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Lakshmana Senthil S. A comprehensive review to assess the potential, health benefits and complications of fucoidan for developing as functional ingredient and nutraceutical. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134226. [PMID: 39074709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from seaweeds or macroalgae are garnering significant interest from pharmaceutical and food industries due to their bioactivities and promising therapeutic effects. Among the diverse agal polysaccharides, fucoidan is a well-documented and stands out as a well-researched sulphated heteropolysaccharide found in brown seaweeds. It primarily consists of l-fucose and sulfate ester groups, along with other monosaccharides like xylose, mannose, uronic acid, rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose. Recent scientific investigations have unveiled the formidable inhibitory prowess of fucoidan against SARS-CoV-2, offering a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in our current landscape. Moreover, fucoidan has demonstrated remarkable abilities in safeguarding the gastrointestinal tract, regulating angiogenesis, mitigating metabolic syndrome, and fortifying bone health. Despite the abundance of studies underscoring fucoidan's potential as a vital component sourced from nature, its exploitation remains constrained by inherent limitations. Thus, the primary objective of this article is to furnish a comprehensive discourse on the structural attributes, health-enhancing properties, safety parameters, and potential toxicity associated with fucoidan. Furthermore, the discourse extends to elucidating the practical applications and developmental prospects of fucoidan as a cornerstone in the realm of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Shu H, Zhang X, Pu Y, Zhang Y, Huang S, Ma J, Cao L, Zhou X. Fucoidan improving spinal cord injury recovery: Modulating microenvironment and promoting remyelination. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14903. [PMID: 39139089 PMCID: PMC11322593 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive neuroinflammation, apoptosis, glial scar, and demyelination triggered by spinal cord injury (SCI) are major obstacles to SCI repair. Fucoidan, a natural marine plant extract, possesses broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and is regarded as a potential therapeutic for various diseases, including neurological disorders. However, its role in SCI has not been investigated. METHODS In this study, we established an SCI model in mice and intervened in injury repair by daily intraperitoneal injections of different doses of fucoidan (10 and 20 mg/kg). Concurrently, primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were treated in vitro to validate the differentiation-promoting effect of fucoidan on OPCs. Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), Louisville Swim Scale (LSS), and Rotarod test were carried out to measure the functional recovery. Immunofluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to assess the neuroinflammation, apoptosis, glial scar, and remyelination. Western blot analysis was conducted to clarify the underlying mechanism of remyelination. RESULTS Our results indicate that in the SCI model, fucoidan exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects and promotes the transformation of pro-inflammatory M1-type microglia/macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2-type ones. Fucoidan enhances the survival of neurons and axons in the injury area and improves remyelination. Additionally, fucoidan promotes OPCs differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION Fucoidan improves SCI repair by modulating the microenvironment and promoting remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of EducationNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yingyan Pu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of EducationNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yinuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shixue Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of EducationNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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Sun Y, Dong Y, Cui X, Guo X, Zhang J, Yu C, Zhang M, Wang H. Effects of Marine Natural Products on Liver Diseases. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:288. [PMID: 39057397 PMCID: PMC11278422 DOI: 10.3390/md22070288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of liver disease, a class of disease that seriously threatens human health, has always been a hot topic of medical research. In recent years, with the in-depth exploration of marine resources, marine natural products have shown great potential and value in the field of liver disease treatment. Compounds extracted and isolated from marine natural products have a variety of biological activities such as significant antiviral properties, showing potential in the management of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), protection of the liver from fibrosis, protection from liver injury and inhibition of the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This paper summarizes the progress of research on marine natural products for the treatment of liver diseases in the past decade, including the structural types of active substances from different natural products and the mechanisms underlying the modulation of different liver diseases and reviews their future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandi Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (X.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yansong Dong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (X.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xiaohang Cui
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (X.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xiaohe Guo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (X.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (C.Y.)
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (X.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chong Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (X.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (C.Y.)
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (Y.S.); (Y.D.); (X.C.); (X.G.); (J.Z.); (C.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
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Xu Y, Xue M, Li J, Ma Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liang H. Fucoidan Improves D-Galactose-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Maintaining Gut Microbiome Homeostasis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1512. [PMID: 38794753 PMCID: PMC11124141 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that fucoidan has the potential to improve cognitive impairment. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the protective effect and possible mechanisms of fucoidan in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced cognitive dysfunction. Sprague Dawley rats were injected with D-galactose (200 mg/kg, sc) and administrated with fucoidan (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg, ig) for 8 weeks. Our results suggested that fucoidan significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment in D-gal-exposed rats and reversed histopathological changes in the hippocampus. Fucoidan reduced D-gal-induced oxidative stress, declined the inflammation level and improved mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal. Fucoidan promoted mitochondrial biogenesis by regulating the PGC-1α/NRF1/TFAM pathway, thereby improving D-gal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. The regulation effect of fucoidan on PGC-1α is linked to the upstream protein of APN/AMPK/SIRT1. Additionally, the neuroprotective action of fucoidan could be related to maintaining intestinal flora homeostasis with up-regulation of Bacteroidota, Muribaculaceae and Akkermansia and down-regulation of Firmicutes. In summary, fucoidan may be a natural, promising candidate active ingredient for age-related cognitive impairment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Meilan Xue
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Jing Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yiqing Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yutong Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huaqi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Liang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (H.Z.)
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Khairinisa MA, Latarissa IR, Athaya NS, Charlie V, Musyaffa HA, Prasedya ES, Puspitasari IM. Potential Application of Marine Algae and Their Bioactive Metabolites in Brain Disease Treatment: Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology Insights for Therapeutic Advances. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1686. [PMID: 38137134 PMCID: PMC10741471 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds, also known as edible marine algae, are an abundant source of phytosterols, carotenoids, and polysaccharides, among other bioactive substances. Studies conducted in the past few decades have demonstrated that substances derived from seaweed may be able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and act as neuroprotectants. According to preliminary clinical research, seaweed may also help prevent or lessen the symptoms of cerebrovascular illnesses by reducing mental fatigue, preventing endothelial damage to the vascular wall of brain vessels, and regulating internal pressure. They have the ability to control neurotransmitter levels, lessen neuroinflammation, lessen oxidative stress, and prevent the development of amyloid plaques. This review aims to understand the application potential of marine algae and their influence on brain development, highlighting the nutritional value of this "superfood" and providing current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms in the brain associated with their dietary introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miski Aghnia Khairinisa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (I.R.L.); (N.S.A.); (V.C.); (H.A.M.); (I.M.P.)
- Centre of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Irma Rahayu Latarissa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (I.R.L.); (N.S.A.); (V.C.); (H.A.M.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Nadiyah Salma Athaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (I.R.L.); (N.S.A.); (V.C.); (H.A.M.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Vandie Charlie
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (I.R.L.); (N.S.A.); (V.C.); (H.A.M.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Hanif Azhar Musyaffa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (I.R.L.); (N.S.A.); (V.C.); (H.A.M.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Mataram 83115, Indonesia;
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
| | - Irma Melyani Puspitasari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (I.R.L.); (N.S.A.); (V.C.); (H.A.M.); (I.M.P.)
- Centre of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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Silva AKA, Souza CRDM, Silva HMD, Jales JT, Gomez LADS, da Silveira EJD, Rocha HAO, Souto JT. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fucan from Spatoglossum schröederi in a Murine Model of Generalized Inflammation Induced by Zymosan. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:557. [PMID: 37999381 PMCID: PMC10672204 DOI: 10.3390/md21110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucans from marine algae have been the object of many studies that demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to verify the protective effects of a fucan extracted from the brown algae Spatoglossum schröederi in animals submitted to a generalized inflammation model induced by zymosan (ZIGI). BALB/c mice were first submitted to zymosan-induced peritonitis to evaluate the treatment dose capable of inhibiting the induced cellular migration in a simple model of inflammation. Mice were treated by the intravenous route with three doses (20, 10, and 5 mg/kg) of our fucan and, 1 h later, were inoculated with an intraperitoneal dose of zymosan (40 mg/kg). Peritoneal exudate was collected 24 h later for the evaluation of leukocyte migration. Doses of the fucan of Spatoglossum schröederi at 20 and 10 mg/kg reduced peritoneal cellular migration and were selected to perform ZIGI experiments. In the ZIGI model, treatment was administered 1 h before and 6 h after the zymosan inoculation (500 mg/kg). Treatments and challenges were administered via intravenous and intraperitoneal routes, respectively. Systemic toxicity was assessed 6 h after inoculation, based on three clinical signs (bristly hair, prostration, and diarrhea). The peritoneal exudate was collected to assess cellular migration and IL-6 levels, while blood samples were collected to determine IL-6, ALT, and AST levels. Liver tissue was collected for histopathological analysis. In another experimental series, weight loss was evaluated for 15 days after zymosan inoculation and fucan treatment. The fucan treatment did not present any effect on ZIGI systemic toxicity; however, a fucan dose of 20 mg/kg was capable of reducing the weight loss in treated mice. The treatment with both doses also reduced the cellular migration and reduced IL-6 levels in peritoneal exudate and serum in doses of 20 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. They also presented a protective effect in the liver, with a reduction in hepatic transaminase levels in both doses of treatment and attenuated histological damage in the liver at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Fucan from S. schröederi presented a promising pharmacological activity upon the murine model of ZIGI, with potential anti-inflammatory and hepatic protective effects, and should be the target of profound and elucidative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Katarina Andrade Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, BR 101, Campus Universitario, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (A.K.A.S.); (C.R.d.M.S.); (H.M.D.S.); (J.T.J.); (L.A.d.S.G.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, EBSERH, Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Cássio Ricardo de Medeiros Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, BR 101, Campus Universitario, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (A.K.A.S.); (C.R.d.M.S.); (H.M.D.S.); (J.T.J.); (L.A.d.S.G.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, BR 101, Campus Universitario, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Hylarina Montenegro Diniz Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, BR 101, Campus Universitario, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (A.K.A.S.); (C.R.d.M.S.); (H.M.D.S.); (J.T.J.); (L.A.d.S.G.); (H.A.O.R.)
- Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, EBSERH, Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Teixeira Jales
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, BR 101, Campus Universitario, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (A.K.A.S.); (C.R.d.M.S.); (H.M.D.S.); (J.T.J.); (L.A.d.S.G.); (H.A.O.R.)
| | - Lucas Alves de Souza Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, BR 101, Campus Universitario, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (A.K.A.S.); (C.R.d.M.S.); (H.M.D.S.); (J.T.J.); (L.A.d.S.G.); (H.A.O.R.)
| | - Ericka Janine Dantas da Silveira
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, 1787, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59056-000, Brazil;
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, BR 101, Campus Universitario, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (A.K.A.S.); (C.R.d.M.S.); (H.M.D.S.); (J.T.J.); (L.A.d.S.G.); (H.A.O.R.)
| | - Janeusa Trindade Souto
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Salgado Filho, BR 101, Campus Universitario, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (A.K.A.S.); (C.R.d.M.S.); (H.M.D.S.); (J.T.J.); (L.A.d.S.G.); (H.A.O.R.)
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Sámano C, Mazzone GL. The role of astrocytes response triggered by hyperglycaemia during spinal cord injury. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37798949 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2264538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This manuscript aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms triggered by reactive astrocytes (RA) in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), with a particular focus on cases involving hyperglycaemia.Methods: The compilation of articles related to astrocyte responses in neuropathological conditions, with a specific emphasis on those related to SCI and hyperglycaemia, was conducted by searching through databases including Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed.Results and Conclusions: This article explores the dual role of astrocytes in both neurophysiological and neurodegenerative conditions within the central nervous system (CNS). In the aftermath of SCI and hyperglycaemia, astrocytes undergo a transformation into RA, adopting a distinct phenotype. While there are currently no approved therapies for SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been proposed to alleviate the detrimental effects of RAs following SCI and hyperglycemia. These strategies show promising potential in the treatment of SCI and its likely comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sámano
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Ciudad de México, México
| | - G L Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yen YW, Lee YL, Yu LY, Li CE, Shueng PW, Chiu HC, Lo CL. Fucoidan/chitosan layered PLGA nanoparticles with melatonin loading for inducing intestinal absorption and addressing triple-negative breast cancer progression. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126211. [PMID: 37562466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin and fucoidan are naturally active compounds that have been reported to have therapeutic benefits for patients receiving cancer treatment. However, both compounds face significant challenges, including physical, chemical, and biological metabolisms in the gastrointestinal tract, which limit their ability to achieve therapeutic concentrations at the tumor site. Furthermore, the effectiveness of melatonin and fucoidan as adjuvants in vivo is influenced by the route of administration through the digestive system and their accumulation at the endpoint of the tumor. In this study, we developed an oral administration of nanoparticle, MNPs@C@F, that consisted of PLGA nanoparticles modified with chitosan, to promote intestinal microfold cell transcytosis for the delivery of melatonin and fucoidan into tumors. The experimental results indicated that melatonin and fucoidan in the tumors could regulate the tumor microenvironment by decreasing P-gp, Twist, HIF-1α, and anti-inflammatory immune cell expression, and increasing cytotoxic T cell populations following doxorubicin treatment. This resulted in an increase in chemo-drug sensitivity, inhibition of distant organ metastasis, and promotion of immunogenic cell death. This study demonstrates a favorable co-delivery system of melatonin and fucoidan to directly reduce drug resistance and metastasis in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Yen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Lin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lu-Yi Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-En Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Wei Shueng
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan, ROC; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Liang Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC; Medical Device Innovation and Translation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC.
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Jung JW, Kim YJ, Choi JS, Goto Y, Lee YA. Dopamine and serotonin alterations by Hizikia fusiformis extracts under in vitro cortical primary neuronal cell cultures. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:408-420. [PMID: 37266125 PMCID: PMC10232209 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.3.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Hizikia fusiformis (HF) is a class of brown seaweeds whose active ingredients exert central nervous system protective effects, such as neuroprotection; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Given that dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) are two major neurotransmitters involved in various psychiatric disorders and neuronal growth in early neurodevelopmental processes, we investigated whether HF extract could modulate the molecular expression associated with DA and 5HT transmission as well as the structural formation of neurons. MATERIALS/METHODS In vitro cell cultures were prepared from cerebral cortical neurons obtained from CD-1 mice on embryonic day 14. Cultured cells were treated with 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 μg/mL of HT extract for 24 h, followed by fluorescence immunostaining for DA and 5HT-related receptors and transporters and some neuronal structural formation-associated molecules. RESULTS HF extract dose-dependently upregulated the expression levels of selective DA and 5HT receptors, and downregulated the levels of DA and 5HT transporters. Moreover, HF extract increased the neurofilament light chain expression. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HF may modulate DA and 5HT transmission, thereby affecting neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Pukyoung National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
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Pereira L, Cotas J. Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols and Other Micronutrients of Marine Origin. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:323. [PMID: 37367648 DOI: 10.3390/md21060323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are compounds found in various plants and foods, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, researchers have been exploring the therapeutic potential of marine polyphenols and other minor nutrients that are found in algae, fish and crustaceans. These compounds have unique chemical structures and exhibit diverse biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumor action. Due to these properties, marine polyphenols are being investigated as possible therapeutic agents for the treatment of a wide variety of conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of marine polyphenols and their applications in human health, and also, in marine phenolic classes, the extraction methods, purification techniques and future applications of marine phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Pereira
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, IATV-Institute of Environment, Technology and Life, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto do Ambiente Tecnologia e Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Cotas
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, IATV-Institute of Environment, Technology and Life, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Flórez-Fernández N, Vaamonde-García C, Torres MD, Buján M, Muíños A, Muiños A, Lamas-Vázquez MJ, Meijide-Faílde R, Blanco FJ, Domínguez H. Relevance of the Extraction Stage on the Anti-Inflammatory Action of Fucoidans. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030808. [PMID: 36986669 PMCID: PMC10058023 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory action of fucoidans is well known, based on both in vitro and some in vivo studies. The other biological properties of these compounds, their lack of toxicity, and the possibility of obtaining them from a widely distributed and renewable source, makes them attractive novel bioactives. However, fucoidans’ heterogeneity and variability in composition, structure, and properties depending on seaweed species, biotic and abiotic factors and processing conditions, especially during extraction and purification stages, make it difficult for standardization. A review of the available technologies, including those based on intensification strategies, and their influence on fucoidan composition, structure, and anti-inflammatory potential of crude extracts and fractions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- CINBIO, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Campus Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Carlos Vaamonde-García
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología y Salud (GIR-S), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología, INIBIC-Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15011 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Torres
- CINBIO, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Campus Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Manuela Buján
- Portomuíños, Polígono Industrial, Rúa Acebedo, Parcela 14, Cerceda, 15185 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alexandra Muíños
- Portomuíños, Polígono Industrial, Rúa Acebedo, Parcela 14, Cerceda, 15185 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Muiños
- Portomuíños, Polígono Industrial, Rúa Acebedo, Parcela 14, Cerceda, 15185 A Coruña, Spain
| | - María J. Lamas-Vázquez
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología y Salud (GIR-S), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología, INIBIC-Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15011 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Rosa Meijide-Faílde
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña, CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Campus Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología y Salud (GIR-S), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Fisioterapia, CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología, INIBIC-Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- CINBIO, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Campus Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence:
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12
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The prospective effect of fucoidan on splenic dysfunction caused by oxaliplatin in male rats through endoplasmic stress dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22147. [PMID: 36550146 PMCID: PMC9780252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans (FUCs) are highly sulfated polysaccharides demonstrating multiple actions in different systems. Oxaliplatin (OXA) is a platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agent with several side effects that restrict its usage. The current study aimed to determine the potential effect of FUC in male rats with splenic dysfunction induced by OXA. Eighty adult male rats aged (8-9 weeks) weighing (190-230 g) were divided into four groups: (Group I: the control group): Rats were administrated normal saline; (Group II: controls treated by FUC): Rats were treated with FUC; (Group III: Splenic dysfunction group): Rats were treated with 8 mg/kg OXA. (IV: Splenic dysfunction treated by FUC): Rats were treated by OXA as Group III, then fucoidan was given. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected to determine red blood cells and white blood cells. Splenic tissues were divided into one part for biochemical assays, oxidative stress markers as MDA and catalase, inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL6), and apoptotic markers (caspase 3) and gene expression of Nrf2, Mapk1 gene expression, and endoplasmic stress parameters and the other part was used for immunohistochemical and histopathological analysis. Compared to the OXA-induced splenic dysfunction group, FUC significantly decreased high levels of MDA, TNF- alpha, IL6, caspase-3, Mapk1, endoplasmic stress induced by OXA, and increased the level of catalase and Nrf2. Fucoidan has corrected the histopathological and immunohistochemical changes compared to the OXA-induced splenic dysfunction group. In conclusion, our findings suggest that fucoidan has a significant role in the treatment of splenic dysfunction induced by OXA.
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13
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Zaitseva OO, Sergushkina MI, Khudyakov AN, Polezhaeva TV, Solomina ON. Seaweed sulfated polysaccharides and their medicinal properties. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Xue M, Tian Y, Sui Y, Zhao H, Gao H, Liang H, Qiu X, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Qin Y. Protective effect of fucoidan against iron overload and ferroptosis-induced liver injury in rats exposed to alcohol. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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15
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Khan H, Kaur Grewal A, Gurjeet Singh T. Mitochondrial dynamics related neurovascular approaches in cerebral ischemic injury. Mitochondrion 2022; 66:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Oliyaei N, Moosavi-Nasab M, Mazloomi SM. Therapeutic activity of fucoidan and carrageenan as marine algal polysaccharides against viruses. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:154. [PMID: 35765662 PMCID: PMC9233728 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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17
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Ker YB, Wu HL, Chen KC, Peng RY. Nutrient composition of Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. bran: Fractionation and bioactivity of its soluble active polysaccharides. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13459. [PMID: 35637713 PMCID: PMC9147384 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. Amaranthaceae-also known as Djulis or red quinoa (RQ)-is a cereal plant indigenous to Taiwan, known for its high nutrient value. However, its bran is considered a waste product and the nutrient value has never been analyzed. Methods In this study, we examined the proximate composition of RQ bran, specifically its soluble polysaccharide fractions. Results RQ bran exhibited high contents of protein (16.56%), ash (7.10%), carbohydrate (60.45%), total polyphenolics (1.85%), betaxanthin (9.91 mg/100 g of RQ bran), and indicaxanthin (7.27 mg/100 g of RQ bran). Specifically, it was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; 39.24%)-with an n-6/n-3 and PUFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio of 18.137 and 0.743, respectively. Four soluble polysaccharide fractions were also obtained: CF-1, CF-2, CF-3, and CF-4, with yields of 3.90%, 6.74%, 22.28%, and 0.06%, respectively, and molecular weights of 32.54, 24.93, 72.39, and 55.45 kDa, respectively. CF-1, CF-2, CF-3, and CF-4 had respectively 15.67%, 42.41%, 5.44%, and 14.52% peptide moiety content and 38.92%, 50.70%, 93.76%, and 19.80% carbohydrate moiety. In CF-2, the glucose content was 95.86 mol% and that of leucine was 16.23%, implicating the presence of a typical leucinoglucan. All four polysaccharide fractions lacked glutamic acid and hydroxyproline. The IC50 of CF-1, CF-2, and CF-3 was respectively 12.05, 3.98, and 14.5 mg/mL for DPPH free radical-scavenging ability; 5.77, 4.10, and 7.03 mg/mL for hydrogen peroxide-scavenging capability; 0.26, 0.05, and 0.19 mg/mL for O2 - free radical-scavenging capability; and 100.41, 28.12, and 29.73 mg/mL for Fe2+ chelation. Conclusion Our results indicated that RQ bran has a large amount of nutrient compounds, and a cost-efficient process for their extraction is needed. Their biomedical application as nutraceuticals also warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Wu
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,TMU-Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Neuroprotective effect of sodium alginate against chromium-induced brain damage in rats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266898. [PMID: 35421180 PMCID: PMC9009676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral exposure to chromium hexavalent [Cr(VI)] has disastrous impacts and affects many people worldwide. Cr(VI) triggers neurotoxicity via its high oxidation potential by generating high amount of ROS. Meanwhile, alginates are known by their chelating activity and ability to bind heavy metals and toxins, in addition to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. So, this study aimed to explore the neuroprotective potential of sodium alginate (SA) against cellular injury, DNA damage, macromolecule alterations, and apoptosis induced by oral ingestion of Cr. Forty Wistar male rats were divided into 4 groups; group I: standard control ingested with the vehicle solution, group II: Cr-intoxicated group received 10 mg/kg b.w. of potassium dichromate orally by gavage and kept without treatment, group III: SA group in which rats were orally exposed to 200 mg/kg b.w. of SA only, and group IV: SA-treated group that received 200 mg/kg b.w. of SA along with Cr for 28 consecutive days. Neurotransmitters such as Acetyl choline esterase (AchE), Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) concentrations, Dopamine (DA) and 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels were assessed in brain homogenate tissues. Neurobiochemical markers; NAD+ and S100B protein were investigated in the brain tissues and serum, respectively. Levels of HSP70, caspase-3, protein profiling were evaluated. DNA damage was determined using the Comet assay. Results revealed a significant reduction in the AchE and MAOA concentrations, DA, 5-HT, and NAD+ levels, with an increase in the S100B protein levels. Cr(VI) altered protein pattern and caused DNA damage. High levels of HSP70 and caspase-3 proteins were observed. Fortunately, oral administration of SA prevented the accumulation of Cr in brain homogenates and significantly improved all investigated parameters. SA attenuated the ROS production and relieved the oxidative stress by its active constituents. SA can protect against cellular and DNA damage and limit apoptosis. SA could be a promising neuroprotective agent against Cr(VI)-inducing toxicity.
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19
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Sun CY, Zheng ZL, Chen CW, Lu BW, Liu D. Targeting Gut Microbiota With Natural Polysaccharides: Effective Interventions Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:859206. [PMID: 35369480 PMCID: PMC8965082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.859206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy diet, in particular high-fat diet (HFD) intake, can cause the development of several metabolic disorders, including obesity, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). These popular metabolic diseases reduce the quality of life, and induce premature death worldwide. Evidence is accumulating that the gut microbiota is inextricably associated with HFD-induced metabolic disorders, and dietary intervention of gut microbiota is an effective therapeutic strategy for these metabolic dysfunctions. Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate macromolecules and sources of fermentable dietary fiber that exhibit biological activities in the prevention and treatment of HFD-induced metabolic diseases. Of note, natural polysaccharides are among the most potent modulators of the gut microbiota composition. However, the prebiotics-like effects of polysaccharides in treating HFD-induced metabolic diseases remain elusive. In this review, we introduce the critical role of gut microbiota human health and HFD-induced metabolic disorders. Importantly, we review current knowledge about the role of natural polysaccharides in improving HFD-induced metabolic diseases by regulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yue Sun
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China
| | | | - Cun-Wu Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China
| | - Bao-Wei Lu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China
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20
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Nikolić Chenais J, Marion L, Larocque R, Jam M, Jouanneau D, Cladiere L, Le Gall S, Fanuel M, Desban N, Rogniaux H, Ropartz D, Ficko-Blean E, Michel G. Systematic comparison of eight methods for preparation of high purity sulfated fucans extracted from the brown alga Pelvetia canaliculata. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:143-157. [PMID: 34968546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated fucans from brown algae are a heterogeneous group of biologically active molecules. To learn more on their structure and to analyze and exploit their biological activities, there is a growing need to develop reliable and cost effective protocols for their preparation. In the present study, a brown alga Pelvetia canaliculata (Linnaeus) was used as a rich source of sulfated fucans. Sulfated fucan preparation methods included neutral and acidic extractions followed by purification with activated charcoal (AC), polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Final products were compared in terms of yield, purity, monosaccharide composition and molecular weight. Acidic extractions provided higher yields compared to neutral ones, whereas the AC purification provided sulfated fucan products with the highest purity. Mass spectrometry analyses were done on oligosaccharides produced by the fucanase MfFcnA from the marine bacterium Mariniflexille fucanivorans. This has provided unique insight into enzyme specificity and the structural characteristics of sulfated fucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Nikolić Chenais
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29688 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Léry Marion
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS facility, PROBE infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Robert Larocque
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29688 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29688 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Diane Jouanneau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29688 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Lionel Cladiere
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29688 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS facility, PROBE infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS facility, PROBE infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Desban
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29688 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS facility, PROBE infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS facility, PROBE infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29688 Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29688 Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
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21
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Sikiric P, Skrtic A, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Lovric E, Sikiric S, Knezevic M, Strbe S, Milavic M, Kokot A, Blagaic AB, Seiwerth S. Cytoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves major vessel occlusion disturbances, ischemia-reperfusion injury following Pringle maneuver, and Budd-Chiari syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:23-46. [PMID: 35125818 PMCID: PMC8793015 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 counteracts various venous occlusion-induced syndromes. Summarized are all these arguments, in the Robert’s cytoprotection concept, to substantiate the resolution of different major vessel occlusion disturbances, in particular ischemia-reperfusion injury following the Pringle maneuver and Budd-Chiari syndrome, which was obtained by BPC 157 therapy. Conceptually, there is a new point, namely, endothelium maintenance to epithelium maintenance (the recruitment of collateral blood vessels to compensate for vessel occlusion and reestablish blood flow or bypass the occluded or ruptured vessel). In this paper, we summarize the evidence of the native cytoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, which is stable in the human gastric juice, is a membrane stabilizer and counteracts gut-leaky syndrome. As a particular target, it is distinctive from the standard peptide growth factors, involving particular molecular pathways and controlling VEGF and NO pathways. In the early 1990s, BPC 157 appeared as a late outbreak of the Robert’s and Szabo’s cytoprotection-organoprotection concept, like the previous theoretical/practical breakthrough in the 1980s and the brain-gut axis and gut-brain axis. As the time went on, with its reported effects, it is likely most useful theory practical implementation and justification. Meantime, several reviews suggest that BPC 157, which does not have a lethal dose, has profound cytoprotective activity, used to be demonstrated in ulcerative colitis and multiple sclerosis trials. Likely, it may bring the theory to practical application, starting with the initial argument, no degradation in human gastric juice for more than 24 h, and thereby, the therapeutic effectiveness (including via a therapeutic per-oral regimen) and pleiotropic beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Anita Skrtic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Slaven Gojkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Helena Zizek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Eva Lovric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Suncana Sikiric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mario Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sanja Strbe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marija Milavic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J.J.Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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22
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Sivalingam K, Doke M, Khan MA, Samikkannu T. Influence of psychostimulants and opioids on epigenetic modification of class III histone deacetylase (HDAC)-sirtuins in glial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21335. [PMID: 34716387 PMCID: PMC8556237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance abuse affects the central nervous system (CNS) and remains a global health problem. Psychostimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamine (METH), and opioids affect neuronal function and lead to behavioral impairments via epigenetic modification. Epigenetic changes occur via classical pathways, especially the class III histone deacetylase (HDAC)-sirtuin (SIRT) family, that act as cellular sensors to regulate energy homeostasis and coordinate cellular responses to maintain genome integrity. However, SIRT family (1-7)-associated neurodegeneration has not been elucidated in the context of energy metabolism. The present study examined the effects of psychostimulants, such as cocaine and METH, and opioids, such as morphine, on SIRT family (1-7) [class I, II, III and IV] expression and cellular translocation-mediated dysfunction in astrocytes and microglial cells. The "nootropic" drug piracetam played a preventative role against psychostimulant- and opioid-induced SIRT (1-7) expression in astrocytes. These results indicate that cocaine, METH, and morphine affected deacetylation and cellular function, and these changes were prevented by piracetam in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvi Sivalingam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1010 W Avenue B, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Mayur Doke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1010 W Avenue B, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1010 W Avenue B, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Thangavel Samikkannu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1010 W Avenue B, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA.
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23
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Zhang N, Xue M, Sun T, Yang J, Pei Z, Qin K. Fucoidan as an Autophagy Regulator: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials for Cancer and Other Diseases. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1568-1579. [PMID: 34477470 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1973045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan, a natural polysaccharide with a variety of classical bioactivities mainly sourced from brown algae, has been extensively studied owing to its favorable pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anticoagulant and liver protection. Recently it has been found to play a regulatory role in the processes of autophagy. Autophagy is an important cellular process that effectively protects cells and organisms from stimulating factors such as nutrient deficiency, low cellular ATP levels, metabolic stress, growth factor deprivation and hypoxic conditions. In recent years, many studies have shown that fucoidan can treat human diseases by regulating autophagy process though cell signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the discovery of natural autophagy regulator of fucoidan for the therapeutic application in cardiac diseases, cancers and liver diseases, aiming to provide the new pharmacological application that fucoidan may treat human diseases by regulating autophagy. Furthermore, we look forward to seeing more diseases that would be treated by autophagy modulator of fucoidan and the discovery of more elaborate autophagy regulation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University of Medicine, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Meilan Xue
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University of Medicine, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ting Sun
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University of Medicine, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jia Yang
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University of Medicine, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Zhongqian Pei
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University of Medicine, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Qin
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University of Medicine, Qingdao, PR China
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24
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Cabral EM, Mondala JRM, Oliveira M, Przyborska J, Fitzpatrick S, Rai DK, Sivagnanam SP, Garcia-Vaquero M, O'Shea D, Devereux M, Tiwari BK, Curtin J. Influence of molecular weight fractionation on the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of a fucoidan rich-extract from the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:994-1002. [PMID: 34216667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of a fucoidan extract and subsequent fractions isolated from the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus. The fractions obtained (>300 kDa, <300 kDa, <100 kDa, <50 kDa and <10 kDa) could inhibit the growth of B. subtilis, E. coli, L. innocua and P. fluorescens when assayed at concentrations between 12,500 and 25,000 ppm. The bacterial growth was monitored by optical density (OD) measurements (600 nm, 24 h) at 30 °C or 37 °C, depending upon on the strain used. The extracted fractions were also tested for cytotoxicity against brain glioblastoma cancer cells using the Alamar Blue assay for 24 h, 48 h and 6 days. The >300 kDa fraction presented the lowest IC50 values (0.052% - 24 h; 0.032% - 6 days). The potential bioactivity of fucoidan as an antimicrobial and anticancer agent was demonstrated in this study. Hence, the related mechanisms of action should be explored in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Rose Mae Mondala
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, College of Sciences & Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Márcia Oliveira
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - Joanna Przyborska
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland.
| | | | - Dilip K Rai
- Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | | | - Marco Garcia-Vaquero
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Denis O'Shea
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, College of Sciences & Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Michael Devereux
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, College of Sciences & Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - James Curtin
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, College of Sciences & Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
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25
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Han X, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Guan F, Ma S. Fucoidan: a promising agent for brain injury and neurodegenerative disease intervention. Food Funct 2021; 12:3820-3830. [PMID: 33861265 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are urgent medical problems, which severely threaten the life quality of patients and their carers. However, there are currently no effective therapies. Fucoidan is a natural compound found in brown algae and some animals, which has multiple biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-coagulant, anti-thrombotic, immunoregulatory, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory effects. A growing number of studies have shown that fucoidan also exerts a neuroprotective function. Particularly, recent findings have indicated that fucoidan could slow down the neurodegenerative processes and show protective effects against brain injury, which might be of therapeutic value for intervening in brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we have discussed the pharmacokinetics of fucoidan as well as the molecular mechanisms by which fucoidan exerts its neuroprotective effect on some neurological disorders. Along with this, we have also summarized the potential benefits of fucoidan in combination with other drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury. Although the extraction process of fucoidan has been improved well, more efforts should be devoted to the translational research and clinical trials of fucoidan in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Qianqian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Yingchao Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Zhenkun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention in National Health Commission, Henan Institute of Population and Reproductive Health, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China. and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China. and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
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26
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Zhao H, Liu S, Zhao H, Liu Y, Xue M, Zhang H, Qiu X, Sun Z, Liang H. Protective effects of fucoidan against ethanol-induced liver injury through maintaining mitochondrial function and mitophagy balance in rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:3842-3854. [PMID: 33977968 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03220d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For alcoholic liver disease (ALD), mitophagy has been reported as a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate the hepatic lesion elicited by ethanol. This study was conducted to investigate the regulatory effects of fucoidan on mitophagy induced by chronic ethanol administration in rats. Here, 20 male rats in each group were treated with fucoidan (150 and 300 mg per kg body weight) by gavage once daily. Up to 56% liquor (7 to 9 mL per kg body weight) was orally administered 1 h after the fucoidan treatment for 20 weeks. The results showed that chronic ethanol consumption elevated the levels of hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT) and triglyceride (TG) contents, with liver antioxidant enzymes being decreased and lipid peroxidation products increased and thus initiating the mitochondria-induced endogenous apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, ethanol-induced excessive oxidative stress inhibited the function of mitochondria and promoted damaged mitochondria accumulation which stimulated the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin associated mitophagic pathway in the liver. In contrast, the fucoidan pretreatment alleviated ethanol-induced histopathological changes, disorders of lipid metabolism, and oxidative damage with mitophagy related proteins and mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins namely mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase 1 (Mul1), mitofusin2 (Mfn2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) being restored to a normal level. In summary, our findings suggest that fucoidan pretreatment protects against ethanol-induced damaged mitochondria accumulation and over-activated mitophagy, which plays a pivotal role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and ensuring mitochondrial quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Zhao
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meilan Xue
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huaqi Zhang
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xia Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd, Qingdao 266400, China
| | - Zhanyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd, Qingdao 266400, China
| | - Hui Liang
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
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27
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He X, Li T, Qin K, Luo S, Li Z, Ji Q, Song H, He H, Tang H, Han C, Li H, Luo Y. Demalonylation of DDX3 by Sirtuin 5 promotes antiviral innate immune responses. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:7235-7246. [PMID: 34158847 PMCID: PMC8210596 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hosts defend against viral infection by sensing viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activating antiviral innate immunity through TBK1-IRF3 signaling. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Methods: SiRNAs targeting Sirt1-7 were transfected into macrophages to screen the antiviral function. Sirt5 deficient mice or macrophages were subjected to viral infection to assess in vivo and in vitro function of Sirt5 by detecting cytokines, viral replicates and survival rate. Immunoprecipitation, WesternBlot and luciferase reporter assay were used to reveal molecular mechanism. Results: In this study, we functionally screened seven Sirtuin family members, and found that Sirtuin5 (Sirt5) promotes antiviral signaling and responses. Sirt5 deficiency leads to attenuated antiviral innate immunity in vivo and in vitro upon viral infection by decreasing TBK1-IRF3 activation and type I IFN production. Sirt5 overexpression increased antiviral innate immunity. Mechanism investigation revealed that Sirt5 interacts with DDX3 and demalonylates DDX3, which is critical for TBK1-IRF3 activation. Mutation of the demalonylation lysine sites (K66, K130, and K162) of DDX3 increased ifnβ transcription. Furthermore, the acetylation on lysine 118 of DDX3 positively regulated ifnβ transcription, whereas Sirt5 could not deacetylate this site. Conclusion: Sirt5 promotes anti- RNA and DNA virus innate immune responses by increasing TBK1 signaling through demalonylating DDX3, which identifies a novel regulatory pathway of antiviral innate immune response.
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28
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Yang M, Xuan Z, Wang Q, Yan S, Zhou D, Naman CB, Zhang J, He S, Yan X, Cui W. Fucoxanthin has potential for therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative disorders by acting on multiple targets. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2167-2180. [PMID: 33993853 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1926140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fucoxanthin, one of the most abundant carotenoids from edible brown seaweeds, for years has been used as a bioactive dietary supplement and functional food ingredient. Recently, fucoxanthin was reported to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and was superior to other carotenoids to exert anti-neurodegenerative disorder effects via acting on multiple targets, including amyloid protein aggregation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, neurotransmission dysregulation and gut microbiota disorder. However, the concentration of fucoxanthin required for in vivo neuroprotective effects is somewhat high, and the poor bioavailability of this molecule might prevent its clinical use. As such, new strategies have been introduced to overcome these obstacles, and may help to develop fucoxanthin as a novel lead for neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, it has been shown that some metabolites of fucoxanthin may produce potent in vivo neuroprotective effects. Altogether, these studies suggest the possibility for future development of fucoxanthin as a one-compound-multiple-target or pro-drug type pharmaceutical or nutraceutical treatment for neurodegenerative disorders.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03625284.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02875392.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03613740.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04761406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiang Yang
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.,Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenquan Xuan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Sicheng Yan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - C Benjamin Naman
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan He
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Seafood Processing, Innovative and Application Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.,Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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29
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Jin JO, Chauhan PS, Arukha AP, Chavda V, Dubey A, Yadav D. The Therapeutic Potential of the Anticancer Activity of Fucoidan: Current Advances and Hurdles. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:265. [PMID: 34068561 PMCID: PMC8151601 DOI: 10.3390/md19050265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several types of cancers share cellular and molecular behaviors. Although many chemotherapy drugs have been designed to weaken the defenses of cancer cells, these drugs may also have cytotoxic effects on healthy tissues. Fucoidan, a sulfated fucose-based polysaccharide from brown algae, has gained much attention as an antitumor drug owing to its anticancer effects against multiple cancer types. Among the anticancer mechanisms of fucoidan are cell cycle arrest, apoptosis evocation, and stimulation of cytotoxic natural killer cells and macrophages. Fucoidan also protects against toxicity associated with chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation-induced damage. The synergistic effect of fucoidan with existing anticancer drugs has prompted researchers to explore its therapeutic potential. This review compiles the mechanisms through which fucoidan slows tumor growth, kills cancer cells, and interacts with cancer chemotherapy drugs. The obstacles involved in developing fucoidan as an anticancer agent are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-O. Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Pallavi Singh Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior 474005, India;
| | - Ananta Prasad Arukha
- Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Vishal Chavda
- Division of Anaesthesia, Sardar Women’s Hospital, Ahmedabad 380004, Gujarat, India;
| | - Anuj Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, ITM Group of Institutions, Gwalior 475005, India;
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
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30
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Park SK, Kang JY, Kim JM, Kim HJ, Heo HJ. Ecklonia cava Attenuates PM 2.5-Induced Cognitive Decline through Mitochondrial Activation and Anti-Inflammatory Effect. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:131. [PMID: 33673531 PMCID: PMC7997322 DOI: 10.3390/md19030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of Ecklonia cava (E. cava) on ambient-pollution-induced neurotoxicity, we used a mouse model exposed to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). The intake of water extract from E. cava (WEE) effectively prevented the learning and memory decline. After a behavioral test, the toll-like receptor (TLR)-4-initiated inflammatory response was confirmed by PM2.5 exposure in the lung and brain tissues, and the WEE was regulated through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/inflammasome formation signaling pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ). The WEE also effectively improved the PM2.5-induced oxidative damage of the lungs and brain through the inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) production and the activation of mitochondrial activity (mitochondrial ROS content, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic molecules). In particular, the WEE regulated the cognition-related proteins (a decreased amyloid precursor protein (APP) and p-Tau, and an increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)) associated with PM2.5-induced cognitive dysfunction. Additionally, the WEE prevented the inactivation of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release as a neurotransmitter by regulating the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and ACh receptor (AChR)-α3 in the brain tissue. The bioactive compounds of the WEE were detected as the polysaccharide (average Mw; 160.13 kDa) and phenolic compounds including 2'-phloroeckol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.K.P.); (J.Y.K.); (J.M.K.); (H.-J.K.)
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31
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Anti-cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of polysaccharides: A review of the mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111303. [PMID: 33517189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury can lead to a series of serious brain diseases and cause death or different degrees of disability. Polysaccharide is a kind of biological macromolecule with multiple pharmacological activities and has been proven that it may be used for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury in the future. By sorting out all relevant research from 2000 to 2020, we selected 74 references and identified 22 kinds of polysaccharides. Almost all of these polysaccharides are extracted from traditional Chinese medicine. Research shows that these polysaccharides can improve cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through anti-oxidative stress, inhibiting the neuroinflammation, glutamate neurotoxicity and neuronal apoptosis, and exerting neurotrophic effect. The specific mechanisms include clearing ROS and RNS, inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and blocking caspase cascade, regulating NMDA receptor and promoting angiogenesis. We hoped this review is instructive for researchers to design, research and develop polysaccharides.
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32
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Hu S, Lian PP, Hu Y, Zhu XY, Jiang SW, Ma Q, Li LY, Yang JF, Yang L, Guo HY, Zhou H, Yang CC, Meng XM, Li J, Li HW, Xu T, Zhou H. The Role of IL-35 in the Pathophysiological Processes of Liver Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:569575. [PMID: 33584256 PMCID: PMC7873894 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.569575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that liver diseases have several characteristics of massive lipid accumulation and lipid metabolic disorder, and are divided into liver inflammation, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients. Interleukin (IL)-35, a new-discovered cytokine, can protect the liver from the environmental attack by increasing the ratio of Tregs (T regulatory cells) which can increase the anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit the proliferation of immune cellular. Interestingly, two opposite mechanisms (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) have connection with the ultimate formation of liver diseases, which suggest that IL-35 may play crucial function in the process of liver diseases through immunosuppressive regulation. Besides, some obvious advantages also imply that IL-35 can be considered as a new therapeutic target to control the progression of liver diseases, while its mechanism of function still needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pan-Pan Lian
- School of Pharmacy, NanJing University, NanJing, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing-Yu Zhu
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shao-Wei Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang-Yun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Fa Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Yue Guo
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen-Chen Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Wen Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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33
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Raloxifene as Treatment for Various Types of Brain Injuries and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Good Start. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207586. [PMID: 33066585 PMCID: PMC7589740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene had pronounced protective effects against progressing brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. These studies, indicating beneficial effects of raloxifene for brain health, prompted the study of the history and present state of knowledge of this topic. It appears that, apart from raloxifene, to date, four nonrelated compounds have shown comparable beneficial effects—fucoidan, pifithrin, SMM-189 (5-dihydroxy-phenyl]-phenyl-methanone), and translocator protein (TSPO) ligands. Raloxifene, however, is ahead of the field, as for more than two decades it has been used in medical practice for various chronic ailments in humans. Thus, apart from different types of animal and cell culture studies, it has also been assessed in various human clinical trials, including assaying its effects on mild cognitive impairments. Regarding cell types, raloxifene protects neurons from cell death, prevents glial activation, ameliorates myelin damage, and maintains health of endothelial cells. At whole central nervous system (CNS) levels, raloxifene ameliorated mild cognitive impairments, as seen in clinical trials, and showed beneficial effects in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, with stroke and TBI in animal models, raloxifene showed curative effects. Furthermore, raloxifene showed healing effects regarding multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in cell culture. The adverse biological signals typical of these conditions relate to neuronal activity, neurotransmitters and their receptors, plasticity, inflammation, oxidative stress, nitric oxide, calcium homeostasis, cell death, behavioral impairments, etc. Raloxifene favorably modulates these signals toward cell health—on the one hand, by modulating gene expression of the relevant proteins, for example by way of its binding to the cell nuclear estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ (genomic effects) and, on the other hand (nongenomic effects) by modulation of mitochondrial activity, reduction of oxidative stress and programmed cell death, maintaining metabolic balance, degradation of Abeta, and modulation of intracellular cholesterol levels. More specifically regarding Alzheimer’s disease, raloxifene may not cure diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease. However, the onset of Alzheimer’s disease may be delayed or arrested by raloxifene’s capability to attenuate mild cognitive impairment. Mild cognitive impairment is a condition that may precede diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, relatively new insights are addressed regarding the notion that Alzheimer’s disease can be caused by bacterial (as well as viral) infections, together with the most recent findings that raloxifene can counteract infections of at least some bacterial and viral strains. Thus, here, an overview of potential treatments of neurodegenerative disease by raloxifene is presented, and attention is paid to subcellular molecular biological pathways that may be involved.
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Wang L, Jayawardena TU, Yang HW, Lee HG, Jeon YJ. The Potential of Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from the Brown Seaweed Ecklonia maxima in Cosmetics: Antioxidant, Anti-melanogenesis, and Photoprotective Activities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080724. [PMID: 32784879 PMCID: PMC7465393 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides prepared from marine algae are potential ingredients in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries. In the present study, the antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, and photoprotective effects of sulfated polysaccharides obtained from Ecklonia maxima (EMC) were investigated to evaluate their potential in cosmetic. EMC was successfully prepared through Celluclast-assisted extraction and ethanol precipitation, and it contained 79.88% of sulfated polysaccharides that with 69.37% carbohydrates and 10.51% sulfate. EMC effectively suppressed 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress in vitro in Vero cells and in vivo in zebrafish. Furthermore, EMC significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase and reduced melanin synthesis in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells. In addition, EMC remarkably attenuated photodamage induced by UVB irradiation in vitro in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and in vivo in zebrafish. Furthermore, EMC effectively inhibited wrinkle-related enzymes and improved collagen synthesis in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDF cells). These results indicate that EMC possesses strong antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, and photoprotective activities, and suggest that EMC may be an ideal ingredient in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63243, Korea; (L.W.); (T.U.J.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.-G.L.)
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Thilina U. Jayawardena
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63243, Korea; (L.W.); (T.U.J.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.-G.L.)
| | - Hye-Won Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63243, Korea; (L.W.); (T.U.J.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.-G.L.)
| | - Hyo-Geun Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63243, Korea; (L.W.); (T.U.J.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.-G.L.)
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63243, Korea; (L.W.); (T.U.J.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.-G.L.)
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-64-754-3475; Fax: +82-64-756-3493
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Hannan MA, Dash R, Haque MN, Mohibbullah M, Sohag AAM, Rahman MA, Uddin MJ, Alam M, Moon IS. Neuroprotective Potentials of Marine Algae and Their Bioactive Metabolites: Pharmacological Insights and Therapeutic Advances. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E347. [PMID: 32630301 PMCID: PMC7401253 DOI: 10.3390/md18070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond their significant contribution to the dietary and industrial supplies, marine algae are considered to be a potential source of some unique metabolites with diverse health benefits. The pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol homeostasis, protein clearance and anti-amyloidogenic potentials of algal metabolites endorse their protective efficacy against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis which are known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders and the associated complications after cerebral ischemia and brain injuries. As was evident in various preclinical studies, algal compounds conferred neuroprotection against a wide range of neurotoxic stressors, such as oxygen/glucose deprivation, hydrogen peroxide, glutamate, amyloid β, or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and, therefore, hold therapeutic promise for brain disorders. While a significant number of algal compounds with promising neuroprotective capacity have been identified over the last decades, a few of them have had access to clinical trials. However, the recent approval of an algal oligosaccharide, sodium oligomannate, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease enlightened the future of marine algae-based drug discovery. In this review, we briefly outline the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries for identifying the targets of pharmacological intervention, and then review the literature on the neuroprotective potentials of algal compounds along with the underlying pharmacological mechanism, and present an appraisal on the recent therapeutic advances. We also propose a rational strategy to facilitate algal metabolites-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Hannan
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (M.A.H.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (M.A.H.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Md. Nazmul Haque
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Mohibbullah
- Department of Fishing and Post Harvest Technology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (M.A.H.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (M.A.H.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
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