Nutraceuticals in Neurological Disorders

Nanoliposomes a future based delivery vehicle of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside against major chronic disease

BACKGROUND

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), is an anthocyanin mainly found in berries, and can also be produced by microorganisms. It has been traditionally used as a natural coloring agent for decades. Recently, it has been investigated for its high antioxidant activity and anti-cancer attributes. C3G has low bioavailability and is sensitive to oxidation and gastric pH; therefore, it is encapsulated in nanoliposomes to enhance its bio-availability, targeted delivery- and efficacy against chronic disease.

SCOPE AND APPROACH

In this review, the role of C3G nanoliposomes against major chronic diseases has been discussed. The focus was on research findings and the mechanism of action to affect the proliferation of cancer, neuro disease and cardiovascular problems. It also discussed the formulation of nanoliposomes, their role in nutraceutical delivery and enhancement in C3G bioavailability.

KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

Data suggested that nanoliposomes safeguard C3G, enhance bioavailability, and ensure safe, adequate and targeted delivery. It can reduce the impact of cancer and inflammation by inhibiting the ß-catenin/O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) pathway and upregulating miR-214-5p. Formation of C3G nanoliposomes significantly enhances the nutraceutical efficacy of C3G against major chronic disease therefore, C3G nanoliposomes might be a future-based nutraceutical to treat major chronic diseases, including cancer, neuro problems and CVD, but challenges remain in finding correct dose and techniques to maximize its efficacy.

Physiochemically and Genetically Engineered Bacteria: Instructive Design Principles and Diverse Applications

With the comprehensive understanding of microorganisms and the rapid advances of physiochemical engineering and bioengineering technologies, scientists are advancing rationally-engineered bacteria as emerging drugs for treating various diseases in clinical disease management. Engineered bacteria specifically refer to advanced physiochemical or genetic technologies in combination with cutting edge nanotechnology or physical technologies, which have been validated to play significant roles in lysing tumors, regulating immunity, influencing the metabolic pathways, etc. However, there has no specific reviews that concurrently cover physiochemically- and genetically-engineered bacteria and their derivatives yet, let alone their distinctive design principles and various functions and applications. Herein, the applications of physiochemically and genetically-engineered bacteria, and classify and discuss significant breakthroughs with an emphasis on their specific design principles and engineering methods objective to different specific uses and diseases beyond cancer is described. The combined strategies for developing in vivo biotherapeutic agents based on these physiochemically- and genetically-engineered bacteria or bacterial derivatives, and elucidated how they repress cancer and other diseases is also underlined. Additionally, the challenges faced by clinical translation and the future development directions are discussed. This review is expected to provide an overall impression on physiochemically- and genetically-engineered bacteria and enlighten more researchers.

PET imaging for a very early detection of rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and Parkinson's disease - A model-based cost-effectiveness analysis

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative condition after Alzheimer's disease and it represents one of the fastest emerging neurological diseases worldwide. PD is usually diagnosed after the third decade of life with symptoms like tremors at rest and muscle stiffness. Rapid Eye Movement sleep behavioral disorder (RBD) is another disorder that is caused by a loss of typical muscle relaxation during sleep with a lot of motor activity. Usually, RBD is strongly associated with PD. Recent studies have demonstrated that PD reduces the life expectancy of patients to 10 and 20 years after being diagnosed. In addition, delayed diagnosis and treatment of these neurological disorders have significant socio-economic impacts on patients, their partners and on the general public. Often, it is not clear about PD associated financial burdens both in low and high-income countries. On the other hand, PD triggers neurological variations that affect differences in the dopamine transporter (DAT) and in glucose metabolism. Therefore, positron emission tomography (PET) using specific DAT radiotracers and fluorine-18 labeled desoxyglucose (FDG) has being considered a key imaging technique that could be applied clinically for the very early diagnosis of RBD and in PD. However, a few myths about PET is that it is very expensive. Here, we looked at the cost of treatment of PD and RBD in relation to early PET imaging. Our finding suggests that PET imaging might also be a cost sparing diagnostic option in the management of patients with PD and RBD, not only for first world countries as it is the case now but also for the third world countries. Therefore, PET is a cost-effective imaging technique for very early diagnostic of RBD and PD.

In silico molecular screening of bioactive natural compounds of rosemary essential oil and extracts for pharmacological potentials against rhinoviruses

Rhinoviruses (RVs) cause upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia in children and adults. These non-enveloped viruses contain viral coats of four capsid proteins: VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. The canyon on VP1 used cell surface receptor ICAM-1 as the site of attachment and for the internalization of viruses. To date, there has been no drug or vaccine available against RVs. In this study, bioactive natural compounds of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus L.), which are known for their pharmacological potential, were considered to target the VP1 protein. A total of 30 bioactive natural compounds of rosemary were taken as ligands to target viral proteins. The PkCSM tool was used to detect their adherence to Lipinski's rule of five and the ADMET properties of the selected ligands. Further, the CB-Dock tool was used for molecular docking studies between the VP1 protein and ligands. Based on the molecular docking and ADMET profiling results, phenethyl amine (4 methoxy benzyl) was selected as the lead compound. A comparative study was performed between the lead compound and two antiviral drugs, Placonaril and Nitazoxanide, to investigate the higher potential of natural compounds over synthetic drugs. Placonaril also targets VP1 but failed in clinical trials while Nitazoxanide was examined in clinical trials against rhinoviruses. It was discovered from this study that the (4 methoxy benzyl) phenethyl amine exhibited less toxicity in comparison to other tested drugs against RVs. More research is needed to determine its potential and make it a good medication against RVs.

In Silico Prediction of Potential Inhibitors for Targeting RNA CAG Repeats via Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation: A Drug Discovery Approach

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a rare neurological illness inherited dominantly that causes severe impairment and premature mortality. While each rare disease may affect individuals infrequently, collectively they pose a significant healthcare challenge. It is mainly carried out due to the expansion of RNA triplet (CAG) repeats, although missense or point mutations can also be induced. Unfortunately, there is no cure; only symptomatic treatments are available. To date, SCA has about 48 subtypes, the most common of these being SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, and 17 having CAG repeats. Using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, this study seeks to investigate effective natural herbal neuroprotective compounds against CAG repeats, which are therapeutically significant in treating SCA. Initially, virtual screening followed by molecular docking was used to estimate the binding affinity of neuroprotective natural compounds toward CAG repeats. The compound with the highest binding affinity, somniferine, was then chosen for MD simulation. The structural stability, interaction mechanism, and conformational dynamics of CAG repeats and somniferine were investigated via MD simulation. The MD study revealed that during the simulation period, the interaction between CAG repeats and somniferine stabilizes and results in fewer conformational variations. This in silico study suggests that Somniferine can be used as a therapeutic medication against RNA CAG repeats in SCA.

Transcriptome sequencing of medical herb Salvia Rosmarinus (Rosemary) revealed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway genes and their phylogenetic relationships

BACKGROUND

The Salvia rosmarinus spenn. (rosemary) is considered an economically important ornamental and medicinal plant and is widely utilized in culinary and for treating several diseases. However, the procedure behind synthesizing secondary metabolites-based bioactive compounds at the molecular level in S. rosmarinus is not explored completely.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We performed transcriptomic sequencing of the pooled sample from leaf and stem tissues on the Illumina HiSeqTM X10 platform. The transcriptomics analysis led to the generation of 29,523,608 raw reads, followed by data pre-processing which generated 23,208,592 clean reads, and de novo assembly of S. rosmarinus obtained 166,849 unigenes. Among them, nearly 75.1% of unigenes i.e., 28,757 were interpreted against a non-redundant protein database. The gene ontology-based annotation classified them into 3 main categories and 55 sub-categories, and clusters of orthologous genes annotation categorized them into 23 functional categories. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database-based pathway analysis confirmed the involvement of 13,402 unigenes in 183 biochemical pathways, among these unigenes, 1,186 are involved in the 17 secondary metabolite production pathways. Several key enzymes involved in producing aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids were identified from the transcriptome database. Among the identified 48 families of transcription factors from coding unigenes, bHLH, MYB, WRKYs, NAC, C2H2, C3H, and ERF are involved in flavonoids and other secondary metabolites biosynthesis.

CONCLUSION

The phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary relationship between the phenylpropanoid pathway genes of rosemary with other members of Lamiaceae. Our work reveals a new molecular mechanism behind the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and their regulation in rosemary plants.

Natural products in the management of neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases represent one of the utmost imperative well-being health issues and apprehensions due to their escalating incidence of mortality. Natural derivatives are more efficacious in various preclinical models of neurodegenerative illnesses. These natural compounds include phytoconstituents in herbs, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and marine and freshwater flora, with remarkable efficacy in mitigating neurodegeneration and enhancing cognitive abilities in preclinical models. According to the latest research, the therapeutic activity of natural substances can be increased by adding phytoconstituents in nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, nanogels, and nanostructured lipid carriers. They can enhance the stability and specificity of the bioactive compounds to a more considerable extent. Nanotechnology can also provide targeting, enhancing their specificity to the respective site of action. In light of these findings, this article discusses the biological and therapeutic potential of natural products and their bioactive derivatives to exert neuroprotective effects and some clinical studies assessing their translational potential to treat neurodegenerative disorders.

Unveiling the phyto-restorative potential of ethereal distillates for atopic dermatitis: an advanced therapeutic approach

Atopic dermatitis is acknowledged as a vital inflammatory disorder associated with the integumentary system of the body and is characterized by the formation of thick reddish-grey scars and erythema formation on skin, prevalent amidst the populace. Numerous synthetic drugs are available for treatment like antihistamines, immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids etc., but contrarily, essential oil therapy is exclusively lime lighted to favour the purpose. The utilization of available engineered drugs, possess the marked adverse effects owing to prolonged duration of therapy and therefore, essential oils are explored well and proved to exhibit the anti-eczematic, anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties. Ethereal distillates own the assorted and selective therapeutic properties attributable to presence of bioactive compounds liable to treat this torturous and integumentary disorder, likely lavender oil, patchouli oil, frankincense oil etc., have been found to exert their pharmacological actions by impeding the liberation and action of inflammatory mediators and immunological hyperactivities that are engaged in exacerbating this idiopathic illness. The current attempt provided the update with the aim to bring forth the naturally originated treatment that is pertinent to provide the invulnerable therapy by circumventing the noxious symptoms i.e. erythema formation and inflamed lesions.

Exploring the mechanisms of kaempferol in neuroprotection: Implications for neurological disorders

Kaempferol, a flavonoid compound found in various fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential neuroprotective effects in neurological diseases. This research examines the existing literature concerning the involvement of kaempferol in neurological diseases, including stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuroblastoma/glioblastoma, spinal cord injury, neuropathic pain, and epilepsy. Numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have illustrated that kaempferol possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties, contributing to its neuroprotective effects. Kaempferol has been shown to modulate key signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, such as the PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, kaempferol exhibits potential therapeutic benefits by enhancing neuronal survival, attenuating oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial calcium channel activity, reducing neuroinflammation, promoting neurogenesis, and improving cognitive function. The evidence suggests that kaempferol holds promise as a natural compound for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action, optimize dosage regimens, and evaluate the safety and efficacy of this intervention in human clinical trials, thereby contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field.

Nutrition, Immunity and Aging: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Aging is a gradual decline of physiological function and tissue homeostasis and, in many instances, is related to increased (neuro)-degeneration, together with inflammation, becoming one of the most important risks for developing neurodegenerative diseases. Certain individual nutrients or foods in combination may counteract aging and associated neurodegenerative diseases by promoting a balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Thus, nutrition could represent a powerful modulator of this fine balance, other than a modifiable risk factor to contrast inflammaging. This narrative review explores from a broad perspective the impact of nutrition on the hallmarks of aging and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Syndrome (ALS), starting from nutrients up to single foods and complex dietary patterns.

Cross Talks between CNS and CVS Diseases: An Alliance to Annihilate

Cardiovascular and neurological diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality globally. Moreover, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. About 17.9 million people are affected by cardiovascular diseases and 6.8 million people die every year due to neurological diseases. The common neurologic manifestations of cardiovascular illness include stroke syndrome which is responsible for unconsciousness and several other morbidities significantly diminished the quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is prudent need to explore the mechanistic and molecular connection between cardiovascular disorders and neurological disorders. The present review emphasizes the association between cardiovascular and neurological diseases specifically Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.

The neuroprotective effect of quercetin nanoparticles in the therapy of neuronal damage stimulated by acrolein

A gradual loss of neuronal function or structure causes neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Neurological damage might cause cell death. Acrolein is a high-risk air and water contaminant that causes neurodegenerative disorders. Quercetin has several strategies for treating neurodegenerative disorders but has limited bioavailability inside the body. One of the hypotheses offered to improve quercetin's bioavailability is to convert it into quercetin nanoparticles. This study aims to comprehend the immunohistochemical devastation that might arise in the cerebellum because of acrolein treatment. Furthermore, the protective and ameliorative roles of quercetin nanoparticles against oxidative stress and neurotoxicity induced in mice by acrolein were assessed. Ninety male albino rats weighing 120 to 200 g were used in the present investigation. The animals were split up into the following six groups: the control group, the acrolein-treated group: animals were given acrolein (3 mg/kg) for 30 days, quercetin nanoparticles treated group: animals were given quercetin nanoparticles (30 mg/kg) for 30 days. The administration of acrolein was found to be connected to immunohistochemical abnormalities in the cerebellum. Marked differences were observed in Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-α, and GFAP expressions in the cerebellum. Treatment of rats with quercetin nanoparticles either before or after treatment with acrolein has been found to preserve the cerebellum tissues from the toxic impacts and oxidative stress induced by acrolein. This may open the door to more nanomedicine studies and a new avenue for employing nanoparticles as a therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative illnesses.

Comparative effects of nutraceuticals on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of 111 randomized clinical trials

There is no research on the comparative effects of nutraceuticals on weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. This study aimed at quantifying and ranking the effects of different nutraceuticals on weight loss. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to November 2022. We included randomized trials evaluating the comparative effects of two or more nutraceuticals, or compared a nutraceutical against a placebo for weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. We conducted random-effects network meta-analysis with a Frequentist framework to estimate mean difference [MD] and 95% confidence interval [CI] of the effect of nutraceuticals on weight loss. One hundred and eleven RCTs with 6171 participants that investigated the effects of 18 nutraceuticals on body weight were eligible. In the main analysis incorporating all trials, there was high certainty of evidence for supplementation of spirulina (MD: -1.77 kg, 95% CI: -2.77, -0.78) and moderate certainty of evidence that supplementation of curcumin (MD: -0.82 kg, 95% CI: -1.33, -0.30), psyllium (MD: -3.70 kg, 95% CI: -5.18, -2.22), chitosan (MD: -1.70 kg, 95% CI: -2.62, -0.78), and Nigella sativa (MD: -2.09 kg, 95%CI: -2.92, -1.26) could result in a small improvement in body weight. Supplementations with green tea (MD: -1.25 kg, 95%CI: -1.68, -0.82) and glucomannan (MD: -1.36 kg, 95%CI: -2.17, -0.54) demonstrated small weight loss, also the certainty of evidence was rated low. Based on our findings, supplementations with nutraceuticals can result in a small weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity.

Assessment of the availability of repurposed orphan drugs in India

India has a massive burden of rare diseases (RDs), with an estimated 96 million people living with RDs but limited options for treatment. Repurposing drugs used for other common conditions are essential alternative for RDs due to their cost-effectiveness and reduced timeline. India's patent regime prevents the evergreening of drugs, and a large generic manufacturing industry provides ample opportunity to explore the potential of repurposed drugs for treating RDs, known as repurposed orphan drugs (ROD). However, there is no portal or other source for information on orphan drugs in India. This study assesses the availability of RODs in India through quantitative analysis. In the absence of a separate orphan drug designation in India, we consider USFDA-approved orphan-designated products as the reference. We searched USFDA-approved RODs in recognized sources in India, such as CDSCO, AYUSH gazette, FSSAI, and Indian Pharmacopeia, which provides a list of drugs approved for marketing in India. We classified the drugs into separate groups based on their record from different sources and explored the regulatory implications of the differential representations. We found that almost 76% of the USFDA-approved RODs are listed in one of the Indian regulatory bodies' records either in the same form (61%) or in a different fixed-dose combination. For 67 drugs no information was found, these drugs have to be imported for use. Only 17 of the 43 RDs mentioned in the National Policy for Rare Diseases, matched the indications listed for approval of one of the 279 RODs identified in the study. This underscores the scarcity of RD treatment and the pressing need for accessibility in India. This information on RODs will help relevant stakeholders to efficiently manage RDs in India. The study also highlights existing gaps in Indian regulatory databases that limits access to accurate information about the availability of drugs.

Exploring the Relationship between Mood Disorders and Coexisting Health Conditions: The Focus on Nutraceuticals

Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are the leading causes of global disability. Approximately 50% of patients fail to attain remission, prompting a pronounced focus on the significance of dietary patterns and specific nutrients within the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The connection between chronic diseases and mood disorders follows a bidirectional pattern: physical ailments are interrelated with affective disorders, and, concurrently, mood symptoms often precede chronic diseases and have the potential to worsen their prognosis. Nutraceuticals affect factors that could potentially impact the onset of mood disorders: monoamines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and sleep quality. Furthermore, mood disorders rarely manifest in isolation. Typically, such patients concurrently experience other mental disorders or somatic comorbidities: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), etc., where providing nutritional support is also pertinent. To optimize the therapeutic approach for individuals with mood disorders, incorporating nutritional support may not solely ameliorate symptoms stemming directly from the mental condition, but also indirectly through interventions targeting comorbidities.

Polyphenols, Autophagy and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review

Polyphenols are secondary metabolites from plant origin and are shown to possess a wide range of therapeutic benefits. They are also reported as regulators of autophagy, inflammation and neurodegeneration. The autophagy pathway is vital in degrading outdated organelles, proteins and other cellular wastes. The dysregulation of autophagy causes proteinopathies, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation thereby contributing to neurodegeneration. Evidence reveals that polyphenols improve autophagy by clearing misfolded proteins in the neurons, suppress neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and also protect from neurodegeneration. This review is an attempt to summarize the mechanism of action of polyphenols in modulating autophagy and their involvement in pathways such as mTOR, AMPK, SIRT-1 and ERK. It is evident that polyphenols cause an increase in the levels of autophagic proteins such as beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3 I and II), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), etc. Although it is apparent that polyphenols regulate autophagy, the exact interaction of polyphenols with autophagy markers is not known. These data require further research and will be beneficial in supporting polyphenol supplementation as a potential alternative treatment for regulating autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.

Ameliorative Potential of (-) Pseudosemiglabrin in Mice with Pilocarpine-Induced Epilepsy: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Neurotransmission Modulation

One prevalent neurological disorder is epilepsy. Modulating GABAergic/glutamatergic neurotransmission, Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/Akt, and TLR-4/NF-B pathways might be a therapeutic strategy for epilepsy. Eight-week-old BALB/c mice were administered 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg (-) pseudosemiglabrin orally one hour before inducing epilepsy with an i.p. injection of 360 mg/kg pilocarpine. (-) Pseudosemiglabrin dose-dependently alleviated pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, as revealed by the complete repression of pilocarpine-induced convulsions and 100% survival rate in mice. Furthermore, (-) pseudosemiglabrin significantly enhanced mice's locomotor activities, brain GABA, SLC1A2, GABARα1 levels, glutamate decarboxylase activity, and SLC1A2 and GABARα1mRNA expression while decreasing brain glutamate, SLC6A1, GRIN1 levels, GABA transaminase activity, and SLC6A1 and GRIN1 mRNA expression. These potentials can be due to the suppression of the TLR-4/NF-κB and the enhancement of the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt pathways, as demonstrated by the reduction in TLR-4, NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α mRNA expression, MDA, NO, caspase-3, Bax levels, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the enhancement of Nrf2, HO-1, PI3K, Akt mRNA expression, GSH, Bcl-2 levels, and SOD activity. Additionally, (-) pseudosemiglabrin abrogated the pilocarpine-induced histopathological changes. Interestingly, the (-) pseudosemiglabrin intervention showed a comparable effect to the standard medication, diazepam. Therefore, (-) pseudosemiglabrin can be a promising medication for the management of epilepsy.

Nutraceuticals and network pharmacology approach for acute kidney injury: A review from the drug discovery aspect

Acute kidney injury (AKI) has become a global health issue, with ~12 million reports yearly, resulting in a persistent increase in morbidity and mortality rates. AKI pathophysiology is multifactorial involving oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, inflammation, and eventually, cell death. Hence, therapies able to target multiple pathomechanisms can aid in AKI management. To change the drug discovery framework from "one drug, one target" to "multicomponent, multitarget," network pharmacology is evolving as a next-generation research approach. Researchers have used the network pharmacology approach to predict the role of nutraceuticals against different ailments including AKI. Nutraceuticals (herbal products, isolated nutrients, and dietary supplements) belong to the pioneering category of natural products and have shown protective action against AKI. Nutraceuticals have recently drawn attention because of their ability to provide physiological benefits with less toxic effects. This review emphasizes the nutraceuticals that exhibited renoprotection against AKI and can be used either as monotherapy or adjuvant with conventional therapies to boost their effectiveness and lessen the adverse effects. Additionally, the study sheds light on the application of network pharmacology as a cost-effective and time-saving approach for the therapeutic target prediction of nutraceuticals against AKI.

Therapeutic Implications of Some Natural Products for Neuroimmune Diseases: A Narrative of Clinical Studies Review

Neuroimmune diseases are a group of disorders that occur due to the dysregulation of both the nervous and immune systems, and these illnesses impact tens of millions of people worldwide. However, patients who suffer from these debilitating conditions have very few FDA-approved treatment options. Neuroimmune crosstalk is important for controlling the immune system both centrally and peripherally to maintain tissue homeostasis. This review aims to provide readers with information on how natural products modulate neuroimmune crosstalk and the therapeutic implications of natural products, including curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), ginkgo special extract, ashwagandha, Centella asiatica, Bacopa monnieri, ginseng, and cannabis to mitigate the progression of neuroimmune diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety disorders. The majority of the natural products based clinical studies mentioned in this study have yielded positive results. To achieve the expected results from natural products based clinical studies, researchers should focus on enhancing bioavailability and determining the synergistic mechanisms of herbal compounds and extracts, which will lead to the discovery of more effective phytomedicines while averting the probable negative effects of natural product extracts. Therefore, future studies developing nutraceuticals to mitigate neuroimmune diseases that incorporate phytochemicals to produce synergistic effects must analyse efficacy, bioavailability, gut-brain axis function safety, chemical modifications, and encapsulation with nanoparticles.

MemophenolTM Prevents Amyloid-β Deposition and Attenuates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Brain of an Alzheimer's Disease Rat

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and its prevalence rises with age. Inflammation and altered antioxidant systems play essential roles in the genesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we looked at the effects of Memophenol^TM, a compound rich in polyphenols derived from French grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and wild North American blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium A.) extracts, in a rat model of AD. Methods: For 60 days, the animals were administered with AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg, orally) and D-galactose (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), while from day 30, Memophenol^TM (15 mg/kg) was supplied orally for 30 consecutive days. AlCl₃ accumulates mainly in the hippocampus, the main part of the brain involved in memory and learning. Behavioral tests were performed the day before the sacrifice when brains were collected for analysis. Results: Memophenol^TM decreased behavioral alterations and hippocampus neuronal degeneration. It also lowered phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) levels, amyloid precursor protein (APP) overexpression, and β-amyloid (Aβ) buildup. Furthermore, Memophenol^TM reduced the pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory hippocampus changes caused by AD. Our finding, relevant to AD pathogenesis and therapeutics, suggests that Memophenol^TM, by modulating oxidative and inflammatory pathways and by regulating cellular brain stress response mechanisms, protects against the behavioral and histopathological changes associated with AD.

The Role of Diet as a Modulator of the Inflammatory Process in the Neurological Diseases

Neurological diseases are recognized as major causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Due to the dynamic progress of diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Schizophrenia, Depression, and Multiple Sclerosis (MD), scientists are mobilized to look for new and more effective methods of interventions. A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory processes and an imbalance in the composition and function of the gut microbiome, which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases and dietary interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet the DASH diet, or the ketogenic diet can have beneficial effects on their course. The aim of this review was to take a closer look at the role of diet and its ingredients in modulating inflammation associated with the development and/or progression of central nervous system diseases. Presented data shows that consuming a diet abundant in fruits, vegetables, nuts, herbs, spices, and legumes that are sources of anti-inflammatory elements such as omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, vitamins, essential minerals, and probiotics while avoiding foods that promote inflammation, create a positive brain environment and is associated with a reduced risk of neurological diseases. Personalized nutritional interventions may constitute a non-invasive and effective strategy in combating neurological disorders.

The effectiveness of anti-inflammatory agents in reducing chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment in preclinical models - A systematic review

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) is a debilitating condition resulting from chemotherapy administration for cancer treatment. CICI is characterised by various cognitive impairments, including issues with learning, memory, and concentration, impacting quality of life. Several neural mechanisms are proposed to drive CICI, including inflammation, therefore, anti-inflammatory agents could ameliorate such impairments. Research is still in the preclinical stage; however, the efficacy of anti-inflammatories to reduce CICI in animal models is unknown. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted, with searches performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycInfo and Cochrane Library. A total of 64 studies were included, and of the 50 agents identified, 41 (82%) reduced CICI. Interestingly, while non-traditional anti-inflammatory agents and natural compounds reduced impairment, the traditional agents were unsuccessful. Such results must be taken with caution due to the heterogeneity observed in terms of methods employed. Nevertheless, preliminary evidence suggests anti-inflammatory agents could be beneficial for treating CICI, although it may be critical to think beyond the use of traditional anti-inflammatories when considering which specific compounds to prioritise in development.

Daidzein Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemic-reperfusion Induced Neuroinflammation in Wistar Rats via Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Background

Cerebral ischemia is a condition of acute brain damage due to the depletion of oxygenated blood supply to cerebral tissues. Daidzein is an isoflavonoid predominantly present in soya, Pueraria species, and red cloves. Traditional Chinese medicine utilizes daidzein to alleviate diseases such as inflammation, hyperglycemia, gastric diseases, allergies and aches. The neuroprotective effect of daidzein on cerebral ischemic conditions and its mechanism of action was not yet elucidated.

Materials and Methods

24 healthy male adult Wistar rats were grouped into four and the control rats were sham-operated, cerebral ischemic-reperfusion induced rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Low- and high-dose daidzein rats were treated with 25 and 50 mg/kg daidzein respectively for 7 consecutive days before the induction of cerebral ischemic reperfusion. On completion of treatment, the rats were assessed for neurological deficit scoring and then euthanized for further analysis. The percentage of brain water content and cerebral infarct was evaluated. The ability of daidzein on preventing oxidative stress-induced damage was assessed by quantifying lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels. The neuroprotective Daidzein was evaluated by measuring the acetylcholinesterase activity and brain ATP levels. The anti-inflammatory role of Daidzein was measured by quantifying the nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokines. Further, the anti-ischemic role of Daidzein was confirmed by estimating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and Caspase 3 levels.

Results

Daidzein treatment significantly prevented brain edema and cerebral infarction and neurological deficit in cerebral I/R injured rats. It also scavenged the free radicals and prevented the decline in antioxidant levels of ischemic rats. Daidzein decreased the acetylcholinesterase activity, NO, and inflammatory and significantly increased the brain ATP levels signifying its neuroprotective role in ischemic-induced rats. The reduction in the levels of NF-κB p65 and Caspase 3 confirms daidzein prevents neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in ischemic rats.

Conclusion

Overall our analysis confirms daidzein is a potent neuroprotective drug which can effectively inhibit postischemic complications.

Natural product-based bioactive agents in combination attenuate neuroinflammation in a tri-culture model

Introduction: Neuroinflammation is an important pathological event contributing to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The hyperactivation of microglia triggers the release of excessive proinflammatory mediators that lead to the leaky blood-brain barrier and impaired neuronal survival. Andrographolide (AN), baicalein (BA) and 6-shogaol (6-SG) possess anti-neuroinflammatory properties through diverse mechanisms of action. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the pair-combinations of these bioactive compounds in attenuating neuroinflammation. Methods: A tri-culture model with microglial N11 cells, microvascular endothelial MVEC(B3) cells, and neuroblastoma N2A cells was established in a transwell system. AN, BA and 6-SG used alone (25 µM) or in pair-wised combinations (12.5 + 12.5 µM) were subjected to the tri-culture system. Upon the stimulation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at 1 μg/mL, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were determined by ELISA assays. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to investigate the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) on N11 cells, expressions of protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) on MVEC cells and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) on N2A cells, respectively. The endothelial barrier permeability of MVEC cells was assessed by the Evans blue dye, and the resistance from the endothelial barrier was measured by transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) value. Neuronal survival of N2A cells was determined by Alamar blue and MTT assays. Results: Combinations of AN-SG and BA-SG synergistically lowered the TNF and IL-6 levels in LPS-induced N11 cells. Remarkably, the combined anti-neuroinflammatory effects of AN-SG and BA-SG remained significantly greater compared to their individual components at the same concentration level. The molecular mechanism of the attenuated neuroinflammation was likely to be mediated by downregulation of NF-κB p65 translocation (p < 0.0001 vs. LPS stimulation) in N11 cells. In the MVEC cells, both AN-SG and BA-SG restored TEER values, ZO-1 expression and reduced permeability. Furthermore, AN-SG and BA-SG significantly improved neuronal survival and reduced expressions of p-tau on N2A cells. Discussion: The AN-SG and BA-SG combinations showed greater anti-neuroinflammatory potential than those used alone in mono- and tri-cultured N11 cells, thereby further protecting endothelial tight junction and neuronal survival. Taken together, AN-SG and BA-SG may provide improved anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities.

Chemical and nutritional characterization of Ambelania duckei (Apocynaceae) an unexplored fruit from the Amazon region

Ambelania duckei Markgr is a species of the Apocynaceae family, native to the Amazon region that is unexplored from a nutritional point of view and studied in relation to its chemical constituents. This work presents an unprecedented study of the proximate composition, lipid profile, a chromatographic analysis, and the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from the pulp, peel and seeds of the fruit. The results showed that potassium, calcium, and magnesium stood out as the most abundant key minerals in the fruit peel and pulp, with an emphasis on the potassium present in the fruit pulp at 1750.0 mg/100 g. The peel had the highest content of total phenolics (374.86 mg/g), flavonoids (15.54 mg/g), tannins (27.45 mg/g) and O-diphenols (379.36 mg/g; 645.71 mg/g). The antioxidant activity (AA) was highest in the peel compared to the pulp in the DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC tests showing: IC₅₀ of 29.82; 43.67; and 407.13 µg/mL, respectively but a lower activity for the Fe²⁺ chelator. The analysis of the lipid fractions from the peel, pulp, and seeds of the A. duckei fruit resulted in 14 types of fatty acids. The major fatty acids found in the three parts of the fruit were oleic acid (peel, 22.52 %), palmitic acid (pulp, 17.34 %), and linoleic acid (seeds, 47.99 %). The lipid profile and nutritional aspects had a PUFA/SFA ratio (0.4-1.8) in the different parts of the A. duckei fruit; the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were higher in the peel (1.23) and pulp (0.62), respectively. The ratio between the hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (0.5 - 3.8) calculated for the fruit are within the desirable range for a nutritious food. The chromatographic analysis of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the peel and pulp of the fruit, identified 74 VOCs, of which 60.9 % are related to terpenes, and emit notes such as cucumber, green, fatty, floral, and mint, due to the presence of substances with OAVs > 10, especially α-ionone, 1,8-cineole, 2,4-decadienal, and dodecanal. The analysis of the MS and MS/MS spectra of the chromatograms obtained by LC- QTOF-HRMS led to the identification of 26 compounds in the peel, seeds and pulp of A. duckei, such as fatty acids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The results show that the pulp of A. duckei has potential as nourishing food and the nutritional and chemical aspects of the peel can be applied to commercial applications.

Evaluating Cannabis sativa L.'s neuroprotection potential: From bench to bedside

BACKGROUND

Neurodegenerative diseases and dementia pose a global health challenge in an aging population, exemplified by the increasing incidence and prevalence of its most common form, Alzheimer's disease. Although several approved treatments exist for Alzheimer's disease, they only afford transient symptomatic improvements and are not considered disease-modifying. The psychoactive properties of Cannabis sativa L. have been recognized for thousands of years and now with burgeoning access to medicinal formulations globally, research has turned to re-evaluate cannabis and its myriad phytochemicals as a potential treatment and adjunctive agent for neurodegenerative diseases.

PURPOSE

This review evaluated the neuroprotective potential of C. sativa's active constituents for potential therapeutic use in dementia and Alzheimer's disease, based on published studies demonstrating efficacy in experimental preclinical settings associated with neurodegeneration.

STUDY DESIGN

Relevant information on the neuroprotective potential of the C. sativa's phytoconstituents in preclinical studies (in vitro, in vivo) were included. The collated information on C. sativa's component bioactivity was organized for therapeutic applications against neurodegenerative diseases.

METHODS

The therapeutic use of C. sativa related to Alzheimer's disease relative to known phytocannabinoids and other phytochemical constituents were derived from online databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, The Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org), Science Direct, as well as relevant information on the known pharmacological actions of the listed phytochemicals.

RESULTS

Numerous C. sativa -prevalent phytochemicals were evidenced in the body of literature as having efficacy in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions exemplified by Alzheimer's disease. Several phytocannabinoids, terpenes and select flavonoids demonstrated neuroprotection through a myriad of cellular and molecular pathways, including cannabinoid receptor-mediated, antioxidant and direct anti-aggregatory actions against the pathological toxic hallmark protein in Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings provide strong evidence for a role of cannabis constituents, individually or in combination, as potential neuroprotectants timely to the emergent use of medicinal cannabis as a novel treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Future randomized and controlled clinical studies are required to substantiate the bioactivities of phytocannabinoids and terpenes and their likely synergies.

Plant based food bioactives: A boon or bane for neurological disorders

Neurological disorders are the foremost occurring diseases across the globe resulting in progressive dysfunction, loss of neuronal structure ultimately cell death. Therefore, attention has been drawn toward the natural resources for the search of neuroprotective agents. Plant-based food bioactives have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on various plant food bioactive, mechanisms, therapeutic targets, in vitro and in vivo studies in the treatment of neurological disorders to explore whether they are boon or bane for neurological disorders. In addition, the clinical perspective of plant food bioactives in neurological disorders are also highlighted. Scientific evidences point toward the enormous therapeutic efficacy of plant food bioactives in the prevention or treatment of neurological disorders. Nevertheless, identification of food bioactive components accountable for the neuroprotective effects, mechanism, clinical trials, and consolidation of information flow are warranted. Plant food bioactives primarily act by mediating through various pathways including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, excitotoxicity, specific proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reversing neurodegeneration and can be used for the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In conclusion, the plant based food bioactives are boon for neurological disorders.

Multifaceted role of polyphenols in the treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are conditions that cause neuron structure and/or function to deteriorate over time. Genetic alterations may be responsible for several NDDs. However, a multitude of physiological systems can trigger neurodegeneration. Several NDDs, such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's, are assigned to oxidative stress (OS). Low concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are crucial for maintaining normal brain activities, as their increasing concentrations can promote neural apoptosis. OS-mediated neurodegeneration has been linked to several factors, including notable dysfunction of mitochondria, excitotoxicity, and Ca²⁺ stress. However, synthetic drugs are commonly utilized to treat most NDDs, and these treatments have been known to have side effects during treatment. According to providing empirical evidence, studies have discovered many occurring natural components in plants used to treat NDDs. Polyphenols are often safer and have lesser side effects. As, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, celastrol, berberine, genistein, and luteolin have p-values less than 0.05, so they are typically considered to be statistically significant. These polyphenols could be a choice of interest as therapeutics for NDDs. This review highlighted to discusses the putative effectiveness of polyphenols against the most prevalent NDDs.

Microbiome-Based Therapies in Parkinson's Disease: Can Tuning the Microbiota Become a Viable Therapeutic Strategy?

Progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) have continued to baffle medical science, despite strides in the understanding of their pathology. The inability of currently available therapies to halt disease progression is a testament to an incomplete understanding of pathways crucial to disease initiation, progression and management. Science has continued to link the activities and equilibrium of the gut microbiome to the health and proper functioning of brain neurons. They also continue to stir interest in the potential applications of technologies that may shift the balance of the gut microbiome towards achieving a favourable outcome in PD management. There have been suggestions that an improved understanding of the roles of the gut microbiota is likely to lead to the emergence of an era where their manipulation becomes a recognized strategy for PD management. This review examines the current state of our journey in the quest to understand how the gut microbiota can influence several aspects of PD. We highlight the relationship between the gut microbiome/microbiota and PD pathogenesis, as well as preclinical and clinical evidence evaluating the effect of postbiotics, probiotics and prebiotics in PD management. This is with a view to ascertaining if we are at the threshold of discovering the application of a usable tool in our quest for disease modifying therapies in PD.

Nutraceuticals and dietary supplements: Disparities in usage and potential for harm

Background: The use of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements has a complex history. Aim: This work seeks to discuss the current state of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements, with a particular focus on the ambiguity of these terms, their current usage, potential harms, roles within the healthcare system, and associated disparities. Methods: This work reviews recent literature spanning the history of nutraceuticals and expands upon recommendations made by previous authors. Results: While a substantial portion of the United States population consumes these substances, their safety profiles are rarely well characterized. Taking a broad definition of these terms paints a picture of harmless use by a population that is middle-aged, educated, and white. However, focusing on specific substances reveals concerning disparities in race, ethnicity, income, physical health, and health literacy. This is of particular concern when looking at the side effects of these supplements both in isolation and due to drug-supplement interactions. Conclusions: In this work, the authors build upon the recommendations of others to propose ways in which physicians and healthcare systems can work to reduce the disproportionate harms of these substances on historically marginalized groups.

Free radical biology in neurological manifestations: mechanisms to therapeutics interventions

Recent advancements and growing attention about free radicals (ROS) and redox signaling enable the scientific fraternity to consider their involvement in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurological defects. Free radicals increase the concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the biological system through different endogenous sources and thus increased the overall oxidative stress. An increase in oxidative stress causes cell death through different signaling mechanisms such as mitochondrial impairment, cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage response, inflammation, negative regulation of protein, and lipid peroxidation. Thus, an appropriate balance between free radicals and antioxidants becomes crucial to maintain physiological function. Since the 1brain requires high oxygen for its functioning, it is highly vulnerable to free radical generation and enhanced ROS in the brain adversely affects axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity, which results in neuronal cell death. In addition, increased ROS in the brain alters various signaling pathways such as apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and microglial activation, DNA damage response, and cell-cycle arrest, leading to memory and learning defects. Mounting evidence suggests the potential involvement of micro-RNAs, circular-RNAs, natural and dietary compounds, synthetic inhibitors, and heat-shock proteins as therapeutic agents to combat neurological diseases. Herein, we explain the mechanism of free radical generation and its role in mitochondrial, protein, and lipid peroxidation biology. Further, we discuss the negative role of free radicals in synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration through the modulation of various signaling molecules and also in the involvement of free radicals in various neurological diseases and their potential therapeutic approaches. The primary cause of free radical generation is drug overdosing, industrial air pollution, toxic heavy metals, ionizing radiation, smoking, alcohol, pesticides, and ultraviolet radiation. Excessive generation of free radicals inside the cell R1Q1 increases reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which causes oxidative damage. An increase in oxidative damage alters different cellular pathways and processes such as mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and inflammatory response, leading to pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disease other neurological defects.

Impact of ginseng on neurotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats

Over the years, many researches have shown the potential protective effects of ginseng for preventing and treating neurological damage and their related diseases. Neuronal disturbance is one of the most common serious effects of cisplatin chemotherapy that triggers memory impairment and cognitive disability. Based on the hypothesis that mechanistic pathways of ginseng against the neurological and biochemical disturbance remain unclear, therefore, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of ginseng extract against neurological and behavior abnormality induced by cisplatin in male rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 served as a control, group 2 was orally administrated with ginseng (100 mg/kg BW) daily for 90 days, group 3 was injected intraperitoneally with cisplatin (4 mg/kg BW) once a week for 90 days, and group 4 received ginseng and cisplatin. Cisplatin induced a learning and memory dysfunction in the Morris water maze task and locomotor disability in the rotarod test. In addition, cisplatin disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant systems, neuroinflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β), neurotransmitters, and apoptotic (caspase-3, P53, and Bax) and dementia markers (amyloid-β40 and amyloid-β 42). Co-treatment with ginseng extracts successfully ameliorated the cognitive behaviors and intramuscular strength and presented a good protective agent against neurological damage. Histopathological and histochemical studies proved the neuroprotective effect of ginseng. Our data showed that ginseng capable to counteract the memory dysfunction is induced by cisplatin via reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation restoring the neurological efficiency.

Insights into the Explicit Protective Activity of Herbals in Management of Neurodegenerative and Cerebrovascular Disorders

The longstanding progressive neurodegenerative conditions of the central nervous system arise mainly due to deterioration, degradation and eventual neuronal cell loss. As an individual ages, the irreversible neurodegenerative disorders associated with aging also begin to develop, and these have become exceedingly prominent and pose a significant burden mentally, socially and economically on both the individual and their family. These disorders express several symptoms, such as tremors, dystonia, loss of cognitive functions, impairment of motor activity leading to immobility, loss of memory and many more which worsen with time. The treatment employed in management of these debilitating neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (which mainly involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal region), Alzheimer’s disease (which arises due to accumulation of Tau proteins causing diffusive atrophy in the brain), Huntington’s disease (which involves damage of striatal and spinal neurons, etc.), have several adverse effects, leading to exploration of several lead targets and molecules existing in herbal drugs. The current review highlights the mechanistic role of natural products in the treatment of several neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, ischemic stroke and depression.

Biochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological attributes of caper (Capparis ovata) flowering buds and berries pickles

Capparis ovata is a natural plant that grows widely in Turkey and its flowering buds and berry pickle are used in traditional medicine. Thus, the current study was expanded to evaluate the biochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of the Capparis ovata water extract (COWE). To determine the biochemical properties of COWE, mineral and fatty acid content, elemental analysis, flavonoid/phenolic content, radical-scavenging capacity, and pesticide analysis were performed. Furthermore, to find out whether it had anti-inflammatory properties, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) luciferase activity tests were conducted. Whole-genome transcriptomic profiling was carried out at a dose level of 500 mg/kg COWE to understand its pharmacological effect. Transaminases in serum were tested, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was done using a custom design array that included the stress and molecular toxicology pathway to establish its toxicological qualities. As a result of the evaluations, it was observed that COWE has a high mineral and unsaturated fatty acid content, flavonoid/phenolic content, and radical-scavenging ability. It significantly inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity as well as inflammatory cytokine expression in T-lymphoblast cells. Whole-genome transcriptomic profiling depicted that COWE modulates immune responses by upregulating natural killer cell activation, cellular response to type I interferon, B-cell proliferation and differentiation, and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways. Molecular Toxicology Pathfinder RT² Profiler PCR array analysis revealed that COWE at or lower dose of 500 mg/kg/day did not cause a comparatively adverse effect. According to the findings, COWE is a rich source of nutrients and can be used as an adjunct therapy for various inflammatory diseases.

Dietary Copper Deficiency Leads to Changes in Gene Expression Indicating an Increased Demand for NADH in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Rat's Brain

Copper is an essential element to brain cells as it is a cofactor and a structural component of various enzymes involved in energy metabolism pathways. Accumulating evidence points to the pivotal role of copper deficiency in neurodegeneration resulting from impaired copper homeostasis. Despite the indisputable role of copper in mitochondrial respiration, its homeostasis regulation in the brain tissue remains unclear. The assessment of changes in the expression of genes encoding key pathways of energy metabolism can greatly benefit further studies exploring copper’s role in neurodegeneration. Using a rat model, we investigate whether the replacement of the inorganic form of copper with metallic nanoparticles containing copper or complete deprivation of copper from the diet have an impact on the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of the rats’ brain. Herein, we indicate that removing inorganic copper from the normal standard diet or the replacement with copper nanoparticles can lead to programmed energy metabolism changes. It can be recognized that some of these changes indicate an increased demand for NADH in the prefrontal cortex of the rat’s brain, probably as a result of adaptation effect.

A critical look at challenges and future scopes of bioactive compounds and their incorporations in the food, energy, and pharmaceutical sector

Bioactive compounds refer to secondary metabolites extracted from plants, fungi, microbes, or animals. Besides having pharmacological or toxicological effects on organisms leading to utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries, the discovery of novel properties of such compounds has led to the diversification of their applications, ranging from cosmetics and functionalized biomaterials to bioremediation and alternate fuels. Conventional time-consuming and solvent-intensive methods of extraction are increasingly being replaced by green solvents such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, and deep eutectic solvents, as well as non-conventional methods of extraction assisted by microwaves, pulse electric fields, enzymes, ultrasound, or pressure. These methods, along with advances in characterization and optimization strategies, have boosted the commercial viability of extraction especially from agrowastes and organic residues, promoting a sustainable circular economy. Further development of microfluidics, optimization models, nanoencapsulation, and metabolic engineering are expected to overcome certain limitations that restrict the growth of this field, in the context of improving screening, extraction, and economy of processes, as well as retaining biodiversity and enhancing the stability and functionality of such compounds. This review is a compilation of the various extraction and characterization methods employed for bioactive compounds and covers major applications in food, pharmacy, chemicals, energy, and bioremediation. Major limitations and scope of improvement are also discussed.

Wide Range Applications of Spirulina: From Earth to Space Missions

Spirulina is the most studied cyanobacterium species for both pharmacological applications and the food industry. The aim of the present review is to summarize the potential benefits of the use of Spirulina for improving healthcare both in space and on Earth. Regarding the first field of application, Spirulina could represent a new technology for the sustainment of long-duration manned missions to planets beyond the Lower Earth Orbit (e.g., Mars); furthermore, it could help astronauts stay healthy while exposed to a variety of stress factors that can have negative consequences even after years. As far as the second field of application, Spirulina could have an active role in various aspects of medicine, such as metabolism, oncology, ophthalmology, central and peripheral nervous systems, and nephrology. The recent findings of the capacity of Spirulina to improve stem cells mobility and to increase immune response have opened new intriguing scenarios in oncological and infectious diseases, respectively.

The recovery management of patients with operated extrame-dullary spinal arteriovenous fistula, evolution and socio-professional reintegration: case report and review of the litera-ture

Adequate therapeutic intervention performed in the case of extradural spinal AVM and an inten-sive recovery program allow the amelioration of neurological manifestations in a very high percentage. With the ultimate goal of practicing a trade, a good biological recovery is needed for social recovery. The effectiveness of strategies for professional integration and reintegration de-pends largely on the patient’s experiences before the onset of the disease. The paper aims to re-view the treatment, the evolution of patients with extradural spinal AV and the possibilities of socio-professional reintegration. Methods and analysis. A case presentation of a patient diag-nosed with extradural spinal AV fistula is proposed, along with a review of the current literature on the treatment of this pathology, the evolution and the possibilities of vocational recovery. The studies will be analysed and selected in two stages, in the first stage the titles and abstracts, in the second stage, the articles with full text will be analysed, selected and a narrative synthesis of the included studies will be made. Summary case. The 51-year-old urban patient, a profes-sional driving instructor who underwent endovascular and surgical treatment for extradural spinal AV fistula, is hospitalized for a moderate motor deficit, such as paraparesis, back pain, mechanical pain in the knees and gait disorders. The objectives of recovery are represented by neuromotor recovery and socio-professional reintegration. Conclusions. Spinal EAVFs are rare lesions with a low risk of bleeding; the clinical manifestations are determined by the compres-sion of the bone marrow; these being significantly improved after the endovascular and surgical treatment. Studies show a good long-term prognosis, which is determined by the absence of re-currences. An essential role in the integration of patients with disabilities in the socio-professional life is the identification of their deficiencies and their reorientation according to the outstanding abilities, the stimulation of the preserved skills. Keywords: rehabilitation, disc hernia, low back pain, paraplegia

Neurotoxicity and neuroinflammatory effects of bisphenol A in male rats: the neuroprotective role of grape seed proanthocyanidins

Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) contributes to neurological disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood. We studied the neurotoxic effect of BPA and how it promotes inflammation and alteration in the neurotransmission synthesis, release, and transmission. This study was also designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPE) against BPA-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Rats were equally divided into 4 groups with 7 rats in each: control group, BPA group, GSPE + BPA group, and GSPE group. Rats were orally treated with their respective doses (50 mg BPA/kg BW and/or 200 mg GSPE/kg BW) daily for 70 days. BPA elicits significant elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) associated with a significant reduction in glutathione (GSH), total thiols, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). BPA exposure results in increased dopamine and serotonin levels, elevation in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and reduction in Na/K-ATPase and total ATPase activities in the brain. Also, BPA induces upregulation in the gene expression of the inflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and in the tumor suppressor and pro-oxidant p53 protein. The pretreatment with GSPE attenuates or ameliorate all the oxidative and neurotoxic parameters induced by BPA. Our results suggest that GSPE has a promising role in modulating BPA-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity and its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities may in part be responsible for such effects.

Potential innovation against Alzheimer's disorder: a tricomponent combination of natural antioxidants (vitamin E, quercetin, and basil oil) and the development of its intranasal delivery

Alzheimer's disorder (AD) is very difficult to manage and treat. The complexity of the brain, the blood-brain barrier influencing a multitude of parameters/biomarkers, as well as numerous other factors involved often contribute to the decline in the chances of treatment success. Development of the new drug moiety also takes time, being necessary to consider both its toxicity and related issues. As a strategic plan, a combined strategy is being developed and considered to address AD pathology using several approaches. A combination of vitamin E, quercetin, and basil oil in a nano-based formulation is designed to be administered nasally. The antioxidant present in these natural-based products helps to treat and alleviate AD if a synergistic approach is considered. The three active substances mentioned above are well known for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The nanoformulation helps the co-delivery of the drug moiety to the brain through the intranasal route. In this review, a correlation and use of vitamin E, quercetin, and basil oil in a nano-based formulation is described as an effective way to treat AD. The intranasal administration of drugs is a promising approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative and mental disorders, as this route is non-invasive, enhances the bioavailability, allows a drug dose reduction, bypasses the blood-brain barrier, and reduces the systemic undesired effect. The use of natural products is generally considered to be just as safe; therefore, by using this combined approach, the level of toxicity can be minimized.

Dietary Supplements in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A New Hope?

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the main and most prevalent side effects of chemotherapy, significantly affecting the quality of life of patients and the course of chemotherapeutic treatment. Nevertheless, despite its prevalence, the management of the CIPN is considered particularly challenging, with this condition often being perceived as very difficult or even impossible to prevent with currently available agents. Therefore, it is imperative to find better options for patients diagnosed with this condition. While the search for the new agents must continue, another opportunity should be taken into consideration—repurposing of the already known medications. As proposed, acetyl-L-carnitine, vitamins (group B and E), extracts of medical plants, including goshajinkigan, curcumin and others, unsaturated fatty acids, as well as the diet composed of so-called “sirtuin-activating foods”, could change the typical way of treatment of CIPN, improve the quality of life of patients and maintain the continuity of chemotherapy. This review summarizes currently available data regarding mentioned above agents and evaluates the rationale behind future research focused on their efficacy in CIPN.

Precision and Advanced Nano-Phytopharmaceuticals for Therapeutic Applications

Phytopharmaceuticals have been widely used globally since ancient times and acknowledged by healthcare professionals and patients for their superior therapeutic value and fewer side-effects compared to modern medicines. However, phytopharmaceuticals need a scientific and methodical approach to deliver their components and thereby improve patient compliance and treatment adherence. Dose reduction, improved bioavailability, receptor selective binding, and targeted delivery of phytopharmaceuticals can be likely achieved by molding them into specific nano-formulations. In recent decades, nanotechnology-based phytopharmaceuticals have emerged as potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of various communicable and non-communicable diseases. Nanotechnology combined with phytopharmaceuticals broadens the therapeutic perspective and overcomes problems associated with plant medicine. The current review highlights the therapeutic application of various nano-phytopharmaceuticals in neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and gastro-intestinal disorders. We conclude that nano-phytopharmaceuticals emerge as promising therapeutics for many pathological conditions with good compliance and higher acceptance.

Investigation of the protective effect of resveratrol in an MK-801-induced mouse model of schizophrenia

Increasing evidence supports the view that oxidative stress and brain demyelination play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Resveratrol is a powerful antioxidant with neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of resveratrol on schizophrenia-like behaviors and possible brain demyelination induced by MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, and the underlying neuroprotective mechanism. Resveratrol (40 mg/kg/day/, intraperitoneal) was administered to mice for 14 days. MK-801 (1 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) was injected into the mice 4 h after the resveratrol administration for 14 days. The open-field and elevated-plus maze tests were performed to detect behavior changes on the 15th day. Following the behavioral tests, the expression of the myelin basic protein (MBP) was measured with the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method, while total oxidant capacity (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAS), which are the biomarkers of oxidative damage, were measured with the ELISA method. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was also used to identify stereological and pathological changes in the brain. According to the results obtained, this study showed for the first time that resveratrol prevented glial cell infiltration induced in the brain by MK-801 and shrinkage of nerve cell nuclei in the hippocampus and corpus callosum. However, the resveratrol administrations did not correct behavioral disorders and demyelination of schizophrenia. Although resveratrol partially prevented oxidative damage in the brain in the mice that were injected with MK-801, it was determined that this effect was not statistically significant. These results showed that resveratrol administration partially protects tissues against MK-801-induced neurodegeneration, and resveratrol may be used in combination with different antioxidants or at different doses in future studies.

Stress Driven Discovery of Natural Products From Actinobacteria with Anti-Oxidant and Cytotoxic Activities Including Docking and ADMET Properties

Elicitation through abiotic stress, including chemical elicitors like heavy metals, is a new technique for drug discovery. In this research, the effect of heavy metals on actinobacteria Streptomyces sp. SH-1312 for secondary metabolite production, with strong pharmacological activity, along with pharmacokinetics profile, was firstly investigated. The optimum metal stress conditions consisted of actinobacteria strain Streptomyces sp. SH-1312 with addition of mix metals (Co²⁺ + Zn²⁺) ions at 0.5 mM in Gause’s medium. Under these conditions, the stress metabolite anhydromevalonolactone (MVL) was produced, which was absent in the normal culture of strain and other metals combinations. Furthermore, the stress metabolite was also evaluated for its anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activities. The compound exhibited remarkable anti-oxidant activities, recording the IC₅₀ value of 19.65 ± 5.7 µg/mL in DPPH, IC₅₀ of 15.49 ± 4.8 against NO free radicals, the IC₅₀ value of 19.65 ± 5.22 µg/mL against scavenging ability, and IC₅₀ value of 19.38 ± 7.11 µg/mL for iron chelation capacity and the cytotoxic activities against PC3 cell lines were recorded with IC₅₀ values of 35.81 ± 4.2 µg/mL after 24 h, 23.29 ± 3.8 µg/mL at 48 h, and 16.25 ± 6.5 µg/mL after 72 h. Further mechanistic studies have revealed that the compound MVL has shown its pharmacological efficacy by upregulation of P53 and BAX while downregulation of BCL-2 expression, indicating that MVL is following apoptosis in varying degrees. To better understand the pharmacological properties of MVL, in this work, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) were also evaluated. During ADMET predictions, MVL has displayed a safer profile in case of hepatotoxicity, cytochrome inhibition and also displayed as non-cardiotoxic. The compound MVL showed good binding energy in the molecular docking studies, and the results revealed that MVL bind in the active region of the target protein of P53 and BAX. This work triumphantly announced a prodigious effect of heavy metals on actinobacteria with fringe benefits as a key tool of MVL production with a strong pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile.