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Khales P, Razizadeh MH, Ghorbani S, Moattari A, Sarvari J, Saadati H, Sayyahfar S, Salavatiha Z, Hasanabad MH, Poortahmasebi V, Tavakoli A. Human adenoviruses in children with gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:478. [PMID: 38724898 PMCID: PMC11084101 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have always been suggested as one of the main causes of gastroenteritis in children. However, no comprehensive report on the global epidemiology of these viruses in pediatric gastroenteritis is available. METHODS A systematic search was conducted to obtain published papers from 2003 to 2023 in three main databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. RESULTS The estimated global pooled prevalence of HAdV infection in children with gastroenteritis was 10% (95% CI: 9-11%), with a growing trend after 2010. The highest prevalence was observed in Africa (20%, 95% CI: 14-26%). The prevalence was higher in inpatients (11%; 95% CI: 8-13%) and patients aged 5 years old and younger (9%; 95% CI: 7-10%). However, no significant difference was observed between male and female patients (P = 0.63). The most prevalent species was found to be the species F (57%; 95% CI: 41-72%). The most common HAdVs observed in children with gastroenteritis were types 40/41, 38, and 2. Analysis of case-control studies showed an association between HAdV and gastroenteritis in children (OR: 2.28, 95% CI; 1.51-3.44). CONCLUSION This study provided valuable insights into the importance of HAdVs in children with gastroenteritis, especially in hospitalized and younger children. The results can be used in future preventive measurements and the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Khales
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Ghorbani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Saadati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Shirin Sayyahfar
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salavatiha
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Haghighi Hasanabad
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wu JY, Liu MY, Lee MC, Hung KC, Hsu WH, Tsai YW, Liu TH, Huang PY, Chuang MH, Tseng SC, Lu CY, Lai CC. The clinical outcomes and effectiveness of antiviral agents among underweight patients with COVID-19. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024; 22:343-352. [PMID: 38178687 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2303017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the outcomes of underweight patients with COVID-19 and the effectiveness of antiviral agents in this population. METHODS A retrospective cohort study using theTriNetX research network was conducted. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to balance the first cohort involving COVID-19 patients with underweight and normal-weight. In the second cohort, underweight patients receiving antiviral agents and untreated individuals were matched using PSM. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause hospitalization and death during the 7-30-day follow-up period. RESULTS After PSM, the first cohort including each group of 13,502 patients with balanced baseline characteristics were identified for comparing the outcome of patients with underweight and normal weight. The underweight group had a higher risk of the composite primary outcome than those with normal weight (hazard ratio [HR], 1.251; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.132-1.382). The second cohort included each 884 underweight patients with and without receiving antivirals.Compared with untreated patients, those receiving antiviral treatment had a lower risk of composite primary outcomes (HR, 0.426; 95% CI, 0.278-0.653). CONCLUSION Underweight status may be associated with a higher risk of all-cause hospitalization and death in patients with COVID-19.Among underweight patients, antiviral agents demonstrated clinically beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Yan Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yuan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi Mei Medical Centre, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Tsai
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hui Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ching Tseng
- Department of Examination Room, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Lai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Pereira DFC, Parron Fernandes KB, Aguiar AF, Casonatto J. The Impact of Undernutrition Risk on Rehabilitation Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke Survivors: A Hospital-Based Study. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2024; 17:e7. [PMID: 38585033 PMCID: PMC10990841 DOI: 10.12786/bn.2024.17.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients experiencing a cerebrovascular event are vulnerable to declining nutritional status, hindering rehabilitation. This study aims to analyze the association between malnutrition risk and hospital rehabilitation indicators in ischemic stroke survivors (ISS). This analytical study examined medical records of 160 adult patients (69.3 ± 13 years). Undernutrition risk (UR; independent variable) and rehabilitation indicators (dependent variables) like hospital stay, clinical outcome, functionality, stroke severity, food intake, mobility (bedridden), mechanical ventilation, and enteral nutrition were assessed. Data were dichotomized, and the chi-square test identified associations (p ≤ 0.05), followed by Poisson regression for prevalence ratios. Patients at UR had 2-fold higher risk of death (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-4.79), 1.8-fold higher risk of high stroke severity (95% CI, 1.06-3.11), 76% higher chance of being bedridden (95% CI, 1.28-2.44), and 3-fold higher risk of mechanical ventilation (95% CI, 1.20-9.52). UR in hospitalized ISS is associated with deteriorating rehabilitation indicators, including mobility, decreased food intake, mechanical ventilation use, and neurological deficit, indicating an increased mortality risk post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Figueiredo Corrêa Pereira
- Research Group in Physiology and Physical Activity, University Pitágoras UNOPAR Anhanguera, Londrina, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Andreo Fernando Aguiar
- Research Laboratory in Muscular System and Physical Exercise, University Pitágoras UNOPAR Anhanguera, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliano Casonatto
- Research Group in Physiology and Physical Activity, University Pitágoras UNOPAR Anhanguera, Londrina, Brazil
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Wang H, Wang Y. What Makes the Gut-Lung Axis Working? From the Perspective of Microbiota and Traditional Chinese Medicine. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2024; 2024:8640014. [PMID: 38274122 PMCID: PMC10810697 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8640014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Background An increasing number of studies have proved that gut microbiota is involved in the occurrence and development of various lung diseases and can interact with the diseased lung. The concept of the gut-lung axis (GLA) provides a new idea for the subsequent clinical treatment of lung diseases through human microbiota. This review aims to summarize the microbiota in the lung and gut and the interaction between them from the perspectives of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine. Method We conducted a literature search by using the search terms "GLA," "gut microbiota," "spleen," and "Chinese medicine" in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI. We then explored the mechanism of action of the gut-lung axis from traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine. Results The lung and gut microbiota enable the GLA to function through immune regulation, while metabolites of the gut microbiota also play an important role. The spleen can improve the gut microbiota to achieve the regulation of the GLA. Conclusion Improving the gut microbiota through qi supplementation and spleen fortification provides a new approach to the clinical treatment of lung diseases by regulating the GLA. Currently, our understanding of the GLA is limited, and more research is needed to explain its working principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Gabani MH, Ahmed AA, Hassan AA, Abdalla MA, Mustafa SA, Alobaid TA, Khatir AA, Mohammed RM, Awad NI, Abdellateef TA, Hassan A, Ahmed ES, Ali MZ, Fahal AH. The nutritional status of mycetoma affected patients seen at the Mycetoma Research Center, Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011726. [PMID: 38166142 PMCID: PMC10786388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition plays a critical and crucial role in addressing neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and their complications, as they often contribute to malnutrition, which can worsen the impact of these conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the nutritional status of mycetoma patients, which has not been explored previously. This descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted at the Mycetoma Research Center (MRC), University of Khartoum, Sudan. The study included 179 confirmed mycetoma patients and an equal number of age- and sex-matched normal controls. The nutritional status of the mycetoma patients was assessed and compared with that of the control group. The majority of the patients were young adults with varying educational levels, predominantly from Central Sudan. The foot was the most commonly affected part; most patients had lesions more than 10 cm in diameter. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for both study groups, revealing that 43.5% of the patients and 53.6% of controls had a normal BMI. Furthermore, 36% of patients were underweight, contrasting with only 11% in the control group. Correlation analyses indicated no significant associations between BMI and age groups, educational levels, daily meals, food quantity, and appetite in the study population (p > 0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were observed in BMI concerning disease duration and affected sites (p = 0.0577). The Kruskal-Wallis test did not reveal significant differences in BMI means among the groups. The study revealed that most participants consumed three meals daily, and the control group showed a more robust appetite and consumed more food than the patient group (p = 0.005). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in the consumption of different food types between the patient and control groups and among different BMI categories (p = 0.025 and 0.040, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abeer Hassan
- Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mohammed Zain Ali
- The School of Health Sciences, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
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Pinheiro VE, Ribeiro AS, Camillo CAM, Casonatto J. Undernutrition risk is independently associated with worsened indicators of hospital rehabilitation in COVID-19 patients. Hosp Pract (1995) 2023; 51:267-274. [PMID: 37897431 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2023.2277680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to analyze the association between the risk of undernutrition and indicators of hospital rehabilitation in patients with COVID-19 while controlling for confounding variables. METHODS This was an analytical study conducted by analyzing the medical records of patients with COVID-19. A total of 562 adult patients were eligible for the study. In addition to the risk of undernutrition (independent variable), indicators of hospital rehabilitation (dependent variables) were evaluated. These indicators included the length of hospital stay, clinical outcome (discharge or death), food intake, mobility (bedridden status), the use of mechanical ventilation, and the need for enteral nutrition. Pre-existing comorbidities (confounding/control variables) were grouped into cardiovascular, metabolic/endocrine, neurological, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other categories (neoplasms, multiple sclerosis, and kidney disease). A dichotomization model was applied for data analysis. The Chi-Square test was used to verify the association between the risk of undernutrition and the dependent variables. Associations with a significance level of P < 0.05 were subjected to Poisson regression to identify the prevalence ratio. RESULTS Patients at risk of undernutrition had a 90% higher chance of being bedridden and were 35 times more likely to experience a decrease in food intake. They also had an 89% higher chance of using invasive mechanical ventilation and a 91% higher chance of requiring enteral nutrition. Additionally, individuals at risk of undernutrition had a 73% higher chance of death. Adjustment for comorbidities did not alter these associations, demonstrating that the risk of undernutrition is independently associated with indicators of hospital rehabilitation. CONCLUSION The risk of undernutrition is independently associated with worsened indicators of hospital rehabilitation in patients with COVID-19, including higher prevalence of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Esquissato Pinheiro
- Department of Health Sciences, University Pitágoras UNOPAR - Research Group in Physiology and Physical Activity - Londrina-Paraná-Brazil, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alex Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Health Sciences, University Pitágoras UNOPAR - Research Group in Physiology and Physical Activity - Londrina-Paraná-Brazil, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Marçal Camillo
- Department of Health Sciences, University Pitágoras UNOPAR - Research Group in Physiology and Physical Activity - Londrina-Paraná-Brazil, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliano Casonatto
- Department of Health Sciences, University Pitágoras UNOPAR - Research Group in Physiology and Physical Activity - Londrina-Paraná-Brazil, Londrina, Brazil
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Abdul-Ghani S, Lathan EC, Miao A, Gibbons R, Eghbalzad L, Powers A, Fani N. Contributions of Trauma and Economic Insecurity to Psychological Distress in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. MENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 1:222-230. [PMID: 38707932 PMCID: PMC11068086 DOI: 10.1002/mhs2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Racially minoritized women with limited socioeconomic resources are at increased risk for adverse psychological outcomes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Disproportionate rates of trauma exposure and economic insecurity likely heighten risk for these outcomes among socioeconomically vulnerable individuals, but the unique contributions of these factors are poorly understood. As such, we examined trauma and economic factors as predictors of pandemic-related psychological distress and symptoms. Methods Ninety-six women recruited for a trauma research study (91.7% Black, Mage=38.3 years, SDage=11.8 years) completed measures of trauma exposure, economic insecurity, and several items assessing psychological distress and symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined concern for mental and physical health impacts of COVID-19 as well as changes in self-reported levels of anxiety and anhedonia from the three months prior to the pandemic to the past two weeks. Linear regression analyses were used to assess contributions of trauma exposure and economic insecurity to COVID-19-related distress. Results Childhood maltreatment and lifetime trauma exposure did not predict COVID-19-related distress; however, financial concern significantly contributed to concern for the physical health impact of COVID-19 (B = .30, p < .05). Food insecurity emerged as the only significant predictor of concern for mental health impact of COVID-19 (B=.91, p < .01). Housing instability was the only significant predictor of COVID-19-related increases in anhedonia (B = -.30, p < .05). Conclusions Economic insecurity, namely self-reported financial concern, food insecurity, and housing instability, was related to COVID-19-related psychological distress in a sample of predominately Black American women living in under-resourced communities. Findings may help identify populations at risk for COVID-19-related psychological distress and symptoms and develop effective interventions, such as expanding access to nutritious food sources and housing support, for minoritized community members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Abdul-Ghani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Emma C Lathan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amanda Miao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rebecca Gibbons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Marongiu L, Burkard M, Helling T, Biendl M, Venturelli S. Modulation of the replication of positive-sense RNA viruses by the natural plant metabolite xanthohumol and its derivatives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37942943 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2275169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of identifying new potent antiviral agents. Nutrients as well as plant-derived substances are promising candidates because they are usually well tolerated by the human body and readily available in nature, and consequently mostly cheap to produce. A variety of antiviral effects have recently been described for the hop chalcone xanthohumol (XN), and to a lesser extent for its derivatives, making these hop compounds particularly attractive for further investigation. Noteworthy, mounting evidence indicated that XN can suppress a wide range of viruses belonging to several virus families, all of which share a common reproductive cycle. As a result, the purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent research on the antiviral properties of XN and its derivatives, with a particular emphasis on the positive-sense RNA viruses human hepatitis C virus (HCV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- HoLMiR-Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Burkard
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Helling
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Biendl
- HHV Hallertauer Hopfenveredelungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Mainburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Napiórkowska-Baran K, Schmidt O, Szymczak B, Lubański J, Doligalska A, Bartuzi Z. Molecular Linkage between Immune System Disorders and Atherosclerosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8780-8815. [PMID: 37998729 PMCID: PMC10670175 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A strong relationship exists between immune dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Immune dysregulation can promote the development of cardiovascular diseases as well as exacerbate their course. The disorders may occur due to the presence of primary immune defects (currently known as inborn errors of immunity) and the more common secondary immune deficiencies. Secondary immune deficiencies can be caused by certain chronic conditions (such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obesity, autoimmune diseases, or cancer), nutritional deficiencies (including both lack of nutrients and bioactive non-nutrient compounds), and medical treatments and addictive substances. This article unravels the molecular linkage between the aforementioned immune system disorders and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Oskar Schmidt
- Student Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (O.S.); (B.S.); (J.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Szymczak
- Student Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (O.S.); (B.S.); (J.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Jakub Lubański
- Student Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (O.S.); (B.S.); (J.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Agata Doligalska
- Student Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (O.S.); (B.S.); (J.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Zbigniew Bartuzi
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Loo J, Shah Bana MAF, Tan JK, Goon JA. Effect of dietary restriction on health span in Caenorhabditis elegans: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2023; 182:112294. [PMID: 37730186 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) interventions have demonstrated their efficacy in extending lifespan; however, the association between lifespan extension and health span remains unclear. This article aims to analyze the relationship between DR-induced lifespan and health span in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a widely used animal model in lifespan studies. By examining various parameters such as lipofuscin accumulation (an aging marker) and locomotor and feeding capacities (indicators of muscle degradation rate), we have compiled papers that investigate and report on these DR-induced effects.The majority of the papers reviewed consistently demonstrate that DR improves both lifespan and health span in C. elegans. Worms subjected to DR exhibit slower lipofuscin accumulation compared to those fed ad libitum, indicating a reduction in age-related cellular damage. Additionally, DR-treated worms display a higher locomotion capacity, suggesting a slower rate of muscle degradation. However, it is worth noting that there are some discrepancies among the papers regarding feeding capacity. These contradictions can be attributed to the different methods employed to initiate DR. While many approaches slow muscle degeneration and enhance pumping rates through adaptation to limited food sources, other methods, such as using eat-2 mutant worms or interventions that mimic the effects of eat-2, reduce feeding capacity and consequently restrict food intake. In conclusion, the findings suggest a strong correlation between DR-induced longevity and the extension of health span in C. elegans, as evidenced by improvements in various health span parameters. DR interventions not only extend lifespan but also mitigate age-related markers and preserve locomotor capacity. Although conflicting results are observed regarding feeding capacity, the overall evidence supports the notion that DR promotes healthier aging in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazween Loo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Jen Kit Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jo Aan Goon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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11
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Cai Y, Huang Z, Wu B, Wu P, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Wang Q, Liang S, Chen S. Increased nutrition risk is associated with a prolonged negative conversion of viral RNA in children and adolescents with COVID-19. Nutr Clin Pract 2023; 38:1073-1081. [PMID: 37039702 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the time to negative conversion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents, with particular reference to nutrition risk assessment on admission. METHODS This retrospective observational study was conducted in a sentinel hospital for novel coronavirus in Quanzhou, China. The study population comprised children and adolescents with COVID-19 admitted to the isolation wards between March 25 and April 12, 2022. Based on the Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMP), nutrition risk screening was performed within 24 h of admission. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify independent factors for the time to negative viral RNA conversion. RESULTS A total of 185 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were included in this study. The median time to viral RNA conversion (from the first day of a positive nucleic acid test to the first day of consecutive negative results) was 15 days (IQR 12-18 days), ranging from 4 to 25 days. High nutrition risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.543, 95% CI: 0.334-0.881) and fever (HR: 0.663; 95% CI: 0.483-0.910) were independent factors influencing the negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. CONCLUSION High nutrition risk and fever were independently associated with delayed viral clearance in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection, so these factors should be considered during the treatment plans for infected children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peilin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yueli Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shishan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Suqing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Cai J. Food Insecurity and COVID-19 Infection: Findings From the 2020-2021 National Health Interview Survey. AJPM FOCUS 2023; 2:100069. [PMID: 36687320 PMCID: PMC9847318 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2023.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with food insecurity and the association between food insecurity and COVID-19 infection using a nationally representative sample in the U.S. Methods Cross-sectional data of 61,050 adults (aged ≥18 years) from the 2020 and 2021 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed. Food insecurity was measured by the 10-item U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Security Survey Module. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate associations with food insecurity. Results A total of 6.8% of the National Health Interview Survey participants lived in food-insecure households, and 18.9% tested positive for COVID-19 infection. Young (aged 18-34 years) or middle (aged 35-64 years) age, female sex, minor race/ethnicity (Hispanic/non-Hispanic Black/non-Hispanic Asian/others), education level less than high school, unmarried status, unemployment, poverty (below the federal poverty level), having no health insurance, a larger number of adults and children in the household, poorer self-reported health status, and the presence of chronic conditions were significantly associated with food insecurity (AOR ranged from 1.20 to 3.15, all p<0.0001). Food insecurity was independently associated with positive COVID-19 infection (AOR=1.25, 95% CI=1.11, 1.40), controlling for sociodemographic and health-related factors. The greatest magnitude of the association was observed for the non-Hispanic Black participants (AOR=1.47, 95% CI=1.15, 1.88), female participants (AOR=1.44, 95% CI=1.20, 1.71), and those below the federal poverty level (AOR=1.39, 95% CI=1.12, 1.73) across all the subgroups. Conclusions Food insecurity disproportionately affected vulnerable subgroups such as young adults, female individuals, minority race/ethnicity groups, and those with lower socioeconomic status, and was associated with positive COVID-19 infection. Policies addressing food insecurity may help to reduce the likelihood of COVID-19 infection, especially for those vulnerable subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
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Mitkin NA, Unguryanu TN, Malyutina S, Kudryavtsev AV. Association between Alcohol Consumption and Body Composition in Russian Adults and Patients Treated for Alcohol-Related Disorders: The Know Your Heart Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2905. [PMID: 36833602 PMCID: PMC9957482 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence about the association between alcohol consumption and body composition (BC). We aimed to investigate this association in Russian adults. The study population included 2357 residents of Arkhangelsk aged 35-69 years, and 272 in-patients treated for alcohol problems (narcological patients) who participated in the Know Your Heart (KYH) cross-sectional study in 2015-2017. The participants were divided into five subgroups based on their alcohol use characteristics: non-drinkers, non-problem drinkers, hazardous drinkers, harmful drinkers, and narcological patients. Considering men, hazardous drinkers had a larger waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and percentage of body fat mass (%FM) compared to non-problem drinkers. In harmful drinking men, these differences were the opposite: a lower body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC), and %FM. Men among narcological patients had the lowest mean BMI, WC, HC, WHR, and %FM compared to other subgroups of men. As for women, non-drinkers had a lower BMI, WC, HC, and %FM compared to non-problem drinkers. Women among narcological patients had the lowest mean BMI and HC but an increased WHR compared to other subgroups of women. In conclusion, alcohol consumption levels had an inverted J-shaped association with adiposity-related BC parameters: they were elevated in hazardous drinkers but were reduced in harmful drinkers, and were even lower in patients with alcohol-related diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A. Mitkin
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- International Research Competence Centre, Northern State Medical University, Troitsky Ave., 51, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana N. Unguryanu
- Department of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Northern State Medical University, Troitsky Ave., 51, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Sofia Malyutina
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bogatkova st., 175/1, 630008 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Therapy, Hematology and Transfusiology, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Krasny Ave., 52, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Kudryavtsev
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- International Research Competence Centre, Northern State Medical University, Troitsky Ave., 51, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Proper Dietary and Supplementation Patterns as a COVID-19 Protective Factor (Cross-Sectional Study-Silesia, Poland). LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121976. [PMID: 36556341 PMCID: PMC9781383 DOI: 10.3390/life12121976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has become a challenge for the world today, so it is very important to create healthy eating habits in society to support immunity and raise awareness of the benefits of supplementation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate diet and dietary supplementation, since previous studies indicate the protective nature of these in building immunity during the pandemic and post-pandemic period (COVID-19). The hypothesis of the study is whether the dietary regimen presented by the COVID-19 respondents can be considered protective in building immunity against SARS-CoV-2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 304 subjects, with an average age of 39.04 ± 23.59. The main criteria for inclusion in the study were that the respondent was ≥18 years old and participated voluntarily. The study was conducted using an original questionnaire. RESULTS In the study group, no change was noticed in the previous diet during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the level of physical activity among the respondents decreased. Too low a percentage of people regularly consumed, among other foods. legume seeds-only 10.5% of respondents consumed them several times a week-and citrus fruits-the largest number of respondents, as many as 39.8%, only consumed them several times a month. The largest percentage of respondents with mild/scanty COVID-19 disease regularly took vitamin C-containing preparations (n = 61; 59.80%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a correlation between the incidence of mild/scanty COVID-19 and the regularity of taking vitamin C-containing preparations (T = 11.374; r = 0.611; p = 0.04603). A statistical significance level was also obtained for the regularity of supplementation of multivitamin preparations, which were taken by 68% (34) of respondents affected by mild/scanty COVID-19 (T = 13.456; r = 0.711; p = 0.02191). CONCLUSIONS The study's hypothesis was supported. Respondents characterized by a normal dietary pattern and taking supplements commonly recognized as immune "boosters" were more likely to mildly survive COVID-19. Moreover, it was shown that the pandemic in most of the respondents did not significantly affect their dietary strategy. It is reasonable to conclude that the dietary patterns adopted may be a common way to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and their possible complications.
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Turaiche M, Grigoras ML, Bratosin F, Bogdan I, Bota AV, Cerbu B, Gurban CV, Wulandari PH, Gurumurthy S, Hemaswini K, Citu C, Marincu I. Disease Progression, Clinical Features, and Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Unvaccinated Children and Adolescents with Measles: A Re-Emerging Disease in Romania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13165. [PMID: 36293745 PMCID: PMC9603068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Measles causes in vaccinated children, with some exceptions, a mild disease, while the unvaccinated can suffer complications that result in serious consequences and even death. Although the introduction of the measles vaccine has reduced the number of cases and the viral spread, the current downward vaccination trend has resulted in the resurgence of the disease. Currently, Romania has a measles vaccination coverage below the 95% safety threshold. Thus, an outbreak started in 2016 and still ongoing in Romania, many cases being identified in the Western region in the pediatric population. Our objective was to conduct a thorough examination of clinical characteristics, evolution, and risk factors in vaccinated and unvaccinated children in this region. To reach our objectives we used a retrospective cohort analysis. The authors reviewed clinical and laboratory data from patients hospitalized at "Victor Babes" Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pulmonology in Timisoara. We found a total of 136 qualifying cases of measles among the children admitted to this facility. The two comparison groups consisted of 104 children under 10 years and 32 patients between 10 and 18 years. An important characteristic of both study groups was the high prevalence of patients from the Roma ethnicity, which, although represents a minority in Romania, the prevalence was over 40% in the current study. The infection source was in 40.4% of children under 10 years inside the family, while 71.9% of infections in the group of adolescents were isolated (p-value = 0.047). The multivariate risk factor analysis identified as independent risk factors for the development of pneumonia the older age of patients (OR = 1.62), poor nutritional status (OR = 1.25), Roma ethnicity (OR = 2.44), presence of anemia (OR = 1.58), and procalcitonin (OR = 3.09). It is essential to handle these risk factors in a patient with measles, especially in conjunction with an unknown vaccination status. To achieve a vaccination rate greater than 95 percent for Romanian children, measles vaccination awareness must be promoted, moreover in the Roma population. More comprehensive preventative methods must be developed promptly with the objective of eradicating measles in Romania via a vigorous vaccination campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Turaiche
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mirela Loredana Grigoras
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Felix Bratosin
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Bogdan
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Vasile Bota
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bianca Cerbu
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Camelia Vidita Gurban
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Biochemistry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | | | | | - Kakarla Hemaswini
- Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram Main Road 138, Hyderabad 500055, India
| | - Cosmin Citu
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iosif Marincu
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Kubiak JZ, Kloc M. Dissecting Physiopathology of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179602. [PMID: 36076999 PMCID: PMC9456071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Dynamics and Mechanics of Epithelia Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.Z.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- Transplant Immunology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.K.); (M.K.)
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Understanding the omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutational impacts, concerns, and the possible solutions. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 78:103737. [PMID: 35571678 PMCID: PMC9078452 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite many nations' best efforts to contain the so-called COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (B.1.1.529) has been identified as a serious concern. After more than two years of COVID-19 pandemic and more than a year of worldwide vaccination efforts, the globe will not be free of COVID-19 variants such as Delta and Omicron variants. According to current statistics, the Omicron variant has more than 30 mutations when contrasted to other VOCs such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2). High numbers of changes, particularly in the spike protein (S-Protein), raise worries about the virus's capacity to resist pre-existing immunity acquired by vaccination or spontaneous infection and antibody-based therapy. The Omicron variant raised international concerns, resuming travel bans and coming up with many questions about its severity, transmissibility, testing, detection, and vaccines efficiency against it. Additionally, inadequate health care infrastructures and many immunocompromised individuals increase the infection susceptibility. The current status of low vaccination rates will play a significant role in omicron spreading and create a fertile ground for producing new variants. As a result, this article emphasizes the mutational changes and their consequences. In addition, the potential preventing measures have been examined in detail. In South Africa, WHO designated the first cases of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529). This variation is notable for having an extremely high number of spike protein mutations. Omicron has about 50 mutations, particularly 32 spike protein mutations. Omicron considers the most common variant in South Africa as an alternative to Delta.
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