;
| | - Marina I. Sekacheva
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (F.E.E.); (A.V.Z.); (Y.S.N.T.); (A.M.O.); (A.S.R.); (A.B.); (Y.N.P.); (Z.D.S.); (V.D.S.)
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10
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De Freitas-Suarez A, Espinosa-Ponce N, Alvarez-Roger N, Cabrera-Suarez AI, Jiménez-Jordán G, Vega-Roman R, Inyushin M, Alves JM. An Integrative Approach to the Current Treatment of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders and the Implementation of Leukemia Inhibitor Factor as a Mediator of Neurocognitive Preservation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2194. [PMID: 38004334 PMCID: PMC10672511 DOI: 10.3390/life13112194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) continue to impact patients despite antiretroviral therapy. A combination of antiretroviral therapies can diminish the HIV viral load to near undetectable levels, but fails to preserve neurocognitive integrity. The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has shown neuroprotective properties that could mitigate neurodegeneration in HANDs. The LIF promotes neurogenesis, neural cell differentiation, and survival. Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces severe forms of HANDs, but neurocognitive impairment persists; additionally, some antiretrovirals have additional adverse neurotoxic effects. The LIF counteracts neurotoxic viral proteins and limits neural cell damage in models of neuroinflammation. Adding the LIF as an adjuvant therapy to enhance neuroprotection merits further research for managing HANDs. The successful implementation of the LIF to current therapies would contribute to achieving a better quality of life for the affected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Espinosa-Ponce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA; (N.E.-P.); (A.I.C.-S.)
| | - Natalia Alvarez-Roger
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA; (N.A.-R.); (R.V.-R.)
| | - Arianna Iris Cabrera-Suarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA; (N.E.-P.); (A.I.C.-S.)
| | | | - Rocio Vega-Roman
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA; (N.A.-R.); (R.V.-R.)
| | - Mikhail Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA;
| | - Janaina M. Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA; (N.E.-P.); (A.I.C.-S.)
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11
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Boahen A, Hu D, Adams MJ, Nicholls PK, Greene WK, Ma B. Bidirectional crosstalk between the peripheral nervous system and lymphoid tissues/organs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254054. [PMID: 37767094 PMCID: PMC10520967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) influences the immune system generally by regulating the systemic concentration of humoral substances (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), whereas the peripheral nervous system (PNS) communicates specifically with the immune system according to local interactions/connections. An imbalance between the components of the PNS might contribute to pathogenesis and the further development of certain diseases. In this review, we have explored the "thread" (hardwiring) of the connections between the immune system (e.g., primary/secondary/tertiary lymphoid tissues/organs) and PNS (e.g., sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (ENS)) in health and disease in vitro and in vivo. Neuroimmune cell units provide an anatomical and physiological basis for bidirectional crosstalk between the PNS and the immune system in peripheral tissues, including lymphoid tissues and organs. These neuroimmune interactions/modulation studies might greatly contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms through which the PNS possibly affects cellular and humoral-mediated immune responses or vice versa in health and diseases. Physical, chemical, pharmacological, and other manipulations of these neuroimmune interactions should bring about the development of practical therapeutic applications for certain neurological, neuroimmunological, infectious, inflammatory, and immunological disorders/diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Boahen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri-Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dailun Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Murray J. Adams
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Philip K. Nicholls
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Wayne K. Greene
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Bin Ma
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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12
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Woods R, Lorusso J, Fletcher J, ElTaher H, McEwan F, Harris I, Kowash H, D'Souza SW, Harte M, Hager R, Glazier JD. Maternal immune activation and role of placenta in the prenatal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuronal Signal 2023; 7:NS20220064. [PMID: 37332846 PMCID: PMC10273029 DOI: 10.1042/ns20220064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy, leading to maternal immune activation (mIA) and cytokine release, increases the offspring risk of developing a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including schizophrenia. Animal models have provided evidence to support these mechanistic links, with placental inflammatory responses and dysregulation of placental function implicated. This leads to changes in fetal brain cytokine balance and altered epigenetic regulation of key neurodevelopmental pathways. The prenatal timing of such mIA-evoked changes, and the accompanying fetal developmental responses to an altered in utero environment, will determine the scope of the impacts on neurodevelopmental processes. Such dysregulation can impart enduring neuropathological changes, which manifest subsequently in the postnatal period as altered neurodevelopmental behaviours in the offspring. Hence, elucidation of the functional changes that occur at the molecular level in the placenta is vital in improving our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of NDDs. This has notable relevance to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, where inflammatory responses in the placenta to SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and NDDs in early childhood have been reported. This review presents an integrated overview of these collective topics and describes the possible contribution of prenatal programming through placental effects as an underlying mechanism that links to NDD risk, underpinned by altered epigenetic regulation of neurodevelopmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Woods
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Jarred M. Lorusso
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Jennifer Fletcher
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Heidi ElTaher
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Francesca McEwan
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Isabella Harris
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Hager M. Kowash
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, U.K
| | - Stephen W. D'Souza
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, U.K
| | - Michael Harte
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Jocelyn D. Glazier
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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13
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Galappaththi SL, Katz B, Howze PH, Hoover G, Grelet S. A CRISPR/Cas9-Based Assay for High-Throughput Studies of Cancer-Induced Innervation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072026. [PMID: 37046688 PMCID: PMC10093009 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggressive nature of certain cancers and their adverse effects on patient outcomes have been linked to cancer innervation, where neurons infiltrate and differentiate within the cancer stroma. Recently we demonstrated how cancer plasticity and TGFβ signaling could promote breast cancer innervation that is associated with increased cancer aggressivity. Despite the promising potential of cancer innervation as a target for anti-cancer therapies, there is currently a significant lack of effective methods to study cancer-induced neuronal differentiation, hindering the development of high-throughput approaches for identifying new targets or pharmacological inhibitors against cancer innervation. To overcome this challenge, we used CRISPR-based endogenous labeling of the neuronal marker β3-tubulin in neuronal precursors to investigate cancer-induced neuronal differentiation in nerve-cancer cocultures and provide a tool that allows for better standardization and reproducibility of studies about cancer-induced innervation. Our approach demonstrated that β3-tubulin gene editing did not affect neuronal behavior and enabled accurate reporting of cancer-induced neuronal differentiation dynamics in high-throughput settings, which makes this approach suitable for screening large cohorts of cells or testing various biological contexts. In a more context-based approach, by combining this method with a cell model of breast cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition, we revealed the role of cancer cell plasticity in promoting neuronal differentiation, suggesting that cancer innervation represents an underexplored path for epithelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated cancer aggressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapthala Loku Galappaththi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Brenna Katz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Patrick H. Howze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Gregory Hoover
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Simon Grelet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Radford-Smith DE, Anthony DC. Mechanisms of Maternal Diet-Induced Obesity Affecting the Offspring Brain and Development of Affective Disorders. Metabolites 2023; 13:455. [PMID: 36984895 PMCID: PMC10053489 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and metabolic disease are common disorders that share a bidirectional relationship and continue to increase in prevalence. Maternal diet and maternal behaviour both profoundly influence the developmental trajectory of offspring during the perinatal period. At an epidemiological level, both maternal depression and obesity during pregnancy have been shown to increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disease in the subsequent generation. Considerable progress has been made to understand the mechanisms by which maternal obesity disrupts the developing offspring gut-brain axis, priming offspring for the development of affective disorders. This review outlines such mechanisms in detail, including altered maternal care, the maternal microbiome, inflammation, breast milk composition, and maternal and placental metabolites. Subsequently, offspring may be prone to developing gut-brain interaction disorders with concomitant changes to brain energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and behaviour, alongside gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiome may act as a key modifiable, and therefore treatable, feature of the relationship between maternal obesity and the offspring brain function. Further studies examining the relationship between maternal nutrition, the maternal microbiome and metabolites, and offspring neurodevelopment are warranted to identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Radford-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford OX37JX, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13TA, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13QT, UK
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15
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Li X, Zhou L, Zhang X, Jin Y, Zhao B, Zhang D, Xi C, Ruan J, Zhu Z, Jia JM. Proteins secreted by brain arteriolar smooth muscle cells are instructive for neural development. Mol Brain 2022; 15:97. [PMID: 36451193 PMCID: PMC9710182 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication between vascular and nerve cells mediated by diffusible proteins has recently emerged as a critical intrinsic program for neural development. However, whether the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) secretome regulates the connectivity of neural circuits remains unknown. Here, we show that conditioned medium from brain VSMC cultures enhances multiple neuronal functions, such as neuritogenesis, neuronal maturation, and survival, thereby improving circuit connectivity. However, protein denaturation by heating compromised these effects. Combined omics analyses of donor VSMC secretomes and recipient neuron transcriptomes revealed that overlapping pathways of extracellular matrix receptor signaling and adhesion molecule integrin binding mediate VSMC-dependent neuronal development. Furthermore, we found that human arterial VSMCs promote neuronal development in multiple ways, including expanding the time window for nascent neurite initiation, increasing neuronal density, and promoting synchronized firing, whereas human umbilical vein VSMCs lack this capability. These in vitro data indicate that brain arteriolar VSMCs may carry direct instructive information for neural development through intercellular communication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhao Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Lili Zhou
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Yuxiao Jin
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Bingrui Zhao
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Chengjie Xi
- grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094Biotechnology Master’s Program, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Jiayu Ruan
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Jie-Min Jia
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
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16
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Genetic variations in evolutionary accelerated regions disrupt cognition in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2022; 314:114586. [PMID: 35623238 PMCID: PMC10150587 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cognition is believed to be a product of human evolution, while schizophrenia is ascribed as the by-product with cognitive impairment as it's genetically mediated endophenotype. Genomic loci associated with these traits are enriched with recent evolutionary markers such as Human accelerated regions (HARs). HARs are markedly different in humans since their divergence with chimpanzees and mostly regulate gene expression by binding to transcription factors and/or modulating chromatin interactions. We hypothesize that variants within HARs may alter such functions and thus contribute to disease pathogenesis. 49 systematically prioritized variants from 2737 genome-wide HARs were genotyped in a north-Indian schizophrenia cohort (331 cases, 235 controls). Six variants were significantly associated with cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, thirteen with general cognition in healthy individuals. These variants were mapped to 122 genes; predicted to alter 79 transcription factors binding sites and overlapped with promoters, enhancers and/or repressors. These genes and TFs are implicated in neurocognitive phenotypes, autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorders; a few are targets of common or repurposable antipsychotics suggesting their draggability; and enriched for immune response and brain developmental pathways. Immune response has been more strongly targeted by natural selection during human evolution and has a prominent role in neurodevelopment. Thus, its disruption may have deleterious consequences for neuronal and cognitive functions. Importantly, among the 15 associated SNPs, 12 showed association in several independent GWASs of different neurocognitive functions. Further analysis of HARs may be valuable to understand their role in cognition biology and identify improved therapeutics for schizophrenia.
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17
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Della Vecchia A, Marazziti D. Back to the Future: The Role of Infections in Psychopathology. Focus on OCD. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2022; 19:248-263. [PMID: 36101642 PMCID: PMC9442856 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the relationship between infections and psychopathology, given the increasing data on the neurotropism and neurological/psychiatric morbidity of the SARS-COV2 virus, responsible for the current worldwide pandemic. Although the majority of observations were those obtained in mood and schizophrenic disorders, a few data are also available on the presence of bacterial or viral infections in patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, given the limited information, the present paper aimed at reviewing the most updated evidence of infections in neuropsychiatric disorders and their possible mechanisms of actions, with a narrow focus on microbes in OCD. METHOD This paper is a narrative review. The databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were accessed to research and collect English language papers published between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 2021. The data on PANDAS/PANS and those observed during severe brain infections were excluded. RESULTS Several pathogens have been associated with an increased risk to develop a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Some evidence supported a possible role of infections also in the pathophysiology of OCD. Infections from Herpes simplex virus 1, Borna disease virus, Group A-Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus, Borrelia spp., and Toxoplasma gondii were actually found in patients with OCD. Although different mechanisms have been hypothesized, all would converge to trigger functional/structural alterations of specific circuits or immune processes, with cascade dysfunctions of several other systems. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current evidence, a possible contribution of different types of microbes has been proposed for different neuropsychiatric disorders including OCD. However, the currently available literature is meager and heterogeneous in terms of sample characteristics and methods used. Therefore, further studies are needed to better understand the impact of infectious agents in neuropsychiatric disorders. Our opinion is that deeper insights in this field might contribute to a better definition of biological underpinnings of specific clinical pictures, as well as to promote psychiatric precision medicine, with treatments based on altered pathological pathways of single patients. This might be particularly relevant in OCD, a disorder with a high proportion of patients who are resistant or do not respond to conventional therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, and
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, and, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences – UniCamillus, Rome, Italy
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18
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Elkhatib SK, Moshfegh CM, Watson GF, Case AJ. T-lymphocyte tyrosine hydroxylase regulates T H17 T-lymphocytes during repeated social defeat stress. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 104:18-28. [PMID: 35580792 PMCID: PMC9659669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder which results in deleterious changes to psychological and physical health. Patients with PTSD are especially susceptible to life-threatening co-morbid inflammation-driven pathologies, such as autoimmunity, while also demonstrating increased T-helper 17 (TH17) lymphocyte-driven inflammation. While the exact mechanism of this increased inflammation is unknown, overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is a hallmark of PTSD. Neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system (i.e., catecholamines) can alter T-lymphocyte function, which we have previously demonstrated to be partially mitochondrial redox-mediated. Furthermore, we have previously elucidated that T-lymphocytes generate their own catecholamines, and strong associations exist between tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines) and pro-inflammatory interleukin 17A (IL-17A) expression within purified T-lymphocytes in a rodent model of psychological trauma. Therefore, we hypothesized that T-lymphocyte-generated catecholamines drive TH17 T-lymphocyte polarization through a mitochondrial superoxide-dependent mechanism during psychological trauma. To test this, T-lymphocyte-specific TH knockout mice (THT-KO) were subjected to psychological trauma utilizing repeated social defeat stress (RSDS). RSDS characteristically increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-22, however, IL-17A and IL-22 (TH17 produced cytokines) were selectively attenuated in circulation and in T-lymphocytes of THT-KO animals. When activated ex vivo, secretion of IL-17A and IL-22 by THT-KO T-lymphocytes was also found to be reduced, but could be partially rescued with supplementation of norepinephrine specifically. Interestingly, THT-KO T-lymphocytes were still able to polarize to TH17 under exogenous polarizing conditions. Last, contrary to our hypothesis, we found RSDS-exposed THT-KO T-lymphocytes still displayed elevated mitochondrial superoxide, suggesting increased mitochondrial superoxide is upstream of T-lymphocyte TH induction, activity, and TH17 regulation. Overall, these data demonstrate TH in T-lymphocytes plays a critical role in RSDS-induced TH17 T-lymphocytes and offer a previously undescribed regulator of inflammation in RSDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan K Elkhatib
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Cassandra M Moshfegh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Gabrielle F Watson
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Adam J Case
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States.
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19
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Cohen-Rengifo M, Danion M, Gonzalez AA, Bégout ML, Cormier A, Noël C, Cabon J, Vitré T, Mark FC, Mazurais D. The extensive transgenerational transcriptomic effects of ocean acidification on the olfactory epithelium of a marine fish are associated with a better viral resistance. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:448. [PMID: 35710351 PMCID: PMC9204966 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive CO2-induced ocean acidification (OA) impacts marine life in ways that are difficult to predict but are likely to become exacerbated over generations. Although marine fishes can balance acid–base homeostasis efficiently, indirect ionic regulation that alter neurosensory systems can result in behavioural abnormalities. In marine invertebrates, OA can also affect immune system function, but whether this is the case in marine fishes is not fully understood. Farmed fish are highly susceptible to disease outbreak, yet strategies for overcoming such threats in the wake of OA are wanting. Here, we exposed two generations of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to end-of-century predicted pH levels (IPCC RCP8.5), with parents (F1) being exposed for four years and their offspring (F2) for 18 months. Our design included a transcriptomic analysis of the olfactory rosette (collected from the F2) and a viral challenge (exposing F2 to betanodavirus) where we assessed survival rates. Results We discovered transcriptomic trade-offs in both sensory and immune systems after long-term transgenerational exposure to OA. Specifically, RNA-Seq analysis of the olfactory rosette, the peripheral olfactory organ, from 18-months-old F2 revealed extensive regulation in genes involved in ion transport and neuronal signalling, including GABAergic signalling. We also detected OA-induced up-regulation of genes associated with odour transduction, synaptic plasticity, neuron excitability and wiring and down-regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism. Furthermore, OA-exposure induced up-regulation of genes involved in innate antiviral immunity (pathogen recognition receptors and interferon-stimulated genes) in combination with down-regulation of the protein biosynthetic machinery. Consistently, OA-exposed F2 challenged with betanodavirus, which causes damage to the nervous system of marine fish, had acquired improved resistance. Conclusion F2 exposed to long-term transgenerational OA acclimation showed superior viral resistance, though as their metabolic and odour transduction programs were altered, odour-mediated behaviours might be consequently impacted. Although it is difficult to unveil how long-term OA impacts propagated between generations, our results reveal that, across generations, trade-offs in plastic responses is a core feature of the olfactory epithelium transcriptome in OA-exposed F2 offspring, and will have important consequences for how cultured and wild fish interacts with its environment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08647-w.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgane Danion
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Anne-Alicia Gonzalez
- MGX, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Biocampus Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bégout
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, IRD, France
| | | | - Cyril Noël
- IFREMER, SEBIMER, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Felix C Mark
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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20
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Dash S, Syed YA, Khan MR. Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Brain Development and Its Association With Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:880544. [PMID: 35493075 PMCID: PMC9048050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.880544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has a tremendous influence on human physiology, including the nervous system. During fetal development, the initial colonization of the microbiome coincides with the development of the nervous system in a timely, coordinated manner. Emerging studies suggest an active involvement of the microbiome and its metabolic by-products in regulating early brain development. However, any disruption during this early developmental process can negatively impact brain functionality, leading to a range of neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD). In this review, we summarize recent evidence as to how the gut microbiome can influence the process of early human brain development and its association with major neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Further, we discuss how gut microbiome alterations can also play a role in inducing drug resistance in the affected individuals. We propose a model that establishes a direct link of microbiome dysbiosis with the exacerbated inflammatory state, leading to functional brain deficits associated with NPD. Based on the existing research, we discuss a framework whereby early diet intervention can boost mental wellness in the affected subjects and call for further research for a better understanding of mechanisms that govern the gut-brain axis may lead to novel approaches to the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somarani Dash
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Yasir Ahmed Syed
- School of Biosciences and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mojibur R. Khan
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- *Correspondence: Mojibur R. Khan,
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21
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McLellan J, Kim DHJ, Bruce M, Ramirez-Celis A, Van de Water J. Maternal Immune Dysregulation and Autism-Understanding the Role of Cytokines, Chemokines and Autoantibodies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:834910. [PMID: 35722542 PMCID: PMC9201050 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.834910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is acknowledged as a highly heterogeneous, behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder with multiple etiologies. In addition to its high heritability, we have come to recognize a role for maternal immune system dysregulation as a prominent risk factor for the development of ASD in the child. Examples of these risk factors include altered cytokine/chemokine activity and the presence of autoantibodies in mothers that are reactive to proteins in the developing brain. In addition to large clinical studies, the development of pre-clinical models enables the ability to evaluate the cellular and molecular underpinnings of immune-related pathology. For example, the novel animal models of maternal autoantibody-related (MAR) ASD described herein will serve as a preclinical platform for the future testing of targeted therapeutics for one 'type' of ASD. Identification of the cellular targets will advance precision medicine efforts toward tailored therapeutics and prevention. This minireview highlights emerging evidence for the role of maternal immune dysregulation as a potential biomarker, as well as a pathologically relevant mechanism for the development of ASD in offspring. Further, we will discuss the current limitations of these models as well as potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna McLellan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Danielle H J Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Bruce
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra Ramirez-Celis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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22
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Leschik J, Lutz B, Gentile A. Stress-Related Dysfunction of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis-An Attempt for Understanding Resilience? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7339. [PMID: 34298958 PMCID: PMC8305135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus are regulated by many intrinsic and extrinsic cues. It is well accepted that elevated glucocorticoid levels lead to downregulation of adult neurogenesis, which this review discusses as one reason why psychiatric diseases, such as major depression, develop after long-term stress exposure. In reverse, adult neurogenesis has been suggested to protect against stress-induced major depression, and hence, could serve as a resilience mechanism. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about the functional relation of adult neurogenesis and stress in health and disease. A special focus will lie on the mechanisms underlying the cascades of events from prolonged high glucocorticoid concentrations to reduced numbers of newborn neurons. In addition to neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor dysregulation, these mechanisms include immunomodulatory pathways, as well as microbiota changes influencing the gut-brain axis. Finally, we discuss recent findings delineating the role of adult neurogenesis in stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leschik
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy;
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23
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Baranova J, Dragunas G, Botellho MCS, Ayub ALP, Bueno-Alves R, Alencar RR, Papaiz DD, Sogayar MC, Ulrich H, Correa RG. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Signaling Pathways and Prospective Therapeutic Targets. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:619-649. [PMID: 32468442 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) consists of a prevalent and heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental diseases representing a severe burden to affected individuals and their caretakers. Despite substantial improvement towards understanding of ASD etiology and pathogenesis, as well as increased social awareness and more intensive research, no effective drugs have been successfully developed to resolve the main and most cumbersome ASD symptoms. Hence, finding better treatments, which may act as "disease-modifying" agents, and novel biomarkers for earlier ASD diagnosis and disease stage determination are needed. Diverse mutations of core components and consequent malfunctions of several cell signaling pathways have already been found in ASD by a series of experimental platforms, including genetic associations analyses and studies utilizing pre-clinical animal models and patient samples. These signaling cascades govern a broad range of neurological features such as neuronal development, neurotransmission, metabolism, and homeostasis, as well as immune regulation and inflammation. Here, we review the current knowledge on signaling pathways which are commonly disrupted in ASD and autism-related conditions. As such, we further propose ways to translate these findings into the development of genetic and biochemical clinical tests for early autism detection. Moreover, we highlight some putative druggable targets along these pathways, which, upon further research efforts, may evolve into novel therapeutic interventions for certain ASD conditions. Lastly, we also refer to the crosstalk among these major signaling cascades as well as their putative implications in therapeutics. Based on this collective information, we believe that a timely and accurate modulation of these prominent pathways may shape the neurodevelopment and neuro-immune regulation of homeostatic patterns and, hopefully, rescue some (if not all) ASD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Baranova
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dragunas
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mayara C S Botellho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa P Ayub
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Bueno-Alves
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rebeca R Alencar
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Debora D Papaiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Mari C Sogayar
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Rua Pangaré 100 (Edifício NUCEL), Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G Correa
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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24
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Azadian S, Zahiri J, Shahriar Arab S, Hassan Sajedi R. Reconstruction of Intercellular Signaling Network by Cytokine-Receptor Interactions. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:e2560. [PMID: 34179188 PMCID: PMC8217541 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2021.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The immune system function depends on the coordination activity of the components of system and communications between them
which leads to the formation of a complex communication network between immune cells.
In this network, cytokines have an important role in the communication between immune cells through the interaction to their specific receptors.
These molecules cause to cellular communications and normal function of a tissue. Reconstruction of such a complex network
can be a way to provide a better understanding of cytokines’ function. Objective: Our main goal from reconstructing such a network was investigation of expressed cytokines and cytokines receptors in various
lineage and tissues of immune cells and identifying the lineage and tissue with the highest expression of cytokines and their receptors. Materials and Methods: In this study, gene expression data related to part of the Immunological Genome Project (ImmGen) and receptor-ligand interactions
dataset were used to reconstruct the immune network in mouse. In next step, the topological properties of reconstructed network,
expression specificity of cytokines and their receptors and interactions specificity were analyzed. Results: The results of the network analysis were indicated that non- hematopoietic stromal cells have the highest expression of cytokines and cytokine receptors and interactions specificity is very high. Our results show that chemokine receptor of Ccr1 receives the largest number of signals between receptors and only expressed in three hematopoietic lineages. Conclusions: The most of the network communications belonged to non-hematopoietic stromal and macrophage cells. The relationships between stromal
cells and macrophages are necessary to create an appropriate environment for differentiation of immune cells.
Studying the cellular expression specificity of receptor and ligand genes reveal the high degree of specificity of these genes that
indicate non-random transfer of information between cells in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Azadian
- Department of Biophysics, Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Department of Biophysics, Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hassan Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Zein H, Mohammad K, Leijser LM, Brundler MA, Kirton A, Esser MJ. Cord Blood Cytokine Levels Correlate With Types of Placental Pathology in Extremely Preterm Infants. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:607684. [PMID: 33777861 PMCID: PMC7991101 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.607684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Placental abnormalities are associated with inflammation and have been linked to brain injury in preterm infants. We studied the relationship between placental pathology and the temporal profiles of cytokine levels in extremely pre-term infants. Study Design: We prospectively enrolled 55 extremely preterm infants born between June 2017 and July 2018. Levels of 27 cytokines were measured in blood drawn from the umbilical artery at birth and from infants at 1-3 and 21-28 days of life. Placental pathology was grouped as normal (N), inflammation (I), vasculopathy (V), or combined vasculopathy and inflammation (V+I). Results: Complete data was available from 42 patients. Cord blood median levels of cytokines differed between groups with the highest levels observed in group V+I as compared to groups N, I and V for the following: Eotaxin (p = 0.038), G-CSF (p = 0.023), IFN-γ (p = 0.002), IL-1ra (p < 0.001), IL-4 (p = 0.005), IL-8 (p = 0.010), MCP-1 (p = 0.011), and TNFα (p = 0.002). Post-hoc analysis revealed sex differences between and within the placental pathology groups. Conclusion: Specific types of placental pathology may be associated with differential cytokine profiles in extremely pre-term infants. Sampling from cord blood may help assess the pathological status of the placenta and potentially infer outcome risks for the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Zein
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Khorshid Mohammad
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lara M Leijser
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie-Anne Brundler
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J Esser
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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26
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Chen W, Shu Q, Fan J. Neural Regulation of Interactions Between Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Pulmonary Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576929. [PMID: 33193374 PMCID: PMC7658006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the involvement of nervous system in the regulation of immune responses. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which function as a crucial bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, are present in large numbers in barrier tissues. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters have been found to participate in the regulation of ILC2, adding a new dimension to neuroimmunity. However, a comprehensive and detailed overview of the mechanisms of neural regulation of ILC2, associated with previous findings and prospects for future research, is still lacking. In this review, we compile existing information that supports neurons as yet poorly understood regulators of ILC2 in the field of lung innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on neural regulation of the interaction between ILC2 and pulmonary immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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27
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Abstract
AbstractPain is a challenge to rheumatologists. Not only patients with active arthritis
but also patients with a good therapeutic response and even in remission
complain of persistent joint pain. It has been proposed that a chronic pain
stimulus may have a greater impact in a chronic inflammatory state, and the
process towards a pain condition may be influenced by individual predisposition
for development of chronic pain. In addition, features of peripheral pain
processing may be exacerbated by inflammation, and disturbed pain processing may
be a feature contributing to widespread pain. Furthermore, a neuropathic
component may be part of the total pain experience of our patients. There are
many different strategies of pain therapy in patients with rheumatic diseases,
such as pharmacological and non- pharmacological modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Seifert
- Abteilung für Rheumatologie, Medizinische Klinik III,
Universitätskliniken Leipzig, Leipzig
| | - Christoph Baerwald
- Abteilung für Rheumatologie, Medizinische Klinik III,
Universitätskliniken Leipzig, Leipzig
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28
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Huang L, Fang HB, Cheng HH, Mei SL, Cheng YP, Lv Y, Meng QT, Xia ZY. Epigenetic modulation of the MAPK pathway prevents isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and cognitive decline in aged rats. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:35. [PMID: 32952626 PMCID: PMC7480129 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane is a broadly used inhalation anesthetic that causes cognitive impairment in rodent models as well as humans. Although previous studies suggested an association between isoflurane exposure and neuro-inflammation, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, the pathogenesis of isoflurane-induced cognitive decline remains elusive. In the present study, 22-month-old male Sprague-Dawley male rats (n=96) were divided into three groups: Control (Cont), isoflurane (ISO) and MS-275 pre-treated groups. The rats were sacrificed following exposure to isoflurane and a cognitive test. The hippocampus of each animal was harvested for quantitative PCR, TUNEL staining and western blot analysis. Histone deacetylases (HDAC)-1, -2 and -3 exhibited a significant increase at the gene and protein expression levels, whereas negligible mRNA expressions were observed for genes HDAC 4-11 (P>0.05; compared with Cont). Pre-treatment with the HDAC inhibitor MS-275 significantly inhibited the increase in TUNEL-positive cells induced by isoflurane exposure (70.72% decrease; P<0.001; compared with ISO). Furthermore, MS-275 significantly decreased caspase-3 and Bax expression levels while increasing Bcl-2 protein expression. The isoflurane-induced changes in the MAPK pathway signaling proteins ERK1/2, JNK and p38 were also reversed with MS-275 pre-treatment. Finally, in a Morris water maze test, the time to find a hidden platform was reduced in MS-275 pre-treated rats, compared with the ISO group. Therefore, the present study provided insight into the effect of isoflurane exposure on neuronal apoptosis pathways, as well as cognitive decline via epigenetic programming of MAPK signaling in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Hui Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Lan Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Ping Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yao Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Tao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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29
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Cytokine changes associated with the maternal immune activation (MIA) model of autism: A penalized regression approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231609. [PMID: 32760152 PMCID: PMC7410235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy induces a cytokine storm that alters neurodevelopment and behavior in the progeny. In humans, MIA increases the odds of developing neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In mice, MIA can be induced by injecting the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) to pregnant dams. Although the murine model of MIA has been extensively studied, it is not clear whether MIA results in cytokine changes in the progeny at early postnatal stages. Further, the murine model of MIA suffers from a lack of reproducibility and high inter-individual variability. Multivariable (MV) statistical analysis is widely used in human studies to control for confounders and covariates such as sex, age and exposure to environmental factors. We therefore reasoned that animal studies in general and studies on the MIA model in particular could benefit from MV analyses to account for complex phenotype interactions and high inter-individual variability. Here, we used MV statistical analysis to identify cytokines associated with MIA after adjustment for covariates. Besides confirming the association between previously described variables and MIA, we identified new cytokines that could play a role in behavioural alterations in the progeny during the early postnatal period.
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30
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Toricelli M, Evangelista SR, Buck HS, Viel TA. Microdose Lithium Treatment Reduced Inflammatory Factors and Neurodegeneration in Organotypic Hippocampal Culture of Old SAMP-8 Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1509-1520. [PMID: 32642922 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It was already shown that microdoses of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) promoted memory stabilization in humans and mice. Prolonged treatment also reduced neuronal loss and increased the density of the neurotrophin BDNF in transgenic mice for Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether lithium ions affect inflammatory profiles and neuronal integrity in an animal model of accelerated senescence (SAMP-8). Organotypic hippocampal cultures obtained from 11 to 12-month-old SAMP-8 mice were treated with 2 µM, 20 µM and 200 µM Li2CO3. 2 µM Li2CO3 promoted a significant reduction in propidium iodide uptake in the CA2 area of hippocampus, whereas 20 µM promoted neuroprotection in the CA3 and GrDG areas. 200 µM caused an increase in cellular death, showing toxicity. Measured with quantitative PCR, IL-1α, IL-6 and MIP-1B/CCL-4 gene expression was significantly reduced with 20 µM Li2CO3, whereas IL-10 gene expression was significantly increased with the same concentration. In addition, 2 µM and 20 µM Li2CO3 were also effective in reducing the activation of NFkB and inflammatory cytokines densities, as evaluated by ELISA. It is concluded that very low doses of Li2CO3 can play an important role in neuroprotection as it can reduce neuronal loss and neuroinflammation in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Toricelli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hudson Sousa Buck
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Araujo Viel
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Aging, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fraunberger EA, DeJesus P, Zanier ER, Shutt TE, Esser MJ. Acute and Persistent Alterations of Cerebellar Inflammatory Networks and Glial Activation in a Rat Model of Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1315-1330. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A. Fraunberger
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pauline DeJesus
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael J. Esser
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Carlson LM, Champagne FA, Cory-Slechta DA, Dishaw L, Faustman E, Mundy W, Segal D, Sobin C, Starkey C, Taylor M, Makris SL, Kraft A. Potential frameworks to support evaluation of mechanistic data for developmental neurotoxicity outcomes: A symposium report. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 78:106865. [PMID: 32068112 PMCID: PMC7160758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge in systematically incorporating mechanistic data into human health assessments is that, compared to studies of apical health endpoints, these data are both more abundant (mechanistic studies routinely outnumber other studies by several orders of magnitude) and more heterogeneous (e.g. different species, test system, tissue, cell type, exposure paradigm, or specific assays performed). A structured decision-making process for organizing, integrating, and weighing mechanistic DNT data for use in human health risk assessments will improve the consistency and efficiency of such evaluations. At the Developmental Neurotoxicology Society (DNTS) 2016 annual meeting, a symposium was held to address the application of existing organizing principles and frameworks for evaluation of mechanistic data relevant to interpreting neurotoxicology data. Speakers identified considerations with potential to advance the use of mechanistic DNT data in risk assessment, including considering the context of each exposure, since epigenetics, tissue type, sex, stress, nutrition and other factors can modify toxicity responses in organisms. It was also suggested that, because behavior is a manifestation of complex nervous system function, the presence and absence of behavioral change itself could be used to organize the interpretation of multiple complex simultaneous mechanistic changes. Several challenges were identified with frameworks and their implementation, and ongoing research to develop these approaches represents an early step toward full evaluation of mechanistic DNT data for assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Carlson
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC.
| | | | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School Rochester, NY
| | - Laura Dishaw
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC
| | - Elaine Faustman
- School of Public Health, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - William Mundy
- Neurotoxicologist, Durham, NC (formerly National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC))
| | - Deborah Segal
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
| | - Christina Sobin
- Dept of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Carol Starkey
- Booz Allen Hamilton (formerly research fellow with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Engineering (ORISE) with Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC))
| | - Michele Taylor
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC
| | - Susan L Makris
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
| | - Andrew Kraft
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC; Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC
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General anesthetic neurotoxicity in the young: Mechanism and prevention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:883-896. [PMID: 31606415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
General anesthesia (GA) is usually considered to safely induce a reversible unconscious state allowing surgery to be performed without pain. A growing number of studies, in particular pre-clinical studies, however, demonstrate that general anesthetics can cause neuronal death and even long-term neurological deficits. Herein, we report our literature review and meta-analysis data of the neurological outcomes after anesthesia in the young. We also review available mechanistic and epigenetic data of GA exposure related to cognitive impairment per se and the potential preventive strategies including natural herbal compounds to attenuate those side effects. In summary, anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity may be treatable and natural herbal compounds and other medications may have great potential for such use but warrants further study before clinical applications can be initiated.
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Sochocka M, Ochnik M, Sobczyński M, Siemieniec I, Orzechowska B, Naporowski P, Leszek J. New therapeutic targeting of Alzheimer's disease with the potential use of proline-rich polypeptide complex to modulate an innate immune response - preliminary study. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:137. [PMID: 31277647 PMCID: PMC6612126 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stems mainly from the incomplete understanding of AD causes. Neuroinflammation has emerged as an important component of AD pathology, and a vast number of experimental and clinical data indicated a crucial role for the activation of the innate immune system in disease promotion and symptom progression. Methods Clinical examinations of AD patients in a different stage of disease severity in correlation with the measurement of two innate immune reactions, i.e., peripheral blood leukocyte (PBLs) resistance to viral infection (vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV) ex vivo, and cytokines: TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-10, production with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have been investigated during this preliminary study before and after 4 weeks of oral treatment with dietary supplement proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) (120 μg of PRP/day). The potential effect of PRP on the distribution of PBLs’ subpopulations has been specified. Results We have found a deficiency in innate immune response in AD patients. It was demonstrated for the first time that the degree of PBLs resistance to VSV infection was closely related to the stage of clinical severity of AD. Our study showed significant differences in cytokine production which pointed that in AD patients innate immune mechanisms are impaired. Administration of PRP to our patients increased innate immune response of PBLs and declined pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, thus subduing the excessively developed inflammatory response, especially among patients with high severity of AD. PRP did not exhibit a pro-proliferative activity. It was showed, however, significant influence of PRP on the distribution of PBLs’ subpopulations. Conclusion The findings mentioned above might be crucial in the context of potential application of immunomodulatory therapy in AD patients and indicated PRP as a potential target for future treatments in neuroinflammatory diseases like AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1520-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sochocka
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Ochnik
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Sobczyński
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Siemieniec
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Orzechowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Naporowski
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Guidolin D, Fede C, Tortorella C. Nerve cells developmental processes and the dynamic role of cytokine signaling. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 77:3-17. [PMID: 30465872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The stunning diversity of neurons and glial cells makes possible the higher functions of the central nervous system (CNS), allowing the organism to sense, interpret and respond appropriately to the external environment. This cellular diversity derives from a single primary progenitor cell type initiating lineage leading to the formation of both differentiated neurons and glial cells. The processes governing the differentiation of the progenitor pool of cells into mature nerve cells will be here briefly reviewed. They involve morphological transformations, specialized modes of cell division, migration, and controlled cell death, and are regulated through cell-cell interactions and cues provided by the extracellular matrix, as well as by humoral factors from the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood system. In this respect, a quite large body of studies have been focused on cytokines, proteins representing the main signaling network that coordinates immune defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. At the same time, they are deeply involved in CNS development as regulatory factors. This dual role in the nervous system appears of particular relevance for CNS pathology, since cytokine dysregulation (occurring as a consequence of maternal infection, exposure to environmental factors or prenatal hypoxia) can profoundly impact on neurodevelopment and likely influence the response of the adult tissue during neuroinflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Fede
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
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Jin H, Wang M, Wang J, Cao H, Niu W, Du L. Paeonol attenuates isoflurane anesthesia-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity via modulation of JNK/ERK/P38MAPK pathway and regulates histone acetylation in neonatal rat. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:81-91. [PMID: 29886761 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1487396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Volatile anesthetic such as isoflurane causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing animal brains and also induces cognitive impairments. Paeonol is a plant-derived phenolic compound possessing numerous bioactive properties. The study investigates the neuroprotective effects of paeonol against isoflurane-induced neurodegeneration and cognitive disturbances in neonatal rats.Methods: Paeonol (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight/day) was given orally to separate groups of neonatal rats from postnatal day 3 (P3) to P21 and were exposed to isoflurane (0.75%; 6 h) on P7.Results: Neuroapoptosis following isoflurane exposure was remarkably reduced by paeonol. Isoflurane-induced elevated cleaved caspase-3, Bad, and Bax expression, were down-regulated on paeonol administration. Paeonol significantly enhanced expression of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, xIAP, c-IAP-1, c-IAP-2, and survivin) and improved acetylation of HK39 and HK412. The expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs)-HDAC2 and HDAC-3 were down-regulated. Isoflurane-induced activation of JNK/p38MAPK signaling and suppressed ERK signaling and were effectively regulated by paeonol. General behavior and freezing responses of the rats were improved. Results of the Morris Water Maze tests revealed improved learning and memory retention on paeonol treatment.Conclusions: Paeonol effectively inhibited neuroapoptosis and improved isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunctions via regulating histone acetylation and JNK/ERK1/2/p38MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiangmei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongmin Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wanting Niu
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lizhong Du
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Lu JS, Song Q, Zhang MM, Zhuo M. No requirement of interlukine-1 for long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex of adult mice. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918765799. [PMID: 29592781 PMCID: PMC5882040 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918765799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The enhanced expression of cytokines in the pathological states suggests that they have important roles in the initiation or maintenance of disease states. Findings: To determine the involvement of cytokines in chronic neuropathic pain, the expression of cytokines in the anterior cingulate cortex neurons in the ligation of the common peroneal nerve mice was investigated. We utilized a cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plate array to detect 23 cytokines in total eight mice including a female, and no significant differences were found in those cytokines between the common peroneal nerve model and sham surgery mice. Quantification of TNF-α at protein level revealed the unvaried expression in the anterior cingulate cortex in both neuropathic pain and visceral pain, but enhanced expression in the insular cortex in the visceral pain. Furthermore, we found that the IL-Ira, a kind of IL-1 receptor antagonist, had no effect on the theta burst stimulation-induced long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusions Cytokines are not involved in chronic neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury in the anterior cingulate cortex. Our findings suggested that cytokines may not be a viable drug target to treat chronic neuropathic pain in the anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shan Lu
- 1 Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Song
- 1 Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- 2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 7938 University of Toronto , Toronto, Otario, Canada
| | - Min Zhuo
- 1 Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,3 Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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38
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Bi C, Cai Q, Shan Y, Yang F, Sun S, Wu X, Liu H. Sevoflurane induces neurotoxicity in the developing rat hippocampus by upregulating connexin 43 via the JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1469-1476. [PMID: 30372849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most popular anesthetics, sevoflurane is widely used in pediatric anesthesia. Unfortunately, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that sevoflurane has potential neurotoxic effects on the developing brain and cognition, even in adolescence. Connexin 43 (Cx43) has been documented to contribute to cognitive dysfunction. The present study hypothesized that Cx43 may participate in sevoflurane-induced neuroinjury and investigated the underlying mechanisms in young Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Seven-day-old SD rats (P7) were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 4 h. The levels of Cx43,mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway components(including total and phosphorylated p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun n-terminal kinase (JNK) and activator protein 1(AP-1) transcription factors (including total and phosphorylated c-Fos, and c-Jun) were assessed by Western blot analysis. Neuronal apoptosis was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The Morris water maze (MWM) was performed to evaluate cognitive function from P28 to P33. The results showed that anesthesia with 3% sevoflurane for 4 h increased Cx43 levels in the rat hippocampus from 6 h to 3 d, and compared with sevoflurane exposure in the control group rats, exposure in P7 SD rats also increased the ratios of phosphorylated JNK to JNK and, phosphorylated c-Jun to c-Jun in the hippocampus from 6 h to 3 d. All these effects could be alleviated by pretreatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (10 mg/kg). Neuroapoptosis was similarly increased from 6 h to 1 d after inhaled sevoflurane exposure. Finally, the MWM indicated that sevoflurane could increase the escape latency and, decrease the number of platform crossings from P28 to P33. Overall, our findings suggested that sevoflurane increased Cx43 expression and induced to apoptosis by activating the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway in the hippocampus of P7 rats. This finding may reveal a new strategy for preventing sevoflurane-induced neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjie Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Qiuping Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Yangyang Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiwei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuying Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Histone acetylation as a new mechanism for bilirubin-induced encephalopathy in the Gunn rat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13690. [PMID: 30209300 PMCID: PMC6135864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin neurotoxicity has been studied for decades and has been shown to affect various mechanisms via significant modulation of gene expression. This suggests that vital regulatory mechanisms of gene expression, such as epigenetic mechanisms, could play a role in bilirubin neurotoxicity. Histone acetylation has recently received attention in the CNS due to its role in gene modulation for numerous biological processes, such as synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, development and differentiation. Aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene expression in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders has also been described. In this work, we followed the levels of histone 3 lysine 14 acetylation (H3K14Ac) in the cerebellum (Cll) of the developing (2, 9, 17 days after the birth) and adult Gunn rat, the natural model for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus. We observed an age-specific alteration of the H3K14Ac in the hyperbilirubinemic animals. The GeneOntology analysis of the H3K14Ac linked chromatin revealed that almost 45% of H3K14Ac ChiP-Seq TSS-promoter genes were involved in CNS development including maturation and differentiation, morphogenesis, dendritogenesis, and migration. These data suggest that the hallmark Cll hypoplasia in the Gunn rat occurs also via epigenetically controlled mechanisms during the maturation of this brain structure, unraveling a novel aspect of the bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity.
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Wang S, Zhou Y. Baicalein Inhibits Neuroapoptosis Via Pathways in Sevoflurane Induced Rats. Transl Neurosci 2018; 9:88-98. [PMID: 30042862 PMCID: PMC6057263 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2018-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Baicalein, a bioactive flavonoid was explored for its capability to attenuate sevoflurane induced neuronal apoptosis and to improve behavioural and cognitive impairments. Sevoflurane is a frequently used inhalation anesthetic in neonates and children. Neonatal sevoflurane exposure causes widespread neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. Development of compounds that could effectively prevent/reduce the adverse effects is of tremendous medical value. Methods Isolated groups of neonatal rats were regulated with baicalein (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg b.wt) from postnatal day 3 (P3) to P21 and were exposed to sevoflurane (3%; 6 h) on P7. Results: Baicalein inhibited sevoflurane induced neuroapoptosis significantly as assessed by TUNEL assay. The raised levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bad and Bax were down-regulated by baicalein with enhanced Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, xIAP, c-IAP-1, c-IAP-2 and survivin expression. Baicalein regulated JNK/ERK signalling and also activated the PI3K/Akt pathway effectively as evident from the increased Akt, phospho-Akt, GSK-3β, phospho-GSK-3β levels. Baicalein, also improved the behaviour of animals in open filed and olfactory tests. The freezing responses and the performance in Morris Water Maze tests were enhanced. Conclusion Baicalein reduced neurodegeneration and improved learning and memory retention of rats and as well modulated PI3/Akt/GSK-3β and JNK/ERK signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China, 637000
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China, 637000
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Filippova LV, Fedorova AV, Nozdrachev AD. Mechanism of Activation of Enteric Nociceptive Neurons via Interaction of TLR4 and TRPV1 Receptors. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2018; 479:44-46. [PMID: 29790024 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496618020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence obtained by immunohistochemical double labeling and confocal laser scanning microscopy suggests that capsaicin, a ligand of the TRPV1 nociceptive vanilloid receptor, increases the number of TLR4-positive neurons in the rat colon myenteric plexus. In colitis caused by trinitrobenzene sulfonate, an increase in TRPV1 expression was more significant in both plexuses. Specific inhibitor of the TLR4 (C34) pattern-recognition receptor reduces TRPV1 expression in enteric neurons of both intact rats and rats with induced acute colitis. Thus, stimulation of nociceptive neurons by means of direct activation of their receptors of innate immunity (TLR4) is one of the possible mechanisms underlying the visceral pain in bacterial invasion and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Filippova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A V Fedorova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A D Nozdrachev
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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42
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Ogundele OM, Pardo J, Francis J, Goya RG, Lee CC. A Putative Mechanism of Age-Related Synaptic Dysfunction Based on the Impact of IGF-1 Receptor Signaling on Synaptic CaMKIIα Phosphorylation. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 29867375 PMCID: PMC5960681 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling regulates the activity and phosphorylation of downstream kinases linked to inflammation, neurodevelopment, aging and synaptic function. In addition to the control of Ca2+ currents, IGF-1R signaling modulates the activity of calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 alpha (CaMKIIα) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK/ErK) through multiple signaling pathways. These proteins (CaMKIIα and MAPK) regulate Ca2+ movement and long-term potentiation (LTP). Since IGF-1R controls the synaptic activity of Ca2+, CaMKIIα and MAPK signaling, the possible mechanism through which an age-dependent change in IGF-1R can alter the synaptic expression and phosphorylation of these proteins in aging needs to be investigated. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between an age-dependent change in brain IGF-1R and phosphorylation of CaMKIIα/MAPK. Furthermore, we elucidated possible mechanisms through which dysregulated CaMKIIα/MAPK interaction may be linked to a change in neurotransmitter processing and synaptic function. Male C57BL/6 VGAT-Venus mice at postnatal days 80 (P80), 365 and 730 were used to study age-related neural changes in two brain regions associated with cognitive function: hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). By means of high throughput confocal imaging and quantitative immunoblotting, we evaluated the distribution and expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R, CaMKIIα, p-CaMKIIα, MAPK and p-MAPK in whole brain lysate, hippocampus and cortex. Furthermore, we compared protein expression patterns and regional changes at P80, P365 and P730. Ultimately, we determined the relative phosphorylation pattern of CaMKIIα and MAPK through quantification of neural p-CaMKIIα and p-MAPK/ErK, and IGF-1R expression for P80, P365 and P730 brain samples. In addition to a change in synaptic function, our results show a decrease in neural IGF-1/IGF-1R expression in whole brain, hippocampus and cortex of aged mice. This was associated with a significant upregulation of phosphorylated neural MAPK (p-MAPK) and decrease in total brain CaMKIIα (i.e., CaMKIIα and p-CaMKIIα) in the aged brain. Taken together, we showed that brain aging is associated with a change in neural IGF-1/IGF-1R expression and may be linked to a change in phosphorylation of synaptic kinases (CaMKIIα and MAPK) that are involved in the modulation of LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan M. Ogundele
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Joaquin Pardo
- Institute for Biochemical Research of La Plata, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Rodolfo G. Goya
- Institute for Biochemical Research of La Plata, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Charles C. Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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43
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Antonson AM, Balakrishnan B, Radlowski EC, Petr G, Johnson RW. Altered Hippocampal Gene Expression and Morphology in Fetal Piglets following Maternal Respiratory Viral Infection. Dev Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29539630 DOI: 10.1159/000486850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy increases the risk of neurobehavioral problems in offspring. Evidence from rodent models indicates that the maternal immune response to infection can alter fetal brain development, particularly in the hippocampus. However, information on the effects of maternal viral infection on fetal brain development in gyrencephalic species is limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess several effects of maternal viral infection in the last one-third of gestation on hippocampal gene expression and development in fetal piglets. Pregnant gilts were inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at gestational day (GD) 76 and the fetuses were removed by cesarean section at GD 111 (3 days before anticipated parturition). The gilts infected with PRRSV had elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels and developed transient febrile and anorectic responses lasting approximately 21 days. Despite having a similar overall body weight, fetuses from the PRRSV-infected gilts had a decreased brain weight and altered hippocampal gene expression compared to fetuses from control gilts. Notably, maternal infection caused a reduction in estimated neuronal numbers in the fetal dentate gyrus and subiculum. The number of proliferative Ki-67+ cells was not altered, but the relative integrated density of GFAP+ staining was increased, in addition to an increase in GFAP gene expression, indicating astrocyte-specific gliosis. Maternal viral infection caused an increase in fetal hippocampal gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ and the myelination marker myelin basic protein. MHCII protein, a classic monocyte activation marker, was reduced in microglia, while expression of the MHCII gene was decreased in hippocampal tissue of the fetuses from PRRSV-infected gilts. Together, these data suggest that maternal viral infection at the beginning of the last trimester results in a reduction in fetal hippocampal neurons that is evident 5 weeks after infection, when fetal piglets are near full term. The neuronal reduction was not accompanied by pronounced neuroinflammation at GD 111, indicating that any activation of classic neuroinflammatory pathways by maternal viral infection, if present, is mostly resolved by parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Antonson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Bindu Balakrishnan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily C Radlowski
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Geraldine Petr
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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44
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Han X, Liu C, Zhang K, Guo M, Shen Z, Liu Y, Zuo Z, Cao M, Li Y. Calpain and JNK pathways participate in isoflurane - induced nucleus translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in the brain of neonatal rats. Toxicol Lett 2017; 285:60-73. [PMID: 29289695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that volatile anesthetic causes caspase-dependent neuroapoptosis and persistent cognitive deficits in young animals. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) can trigger apoptosis by caspase-independent pathway. Whether isoflurane induces neuroapoptosis by activation of AIF and its possible mechanism are underdetermined. Rats at postnatal day 7 were exposed to 1.1% isoflurane for 4 h and the expression of AIF, cytochrome c, caspase-3, μ-calpain, m-calpain, Bcl-2 and Bax in the mitochondrial, cytosolic, and nuclear fraction, as well as the number of both AIF and TUNEL positive neurons in the cortices of rats were measured. Moreover, the effects of calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 or JNK inhibitor SP600125 on isoflurane-induced AIF release, caspase activation and cognitive deficits were assessed. We found isoflurane activated CytC-caspase-3 dependent apoptosis pathway mainly in the early phase (0-6 h after exposure). Moreover, isoflurane activated mitochondrial μ-calpain, induced AIF truncation during early phase and activated m-calpain, induced AIF release from the mitochondria to cytosol and translocation into the nucleus in the late phase (6-24 h after exposure). MDL-28170 attenuated the isoflurane-induced mitochondrial AIF truncation, release and nuclear translocation, but did not change the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 and mitochondrial Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. SP600125 attenuated isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis by inhibiting both AIF and caspase-3 pathways and reduced cognitive impairment in neonatal rats. This is the first study to provide the evidence that isoflurane induced AIF-dependent neuroapoptosis by activation of mitochondrial μ-calpain and m-calpain in neonatal rats. JNK inhibition reversed isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and subsequent long-term neurocognitive impairment, acting via inhibiting activation of both AIF and caspase-3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Chuiliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, ChanCheng Center Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Foshan, 528030, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Mingyan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Yafang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0710, USA
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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45
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Dorce ALC, Martins ADN, Dorce VAC, Nencioni ALA. Perinatal effects of scorpion venoms: maternal and offspring development. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017. [PMID: 28630618 PMCID: PMC5471709 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation is a public health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Considering the high incidence of scorpionism in some areas, pregnant women and nursing mothers may be possible victims. Scorpion stings alter the release of neurotransmitters and some cytokines. These mediators act as organizers and programmers in the adequate formation of the nerves, and non-physiological concentrations of them during the brain organization originate disorders and diseases that can appear later in the life of the individual. Despite the importance of this subject, there are only a few studies showing the effects of scorpion venom on maternal reproductive development, in the morphology and physical and behavioral development of offspring. The present review article summarizes the major findings on this issue. Biochemical changes in the blood – such as hyperglycemia, increase on the level of sodium and on the creatinine concentration – are observed after scorpion sting in humans and experimental animals. Some studies in the literature demonstrate that the scorpion venom affects the maternal reproductive development in humans and in experimental animals, increasing the frequency and amplitude of uterine contraction and the number of resorptions. The venom can also lead to some alterations in the embryonic or fetal development increasing the total weight of fetuses and of some organs. Moreover, it affects the general activity and locomotion during childhood and adulthood, and the anxiety level in adult females and males. It also alters the number of hippocampal neurons and interferes in the level of some cytokines. Altogether, it is evident that the venom, when administered during the pregnancy or lactation, affects the development of the offspring. Studies are being conducted to determine the actual participation of the venom in the development of the offspring, and to what extent they are detrimental to animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Leticia Coronado Dorce
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Adriana do Nascimento Martins
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil.,Graduate Program in Sciences - Toxinology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | | | - Ana Leonor Abrahão Nencioni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
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Katagiri R, Ishihara-Hattori K, Frings W, Amano J, Fuchs A, Chiba S. Effects of SA237, a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, on pre- and postnatal development in cynomolgus monkey. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:843-856. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Katagiri
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | | | - Werner Frings
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Jun Amano
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Antje Fuchs
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH; Muenster Germany
| | - Shuichi Chiba
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
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47
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Xu G, Huang YL, Li PL, Guo HM, Han XP. Neuroprotective effects of artemisinin against isoflurane-induced cognitive impairments and neuronal cell death involve JNK/ERK1/2 signalling and improved hippocampal histone acetylation in neonatal rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:684-697. [PMID: 28294340 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to assess the effect of artemisinin against isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairment in neonatal rats. METHODS Artemisinin (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg b.wt/day; oral gavage) was administered to separate groups of neonatal rats starting from postnatal day 3 (P3) to postnatal day 21 (P21). On postnatal day 7 (P7), animals were exposed to inhalation anaesthetic isoflurane (0.75%) for 6 h. KEY FINDINGS Neuronal apoptosis following anaesthetic exposure was significantly reduced by artemisinin. Isoflurane-induced upregulated cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bad expression were downregulated. Western blotting analysis revealed that treatment with artemisinin significantly enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, c-IAP-1, c-IAP-2, xIAP and survivin). Artemisinin increased the acetylation of H3K9 and H4K12 while reducing the expression of histone deacetlyases (HDACs) - HDAC-2 and HDAC-3. Isoflurane-induced activation of JNK signalling and downregulated ERK1/2 expression was effectively modulated by artemisinin. General behaviour of the animals in open-field and T-maze test were improved. Morris water maze test and object recognition test revealed better learning, working memory and also better memory retention on artemisinin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Artemisinin effectively inhibited neuronal apoptosis and improved cognition and memory via regulating histone acetylation and JNK/ERK1/2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun-Li Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ping-le Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ping Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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48
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Li W, Li DY, Zhao SM, Zheng ZJ, Hu J, Li ZZ, Xiong SB. Rutin attenuates isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis via modulating JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in the hippocampi of neonatal rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2056-2064. [PMID: 28565808 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of infants and children undergo surgery and are exposed to anesthesia as a part of medical care each year. Isoflurane is a commonly used anesthetic in the pediatric population. However, previous studies have reported widespread isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and cognitive impairments in neonatal animal models, raising concerns over the administration of isoflurane in the pediatric population. The current study investigated the effects of rutin, a flavonoid, on isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in a neonatal rodent model. Groups of neonatal rat pups were administered rutin at doses of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P15. On P7, pups were exposed to 0.75% isoflurane for 6 h. Rat pups in the control groups did not receive rutin, and did not receive anesthesia in one group. Neuroapoptosis following isoflurane exposure was determined by TUNEL assay. The expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, apoptotic pathway proteins [Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death (Bad), phospho-Bad, Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-xL and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)] signalling pathway proteins [c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phospho-JNK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphoERK1/2, p38, phospho-p38 and phospho-c-Jun], were determined by western blot analysis. The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning and memory of pups on P30 and P31. The present study found that rutin at the tested doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg significantly reduced (P<0.05) the isoflurane-induced elevation in apoptotic cell count. The expression levels of caspase-3, Bad, Bax and MAPK proteins, which were increased following isoflurane treatment, were rescued by rutin treatment. Furthermore, rutin prevented the increase in Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and phospho-Bad expression following isoflurane treatment, and enhanced the memory of the rats. Rutin provided neuroprotection against isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and improved the learning and memory of rats by effectively regulating the expression levels of proteins in the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - De-Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Si-Ming Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Jun Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Zhe Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Bai Xiong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
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49
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Scola G, Duong A. Prenatal maternal immune activation and brain development with relevance to psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience 2017; 346:403-408. [PMID: 28153689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence from epidemiological studies strongly suggests maternal infection as a risk factor for psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. Animal studies support this association and demonstrate that maternal immune activation (MIA) changes brain morphology and inflammatory cytokines in the adult offspring. Evidence for changes in inflammatory cytokines is also demonstrated in human post-mortem brain and peripheral blood studies from subjects with psychiatric disorders. This perspective briefly highlights convincing evidence from epidemiological, preclinical and human pathological studies to support the role of MIA in major psychiatric disorders. A better understanding of the link between MIA and brain development in psychiatric disorders will lead to the development of novel immunomodulatory interventions for individuals at risk for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Scola
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry at University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Angela Duong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada
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50
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Chan YL, Saad S, Al-Odat I, Zaky AA, Oliver B, Pollock C, Li W, Jones NM, Chen H. Impact of maternal cigarette smoke exposure on brain and kidney health outcomes in female offspring. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:1168-1176. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yik L Chan
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney; St Leonards NSW Australia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Odat
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Amgad A Zaky
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney; St Leonards NSW Australia
| | - Brian Oliver
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney; St Leonards NSW Australia
| | - Weihong Li
- Department of Science and Technology; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Nicole M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
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