1
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Massacci G, Venafra V, Zwiebel M, Wahle M, Cerroni R, Bissacco J, Perfetto L, Michienzi V, Stefani A, Mercuri NB, Schirinzi T, Sacco F. Stage-dependent phosphoproteome remodeling of Parkinson's disease blood cells. Neurobiol Dis 2024:106622. [PMID: 39097034 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The complexity and heterogeneity of PD necessitate advanced diagnostic and prognostic tools to elucidate its molecular mechanisms accurately. In this study, we addressed this challenge by conducting a pilot phospho-proteomic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from idiopathic PD patients at varying disease stages to delineate the functional alterations occurring in these cells throughout the disease course and identify key molecules and pathways contributing to PD progression. By integrating clinical data with phospho-proteomic profiles across various PD stages, we identify potential stage-specific molecular signatures indicative of disease progression. This integrative approach allows for the discernment of distinct disease states and enhances our understanding of PD heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Massacci
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Venafra
- PhD Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maximilian Zwiebel
- Department Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maria Wahle
- Department Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rocco Cerroni
- Neurology Unit - Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Bissacco
- Neurology Unit - Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Perfetto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Michienzi
- Neurology Unit - Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefani
- Neurology Unit - Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Neurology Unit - Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Schirinzi
- Neurology Unit - Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sacco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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2
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Zanirati G, Dos Santos PG, Alcará AM, Bruzzo F, Ghilardi IM, Wietholter V, Xavier FAC, Gonçalves JIB, Marinowic D, Shetty AK, da Costa JC. Extracellular Vesicles: The Next Generation of Biomarkers and Treatment for Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7371. [PMID: 39000479 PMCID: PMC11242541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been widely established that the characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly small EVs (sEVs), shed by different cell types into biofluids, helps to identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies are also exploring the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles naturally enriched with therapeutic microRNAs and proteins for treating various diseases. In addition, EVs released by various neural cells play a crucial function in the modulation of signal transmission in the brain in physiological conditions. However, in pathological conditions, such EVs can facilitate the spread of pathological proteins from one brain region to the other. On the other hand, the analysis of EVs in biofluids can identify sensitive biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and disease progression. This review discusses the potential therapeutic use of stem cell-derived EVs in several central nervous system diseases. It lists their differences and similarities and confers various studies exploring EVs as biomarkers. Further advances in EV research in the coming years will likely lead to the routine use of EVs in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Gabrielli Dos Santos
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Allan Marinho Alcará
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bruzzo
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora Machado Ghilardi
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Wietholter
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antônio Costa Xavier
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - João Ismael Budelon Gonçalves
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
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3
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Park C, Weerakkody JS, Schneider R, Miao S, Pitt D. CNS cell-derived exosome signatures as blood-based biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1426700. [PMID: 38966760 PMCID: PMC11222337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1426700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers require the reproducible capture of disease-associated changes and are ideally sensitive, specific and accessible with minimal invasiveness to patients. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that have gained attention as potential biomarkers. They are released by all cell types and carry molecular cargo that reflects the functional state of the cells of origin. These characteristics make them an attractive means of measuring disease-related processes within the central nervous system (CNS), as they cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and can be captured in peripheral blood. In this review, we discuss recent progress made toward identifying blood-based protein and RNA biomarkers of several neurodegenerative diseases from circulating, CNS cell-derived exosomes. Given the lack of standardized methodology for exosome isolation and characterization, we discuss the challenges of capturing and quantifying the molecular content of exosome populations from blood for translation to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Park
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Sheng Miao
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David Pitt
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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4
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Carata E, Muci M, Di Giulio S, Di Giulio T, Mariano S, Panzarini E. The Neuromuscular Disorder Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5999-6017. [PMID: 38921029 PMCID: PMC11202069 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) represents a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in muscular atrophy and eventual paralysis. While much research has concentrated on investigating the impact of major mutations associated with ALS on motor neurons and central nervous system (CNS) cells, recent studies have unveiled that ALS pathogenesis extends beyond CNS imbalances, encompassing dysregulation in other tissues such as skeletal muscle. Evidence from animal models and patients supports this broader perspective. Skeletal muscle, once considered solely as an effector organ, is now recognized as possessing significant secretory activity capable of influencing motor neuron survival. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the detrimental effects observed in muscle and its associated structures in ALS remain poorly understood. Additionally, emerging data suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play a role in the establishment and function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) under both physiological and pathological conditions and in wasting and regeneration of skeletal muscles, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases like ALS. This review aims to explore the key findings about skeletal muscle involvement in ALS, shedding light on the potential underlying mechanisms and contributions of EVs and their possible application for the design of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Carata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.C.); (M.M.); (T.D.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Marco Muci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.C.); (M.M.); (T.D.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Simona Di Giulio
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Tiziano Di Giulio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.C.); (M.M.); (T.D.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefania Mariano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.C.); (M.M.); (T.D.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.C.); (M.M.); (T.D.G.); (S.M.)
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Chang K, Lin L, Cui T, Zhao H, Li J, Liu C, Gao D, Lu S. Zinc-a2-Glycoprotein Acts as a Component of PNN to Protect Hippocampal Neurons from Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3607-3618. [PMID: 38001359 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In the adult mouse brain, perineuronal net (PNN), a highly structured extracellular matrix, surrounds subsets of neurons. The AZGP1 gene encodes zinc-2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a lipid-mobilizing factor. However, its expression and distribution in the adult brain have been controversial. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that the secreted ZAG is localized to Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-positive PNNs around parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons in the hippocampus, cortex, and a number of other PNN-bearing neurons and co-localizes with aggrecan, one of the components of PNNs. Few ZAG-positive nets were seen in the area without WFA staining by chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) which degrades glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the PNN. Reanalysis of single-cell sequencing data revealed that ZAG mRNA was mainly expressed in oligodendrocyte lineages, specifically in olfactory sheathing cells. The ZAG receptor β3 adrenergic receptor (β3AR) is also selectively co-localized with PV interneurons and CA2 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. In addition, molecular docking provides valuable new insights on how GAGs interfere with ZAG and ZAG/β3AR complex. Finally, our results indicated that human recombinant ZAG could significantly inhibit serum derivation-induced cell apoptosis in HT22 cells. Our combined experimental and theoretical approach raises a unique hypothesis namely that ZAG may be a crucial functional attribute of PNNs in the brain to protect neuronal cell from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Chang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liyan Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shemin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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6
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Nogueras‐Ortiz CJ, Eren E, Yao P, Calzada E, Dunn C, Volpert O, Delgado‐Peraza F, Mustapic M, Lyashkov A, Rubio FJ, Vreones M, Cheng L, You Y, Hill AF, Ikezu T, Eitan E, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D. Single-extracellular vesicle (EV) analyses validate the use of L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM) as a reliable biomarker of neuron-derived EVs. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12459. [PMID: 38868956 PMCID: PMC11170079 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Isolation of neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) with L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM)-specific antibodies has been widely used to identify blood biomarkers of CNS disorders. However, full methodological validation requires demonstration of L1CAM in individual NDEVs and lower levels or absence of L1CAM in individual EVs from other cells. Here, we used multiple single-EV techniques to establish the neuronal origin and determine the abundance of L1CAM-positive EVs in human blood. L1CAM epitopes of the ectodomain are shown to be co-expressed on single-EVs with the neuronal proteins β-III-tubulin, GAP43, and VAMP2, the levels of which increase in parallel with the enrichment of L1CAM-positive EVs. Levels of L1CAM-positive EVs carrying the neuronal proteins VAMP2 and β-III-tubulin range from 30% to 63%, in contrast to 0.8%-3.9% of L1CAM-negative EVs. Plasma fluid-phase L1CAM does not bind to single-EVs. Our findings support the use of L1CAM as a target for isolating plasma NDEVs and leveraging their cargo to identify biomarkers reflecting neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Nogueras‐Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Erden Eren
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Pamela Yao
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher Dunn
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Francheska Delgado‐Peraza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alexey Lyashkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - F Javier Rubio
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research BranchIntramural Research Program/National Institute on Drug Abuse/National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michael Vreones
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Lesley Cheng
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Yang You
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew F Hill
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- San Francisco Campus for Jewish LivingSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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7
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Kim KY, Shin KY, Chang KA. Potential Exosome Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5307. [PMID: 38791346 PMCID: PMC11121363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Given its prevalence, reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis are required. Exosomal proteins within extracellular nanovesicles are promising candidates for diagnostic, screening, prognostic, and disease monitoring purposes in neurological diseases such as PD. This review aims to evaluate the potential of extracellular vesicle proteins or miRNAs as biomarkers for PD. A comprehensive literature search until January 2024 was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, to identify relevant studies reporting exosome biomarkers in blood samples from PD patients. Out of 417 articles screened, 47 studies were selected for analysis. Among exosomal protein biomarkers, α-synuclein, tau, Amyloid β 1-42, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) were identified as significant markers for PD. Concerning miRNA biomarkers, miRNA-24, miR-23b-3p, miR-195-3p, miR-29c, and mir-331-5p are promising across studies. α-synuclein exhibited increased levels in PD patients compared to control groups in twenty-one studies, while a decrease was observed in three studies. Our meta-analysis revealed a significant difference in total exosomal α-synuclein levels between PD patients and healthy controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.369, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.893 to 1.846, p < 0.001), although these results are limited by data availability. Furthermore, α-synuclein levels significantly differ between PD patients and healthy controls (SMD = 1.471, 95% CI = 0.941 to 2.002, p < 0.001). In conclusion, certain exosomal proteins and multiple miRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and assessment of disease progression in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Young Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea;
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Shin
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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8
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Alzahrani FA, Riza YM, Eid TM, Almotairi R, Scherschinski L, Contreras J, Nadeem M, Perez SE, Raikwar SP, Jha RM, Preul MC, Ducruet AF, Lawton MT, Bhatia K, Akhter N, Ahmad S. Exosomes in Vascular/Neurological Disorders and the Road Ahead. Cells 2024; 13:670. [PMID: 38667285 PMCID: PMC11049650 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), stroke, and aneurysms, are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of disease-causing proteins in the brain and spinal cord. Recent research suggests that proteins linked to these conditions can be secreted and transferred among cells using exosomes. The transmission of abnormal protein buildup and the gradual degeneration in the brains of impacted individuals might be supported by these exosomes. Furthermore, it has been reported that neuroprotective functions can also be attributed to exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases. The potential neuroprotective functions may play a role in preventing the formation of aggregates and abnormal accumulation of proteins associated with the disease. The present review summarizes the roles of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases as well as elucidating their therapeutic potential in AD, PD, ALS, HD, stroke, and aneurysms. By elucidating these two aspects of exosomes, valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for treating neurodegenerative diseases may be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal A. Alzahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir M. Riza
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir M. Eid
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema Almotairi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lea Scherschinski
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Jessica Contreras
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Muhammed Nadeem
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Sylvia E. Perez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Mark C. Preul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Andrew F. Ducruet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Michael T. Lawton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Kanchan Bhatia
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Lake Havasu City, AZ 86403, USA
| | - Saif Ahmad
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
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9
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Sandau US, Magaña SM, Costa J, Nolan JP, Ikezu T, Vella LJ, Jackson HK, Moreira LR, Palacio PL, Hill AF, Quinn JF, Van Keuren‐Jensen KR, McFarland TJ, Palade J, Sribnick EA, Su H, Vekrellis K, Coyle B, Yang Y, Falcón‐Perez JM, Nieuwland R, Saugstad JA. Recommendations for reproducibility of cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicle studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12397. [PMID: 38158550 PMCID: PMC10756860 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, transparent fluid derived from blood plasma that protects the brain and spinal cord against mechanical shock, provides buoyancy, clears metabolic waste and transports extracellular components to remote sites in the brain. Given its contact with the brain and the spinal cord, CSF is the most informative biofluid for studies of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to other components, CSF contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry bioactive cargoes (e.g., lipids, nucleic acids, proteins), and that can have biological functions within and beyond the CNS. Thus, CSF EVs likely serve as both mediators of and contributors to communication in the CNS. Accordingly, their potential as biomarkers for CNS diseases has stimulated much excitement for and attention to CSF EV research. However, studies on CSF EVs present unique challenges relative to EV studies in other biofluids, including the invasive nature of CSF collection, limited CSF volumes and the low numbers of EVs in CSF as compared to plasma. Here, the objectives of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles CSF Task Force are to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies by providing current reporting and best practices, and recommendations and reporting guidelines, for CSF EV studies. To accomplish this, we created and distributed a world-wide survey to ISEV members to assess methods considered 'best practices' for CSF EVs, then performed a detailed literature review for CSF EV publications that was used to curate methods and resources. Based on responses to the survey and curated information from publications, the CSF Task Force herein provides recommendations and reporting guidelines to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies in seven domains: (i) CSF Collection, Processing, and Storage; (ii) CSF EV Separation/Concentration; (iii) CSF EV Size and Number Measurements; (iv) CSF EV Protein Studies; (v) CSF EV RNA Studies; (vi) CSF EV Omics Studies and (vii) CSF EV Functional Studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S. Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Setty M. Magaña
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Júlia Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da RepúblicaOeirasPortugal
| | - John P. Nolan
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Laura J. Vella
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hannah K. Jackson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Exosis, Inc.Palm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Lissette Retana Moreira
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of MicrobiologyUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades TropicalesUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
| | - Paola Loreto Palacio
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Portland VA Medical CenterPortlandOregonUSA
| | | | - Trevor J. McFarland
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Joanna Palade
- Neurogenomics DivisionTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Eric A. Sribnick
- Department of NeurosurgeryNationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Huaqi Su
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of NottinghamNottinghamNottinghamshireUK
| | - You Yang
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juan M. Falcón‐Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasMadridSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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10
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Tallon C, Bell BJ, Malvankar MM, Deme P, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Eren E, Thomas AG, Hollinger KR, Pal A, Mustapic M, Huang M, Coleman K, Joe TR, Rais R, Haughey NJ, Kapogiannis D, Slusher BS. Inhibiting tau-induced elevated nSMase2 activity and ceramides is therapeutic in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:56. [PMID: 38049923 PMCID: PMC10694940 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) propagation between neurons along synaptically connected networks, in part via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EV biogenesis is triggered by ceramide enrichment at the plasma membrane from neutral sphingomyelinase2 (nSMase2)-mediated cleavage of sphingomyelin. We report, for the first time, that human tau expression elevates brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity. METHODS To determine the therapeutic benefit of inhibiting this elevation, we evaluated PDDC, the first potent, selective, orally bioavailable, and brain-penetrable nSMase2 inhibitor in the transgenic PS19 AD mouse model. Additionally, we directly evaluated the effect of PDDC on tau propagation in a mouse model where an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding P301L/S320F double mutant human tau was stereotaxically-injected unilaterally into the hippocampus. The contralateral transfer of the double mutant human tau to the dentate gyrus was monitored. We examined ceramide levels, histopathological changes, and pTau content within EVs isolated from the mouse plasma. RESULTS Similar to human AD, the PS19 mice exhibited increased brain ceramide levels and nSMase2 activity; both were completely normalized by PDDC treatment. The PS19 mice also exhibited elevated tau immunostaining, thinning of hippocampal neuronal cell layers, increased mossy fiber synaptophysin immunostaining, and glial activation, all of which were pathologic features of human AD. PDDC treatment reduced these changes. The plasma of PDDC-treated PS19 mice had reduced levels of neuronal- and microglial-derived EVs, the former carrying lower pTau levels, compared to untreated mice. In the tau propagation model, PDDC normalized the tau-induced increase in brain ceramides and significantly reduced the amount of tau propagation to the contralateral side. CONCLUSIONS PDDC is a first-in-class therapeutic candidate that normalizes elevated brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity, leading to the slowing of tau spread in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bell
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Medhinee M Malvankar
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Pragney Deme
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Erden Eren
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R Hollinger
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Meixiang Huang
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kaleem Coleman
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tawnjerae R Joe
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Pathology 517, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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11
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Huang J, Yuan X, Chen L, Hu B, Wang H, Huang W. The Biology, Pathological Roles of Exosomes and Their Clinical Application in Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2023; 531:24-38. [PMID: 37689233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high global incidence and places a great burden on the patient, their family and society. Early diagnosis of PD is the key to hindering the progression process and may enable treatment to partially reverse the disease course. Exosomes are lipid bilayers with a diameter of 40-160 nm (average ∼100 nm), show a cup-shaped structure in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, and contain different types of nucleic acids and proteins. On the one hand, several molecules contained in exosomes are correlated with PD pathology. On the other hand, biomarkers based on exosomes have gradually become diagnostic tools in PD. Since exosomes can freely cross the blood-brain barrier, CNS-derived exosomes obtained from the periphery have the potential to be a powerful marker for early PD diagnosis. Of course, exosomes also have great potential as drug delivery systems due to their low toxicity, lipid solubility and immunological inertness. However, there is still a lack of standardized, efficient, and ultrasensitive methods for the isolation of exosomes, hindering the development of effective biomarkers. Therefore, this review describes the biological characteristics of exosomes, exosome extraction methods, and the pathological role, diagnostic/therapeutic value of exosomes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- The department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People,s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Binbin Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China.
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12
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Shi Q, Kang W, Liu Z, Zhu X. The role of exosomes in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20595. [PMID: 37928387 PMCID: PMC10622621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by intracellular aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein as a major pathological hallmark. Exosomes are cell-derived lipid bilayer membrane vesicles with various components, including proteins, RNA, and lipids, that mediate intercellular communication. Currently, exosomes are found to be responsible for transporting misfolded proteins from unhealthy neurons to nearby cells, spreading the disease from cell to cell. Such exosomes can also be found in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Thus, exosomes may serve as a potential tool to detect the pathology of Parkinson's disease for clinical diagnosis. In this article, the role and challenges of exosomes in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Shi
- Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 300000, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Beijing Conga Technology Co., LTD., Tianjin Branch, 300000, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Beijing Conga Technology Co., LTD., Tianjin Branch, 300000, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 300000, Tianjin, China
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13
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Anastasi F, Botto A, Immordino B, Giovannetti E, McDonnell LA. Proteomics analysis of circulating small extracellular vesicles: Focus on the contribution of EVs to tumor metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:3-19. [PMID: 37652834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The term small extracellular vesicle (sEV) is a comprehensive term that includes any type of cell-derived, membrane-delimited particle that has a diameter < 200 nm, and which includes exosomes and smaller microvesicles. sEVs transfer bioactive molecules between cells and are crucial for cellular homeostasis and particularly during tumor development, where sEVs provide important contributions to the formation of the premetastic niche and to their altered metabolism. sEVs are thus legitimate targets for intervention and have also gained increasing interest as an easily accessible source of biomarkers because they can be rapidly isolated from serum/plasma and their molecular cargo provides information on their cell-of origin. To target sEVs that are specific for a given cell/disease it is essential to identify EV surface proteins that are characteristic of that cell/disease. Mass-spectrometry based proteomics is widely used for the identification and quantification of sEV proteins. The methods used for isolating the sEVs, preparing the sEV sample for proteomics analysis, and mass spectrometry analysis, can have a strong influence on the results and requires careful consideration. This review provides an overview of the approaches used for sEV proteomics and discusses the inherent compromises regarding EV purity versus depth of coverage. Additionally, it discusses the practical applications of the methods to unravel the involvement of sEVs in regulating the metabolism of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The metabolic reprogramming in PDAC includes enhanced glycolysis, elevated glutamine metabolism, alterations in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and hypoxia, all of which are crucial in promoting tumor cell growth. A thorough understanding of these metabolic adaptations is imperative for the development of targeted therapies to exploit PDAC's vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Anastasi
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy; National Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy; BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asia Botto
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy; Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benoit Immordino
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy; Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liam A McDonnell
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, PI, Italy.
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14
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Manolopoulos A, Delgado-Peraza F, Mustapic M, Pucha KA, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Daskalopoulos A, Knight DD, Leoutsakos JM, Oh ES, Lyketsos CG, Kapogiannis D. Comparative assessment of Alzheimer's disease-related biomarkers in plasma and neuron-derived extracellular vesicles: a nested case-control study. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1254834. [PMID: 37828917 PMCID: PMC10565036 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1254834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently defined according to biomarkers reflecting the core underlying neuropathological processes: Aβ deposition, Tau, and neurodegeneration (ATN). The soluble phase of plasma and plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) are increasingly being investigated as sources of biomarkers. The aim of this study was to examine the comparative biomarker potential of these two biofluids, as well as the association between respective biomarkers. Methods: We retrospectively identified three distinct diagnostic groups of 44 individuals who provided samples at baseline and at a mean of 3.1 years later; 14 were cognitively unimpaired at baseline and remained so (NRM-NRM), 13 had amnestic MCI that progressed to AD dementia (MCI-DEM) and 17 had AD dementia at both timepoints (DEM-DEM). Plasma NDEVs were isolated by immunoaffinity capture targeting the neuronal markers L1CAM, GAP43, and NLGN3. In both plasma and NDEVs, we assessed ATN biomarkers (Aβ42, Aβ40, total Tau, P181-Tau) alongside several other exploratory markers. Results: The Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in plasma and NDEVs was lower in MCI-DEM than NRM-NRM at baseline and its levels in NDEVs decreased over time in all three groups. Similarly, plasma and NDEV-associated Aβ42 was lower in MCI-DEM compared to NRM-NRM at baseline and its levels in plasma decreased over time in DEM-DEM. For NDEV-associated proBDNF, compared to NRM-NRM, its levels were lower in MCI-DEM and DEM-DEM at baseline, and they decreased over time in the latter group. No group differences were found for other exploratory markers. NDEV-associated Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and proBDNF achieved the highest areas under the curve (AUCs) for discriminating between diagnostic groups, while proBDNF was positively associated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. No associations were found between the two biofluids for any assessed marker. Discussion: The soluble phase of plasma and plasma NDEVs demonstrate distinct biomarker profiles both at a single time point and longitudinally. The lack of association between plasma and NDEV measures indicates that the two types of biofluids demonstrate distinct biomarker signatures that may be attributable to being derived through different biological processes. NDEV-associated proBDNF may be a useful biomarker for AD diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Manolopoulos
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Francheska Delgado-Peraza
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Krishna Ananthu Pucha
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexander Daskalopoulos
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - De’Larrian DeAnté Knight
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeannie-Marie Leoutsakos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Esther S. Oh
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Constantine G. Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
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15
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Ganesh S, Lam TT, Garcia-Milian R, D’Souza D, Nairn AC, Elgert K, Eitan E, Ranganathan M. Peripheral signature of altered synaptic integrity in young onset cannabis use disorder: A proteomic study of circulating extracellular vesicles. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:603-613. [PMID: 36994633 PMCID: PMC10471733 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2023.2197039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) are highest amongst young adults. Paucity of brain tissue samples limits the ability to examine the molecular basis of cannabis related neuropathology. Proteomic studies of neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEs) isolated from the biofluids may reveal markers of neuropathology in CUD. METHODS NDEs were extracted using ExoSORT, an immunoaffinity method to enrich NDEs from plasma samples from patients with young onset CUD and matched controls. Differential proteomic profiles were explored with Label Free Quantification (LFQ) mass spectrometry. Selected proteins were validated using orthogonal methods. RESULTS A total of 231 (±10) proteins were identified in NDE preparations from CUD and controls of which 28 were differentially abundant between groups. The difference in abundance of properdin (CFP gene) was statistically significant. SHANK1 (SHANK1 gene), an adapter protein at the post-synaptic density, was nominally depleted in the CUD NDE preparations. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, we noted a decrease in SHANK1 protein, involved in the structural and functional integrity of glutamatergic post-synapse, a potential peripheral signature of CUD neuropathology. The study shows that LFQ mass spectrometry proteomic analysis of NDEs derived from plasma may yield important insights into the synaptic pathology associated with CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Ganesh
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
- Keck Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Resource, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Rolando Garcia-Milian
- Bioinformatics Support Program, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Deepak D’Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | | | | | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
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16
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Wang X, Yang H, Liu C, Liu K. A new diagnostic tool for brain disorders: extracellular vesicles derived from neuron, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1194210. [PMID: 37621405 PMCID: PMC10445044 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1194210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting people's quality of life and causing economic burdens. The current clinical diagnosis of brain disorders relies solely on individual phenotypes and lacks accurate molecular biomarkers. An emerging field of research centers around extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoscale membrane vesicles which can easily cross the blood-brain barrier. EVs in the blood are derived from various tissues, including the brain. Therefore, purifying central nervous system (CNS)-derived EVs from the blood and analyzing their contents may be a relatively non-invasive way to analyze brain molecular alterations and identify biomarkers in brain disorders. Recently, methods for capturing neuron-derived EVs (NDEs), astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEs), and oligodendrocyte-derived EVs (ODEs) in peripheral blood were reported. In this article, we provide an overview of the research history of EVs in the blood, specifically focusing on biomarker findings in six major brain disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and autism spectrum disorder). Additionally, we discuss the methodology employed for testing CNS-derived EVs. Among brain disorders, Alzheimer's disease has received the most extensive attention in EV research to date. Most studies focus on specific molecules, candidate proteins, or miRNAs. Notably, the most studied molecules implicated in the pathology of these diseases, such as Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein, exhibit good reproducibility. These findings suggest that CNS-derived EVs can serve as valuable tools for observing brain molecular changes minimally invasively. However, further analysis is necessary to understand the cargo composition of these EVs and improve isolation methods. Therefore, research efforts should prioritize the analysis of CNS-derived EVs' origin and genome-wide biomarker discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huihui Yang
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Kefu Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang J, Chen HC, Sheng Q, Dawson TR, Coffey RJ, Patton JG, Weaver AM, Shyr Y, Liu Q. Systematic Assessment of Small RNA Profiling in Human Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3446. [PMID: 37444556 PMCID: PMC10340377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced and released by most cells and are now recognized to play a role in intercellular communication through the delivery of molecular cargo, including proteins, lipids, and RNA. Small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq) has been widely used to characterize the small RNA content in EVs. However, there is a lack of a systematic assessment of the quality, technical biases, RNA composition, and RNA biotypes enrichment for small RNA profiling of EVs across cell types, biofluids, and conditions. METHODS We collected and reanalyzed small RNA-seq datasets for 2756 samples from 83 studies involving 55 with EVs only and 28 with both EVs and matched donor cells. We assessed their quality by the total number of reads after adapter trimming, the overall alignment rate to the host and non-host genomes, and the proportional abundance of total small RNA and specific biotypes, such as miRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and Y RNA. RESULTS We found that EV extraction methods varied in their reproducibility in isolating small RNAs, with effects on small RNA composition. Comparing proportional abundances of RNA biotypes between EVs and matched donor cells, we discovered that rRNA and tRNA fragments were relatively enriched, but miRNAs and snoRNA were depleted in EVs. Except for the export of eight miRNAs being context-independent, the selective release of most miRNAs into EVs was study-specific. CONCLUSION This work guides quality control and the selection of EV isolation methods and enhances the interpretation of small RNA contents and preferential loading in EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hua-Chang Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - T. Renee Dawson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (T.R.D.); (R.J.C.); (A.M.W.)
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (T.R.D.); (R.J.C.); (A.M.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James G. Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Alissa M. Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (T.R.D.); (R.J.C.); (A.M.W.)
- Center for Extracellular Vesicle Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.W.); (H.-C.C.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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18
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Dutta S, Hornung S, Taha HB, Bitan G. Biomarkers for parkinsonian disorders in CNS-originating EVs: promise and challenges. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:515-540. [PMID: 37012443 PMCID: PMC10071251 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes, are nano-sized particles enclosed by a lipid bilayer. EVs are released by virtually all eukaryotic cells and have been shown to contribute to intercellular communication by transporting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In the context of neurodegenerative diseases, EVs may carry toxic, misfolded forms of amyloidogenic proteins and facilitate their spread to recipient cells in the central nervous system (CNS). CNS-originating EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier into the bloodstream and may be found in other body fluids, including saliva, tears, and urine. EVs originating in the CNS represent an attractive source of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, because they contain cell- and cell state-specific biological materials. In recent years, multiple papers have reported the use of this strategy for identification and quantitation of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian disorders. However, certain technical issues have yet to be standardized, such as the best surface markers for isolation of cell type-specific EVs and validating the cellular origin of the EVs. Here, we review recent research using CNS-originating EVs for biomarker studies, primarily in parkinsonian disorders, highlight technical challenges, and propose strategies for overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Dutta
- International Institute of Innovation and Technology, New Town, Kolkata, India
| | - Simon Hornung
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hash Brown Taha
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South/Gordon 451, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South/Gordon 451, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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19
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Newman LA, Useckaite Z, Wu T, Sorich MJ, Rowland A. Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle and Contaminant Markers in Blood Derivatives Using Multiple Reaction Monitoring. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2628:301-320. [PMID: 36781794 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2978-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring membranous particles that can be isolated from blood and other biofluids. EVs have drawn considerable attention for their potential as a minimally invasive biomarker source for a range of conditions, based on tissue-specific expression of proteins and other molecular information. To promote robust characterization of EV isolates, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) has established consensus minimal requirements for the study of extracellular vesicles (MISEV) reporting guidelines. A core element of MISEV guidance is the recommendation for the analysis of protein markers in samples, including positive EV-associated markers and negative contaminant markers based on commonly co-isolated components of the sample matrix. Furthermore, there is growing interest in circulating EVs enriched for tissue-specific origin, and in this context, the degree of nontarget EV "contamination" (e.g., EVs derived from blood cells) may inform assessment of sample purity. The increasing application of EVs as a liquid biopsy for clinical applications requires a high-throughput multiplexed approach that enables analysis of protein markers from small volumes of starting material, ideally utilizing the same platform for measuring biomarkers of interest. To this end, targeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MRM-MS) is a key platform for the quantitative assessment of target proteins within EV samples. Here we describe a protocol for the isolation of EVs from blood and parallel analytical methods targeting general EV markers and blood cell-derived EV markers, along with guidance of best practice for sample collection and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Newman
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zivile Useckaite
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael J Sorich
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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20
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Xia X, Wang Y, Zheng JC. Extracellular vesicles, from the pathogenesis to the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:53. [PMID: 36510311 PMCID: PMC9743667 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bilipid layer-enclosed vesicles that can be secreted by all tested types of brain cells. Being a key intercellular communicator, EVs have emerged as a key contributor to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease through delivery of bioactive cargos within the central nervous system (CNS). Importantly, CNS cell-derived EVs can be purified via immunoprecipitation, and EV cargos with altered levels have been identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of NDs. Given the essential impact of EVs on the pathogenesis of NDs, pathological EVs have been considered as therapeutic targets and EVs with therapeutic effects have been utilized as potential therapeutic agents or drug delivery platforms for the treatment of NDs. In this review, we focus on recent research progress on the pathological roles of EVs released from CNS cells in the pathogenesis of NDs, summarize findings that identify CNS-derived EV cargos as potential biomarkers to diagnose NDs, and comprehensively discuss promising potential of EVs as therapeutic targets, agents, and drug delivery systems in treating NDs, together with current concerns and challenges for basic research and clinical applications of EVs regarding NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China ,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, 200331 Shanghai, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065 Shanghai, China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200434 Shanghai, China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Yi Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, 200331 Shanghai, China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Translational Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201613 China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin C. Zheng
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China ,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, 200331 Shanghai, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065 Shanghai, China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200434 Shanghai, China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
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21
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Vaz M, Soares Martins T, Henriques AG. Extracellular vesicles in the study of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: Methodologies applied from cells to biofluids. J Neurochem 2022; 163:266-309. [PMID: 36156258 PMCID: PMC9828694 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increased importance in fundamental research as key players in disease pathogenic mechanisms, but also in translational and clinical research due to their value in biomarker discovery, either for diagnostics and/or therapeutics. In the first research scenario, the study of EVs isolated from neuronal models mimicking neurodegenerative diseases can open new avenues to better understand the pathological mechanisms underlying these conditions or to identify novel molecular targets for diagnosis and/or therapeutics. In the second research scenario, the easy availability of EVs in body fluids and the specificity of their cargo, which can reflect the cell of origin or disease profiles, turn these into attractive diagnostic tools. EVs with exosome-like characteristics, circulating in the bloodstream and other peripheral biofluids, constitute a non-invasive and rapid alternative to study several conditions, including brain-related disorders. In both cases, several EVs isolation methods are already available, but each neuronal model or biofluid presents its own challenges. Herein, a literature overview on EVs isolation methodologies from distinct neuronal models (cellular culture and brain tissue) and body fluids (serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and saliva) was carried out. Focus was given to approaches employed in the context of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and the main research findings discussed. The topics here revised will facilitate the choice of EVs isolation methodologies and potentially prompt new discoveries in EVs research and in the neurodegenerative diseases field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Vaz
- Biomarker Discovery TeamNeuroscience and Signalling GroupInstitute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Tânia Soares Martins
- Biomarker Discovery TeamNeuroscience and Signalling GroupInstitute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Biomarker Discovery TeamNeuroscience and Signalling GroupInstitute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
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22
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Lee J, Park HS, Han SR, Kang YH, Mun JY, Shin DW, Oh HW, Cho YK, Lee MS, Park J. Alpha-2-macroglobulin as a novel diagnostic biomarker for human bladder cancer in urinary extracellular vesicles. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976407. [PMID: 36176383 PMCID: PMC9513419 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from urine are promising tools for the diagnosis of urogenital cancers. Urinary EVs (uEVs) are considered potential biomarkers for bladder cancer (BC) because urine is in direct contact with the BC tumor microenvironment and thus reflects the current state of the disease. However, challenges associated with the effective isolation and analysis of uEVs complicate the clinical detection of uEV-associated protein biomarkers. Herein, we identified uEV-derived alpha-2-macroglobulin (a2M) as a novel diagnostic biomarker for BC through comparative analysis of uEVs obtained from patients with BC pre- and post-operation using an antibody array. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of uEVs isolated from patients with BC (n=60) and non-cancer control subjects (n=23) validated the significant upregulation of a2M expression in patient uEVs (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in whole urine a2M levels between patients with BC and controls (p=0.317). We observed that compared to classical differential centrifugation, ExoDisc, a centrifugal microfluidic tangential flow filtration device, was a significantly more effective separation method for uEV protein analysis. We expect that our approach for EV analysis will provide an efficient route for the identification of clinically meaningful uEV-based biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Park
- Department of Urology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung Ro Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Oh
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung-Shin Lee, ; Jinsung Park,
| | - Jinsung Park
- Department of Urology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Urology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung-Shin Lee, ; Jinsung Park,
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23
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Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179739. [PMID: 36077138 PMCID: PMC9456372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, globally. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta and aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein are the PD hallmarks, accompanied by motor and non-motor symptoms. Several viruses have been linked to the appearance of a post-infection parkinsonian phenotype. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has evolved from a novel pneumonia to a multifaceted syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations, among which neurological sequalae appear insidious and potentially long-lasting. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles bearing a complex cargo of active biomolecules and playing crucial roles in intercellular communication under pathophysiological conditions. Exosomes constitute a reliable route for misfolded protein transmission, contributing to PD pathogenesis and diagnosis. Herein, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection shares numerous clinical manifestations and inflammatory and molecular pathways with PD. We carry on hypothesizing that these similarities may be reflected in exosomal cargo modulated by the virus in correlation with disease severity. Travelling from the periphery to the brain, SARS-CoV-2-related exosomal cargo contains SARS-CoV-2 RNA, viral proteins, inflammatory mediators, and modified host proteins that could operate as promoters of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory cascades, potentially leading to a future parkinsonism and PD development.
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24
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Proteomics for comprehensive characterization of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative disease. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114149. [PMID: 35732219 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer particles ubiquitously released by almost every cell type. A specific and selective constituents of EVs loaded with variety of proteins, lipids, small noncoding RNAs, and long non-coding RNAs are reflective of cellular events, type, and physiologic/pathophysiologic status of the cell of origin. Moreover, these molecular contents carry information from the cell of origin to recipient cells, modulating intercellular communication. Recent studies demonstrated that EVs not only play a neuroprotective role by mediating the removal of toxic proteins, but also emerge as an important player in various neurodegenerative disease onset and progression through facilitating of misfolded proteins propagation. For this reason, neurodegenerative disease-associated differences in EV proteome relative to normal EVs can be used to fulfil diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. Nonetheless, characterizing EV proteome obtained from biological samples (brain tissue and body fluids, including urea, blood, saliva, and CSF) is a challenging task. Herein, we review the status of EV proteome profiling and the updated discovery of potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease with an emphasis on the integration of high-throughput advanced mass spectrometry (MS) technologies for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of EVs in different clinical tissue/body fluid samples in past five years.
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25
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Younas N, Fernandez Flores LC, Hopfner F, Höglinger GU, Zerr I. A new paradigm for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: peripheral exosomes of brain origin. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 35527262 PMCID: PMC9082915 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of maladies, characterized by progressive loss of neurons. These diseases involve an intricate pattern of cross-talk between different types of cells to maintain specific signaling pathways. A component of such intercellular cross-talk is the exchange of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are a subset of EVs, which are increasingly being known for the role they play in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., synucleinopathies and tauopathies. The ability of the central nervous system exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier into blood has generated enthusiasm in their study as potential biomarkers. However, the lack of standardized, efficient, and ultra-sensitive methods for the isolation and detection of brain-derived exosomes has hampered the development of effective biomarkers. Exosomes mirror heterogeneous biological changes that occur during the progression of these incurable illnesses, potentially offering a more comprehensive outlook of neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, progression and treatment. In this review, we aim to discuss the challenges and opportunities of peripheral biofluid-based brain-exosomes in the diagnosis and biomarker discovery of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In the later part, we discuss the traditional and emerging methods used for the isolation of exosomes and compare their advantages and disadvantages in clinical settings.
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26
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Sandau US, McFarland TJ, Smith SJ, Galasko DR, Quinn JF, Saugstad JA. Differential Effects of APOE Genotype on MicroRNA Cargo of Cerebrospinal Fluid Extracellular Vesicles in Females With Alzheimer's Disease Compared to Males. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864022. [PMID: 35573689 PMCID: PMC9092217 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple biological factors, including age, sex, and genetics, influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Of the 6.2 million Americans living with Alzheimer's dementia in 2021, 3.8 million are women and 2.4 million are men. The strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD is apolipoprotein E-e4 (APOE-e4). Female APOE-e4 carriers develop AD more frequently than age-matched males and have more brain atrophy and memory loss. Consequently, biomarkers that are sensitive to biological risk factors may improve AD diagnostics and may provide insight into underlying mechanistic changes that could drive disease progression. Here, we have assessed the effects of sex and APOE-e4 on the miRNA cargo of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extracellular vesicles (EVs) in AD. We used ultrafiltration (UF) combined with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to enrich CSF EVs (e.g., Flotillin+). CSF EVs were isolated from female and male AD or controls (CTLs) that were either APOE-e3,4 or -e3,3 positive (n = 7/group, 56 total). MiRNA expression levels were quantified using a custom TaqMan™ array that assayed 190 miRNAs previously found in CSF, including 25 miRNAs that we previously validated as candidate AD biomarkers. We identified changes in the EV miRNA cargo that were affected by both AD and sex. In total, four miRNAs (miR-16-5p, -331-3p, -409-3p, and -454-3p) were significantly increased in AD vs. CTL, independent of sex and APOE-e4 status. Pathway analysis of the predicted gene targets of these four miRNAs with identified pathways was highly relevant to neurodegeneration (e.g., senescence and autophagy). There were also three miRNAs (miR-146b-5p, -150-5p, and -342-3p) that were significantly increased in females vs. males, independent of disease state and APOE-e4 status. We then performed a statistical analysis to assess the effect of APOE genotype in AD within each sex and found that APOE-e4 status affects different subsets of CSF EV miRNAs in females vs. males. Together, this study demonstrates the complexity of the biological factors associated with AD risk and the impact on EV miRNAs, which may contribute to AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S. Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Trevor J. McFarland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sierra J. Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Douglas R. Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Parkinson Center and Movement Disorders Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Portland VAMC Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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27
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Naskar A, Stezin A, Dharmappa A, Hegde S, Philip M, Kamble N, Saini J, Sandhya K, Tatu U, Yadav R, Pal PK, Alladi PA. Fibrinogen and Complement Factor H Are Promising CSF Protein Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease with Cognitive Impairment─A Proteomics-ELISA-Based Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1030-1045. [PMID: 35200010 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) with cognitive impairment (PDCI) is essentially diagnosed through clinical and neuropsychological examinations. There is a need to identify biomarkers to foresee cognitive decline in them. We performed label-free unbiased nontargeted proteomics (Q-TOF LC/MS-MS) on the CSF of non-neurological control; PDCI; PD; and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) patients, followed by targeted ELISA for validation. Of the 281 proteins identified, 42 were differentially altered in PD, PDCI, and NPH. With a certain overlap, 28 proteins were altered in PDCI and 25 proteins were altered in NPH. Five significantly upregulated proteins in PDCI were fibrinogen, gelsolin, complement factor-H, and apolipoproteins A-I and A-IV, whereas carnosine dipeptidase-1, carboxypeptidase-E, dickkopf-3, and secretogranin-3 precursor proteins were downregulated. Those uniquely altered in NPH were the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein, ceruloplasmin, α-1 antitrypsin, VGF nerve growth factor, and neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like protein. The ELISA-derived protein concentrations correlated with neuropsychological scores of certain cognitive domains. In PDCI, the Wisconsin card sorting percentile correlated negatively with fibrinogen. Intraperitoneal injection of native fibrinogen caused motor deficits in C57BL/6J mice as assessed by the pole test. Thus, a battery of proteins such as fibrinogen-α-chain, CFAH, and APOA-I/APOA-IV alongside neuropsychological assessment could be reliable biomarkers to distinguish PDCI and NPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Naskar
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology & Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Albert Stezin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Arpitha Dharmappa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Shantala Hegde
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Mariamma Philip
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Jitender Saini
- Department of Neuroimaging & Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - K. Sandhya
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru 560002, India
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology & Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
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28
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Gomes DE, Witwer KW. L1CAM-associated extracellular vesicles: A systematic review of nomenclature, sources, separation, and characterization. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e35. [PMID: 35492832 PMCID: PMC9045013 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
When released into biological fluids like blood or saliva, brain extracellular vesicles (EVs) might provide a window into otherwise inaccessible tissue, contributing useful biomarkers of neurodegenerative and other central nervous system (CNS) diseases. To enrich for brain EVs in the periphery, however, cell-specific EV surface markers are needed. The protein that has been used most frequently to obtain EVs of putative neuronal origin is the transmembrane L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM/CD171). In this systematic review, we examine the existing literature on L1CAM and EVs, including investigations of both neurodegenerative disease and cancer through the lens of the minimal information for studies of EVs (MISEV), specifically in the domains of nomenclature usage, EV sources, and EV separation and characterization. Although numerous studies have reported L1CAM-associated biomarker signatures that correlate with disease, interpretation of these results is complicated since L1CAM expression is not restricted to neurons and is also upregulated during cancer progression. A recent study has suggested that L1CAM epitopes are present in biofluids mostly or entirely as cleaved, soluble protein. Our findings on practices and trends in L1CAM-mediated EV separation, enrichment, and characterization yield insights that may assist with interpreting results, evaluating rigor, and suggesting avenues for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitria E. Gomes
- Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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29
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Zingale VD, Gugliandolo A, Mazzon E. MiR-155: An Important Regulator of Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:90. [PMID: 35008513 PMCID: PMC8745074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and that play an important role in many cellular processes, including modulation of inflammation. MiRNAs are present in high concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS) and are spatially and temporally expressed in a specific way. Therefore, an imbalance in the expression pattern of these small molecules can be involved in the development of neurological diseases. Generally, CNS responds to damage or disease through the activation of an inflammatory response, but many neurological disorders are characterized by uncontrolled neuroinflammation. Many studies support the involvement of miRNAs in the activation or inhibition of inflammatory signaling and in the promotion of uncontrolled neuroinflammation with pathological consequences. MiR-155 is a pro-inflammatory mediator of the CNS and plays an important regulatory role. The purpose of this review is to summarize how miR-155 is regulated and the pathological consequences of its deregulation during neuroinflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and other neuroinflammatory disorders. Modulation of miRNAs' expression could be used as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of pathological neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (V.D.Z.); (E.M.)
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