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Shao J, Deng Q, Feng S, Wu C, Liu X, Yang L. Role of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and the impact of exercise-induced remodeling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 732:150418. [PMID: 39032410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent and debilitating brain disorder that worsens progressively with age, characterized by cognitive decline and memory impairment. The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) leading to amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylation of Tau, resulting in intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), are primary pathological features of AD. Despite significant research investment and effort, therapies targeting Aβ and NFTs have proven limited in efficacy for treating or slowing AD progression. Consequently, there is a growing interest in non-invasive therapeutic strategies for AD prevention. Exercise, a low-cost and non-invasive intervention, has demonstrated promising neuroprotective potential in AD prevention. Astrocytes, among the most abundant glial cells in the brain, play essential roles in various physiological processes and are implicated in AD initiation and progression. Exercise delays pathological progression and mitigates cognitive dysfunction in AD by modulating astrocyte morphological and phenotypic changes and fostering crosstalk with other glial cells. This review aims to consolidate the current understanding of how exercise influences astrocyte dynamics in AD, with a focus on elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying astrocyte remodeling. The review begins with an overview of the neuropathological changes observed in AD, followed by an examination of astrocyte dysfunction as a feature of the disease. Lastly, the review explores the potential therapeutic implications of exercise-induced astrocyte remodeling in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qianting Deng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiaocao Liu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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2
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Cimino M, Feligioni M. The selective disruption of the JNK2/Syntaxin-1A interaction by JGRi1 protects against NMDA-evoked toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2024; 179:105824. [PMID: 39098765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are calcium-permeable ion-channel receptors, specifically activated by glutamate, that permit the activation of specific intracellular calcium-dependent pathways. Aberrant NMDA receptor activation leads to a condition known as excitotoxicity, in which excessive calcium inflow induces apoptotic pathways. To date, memantine is the only NMDA receptor antagonist authorized in clinical practice, hence, a better understanding of the NMDA cascade represents a need to discover novel pharmacological targets. We previously reported non-conventional intracellular signaling triggered by which, upon activation, promotes the interaction between JNK2 and STX1A which enhances the rate of vesicular secretion. We developed a cell-permeable peptide, named JGRi1, able to disrupt such interaction, thus reducing vesicular secretion. In this work, to selectively study the effect of JGRi1 in a much simpler system, we employed neuroblastoma cells, SH-SY5Y. We found that SH-SY5Y cells express the components of the NMDA receptor-JNK2 axis and that the NMDA stimulus increases the rate of vesicle release. Both JGRi1 and memantine protected SH-SY5Y cells from NMDA toxicity, but only JGRi1 reduced the interaction between JNK2 and STX1A. Both drugs successfully reduced NMDA-induced vesicle release, although, unlike memantine, JGRi1 did not prevent calcium influx. NMDA treatment induced JNK2 expression, but not JNK1 or JNK3, which was prevented by both JGRi1 and memantine, suggesting that JNK2 may be specifically involved in the response to NMDA. In conclusion, being JGRi1 able to protect cells against NMDA toxicity by interfering with JNK2/STX1A interaction, it could be considered a novel pharmacological tool to counteract excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cimino
- EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M Feligioni
- EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Zhang K, Yang Z, Yang Z, Du L, Zhou Y, Fu S, Wang X, Li X, Liu D, He X. The m6A reader YTHDC2 promotes the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy by modulating SLC7A11-dependent glutamate dysregulation in astrocytes. Theranostics 2024; 14:5551-5570. [PMID: 39310099 PMCID: PMC11413790 DOI: 10.7150/thno.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Epilepsy affects over 70 million people globally, with temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) often progressing to a drug-resistant state. Recent research has highlighted the role of reactive astrocytes and glutamate dysregulation in epilepsy pathophysiology. This study aims to investigate the involvement of astrocytic xCT, a glutamate-cystine antiporter, and its regulation by the m6A reader protein YTHDC2 in TLE-HS. Methods: A pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model in mice was used to study the role of xCT in reactive astrocytes. The expression of xCT and its regulation by YTHDC2 were assessed through various molecular and cellular techniques. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to measure mRNA and protein levels of xCT and YTHDC2, respectively; immunofluorescence was utilized to visualize their localization and expression in astrocytes. In vivo glutamate measurements were conducted using microdialysis to monitor extracellular glutamate levels in the hippocampus. RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR (RIP-qPCR) was performed to investigate the binding of YTHDC2 to SLC7A11 mRNA, while methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR (MeRIP-qPCR) was performed to quantify m6A modifications on SLC7A11 mRNA. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to assess the effect of m6A modifications on SLC7A11 mRNA translation, and polysome profiling was employed to evaluate the translational efficiency of SLC7A11 mRNA. Inhibition experiments involved shRNA-mediated knockdown of SLC7A11 (commonly known as xCT) and YTHDC2 expression in astrocytes. Video-electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were used to monitor seizure activity in mice. Results: The xCT transporter in reactive astrocytes significantly contributes to elevated extracellular glutamate levels, enhancing neuronal excitability and seizure activity. Increased xCT expression is influenced by the m6A reader protein YTHDC2, which regulates its expression through m6A methylation. Inhibition of xCT or YTHDC2 in astrocytes reduces glutamate levels and effectively controls seizures in a mouse model. Specifically, mice with SLC7A11- or YTHDC2-knockdown astrocytes showed decreased glutamate concentration in the hippocampus and reduced frequency and duration of epileptic seizures. Conclusions: This study highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting YTHDC2 and xCT in reactive astrocytes to mitigate epilepsy. The findings provide a novel perspective on the mechanisms of glutamate dysregulation and their implications in seizure pathophysiology, suggesting that modulation of YTHDC2 and xCT could be a promising strategy for treating TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiquan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuanyi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangchao Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiyu Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dingyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinghui He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Moloney RA, Palliser HK, Pavy CL, Shaw JC, Hirst JJ. Zuranolone therapy protects frontal cortex neurodevelopment and improves behavioral outcomes after preterm birth. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e70009. [PMID: 39236116 PMCID: PMC11376442 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.70009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth is associated with brain injury and long-term behavioral abnormalities, for which there are limited prevention options. When born preterm, infants prematurely lose placental neurosteroid (allopregnanolone) support. This increases the risk of excitotoxic damage to the brain, which increases the risk of injury, causing long-term deficits in behavior, myelination, and alterations to neurotransmitter pathways. We propose that postnatal restoration of neurosteroid action through zuranolone therapy will reduce neurological impairments following preterm birth. METHODS Guinea pig dams underwent survival cesarean section surgery to deliver pups prematurely (GA64) or at term (GA69). Between birth and term equivalence age, preterm pups received vehicle (15% β-cyclodextrin) or the allopregnanolone analogue zuranolone (1 mg/kg/day). Behavioral analysis was performed at postnatal day (PND) 7 and 40, before tissue collection at PND 42. Immunostaining for myelin basic protein (MBP), as well as real-time polymerase chain reaction to characterize oligodendrocyte lineage and neurotransmitter pathways, was performed in frontal cortex tissues. RESULTS Zuranolone treatment prevented the hyperactive phenotype in preterm-born offspring, most markedly in males. Additionally, preterm-related reductions in MBP were ameliorated. Several preterm-related alterations in mRNA expression of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic pathways were also restored back to that of a term control level. CONCLUSION This is the first study to assess zuranolone treatment as a neuroprotective therapy following preterm birth. Zuranolone treatment improved behavioral outcomes and structural changes in the preterm offspring, which continued long term until at least a late childhood timepoint. Clinical studies are warranted for further exploring the neuroprotective possibilities of this treatment following preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin A Moloney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Hannah K Palliser
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Carlton L Pavy
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Julia C Shaw
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle, Australia
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Alves LDF, Moore JB, Kell DB. The Biology and Biochemistry of Kynurenic Acid, a Potential Nutraceutical with Multiple Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9082. [PMID: 39201768 PMCID: PMC11354673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an antioxidant degradation product of tryptophan that has been shown to have a variety of cytoprotective, neuroprotective and neuronal signalling properties. However, mammalian transporters and receptors display micromolar binding constants; these are consistent with its typically micromolar tissue concentrations but far above its serum/plasma concentration (normally tens of nanomolar), suggesting large gaps in our knowledge of its transport and mechanisms of action, in that the main influx transporters characterized to date are equilibrative, not concentrative. In addition, it is a substrate of a known anion efflux pump (ABCC4), whose in vivo activity is largely unknown. Exogeneous addition of L-tryptophan or L-kynurenine leads to the production of KYNA but also to that of many other co-metabolites (including some such as 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine and quinolinic acid that may be toxic). With the exception of chestnut honey, KYNA exists at relatively low levels in natural foodstuffs. However, its bioavailability is reasonable, and as the terminal element of an irreversible reaction of most tryptophan degradation pathways, it might be added exogenously without disturbing upstream metabolism significantly. Many examples, which we review, show that it has valuable bioactivity. Given the above, we review its potential utility as a nutraceutical, finding it significantly worthy of further study and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana de Fátima Alves
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J. Bernadette Moore
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Biswas DD, Shi Y, El Haddad L, Sethi R, Huston M, Kehoe S, Scarrow ER, Strickland LM, Pucci LA, Dhindsa JS, Hunanyan A, La Spada AR, ElMallah MK. Respiratory neuropathology in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e170444. [PMID: 39053472 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder caused by deleterious CAG repeat expansion in the coding region of the ataxin 7 gene (polyQ-ataxin-7). Infantile-onset SCA7 leads to severe clinical manifestation of respiratory distress, but the exact cause of respiratory impairment remains unclear. Using the infantile-SCA7 mouse model, the SCA7266Q/5Q mouse, we examined the impact of pathological polyQ-ataxin-7 on hypoglossal (XII) and phrenic motor units. We identified the transcript profile of the medulla and cervical spinal cord and investigated the XII and phrenic nerves and the neuromuscular junctions in the diaphragm and tongue. SCA7266Q/5Q astrocytes showed significant intranuclear inclusions of ataxin-7 in the XII and putative phrenic motor nuclei. Transcriptomic analysis revealed dysregulation of genes involved in amino acid and neurotransmitter transport and myelination. Additionally, SCA7266Q/5Q mice demonstrated blunted efferent output of the XII nerve and demyelination in both XII and phrenic nerves. Finally, there was an increased number of neuromuscular junction clusters with higher expression of synaptic markers in SCA7266Q/5Q mice compared with WT controls. These preclinical findings elucidate the underlying pathophysiology responsible for impaired glial cell function and death leading to dysphagia, aspiration, and respiratory failure in infantile SCA7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina D Biswas
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yihan Shi
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Léa El Haddad
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronit Sethi
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meredith Huston
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean Kehoe
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Evelyn R Scarrow
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura M Strickland
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Logan A Pucci
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin S Dhindsa
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ani Hunanyan
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, Biological Chemistry, and Neurobiology and Behavior, and
- UCI Center for Neurotherapeutics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mai K ElMallah
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Barbaresi P, Fabri M, Lorenzi T, Sagrati A, Morroni M. Intrinsic organization of the corpus callosum. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1393000. [PMID: 39035452 PMCID: PMC11259024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1393000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum-the largest commissural fiber system connecting the two cerebral hemispheres-is considered essential for bilateral sensory integration and higher cognitive functions. Most studies exploring the corpus callosum have examined either the anatomical, physiological, and neurochemical organization of callosal projections or the functional and/or behavioral aspects of the callosal connections after complete/partial callosotomy or callosal lesion. There are no works that address the intrinsic organization of the corpus callosum. We review the existing information on the activities that take place in the commissure in three sections: I) the topographical and neurochemical organization of the intracallosal fibers, II) the role of glia in the corpus callosum, and III) the role of the intracallosal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Barbaresi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Teresa Lorenzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Sagrati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manrico Morroni
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ancona, Italy
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8
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Fontes MG, Silva C, Roldán WH, Monteiro G. Exploring the potential of asparagine restriction in solid cancer treatment: recent discoveries, therapeutic implications, and challenges. Med Oncol 2024; 41:176. [PMID: 38879707 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Asparagine is a non-essential amino acid crucial for protein biosynthesis and function, and therefore cell maintenance and growth. Furthermore, this amino acid has an important role in regulating several metabolic pathways, such as tricarboxylic acid cycle and the urea cycle. When compared to normal cells, tumor cells typically present a higher demand for asparagine, making it a compelling target for therapy. In this review article, we investigate different facets of asparagine bioavailability intricate role in malignant tumors raised from solid organs. We take a comprehensive look at asparagine synthetase expression and regulation in cancer, including the impact on tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, we explore asparagine depletion through L-asparaginase as a potential therapeutic method for aggressive solid tumors, approaching different formulations of the enzyme and combinatory therapies. In summary, here we delve into studies about endogenous and exogenous asparagine availability in solid cancers, analyzing therapeutic implications and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gabriel Fontes
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William Henry Roldán
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Pathiriparambath MSR, Joseph M, Manog M, Thomas V, Tharayil H, Nair LV. Glutamic Acid Modified Gold Nanorod Sensor for the Detection of Calcium ions in Neuronal Cells. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400009. [PMID: 38545627 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) ions play a crucial role in the functioning of neurons, governing various aspects of neuronal activity such as rapid modulation and alterations in gene expression. Ca2+ signaling has a significant impact on the development of diseases and the impairment of neuronal functions. Herein, the study reports a Ca2+ ion sensor in neuronal cells using a gold nanorod. The gold nanorod (GA-GNR) conjugated glutamic acid developed in the study was used as a nano-bio probe for the experimental and in vitro detection of calcium. The nanosensor is colloidally stable, preserves plasmonic properties, and shows good viability in neuronal cells, as well as promoting neuron cell line growth. The cytotoxicity and cell penetration of the nanosensor are studied using Raman spectroscopy, brightfield and darkfield microscopy imaging, and MTT assays. The quantification of Ca2+ ions in neuronal cells is determined by monitoring the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the GA-GNR. The change in the intensity profile in the presence of Ca2+ incubated neurons was effectively used to develop a portable prototype of an optical Ca2+ sensor, proposing it as a tool for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and neuromodulation evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merin Joseph
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Mithun Manog
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Vinoy Thomas
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Hanas Tharayil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Lakshmi V Nair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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10
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Wang X, Li A, Fan H, Li Y, Yang N, Tang Y. Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Ischemic Stroke: Therapeutic Potential and Prospective. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1227-1254. [PMID: 37728588 PMCID: PMC11081164 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Astrocytes are special glial cells within the central nervous system and play important roles in mediating neuroprotection and repair processes during stroke. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer particles released from cells that facilitate intercellular communication in stroke by delivering proteins, lipids, and RNA to target cells. Recently, accumulating evidence suggested that astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs) are actively involved in mediating numerous biological processes including neuroprotection and neurorepair in stroke and they are realized as an excellent therapeutic approach for treating stroke. In this review we systematically summarize the up-to-date research on ADEVs in stroke, and prospects for its potential as a novel therapeutic target for stroke. We also provide an overview of the effects and functions of ADEVs on stroke recovery, which may lead to developing clinically relevant therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Wang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aihua Li
- Department of rehabilitation medicine, Jinan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Huaju Fan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Nana Yang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaohui Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Li M, Yang L, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Liu Y. Specific biomarkers and neurons distribution of different brain regions in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1385575. [PMID: 38745953 PMCID: PMC11091468 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1385575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain regulates multiple physiological processes in fish. Despite this, knowledge about the basic structure and function of distinct brain regions in non-model fish species remains limited due to their diversity and the scarcity of common biomarkers. In the present study, four major brain parts, the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, were isolated in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Within these parts, nine brain regions and 74 nuclei were further identified through morphological and cytoarchitectonic analysis. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 7153 region-highly expressed genes and 176 region-specifically expressed genes. Genes related to growth, reproduction, emotion, learning, and memory were significantly overexpressed in the olfactory bulb and telencephalon (OBT). Feeding and stress-related genes were in the hypothalamus (Hy). Visual system-related genes were predominantly enriched in the optic tectum (OT), while vision and hearing-related genes were widely expressed in the cerebellum (Ce) region. Sensory input and motor output-related genes were in the medulla oblongata (Mo). Osmoregulation, stress response, sleep/wake cycles, and reproduction-related genes were highly expressed in the remaining brain (RB). Three candidate marker genes were further identified for each brain regions, such as neuropeptide FF (npff) for OBT, pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (pmch) for Hy, vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (viaat) for OT, excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (eaat1) for Ce, peripherin (prph) for Mo, and isotocin neurophysin (itnp) for RB. Additionally, the distribution of seven neurotransmitter-type neurons and five types of non-neuronal cells across different brain regions were analyzed by examining the expression of their marker genes. Notably, marker genes for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons showed the highest expression levels across all brain regions. Similarly, the marker gene for radial astrocytes exhibited high expression compared to other markers, while those for microglia were the least expressed. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional characteristics of distinct brain regions in the largemouth bass, which offers a valuable resource for understanding the role of central nervous system in regulating physiological processes in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science (BEFS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leshan Yang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science (BEFS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
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12
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Fontana ACK, Poli AN, Gour J, Srikanth YV, Anastasi N, Ashok D, Khatiwada A, Reeb KL, Cheng MH, Bahar I, Rawls SM, Salvino JM. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships for Glutamate Transporter Allosteric Modulators. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6119-6143. [PMID: 38626917 PMCID: PMC11056993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are essential CNS proteins that regulate glutamate levels. Excess glutamate release and alteration in EAAT expression are associated with several CNS disorders. Previously, we identified positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of EAAT2, the main CNS transporter, and have demonstrated their neuroprotective properties in vitro. Herein, we report on the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the analogs identified from virtual screening and from our medicinal chemistry campaign. This work identified several selective EAAT2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) such as compounds 4 (DA-023) and 40 (NA-014) from a library of analogs inspired by GT949, an early generation compound. This series also provides nonselective EAAT PAMs, EAAT inhibitors, and inactive compounds that may be useful for elucidating the mechanism of EAAT allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia C. K. Fontana
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Adi N.R. Poli
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jitendra Gour
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yellamelli V.V. Srikanth
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas Anastasi
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Devipriya Ashok
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Apeksha Khatiwada
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Katelyn L. Reeb
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Mary Hongying Cheng
- Laufer
Center for Physical & Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, College of Arts & Sciences and
School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Laufer
Center for Physical & Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center
for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140United States
| | - Joseph M. Salvino
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- The
Wistar
Cancer Center Molecular Screening, The Wistar
Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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13
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Zhang LY, Hu YY, Liu XY, Wang XY, Li SC, Zhang JG, Xian XH, Li WB, Zhang M. The Role of Astrocytic Mitochondria in the Pathogenesis of Brain Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2270-2282. [PMID: 37870679 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The morbidity rate of ischemic stroke is increasing annually with the growing aging population in China. Astrocytes are ubiquitous glial cells in the brain and play a crucial role in supporting neuronal function and metabolism. Increasing evidence shows that the impairment or loss of astrocytes contributes to neuronal dysfunction during cerebral ischemic injury. The mitochondrion is increasingly recognized as a key player in regulating astrocyte function. Changes in astrocytic mitochondrial function appear to be closely linked to the homeostasis imbalance defects in glutamate metabolism, Ca2+ regulation, fatty acid metabolism, reactive oxygen species, inflammation, and copper regulation. Here, we discuss the role of astrocytic mitochondria in the pathogenesis of brain ischemic injury and their potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Yun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Chao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China.
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Yan J, Ton H, Yan J, Dong Y, Xie Z, Jiang H. Anesthetic Sevoflurane Induces Enlargement of Dendritic Spine Heads in Mouse Neurons via Tau-Dependent Mechanisms. Anesth Analg 2024:00000539-990000000-00796. [PMID: 38507523 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane induces neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairment. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely to be determined. Tau, cyclophilin D, and dendritic spine contribute to cognitive function. But whether changes in dendritic spines are involved in the effects of sevoflurane and the potential association with tau and cyclophilin D is not clear. METHODS We harvested hippocampal neurons from wild-type mice, tau knockout mice, and cyclophilin D knockout mice. We treated these neurons with sevoflurane at day in vitro 7 and measured the diameter of dendritic spine head and the number of dendritic spines. Moreover, we determined the effects of sevoflurane on the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), extracellular glutamate levels, and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Finally, we used lithium, cyclosporine A, and overexpression of EAAT3 in the interaction studies. RESULTS Sevoflurane-induced tau phosphgorylation increased the diameter of dendritic spine head and decreased the number of dendritic spines in neurons harvested from wild-type and cyclophilin D knockout mice, but not tau knockout mice. Sevoflurane decreased the expression of EAAT3, increased extracellular glutamate levels, and decreased the frequency of mEPSCs in the neurons. Overexpression of EAAT3 mitigated the effects of sevoflurane on dendritic spines. Lithium, but not cyclosporine A, attenuated the effects of sevoflurane on dendritic spines. Lithium also inhibited the effects of sevoflurane on EAAT3 expression and mEPSCs. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that sevoflurane induces a tau phosphorylation-dependent demtrimental effect on dendritic spine via decreasing EAAT3 expression and increasing extracellular glutamate levels, leading to neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yan
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Hoai Ton
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Hong Jiang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Dong H, Wen X, Zhang BW, Wu Z, Zou W. Astrocytes in intracerebral hemorrhage: impact and therapeutic objectives. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1327472. [PMID: 38419793 PMCID: PMC10899346 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1327472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) manifests precipitously and profoundly impairs the neurological function in patients who are affected. The etiology of subsequent injury post-ICH is multifaceted, characterized by the intricate interplay of various factors, rendering therapeutic interventions challenging. Astrocytes, a distinct class of glial cells, interact with neurons and microglia, and are implicated in a series of pathophysiological alterations following ICH. A comprehensive examination of the functions and mechanisms associated with astrocytic proteins may shed light on the role of astrocytes in ICH pathology and proffer innovative therapeutic avenues for ICH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- The First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Bai-Wen Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zou
- The Third Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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16
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Zhang D, Hua Z, Li Z. The role of glutamate and glutamine metabolism and related transporters in nerve cells. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14617. [PMID: 38358002 PMCID: PMC10867874 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate and glutamine are the most abundant amino acids in the blood and play a crucial role in cell survival in the nervous system. Various transporters found in cell and mitochondrial membranes, such as the solute carriers (SLCs) superfamily, are responsible for maintaining the balance of glutamate and glutamine in the synaptic cleft and within cells. This balance affects the metabolism of glutamate and glutamine as non-essential amino acids. AIMS This review aims to provide an overview of the transporters and enzymes associated with glutamate and glutamine in neuronal cells. DISCUSSION We delve into the function of glutamate and glutamine in the nervous system by discussing the transporters involved in the glutamate-glutamine cycle and the key enzymes responsible for their mutual conversion. Additionally, we highlight the role of glutamate and glutamine as carbon and nitrogen donors, as well as their significance as precursors for the synthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH). CONCLUSION Glutamate and glutamine play a crucial role in the brain due to their special effects. It is essential to focus on understanding glutamate and glutamine metabolism to comprehend the physiological behavior of nerve cells and to treat nervous system disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Zhang
- Department of PediatricsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environment and Metabolic DiseasesShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Zhongyan Hua
- Department of PediatricsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environment and Metabolic DiseasesShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of PediatricsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environment and Metabolic DiseasesShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
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17
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Salin P, Melon C, Chassain C, Gubellini P, Pages G, Pereira B, Le Fur Y, Durif F, Kerkerian-Le Goff L. Interhemispheric reactivity of the subthalamic nucleus sustains progressive dopamine neuron loss in asymmetrical parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 191:106398. [PMID: 38182075 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive and asymmetrical degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and the unilateral presentation of the motor symptoms at onset, contralateral to the most impaired hemisphere. We previously developed a rat PD model that mimics these typical features, based on unilateral injection of a substrate inhibitor of excitatory amino acid transporters, L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC), in the substantia nigra (SN). Here, we used this progressive model in a multilevel study (behavioral testing, in vivo 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, slice electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization) to characterize the functional changes occurring in the cortico-basal ganglia-cortical network in an evolving asymmetrical neurodegeneration context and their possible contribution to the cell death progression. We focused on the corticostriatal input and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), two glutamate components with major implications in PD pathophysiology. In the striatum, glutamate and glutamine levels increased from presymptomatic stages in the PDC-injected hemisphere only, which also showed enhanced glutamatergic transmission and loss of plasticity at corticostriatal synapses assessed at symptomatic stage. Surprisingly, the contralateral STN showed earlier and stronger reactivity than the ipsilateral side (increased intraneuronal cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA levels; enhanced glutamate and glutamine concentrations). Moreover, its lesion at early presymptomatic stage halted the ongoing neurodegeneration in the PDC-injected SN and prevented the expression of motor asymmetry. These findings reveal the existence of endogenous interhemispheric processes linking the primary injured SN and the contralateral STN that could sustain progressive dopamine neuron loss, opening new perspectives for disease-modifying treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Salin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Carine Chassain
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRAE, AgroResonance Facility, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Guilhem Pages
- INRAE, AgroResonance Facility, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatisticis Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yann Le Fur
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Durif
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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18
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Končeková J, Kotorová K, Gottlieb M, Bona M, Bonová P. Changes in excitatory amino acid transporters in response to remote ischaemic preconditioning and glutamate excitotoxicity. Neurochem Int 2024; 173:105658. [PMID: 38135159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The successful implementation of remote ischaemic conditioning as a clinical neuroprotective strategy requires a thorough understanding of its basic principles, which can be modified for each patient. The mechanisms of glutamate homeostasis appear to be a key component. In the current study, we focused on the brain-to-blood glutamate shift mediated by glutamate transporters (excitatory amino acid transports [EAATs]) and the effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) as a mediator of ischaemic tolerance. We used model mimicking ischaemia-mediated excitotoxicity (intracerebroventricular administration of glutamate) to avoid the indirect effect of ischaemia-triggered mechanisms. We found quantitative changes in EAAT2 and EAAT3 and altered membrane trafficking of EAAT1 on the cells of the choroid plexus. These changes could underlie the beneficial effects of ischaemic tolerance. There was reduced oxidative stress and increased glutathione level after RIPC treatment. Moreover, we determined the stimulus-specific response on EAATs. While glutamate overdose stimulated EAAT2 and EAAT3 overexpression, RIPC induced membrane trafficking of EAAT1 and EAAT2 rather than a change in their expression. Taken together, mechanisms related to glutamate homeostasis, especially EAAT-mediated transport, represents a powerful tool of ischaemic tolerance and allow a certain amount of flexibility based on the stimulus used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Končeková
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Klaudia Kotorová
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Gottlieb
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Bona
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Bonová
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic.
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Lv Y, Wen L, Hu WJ, Deng C, Ren HW, Bao YN, Su BW, Gao P, Man ZY, Luo YY, Li CJ, Xiang ZX, Wang B, Luan ZL. Schizophrenia in the genetic era: a review from development history, clinical features and genomic research approaches to insights of susceptibility genes. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:147-171. [PMID: 37542622 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder affecting 1% of the world population and ranks as one of the disorders providing the most severe burden for society. Schizophrenia etiology remains obscure involving multi-risk factors, such as genetic, environmental, nutritional, and developmental factors. Complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. This review provides an overview of the historical origins, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical symptoms and corresponding treatment of schizophrenia. In addition, as schizophrenia is a polygenic, genetic disorder caused by the combined action of multiple micro-effective genes, we further detail several approaches, such as candidate gene association study (CGAS) and genome-wide association study (GWAS), which are commonly used in schizophrenia genomics studies. A number of GWASs about schizophrenia have been performed with the hope to identify novel, consistent and influential risk genetic factors. Finally, some schizophrenia susceptibility genes have been identified and reported in recent years and their biological functions are also listed. This review may serve as a summary of past research on schizophrenia genomics and susceptibility genes (NRG1, DISC1, RELN, BDNF, MSI2), which may point the way to future schizophrenia genetics research. In addition, depending on the above discovery of susceptibility genes and their exact function, the development and application of antipsychotic drugs will be promoted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lv
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Lin Wen
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Wen-Juan Hu
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Chong Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Hui-Wen Ren
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ya-Nan Bao
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Bo-Wei Su
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Zi-Yue Man
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yi-Yang Luo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Xiang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Central hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116000, China.
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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20
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Zhang Y, Ya D, Yang J, Jiang Y, Li X, Wang J, Tian N, Deng J, Yang B, Li Q, Liao R. EAAT3 impedes oligodendrocyte remyelination in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14487. [PMID: 37803915 PMCID: PMC10805396 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced demyelination causes progressive white matter injury, although the pathogenic pathways are unknown. METHODS The Single Cell Portal and PanglaoDB databases were used to analyze single-cell RNA sequencing experiments to determine the pattern of EAAT3 expression in CNS cells. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to detect EAAT3 expression in oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). EAAT3 levels in mouse brains were measured using a western blot at various phases of development, as well as in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) mouse models. The mouse bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) model was used to create white matter injury. IF, Luxol Fast Blue staining, and electron microscopy were used to investigate the effect of remyelination. 5-Ethynyl-2-Deoxy Uridine staining, transwell chamber assays, and IF were used to examine the effects of OPCs' proliferation, migration, and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. The novel object recognition test, the Y-maze test, the rotarod test, and the grid walking test were used to examine the impact of behavioral modifications. RESULTS A considerable amount of EAAT3 was expressed in OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes, according to single-cell RNA sequencing data. During multiple critical phases of mouse brain development, there were no substantial changes in EAAT3 levels in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, or white matter. Furthermore, neither the TBI nor ICH models significantly affected the levels of EAAT3 in the aforementioned brain areas. The chronic white matter injury caused by BCAS, on the other hand, resulted in a strikingly high level of EAAT3 expression in the oligodendroglia and white matter. Correspondingly, blocking EAAT3 assisted in the recovery of cognitive and motor impairment as well as the restoration of cerebral blood flow following BCAS. Furthermore, EAAT3 suppression was connected to improved OPCs' survival and proliferation in vivo as well as faster OPCs' proliferation, migration, and differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, this study revealed that the mTOR pathway is implicated in EAAT3-mediated remyelination. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence that abnormally high levels of oligodendroglial EAAT3 in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion impair OPCs' pro-remyelination actions, hence impeding white matter repair and functional recovery. EAAT3 inhibitors could be useful in the treatment of ischemia demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Zhang
- Laboratory of NeuroscienceAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Dongshan Ya
- Laboratory of NeuroscienceAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Laboratory of NeuroscienceAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Yanlin Jiang
- Department of PharmacologyAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Laboratory of NeuroscienceAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Laboratory of NeuroscienceAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Ning Tian
- Laboratory of NeuroscienceAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Jungang Deng
- Department of PharmacologyAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Qinghua Li
- Laboratory of NeuroscienceAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Rujia Liao
- Laboratory of NeuroscienceAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
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21
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Chib S, Devi S, Chalotra R, Mittal N, Singh TG, Kumar P, Singh R. Cross Talks between CNS and CVS Diseases: An Alliance to Annihilate. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:63-76. [PMID: 38441007 PMCID: PMC11284694 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x278550240221112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and neurological diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality globally. Moreover, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. About 17.9 million people are affected by cardiovascular diseases and 6.8 million people die every year due to neurological diseases. The common neurologic manifestations of cardiovascular illness include stroke syndrome which is responsible for unconsciousness and several other morbidities significantly diminished the quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is prudent need to explore the mechanistic and molecular connection between cardiovascular disorders and neurological disorders. The present review emphasizes the association between cardiovascular and neurological diseases specifically Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Chib
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sushma Devi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rishabh Chalotra
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Mittal
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
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22
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Ko HG, Chun H, Han S, Kaang BK. Role of spinal astrocytes through the perisynaptic astrocytic process in pathological pain. Mol Brain 2023; 16:81. [PMID: 38093330 PMCID: PMC10717263 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain is caused by abnormal activity in the neural circuit that transmits nociceptive stimuli. Beyond homeostatic functions, astrocytes actively participate in regulating synaptic transmission as members of tripartite synapses. The perisynaptic astrocytic process (PAP) is the key structure that allows astrocytes to play these roles and not only physically supports synapse formation through cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) but also regulates the efficiency of chemical signaling. Accumulating evidence has revealed that spinal astrocytes are involved in pathological pain by modulating the efficacy of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA through transporters located in the PAP and by directly regulating synaptic transmission through various gliotransmitters. Although various CAMs contribute to pathological pain, insufficient evidence is available as to whether astrocytic CAMs also have this role. Therefore, more in-depth research is needed on how pathological pain is induced and maintained by astrocytes, especially in the PAP surrounding the synapse, and this will subsequently increase our understanding and treatment of pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Gon Ko
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol- daero, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Heejung Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei-SL Bigen Institute (YSLI), Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seunghyo Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol- daero, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Life Science Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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23
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Burnyasheva AO, Stefanova NA, Kolosova NG, Telegina DV. Changes in the Glutamate/GABA System in the Hippocampus of Rats with Age and during Alzheimer's Disease Signs Development. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1972-1986. [PMID: 38462444 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
GABA and glutamate are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the CNS and play a pivotal part in synaptic stability/plasticity. Glutamate and GABA homeostasis is important for healthy aging and reducing the risk of various neurological diseases, while long-term imbalance can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Normalization of the homeostasis has been discussed as a promising strategy for prevention and/or treatment of AD, however, data on the changes in the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems with age, as well as on the dynamics of AD development, are limited. It is not clear whether imbalance of the excitatory/inhibitory systems is the cause or the consequence of the disease development. Here we analyzed the age-related alterations of the levels of glutamate, GABA, as well as enzymes that synthesize them (glutaminase, glutamine synthetase, GABA-T, and GAD67), transporters (GLAST, GLT-1, and GAT1), and relevant receptors (GluA1, NMDAR1, NMDA2B, and GABAAr1) in the whole hippocampus of the Wistar rats and of the senescence-accelerated OXYS rats, a model of the most common (> 95%) sporadic AD. Our results suggest that there is a decline in glutamate and GABA signaling with age in hippocampus of the both rat strains. However, we have not identified significant changes or compensatory enhancements in this system in the hippocampus of OXYS rats during the development of neurodegenerative processes that are characteristic of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena O Burnyasheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Natalia A Stefanova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nataliya G Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Darya V Telegina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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24
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Liu R, Gong Y, Xia C, Cao Y, Zhao C, Zhou M. Itaconate: A promising precursor for treatment of neuroinflammation associated depression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115521. [PMID: 37717531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation triggers the production of inflammatory factors, influences neuron generation and synaptic plasticity, thus playing an important role in the pathogenesis of depression and becoming an important direction of depression prevention and treatment. Itaconate is a metabolite secreted by macrophages in immunomodulatory responses, that has potent immunomodulatory effects and has been proven to exert anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of diseases. Microglia are mononuclear macrophages that reside in the central nervous system (CNS), and may be the source of endogenous itaconate in the brain. Itaconate can directly inhibit succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), reduce the production of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), activate nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and block glycolysis, and thereby improving the depressive symptoms associated with the above mechanisms. Notably, itaconate also indirectly ameliorates the depressive symptoms associated with some inflammatory diseases. With the optimization of the structure and the development of new delivery systems, the application value and therapeutic potential of itaconate have been significantly improved. Dimethyl itaconate (DI) and 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI), cell-permeable derivatives of itaconate, are more suitable for crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), exhibiting therapeutic effects in the research of multiple diseases. This article provides an overview of the immunomodulatory effects of itaconate and its potential therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory depression, focusing on the promising application of itaconate as a precursor of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisi Liu
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yueling Gong
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenyi Xia
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yemin Cao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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25
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Arab AO, Alasmari F, Albaker AB, Alhazmi HA, Alameen AA, Alagail NM, Alwaeli SA, Rizwan Ahamad S, AlAsmari AF, AlSharari SD. Clavulanic Acid Improves Memory Dysfunction and Anxiety Behaviors through Upregulating Glutamatergic Transporters in the Nucleus Accumbens of Mice Repeatedly Exposed to Khat Extract. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15657. [PMID: 37958641 PMCID: PMC10648086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Khat (Catha edulis) is an evergreen shrub whose buds and leaves give a state of delight and euphoria when chewed. Cathinone, an amphetamine-like stimulant that is among the active ingredients in khat, is able to downregulate glutamate transporter subtype I (GLT-1). Neurobehavioral dysfunctions such as altered locomotor activity, anorexia, and nociception have been observed in animals exposed to cathinone. Interestingly, treatment with a β-lactam antibiotic such as ceftriaxone, which upregulates GLT-1, normalizes cathinone-induced conditioned place preference, and alters repetitive movements in rats. However, little is known about the role of the glutamatergic system in memory dysfunction and anxiety-like behaviors in mice exposed to khat. We found here that clavulanic acid, a β-lactam-containing compound and GLT-1 upregulator, would modulate the neurobehavioral changes, including memory impairment and anxiety-like behaviors, associated with repeated exposure of mice to khat. Our data supported that clavulanic acid could improve memory impairment and anxiety-like behaviors through upregulating GLT-1 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), an effect abolished with a selective GLT-1 blocker. This upregulation was associated with restored glutamate/cystine antiporter expression in the NAc using a Western blotting assay. Cathine and cathinone were identified in khat extract using the gas chromatography technique. Our work provides preclinical insight into the efficacy of β-lactam-containing compounds for the attenuation of neurobehavioral changes induced by khat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal O. Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif B. Albaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alnoor Alameen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naser M. Alagail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alwaeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Rizwan Ahamad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir D. AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Panagiotidou E, Gioran A, Bano D, Chondrogianni N. Neuron-specific proteasome activation exerts cell non-autonomous protection against amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102817. [PMID: 37473700 PMCID: PMC10404562 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis reinforcement is a promising approach in the design of therapeutic interventions against proteinopathies, including Alzheimer's disease. Understanding how and which parts of the proteostasis network should be enhanced is crucial in developing efficient therapeutic strategies. The ability of specific tissues to induce proteostatic responses in distal ones (cell non-autonomous regulation of proteostasis) is attracting interest. Although the proteasome is a major protein degradation node, nothing is known on its cell non-autonomous regulation. We show that proteasome activation in the nervous system can enhance the proteasome activity in the muscle of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mechanistically, this communication depends on Small Clear Vesicles, with glutamate as one of the neurotransmitters required for the distal regulation. More importantly, we demonstrate that this cell non-autonomous proteasome activation is translated into efficient prevention of amyloid-beta (Αβ)-mediated proteotoxic effects in the muscle of C. elegans but notably not to resistance against oxidative stress. Our in vivo data establish a mechanistic link between neuronal proteasome reinforcement and decreased Aβ proteotoxicity in the muscle. The identified distal communication may have serious implications in the design of therapeutic strategies based on tissue-specific proteasome manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panagiotidou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41334, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Anna Gioran
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece.
| | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece.
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27
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de Ruiter Swain J, Michalopoulou E, Noch EK, Lukey MJ, Van Aelst L. Metabolic partitioning in the brain and its hijacking by glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2023; 37:681-702. [PMID: 37648371 PMCID: PMC10546978 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350693.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The different cell types in the brain have highly specialized roles with unique metabolic requirements. Normal brain function requires the coordinated partitioning of metabolic pathways between these cells, such as in the neuron-astrocyte glutamate-glutamine cycle. An emerging theme in glioblastoma (GBM) biology is that malignant cells integrate into or "hijack" brain metabolism, co-opting neurons and glia for the supply of nutrients and recycling of waste products. Moreover, GBM cells communicate via signaling metabolites in the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth and induce immune suppression. Recent findings in this field point toward new therapeutic strategies to target the metabolic exchange processes that fuel tumorigenesis and suppress the anticancer immune response in GBM. Here, we provide an overview of the intercellular division of metabolic labor that occurs in both the normal brain and the GBM tumor microenvironment and then discuss the implications of these interactions for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed de Ruiter Swain
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Evan K Noch
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Michael J Lukey
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA;
| | - Linda Van Aelst
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA;
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28
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Purushotham SS, Buskila Y. Astrocytic modulation of neuronal signalling. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1205544. [PMID: 37332623 PMCID: PMC10269688 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1205544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal signalling is a key element in neuronal communication and is essential for the proper functioning of the CNS. Astrocytes, the most prominent glia in the brain play a key role in modulating neuronal signalling at the molecular, synaptic, cellular, and network levels. Over the past few decades, our knowledge about astrocytes and their functioning has evolved from considering them as merely a brain glue that provides structural support to neurons, to key communication elements. Astrocytes can regulate the activity of neurons by controlling the concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters in the extracellular milieu, as well as releasing chemicals and gliotransmitters that modulate neuronal activity. The aim of this review is to summarise the main processes through which astrocytes are modulating brain function. We will systematically distinguish between direct and indirect pathways in which astrocytes affect neuronal signalling at all levels. Lastly, we will summarize pathological conditions that arise once these signalling pathways are impaired focusing on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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29
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Giangrasso DM, Veros KM, Timm MM, West PJ, Wilcox KS, Keefe KA. Glutamate dynamics in the dorsolateral striatum of rats with goal-directed and habitual cocaine-seeking behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1160157. [PMID: 37251646 PMCID: PMC10213946 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1160157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The shift from drug abuse to addiction is considered to arise from the transition between goal-directed and habitual control over drug behavior. Habitual responding for appetitive and skill-based behaviors is mediated by potentiated glutamate signaling in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), but the state of the DLS glutamate system in the context of habitual drug-behavior remains undefined. Evidence from the nucleus accumbens of cocaine-experienced rats suggests that decreased transporter-mediated glutamate clearance and enhanced synaptic glutamate release contribute to the potentiated glutamate signaling that underlies the enduring vulnerability to relapse. Preliminary evidence from the dorsal striatum of cocaine-experienced rats suggests that this region exhibits similar alterations to glutamate clearance and release, but it is not known whether these glutamate dynamics are associated with goal-directed or habitual control over cocaine-seeking behavior. Therefore, we trained rats to self-administer cocaine in a chained cocaine-seeking and -taking paradigm, which yielded goal-directed, intermediate, and habitual cocaine-seeking rats. We then assessed glutamate clearance and release dynamics in the DLS of these rats using two different methods: synaptic transporter current (STC) recordings of patch-clamped astrocytes and the intensity-based glutamate sensing fluorescent reporter (iGluSnFr). While we observed a decreased rate of glutamate clearance in STCs evoked with single-pulse stimulation in cocaine-experienced rats, we did not observe any cocaine-induced differences in glutamate clearance rates from STCs evoked with high frequency stimulation (HFS) or iGluSnFr responses evoked with either double-pulse stimulation or HFS. Furthermore, GLT-1 protein expression in the DLS was unchanged in cocaine-experienced rats, regardless of their mode of control over cocaine-seeking behavior. Lastly, there were no differences in metrics of glutamate release between cocaine-experienced rats and yoked-saline controls in either assay. Together, these results suggest that glutamate clearance and release dynamics in the DLS are largely unaltered by a history of cocaine self-administration on this established cocaine seeking-taking paradigm, regardless of whether the control over the cocaine seeking behavior was habitual or goal directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Giangrasso
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kaliana M. Veros
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Maureen M. Timm
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Peter J. West
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Karen S. Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kristen A. Keefe
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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30
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Zhao C, Wang C, Zhang H, Yan W. A mini-review of the role of vesicular glutamate transporters in Parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1118078. [PMID: 37251642 PMCID: PMC10211467 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1118078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease implicated in multiple interacting neurotransmitter pathways. Glutamate is the central excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays critical influence in the control of neuronal activity. Impaired Glutamate homeostasis has been shown to be closely associated with PD. Glutamate is synthesized in the cytoplasm and stored in synaptic vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Following its exocytotic release, Glutamate activates Glutamate receptors (GluRs) and mediates excitatory neurotransmission. While Glutamate is quickly removed by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) to maintain its relatively low extracellular concentration and prevent excitotoxicity. The involvement of GluRs and EAATs in the pathophysiology of PD has been widely studied, but little is known about the role of VGLUTs in the PD. In this review, we highlight the role of VGLUTs in neurotransmitter and synaptic communication, as well as the massive alterations in Glutamate transmission and VGLUTs levels in PD. Among them, adaptive changes in the expression level and function of VGLUTs may exert a crucial role in excitatory damage in PD, and VGLUTs are considered as novel potential therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiqian Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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31
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Kalinina TS, Shishkina GT, Lanshakov DA, Sukhareva EV, Onufriev MV, Moiseeva YV, Gulyaeva NV, Dygalo NN. Comparative Investigation of Expression of Glutamatergic and GABAergic Genes in the Rat Hippocampus after Focal Brain Ischemia and Central LPS Administration. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:539-550. [PMID: 37080939 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the responses in the early stages of stroke, activation of neurodegenerative and proinflammatory processes in the hippocampus is of key importance for the development of negative post-ischemic functional consequences. However, it remains unclear, what genes are involved in these processes. The aim of this work was a comparative study of the expression of genes encoding glutamate and GABA transporters and receptors, as well as inflammation markers in the hippocampus one day after two types of middle cerebral artery occlusion (according to Koizumi et al. method, MCAO-MK, and Longa et al. method, MCAO-ML), and direct pro-inflammatory activation by central administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Differences and similarities in the effects of these challenges on gene expression were observed. Expression of a larger number of genes associated with activation of apoptosis and neuroinflammation, glutamate reception, and markers of the GABAergic system changed after the MCAO-ML and LPS administration than after the MCAO-MK. Compared with the MCAO-ML, the MCAO-MK and LPS challenges caused changes in the expression of more genes involved in glutamate transport. The most pronounced difference between the responses to different challenges was the changes in expression of calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent kinases genes observed after MCAO, especially MCAO-ML, but not after LPS. The revealed specific features of the hippocampal gene responses to the two types of ischemia and a pro-inflammatory stimulus could contribute to further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying diversity of the post-stroke consequences both in the model studies and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S Kalinina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Galina T Shishkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Dmitriy A Lanshakov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sukhareva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Onufriev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Yulia V Moiseeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Nikolay N Dygalo
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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32
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Bondi H, Chiazza F, Masante I, Bortolotto V, Canonico PL, Grilli M. Heterogenous response to aging of astrocytes in murine Substantia Nigra pars compacta and pars reticulata. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:23-34. [PMID: 36630756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the impact of aging on astrocytes in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), where dopaminergic neurons degenerate both in physiological aging and in Parkinson's disease, an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. We performed a morphometric analysis of GFAP+ astrocytes in SNpc and, for comparison, in the pars reticulata (SNpr) of young (4-6 months), middle-aged (14-17 months) and old (20-24 months) C57BL/6J male mice. We demonstrated an age-dependent increase of structural complexity only in astrocytes localized in SNpc, and not in SNpr. Astrocytic structural remodelling was not accompanied by changes in GFAP expression, while GFAP increased in SNpr of old compared to young mice. In parallel, transcript levels of selected astrocyte-enriched genes were evaluated. With aging, decreased GLT1 expression occurred only in SNpc, while xCT transcript increased both in SNpc and SNpr, suggesting a potential loss of homeostatic control of extracellular glutamate only in the subregion where age-dependent neurodegeneration occurs. Altogether, our results support an heterogenous morphological and biomolecular response to aging of GFAP+ astrocytes in SNpc and SNpr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bondi
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Fausto Chiazza
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Irene Masante
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Bortolotto
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Canonico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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The Protective Role of Glutathione on Zinc-Induced Neuron Death after Brain Injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032950. [PMID: 36769273 PMCID: PMC9917832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is necessary for maintaining physiological antioxidant function, which is responsible for maintaining free radicals derived from reactive oxygen species at low levels and is associated with improved cognitive performance after brain injury. GSH is produced by the linkage of tripeptides that consist of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. The adequate supplementation of GSH has neuroprotective effects in several brain injuries such as cerebral ischemia, hypoglycemia, and traumatic brain injury. Brain injuries produce an excess of reactive oxygen species through complex biochemical cascades, which exacerbates primary neuronal damage. GSH concentrations are known to be closely correlated with the activities of certain genes such as excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), glutamate transporter-associated protein 3-18 (Gtrap3-18), and zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3). Following brain-injury-induced oxidative stress, EAAC1 function is negatively impacted, which then reduces cysteine absorption and impairs neuronal GSH synthesis. In these circumstances, vesicular zinc is also released into the synaptic cleft and then translocated into postsynaptic neurons. The excessive influx of zinc inhibits glutathione reductase, which inhibits GSH's antioxidant functions in neurons, resulting in neuronal damage and ultimately in the impairment of cognitive function. Therefore, in this review, we explore the overall relationship between zinc and GSH in terms of oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. Furthermore, we seek to understand how the modulation of zinc can rescue brain-insult-induced neuronal death after ischemia, hypoglycemia, and traumatic brain injury.
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Krishna G, Pillai VS, Gopi P, Nair AS, Veettil MV. Epstein-Barr virus infection controls the concentration of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione by upregulation of the glutamate transporter EAAT3 in tumor cells. Virus Genes 2023; 59:55-66. [PMID: 36344769 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus or human herpesvirus 4 (EBV/HHV-4) is an omnipresent oncovirus etiologically associated with various B-cell lymphomas and epithelial cancers. The malignant transformation associated with the persistent expression of viral proteins often deregulates the host cellular machinery and EBV infection is coupled to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. Here, we investigated the role that the glutamate transporter EAAT3 plays in regulating the antioxidant system as a protective mechanism of EBV-infected cells against the virus-induced oxidative stress. Our study demonstrated that the expression of EAAT3 was upregulated and localized to the plasma membrane in EBV latently infected and de novo EBV-infected cells. EAAT3 was regulated by the transcription factor NFAT5 in the infected cells. Membrane localized EAAT3 was found to be involved in the transportation of glutamate from the extracellular space into the cell, as EAAT3 and NFAT5 inhibitors markedly reduced the levels of intracellular glutamate levels in EBV latently infected cells. Additionally, our data demonstrated a notable decrease in the intracellular glutathione levels following treatment with an EAAT3 inhibitor. Collectively, our results suggest that upregulation of the glutamate transporter EAAT3 is an adaptation of EBV-infected cells to maintain cellular redox homeostasis against the virus-induced oxidative stress, and that this cellular balance could be therapeutically destroyed by targeting EAAT3 to impede EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Krishna
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682022, India
| | - Vinod Soman Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682022, India
- Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Thonnakkal, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Poornima Gopi
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682022, India
| | - Anuja S Nair
- Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Thonnakkal, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695317, India
| | - Mohanan Valiya Veettil
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682022, India.
- Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Thonnakkal, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695317, India.
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Plantainoside D Reduces Depolarization-Evoked Glutamate Release from Rat Cerebral Cortical Synaptosomes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031313. [PMID: 36770979 PMCID: PMC9919923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the excessive release of glutamate in the brain is emerging as a promising therapeutic option and is efficient for treating neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and mechanism of plantainoside D (PD), a phenylenthanoid glycoside isolated from Plantago asiatica L., on glutamate release in rat cerebral cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). We observed that PD inhibited the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-evoked release of glutamate and elevated concentration of cytosolic Ca2+. Using bafilomycin A1 to block glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles and EDTA to chelate extracellular Ca2+, the inhibitory effect of PD on 4-AP-evoked glutamate release was prevented. In contrast, the action of PD on the 4-AP-evoked release of glutamate in the presence of dl-TBOA, a potent nontransportable inhibitor of glutamate transporters, was unaffected. PD does not alter the 4-AP-mediated depolarization of the synaptosomal membrane potential, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of PD on glutamate release is associated with voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) but not the modulation of plasma membrane potential. Pretreatment with the Ca2+ channel blocker (N-type) ω-conotoxin GVIA abolished the inhibitory effect of PD on the evoked glutamate release, as did pretreatment with the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203x. However, the PD-mediated inhibition of glutamate release was eliminated by applying the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger inhibitor CGP37157 or dantrolene, which inhibits Ca2+ release through ryanodine receptor channels. These data suggest that PD mediates the inhibition of evoked glutamate release from synaptosomes primarily by reducing the influx of Ca2+ through N-type Ca2+ channels, subsequently reducing the protein kinase C cascade.
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36
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Metabolic Heterogeneity of Cerebral Cortical and Cerebellar Astrocytes. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010184. [PMID: 36676133 PMCID: PMC9860549 DOI: 10.3390/life13010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play critical roles in regulating neuronal synaptogenesis, maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, and recycling neurotransmitters. Increasing numbers of studies have suggested astrocyte heterogeneity in morphology, gene profile, and function. However, metabolic phenotype of astrocytes in different brain regions have not been explored. In this paper, we investigated the metabolic signature of cortical and cerebellar astrocytes using primary astrocyte cultures. We observed that cortical astrocytes were larger than cerebellar astrocytes, whereas cerebellar astrocytes had more and longer processes than cortical astrocytes. Using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, we demonstrated that cortical astrocytes had higher mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis than cerebellar astrocytes. Cerebellar astrocytes have lower spare capacity of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis as compared with cortical astrocytes. Consistently, cortical astrocytes have higher mitochondrial oxidation and glycolysis-derived ATP content than cerebellar astrocytes. In addition, cerebellar astrocytes have a fuel preference for glutamine and fatty acid, whereas cortical astrocytes were more dependent on glucose to meet energy demands. Our study indicated that cortical and cerebellar astrocytes display distinct metabolic phenotypes. Future studies on astrocyte metabolic heterogeneity and brain function in aging and neurodegeneration may lead to better understanding of the role of astrocyte in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
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37
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Duarte-Silva AT, Ximenes LGR, Guimarães-Souza M, Domith I, Paes-de-Carvalho R. Chemical signaling in the developing avian retina: Focus on cyclic AMP and AKT-dependent pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1058925. [PMID: 36568967 PMCID: PMC9780464 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1058925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between developing progenitor cells as well as differentiated neurons and glial cells in the nervous system is made through direct cell contacts and chemical signaling mediated by different molecules. Several of these substances are synthesized and released by developing cells and play roles since early stages of Central Nervous System development. The chicken retina is a very suitable model for neurochemical studies, including the study of regulation of signaling pathways during development. Among advantages of the model are its very well-known histogenesis, the presence of most neurotransmitter systems found in the brain and the possibility to make cultures of neurons and/or glial cells where many neurochemical functions develop in a similar way than in the intact embryonic tissue. In the chicken retina, some neurotransmitters or neuromodulators as dopamine, adenosine, and others are coupled to cyclic AMP production or adenylyl cyclase inhibition since early stages of development. Other substances as vitamin C and nitric oxide are linked to the major neurotransmitter glutamate and AKT metabolism. All these different systems regulate signaling pathways, including PKA, PKG, SRC, AKT and ERK, and the activation of the transcription factor CREB. Dopamine and adenosine stimulate cAMP accumulation in the chick embryo retina through activation of D1 and A2a receptors, respectively, but the onset of dopamine stimulation is much earlier than that of adenosine. However, adenosine can inhibit adenylyl cyclase and modulate dopamine-dependent cAMP increase since early developmental stages through A1 receptors. Dopamine stimulates different PKA as well as EPAC downstream pathways both in intact tissue and in culture as the CSK-SRC pathway modulating glutamate NMDA receptors as well as vitamin C release and CREB phosphorylation. By the other hand, glutamate modulates nitric oxide production and AKT activation in cultured retinal cells and this pathway controls neuronal survival in retina. Glutamate and adenosine stimulate the release of vitamin C and this vitamin regulates the transport of glutamate, activation of NMDA receptors and AKT phosphorylation in cultured retinal cells. In the present review we will focus on these reciprocal interactions between neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and different signaling pathways during retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Duarte-Silva
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - L. G. R. Ximenes
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - M. Guimarães-Souza
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - I. Domith
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - R. Paes-de-Carvalho
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil,Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil,*Correspondence: R. Paes-de-Carvalho,
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38
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Interferon-beta induces major histocompatibility complex of class I (MHC-I) expression and a proinflammatory phenotype in cultivated human astrocytes. Differentiation 2022; 128:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Synucleinopathy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Potential Avenue for Antisense Therapeutics? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169364. [PMID: 36012622 PMCID: PMC9409035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease classified as both a neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorder. With a complex aetiology and no current cure for ALS, broadening the understanding of disease pathology and therapeutic avenues is required to progress with patient care. Alpha-synuclein (αSyn) is a hallmark for disease in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy. A growing body of evidence now suggests that αSyn may also play a pathological role in ALS, with αSyn-positive Lewy bodies co-aggregating alongside known ALS pathogenic proteins, such as SOD1 and TDP-43. This review endeavours to capture the scope of literature regarding the aetiology and development of ALS and its commonalities with "synucleinopathy disorders". We will discuss the involvement of αSyn in ALS and motor neuron disease pathology, and the current theories and strategies for therapeutics in ALS treatment, as well as those targeting αSyn for synucleinopathies, with a core focus on small molecule RNA technologies.
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Rodrigues T, Piccirillo S, Magi S, Preziuso A, Dos Santos Ramos V, Serfilippi T, Orciani M, Maciel Palacio Alvarez M, Luis Dos Santos Tersariol I, Amoroso S, Lariccia V. Control of Ca 2+ and metabolic homeostasis by the Na +/Ca 2+ exchangers (NCXs) in health and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115163. [PMID: 35803319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal control of calcium (Ca2+) levels is essential for the background rhythms and responses of living cells to environmental stimuli. Whatever other regulators a given cellular activity may have, localized and wider scale Ca2+ events (sparks, transients, and waves) are hierarchical determinants of fundamental processes such as cell contraction, excitability, growth, metabolism and survival. Different cell types express specific channels, pumps and exchangers to efficiently generate and adapt Ca2+ patterns to cell requirements. The Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs) in particular contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis by buffering intracellular Ca2+ loads according to the electrochemical gradients of substrate ions - i.e., Ca2+ and sodium (Na+) - and under a dynamic control of redundant regulatory processes. An interesting feature of NCX emerges from the strict relationship that connects transporter activity with cell metabolism: on the one hand NCX operates under constant control of ATP-dependent regulatory processes, on the other hand the ion fluxes generated through NCX provide mechanistic support for the Na+-driven uptake of glutamate and Ca2+ influx to fuel mitochondrial respiration. Proof of concept evidence highlights therapeutic potential of preserving a timed and balanced NCX activity in a growing rate of diseases (including excitability, neurodegenerative, and proliferative disorders) because of an improved ability of stressed cells to safely maintain ion gradients and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Here, we will summarize and review recent works that have focused on the pathophysiological roles of NCXs in balancing the two-way relationship between Ca2+ signals and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Piccirillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simona Magi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Preziuso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Vyctória Dos Santos Ramos
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemistry Investigation (CIIB), University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiziano Serfilippi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Monia Orciani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Histology, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Marcela Maciel Palacio Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Lariccia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
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41
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Huttunen J, Adla SK, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM. Increased/Targeted Brain (Pro)Drug Delivery via Utilization of Solute Carriers (SLCs). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061234. [PMID: 35745806 PMCID: PMC9228667 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane transporters have a crucial role in compounds’ brain drug delivery. They allow not only the penetration of a wide variety of different compounds to cross the endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), but also the accumulation of them into the brain parenchymal cells. Solute carriers (SLCs), with nearly 500 family members, are the largest group of membrane transporters. Unfortunately, not all SLCs are fully characterized and used in rational drug design. However, if the structural features for transporter interactions (binding and translocation) are known, a prodrug approach can be utilized to temporarily change the pharmacokinetics and brain delivery properties of almost any compound. In this review, main transporter subtypes that are participating in brain drug disposition or have been used to improve brain drug delivery across the BBB via the prodrug approach, are introduced. Moreover, the ability of selected transporters to be utilized in intrabrain drug delivery is discussed. Thus, this comprehensive review will give insights into the methods, such as computational drug design, that should be utilized more effectively to understand the detailed transport mechanisms. Moreover, factors, such as transporter expression modulation pathways in diseases that should be taken into account in rational (pro)drug development, are considered to achieve successful clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.H.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.H.); (S.K.A.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB), Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.H.); (S.K.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Abhari AP, Etemadifar M, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-Type Glutamate Receptors and Demyelinating Disorders: A Neuroimmune Perspective. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2624-2640. [PMID: 35507747 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220504135853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors, highly important in regulating substantial physiologic processes in the brain and the nervous system, and disturbance in their function could contribute to different pathologies. Overstimulation and hyperactivity of NMDARs, termed as glutamate toxicity, could promote cell death and apoptosis. Meanwhile, their blockade could lead to dysfunction of the brain and nervous system as well. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the prominent role of NMDARs in demyelinating disorders and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Herein, we provide an overview of the role of NMDARs' dysfunction in the physiopathology of demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Parsa Abhari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Isfahan, Iran.,School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children\'s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children\'s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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43
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Ge Y, Zhen F, Liu Z, Feng Z, Wang G, Zhang C, Wang X, Sun Y, Zheng X, Bai Y, Yao R. Alpha-Asaronol Alleviates Dysmyelination by Enhancing Glutamate Transport Through the Activation of PPARγ-GLT-1 Signaling in Hypoxia-Ischemia Neonatal Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:766744. [PMID: 35401225 PMCID: PMC8984140 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.766744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm white matter injury (PWMI) is the most common form of brain damage in premature infants caused by hypoxia-ischemia (HI), inflammation, or excitotoxicity. It is characterized by oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation disorder and dysmyelination. Our previous study confirmed that alpha-asarone (α-asaronol), a major compound isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Acorus gramineus by our lab, could alleviate neuronal overexcitation and improve the cognitive function of aged rats. In the present study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of α-asaronol on myelination in a rat model of PWMI induced by HI. Notably, α-asaronol promoted OPC differentiation and myelination in the corpus callosum of PWMI rats. Meanwhile, the concentration of glutamate was significantly decreased, and the levels of PPARγ and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) were increased by α-asaronol treatment. In vitro, it was also confirmed that α-asaronol increased GLT-1 expression and recruitment of the PPARγ coactivator PCG-1a in astrocytes under oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. The PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 significantly reversed the effect of α-asaronol on GLT-1 expression and PCG-1a recruitment. Interestingly, the conditioned medium from α-asaronol-treated astrocytes decreased the number of OPCs and increased the number of mature oligodendrocytes. These results suggest that α-asaronol can promote OPC differentiation and relieve dysmyelination by regulating glutamate levels via astrocyte PPARγ-GLT-1 signaling. Although whether α-asaronol binds to PPARγ directly or indirectly is not investigated here, this study still indicates that α-asaronol may be a promising small molecular drug for the treatment of myelin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Ge
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhen
- Hongze Huaian District People's Hospital, Hongze, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhaowei Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gui Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xingqi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruiqin Yao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Kaplan-Arabaci O, Acari A, Ciftci P, Gozuacik D. Glutamate Scavenging as a Neuroreparative Strategy in Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:866738. [PMID: 35401202 PMCID: PMC8984161 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.866738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second highest reason of death in the world and the leading cause of disability. The ischemic stroke makes up the majority of stroke cases that occur due to the blockage of blood vessels. Therapeutic applications for ischemic stroke include thrombolytic treatments that are in limited usage and only applicable to less than 10% of the total stroke patients, but there are promising new approaches. The main cause of ischemic neuronal death is glutamate excitotoxicity. There have been multiple studies focusing on neuroprotection via reduction of glutamate both in ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases that ultimately failed due to the obstacles in delivery. At that point, systemic glutamate grabbing, or scavenging is an ingenious way of decreasing glutamate levels upon ischemic stroke. The main advantage of this new therapeutic method is the scavengers working in the circulating blood so that there is no interference with the natural brain neurophysiology. In this review, we explain the molecular mechanisms of ischemic stroke, provide brief information about existing drugs and approaches, and present novel systemic glutamate scavenging methods. This review hopefully will elucidate the potential usage of the introduced therapeutic approaches in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oykum Kaplan-Arabaci
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.,Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alperen Acari
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ciftci
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.,Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Satarker S, Bojja SL, Gurram PC, Mudgal J, Arora D, Nampoothiri M. Astrocytic Glutamatergic Transmission and Its Implications in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071139. [PMID: 35406702 PMCID: PMC8997779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative disorders involve impaired neurotransmission, and glutamatergic neurotransmission sets a prototypical example. Glutamate is a predominant excitatory neurotransmitter where the astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the extracellular levels through release and uptake mechanisms. Astrocytes modulate calcium-mediated excitability and release several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including glutamate, and significantly modulate neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence supports the concept of excitotoxicity caused by astrocytic glutamatergic release in pathological conditions. Thus, the current review highlights different vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms of astrocytic glutamate release and their implication in neurodegenerative diseases. As in presynaptic neurons, the vesicular release of astrocytic glutamate is also primarily meditated by calcium-mediated exocytosis. V-ATPase is crucial in the acidification and maintenance of the gradient that facilitates the vesicular storage of glutamate. Along with these, several other components, such as cystine/glutamate antiporter, hemichannels, BEST-1, TREK-1, purinergic receptors and so forth, also contribute to glutamate release under physiological and pathological conditions. Events of hampered glutamate uptake could promote inflamed astrocytes to trigger repetitive release of glutamate. This could be favorable towards the development and worsening of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, across neurodegenerative diseases, we review the relations between defective glutamatergic signaling and astrocytic vesicular and non-vesicular events in glutamate homeostasis. The optimum regulation of astrocytic glutamatergic transmission could pave the way for the management of these diseases and add to their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Treatment of Glaucoma with Natural Products and Their Mechanism of Action: An Update. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030534. [PMID: 35276895 PMCID: PMC8840399 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness. It is generally caused by increased intraocular pressure, which results in damage of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells, ultimately leading to visual field dysfunction. However, even with the use of intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops, the disease still progresses in some patients. In addition to mechanical and vascular dysfunctions of the eye, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Hence, the use of natural products with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may represent an alternative approach for glaucoma treatment. The present review highlights recent preclinical and clinical studies on various natural products shown to possess neuroprotective properties for retinal ganglion cells, which thereby may be effective in the treatment of glaucoma. Intraocular pressure can be reduced by baicalein, forskolin, marijuana, ginsenoside, resveratrol and hesperidin. Alternatively, Ginkgo biloba, Lycium barbarum, Diospyros kaki, Tripterygium wilfordii, saffron, curcumin, caffeine, anthocyanin, coenzyme Q10 and vitamins B3 and D have shown neuroprotective effects on retinal ganglion cells via various mechanisms, especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis mechanisms. Extensive studies are still required in the future to ensure natural products' efficacy and safety to serve as an alternative therapy for glaucoma.
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Rapid Regulation of Glutamate Transport: Where Do We Go from Here? Neurochem Res 2022; 47:61-84. [PMID: 33893911 PMCID: PMC8542062 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). A family of five Na+-dependent transporters maintain low levels of extracellular glutamate and shape excitatory signaling. Shortly after the research group of the person being honored in this special issue (Dr. Baruch Kanner) cloned one of these transporters, his group and several others showed that their activity can be acutely (within minutes to hours) regulated. Since this time, several different signals and post-translational modifications have been implicated in the regulation of these transporters. In this review, we will provide a brief introduction to the distribution and function of this family of glutamate transporters. This will be followed by a discussion of the signals that rapidly control the activity and/or localization of these transporters, including protein kinase C, ubiquitination, glutamate transporter substrates, nitrosylation, and palmitoylation. We also include the results of our attempts to define the role of palmitoylation in the regulation of GLT-1 in crude synaptosomes. In some cases, the mechanisms have been fairly well-defined, but in others, the mechanisms are not understood. In several cases, contradictory phenomena have been observed by more than one group; we describe these studies with the goal of identifying the opportunities for advancing the field. Abnormal glutamatergic signaling has been implicated in a wide variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Although recent studies have begun to link regulation of glutamate transporters to the pathogenesis of these disorders, it will be difficult to determine how regulation influences signaling or pathophysiology of glutamate without a better understanding of the mechanisms involved.
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Hadi F, Kashefinejad S, Kamalzadeh L, Hoobehfekr S, Shalbafan M. Glutamatergic medications as adjunctive therapy for moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:69. [PMID: 34736541 PMCID: PMC8569963 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is among the most disabling neuropsychiatric conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images (obsessions) and/or ritualized mental or physical acts (compulsions). Serotonergic medications, particularly Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), are the first-line treatments for patients with OCD. Recently, dysregulation of glutamatergic system has been proposed to be involved in the etiology of OCD. We designed this systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate clinical efficacy of glutamatergic medications in patients with OCD, according to the guidelines of Cochrane collaboration. METHOD We searched Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane library without applying any language filter. Two of the authors independently reviewed search results for irrelevant and duplicate studies and extracted data and assessed methodological quality of the studies. We transformed data into a common rubric and calculated a weighted treatment effect across studies using Review Manager. RESULTS We found 476 references in 3 databases, and after exclusion of irrelevant and duplicate studies, 17 studies with total number of 759 patients with OCD were included. In the present review we found evidence for several drugs such as memantine, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), Minocycline, L-carnosine and riluzole. Glutamaterigic drug plus SSRIs were superior to SSRI+ Placebo with regard to Y-BOCS scale [standardized mean difference (SMD = - 3.81 95% CI = - 4.4, - 3.23). CONCLUSION Augmentation of glutamatergic medications with SSRIs are beneficial in obsessive-compulsive patients, no harmful significant differences in any safety outcome were found between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hadi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Kashefinejad
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Kamalzadeh
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Hoobehfekr
- Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Brain and Cognition Clinic, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran.
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Critical Involvement of Glial Cells in Manganese Neurotoxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1596185. [PMID: 34660781 PMCID: PMC8514895 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1596185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, most of the research concerning manganese exposure was restricted to the toxicity of neuronal cells. Manganese is an essential trace element that in high doses exerts neurotoxic effects. However, in the last two decades, efforts have shifted toward a more comprehensive approach that takes into account the involvement of glial cells in the development of neurotoxicity as a brain insult. Glial cells provide structural, trophic, and metabolic support to neurons. Nevertheless, these cells play an active role in adult neurogenesis, regulation of synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Disturbances in glial cell function can lead to neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the pivotal role that glial cells have in manganese-induced neurotoxicity as well as the most sounding mechanisms involved in the development of this phenomenon.
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50
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He Y, He G, He T. Specifically Targeted Transport of Plasma Membrane Transporters: From Potential Mechanisms for Regulating Cell Health or Disease to Applications. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100736. [PMID: 34677502 PMCID: PMC8538571 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal substrate transport and signal transmission are the premise to ensure the health of biological somatic cells. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of intercellular substrate transport is of great significance for clinical treatment. In order to better understand the membrane protein through its interaction with receptors, to help maintain a healthy cell and the molecular mechanisms of disease, in this paper, we seek to clarify, first of all, the recognition mechanism for different types of membrane protein receptors; pathogen invasion using the transport pathway involved in the membrane; and the latest specific target sites of various kinds of membrane transport carriers; to provide an explanation and summary of the system. Secondly, the downstream receptor proteins and specific substrates of different membrane transporters were classified systematically; the functional differences of different subclasses and their relationship with intracellular transport disorders were analyzed to further explore the potential relationship between cell transport disorders and diseases. Finally, the paper summarizes the use of membrane transporter-specific targets for drug design and development from the latest research results; it points out the transporter-related results in disease treatment; the application prospects and the direction for drug development and disease treatment providing a new train of thought; also for disease-specific targeted therapy, it provides a certain reference value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing He
- College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Guandi He
- College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.H.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tengbing He
- College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.H.); (T.H.)
- Institute of New Rural Development, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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