1
|
Yu YM, Li GF, Ren YL, Xu XY, Xu ZH, Geng Y, Mao Y. A Free Amino Acid Diet Alleviates Colorectal Tumorigenesis through Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. Nutrients 2024; 16:1040. [PMID: 38613073 PMCID: PMC11013359 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a major global health concern, may be influenced by dietary protein digestibility impacting gut microbiota and metabolites, which is crucial for cancer therapy effectiveness. This study explored the effects of a casein protein diet (CTL) versus a free amino acid (FAA)-based diet on CRC progression, gut microbiota, and metabolites using carcinogen-induced (AOM/DSS) and spontaneous genetically induced (ApcMin/+ mice) CRC mouse models. Comprehensive approaches including 16s rRNA gene sequencing, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and immunohistochemistry were utilized. We found that the FAA significantly attenuated CRC progression, evidenced by reduced colonic shortening and histopathological alterations compared to the CTL diet. Notably, the FAA enriched beneficial gut bacteria like Akkermansia and Bacteroides and reversed CRC-associated dysbiosis. Metabolomic analysis highlighted an increase in ornithine cycle metabolites and specific fatty acids, such as Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), in FAA-fed mice. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that FAA up-regulated Egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 3 (Egln 3) and downregulated several cancer-associated pathways including Hippo, mTOR, and Wnt signaling. Additionally, DPA was found to significantly induce EGLN 3 expression in CRC cell lines. These results suggest that FAA modulate gut microbial composition, enhance protective metabolites, improve gut barrier functions, and inhibit carcinogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Meng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (G.-F.L.); (X.-Y.X.)
| | - Gui-Fang Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (G.-F.L.); (X.-Y.X.)
| | - Yi-Lin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xin-Yi Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (G.-F.L.); (X.-Y.X.)
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yong Mao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.Y.); (G.-F.L.); (X.-Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jahani-Sherafat S, Azimirad M, Raeisi H, Azizmohammad Looha M, Tavakkoli S, Ahmadi Amoli H, Moghim S, Rostami-Nejad M, Yadegar A, Zali MR. Alterations in the gut microbiota and their metabolites in human intestinal epithelial cells of patients with colorectal cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:265. [PMID: 38302841 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota has become one of the main risk factors for the formation and development of colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC intensification may be due to the microbial pathogens' colonization and their released metabolites. Here, we analyzed Bacteroidetes and Clostridia bacteria in CRC patients and studied bacterial metabolome in cancerous tissues compared to their adjacent normal tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS The population of selected bacteria in biopsy specimens of 30 patients with CRC was studied by RT-qPCR. The mutagenicity and cytotoxicity effects of microbiota metabolites were evaluated by Ames test and MTT Assay, respectively. Moreover, gene expression in carcinogenic pathways was studied by RT-qPCR, and genes with different expressions in tumor and non-tumor tissues were diagnosed. Based on microbiota analysis, the relative abundance of Clostridia and C. difficile was significantly higher in CRC tissue, whereas C. perfringens showed higher relative abundance in normal tissue. AIMES test confirmed the proliferation and mutagenicity effects of the bacterial metabolites in CRC patients. Significant upregulation of C-Myc, GRB2, IL-8, EGFR, PI3K, and AKT and downregulation of ATM were observed in CRC samples compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS The influence of bacterial metabolites on inflammation and altered expression of genes in the cell signaling pathways was observed. The findings confirm the role gut microbiota composition and bacterial metabolites as key players in CRC onset and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jahani-Sherafat
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Arabi Ave., Yemen St, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Arabi Ave., Yemen St, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Raeisi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Arabi Ave., Yemen St, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azizmohammad Looha
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Tavakkoli
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sharareh Moghim
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Celiac Disease and Gluten Related Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Arabi Ave., Yemen St, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kwao-Zigah G, Bediako-Bowan A, Boateng PA, Aryee GK, Abbang SM, Atampugbire G, Quaye O, Tagoe EA. Microbiome Dysbiosis, Dietary Intake and Lifestyle-Associated Factors Involve in Epigenetic Modulations in Colorectal Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241263650. [PMID: 38889965 PMCID: PMC11186396 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241263650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer is the second cause of cancer mortality and the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Current data available implicate epigenetic modulations in colorectal cancer development. The health of the large bowel is impacted by gut microbiome dysbiosis, which may lead to colon and rectum cancers. The release of microbial metabolites and toxins by these microbiotas has been shown to activate epigenetic processes leading to colorectal cancer development. Increased consumption of a 'Westernized diet' and certain lifestyle factors such as excessive consumption of alcohol have been associated with colorectal cancer.Purpose: In this review, we seek to examine current knowledge on the involvement of gut microbiota, dietary factors, and alcohol consumption in colorectal cancer development through epigenetic modulations.Methods: A review of several published articles focusing on the mechanism of how changes in the gut microbiome, diet, and excessive alcohol consumption contribute to colorectal cancer development and the potential of using these factors as biomarkers for colorectal cancer diagnosis.Conclusions: This review presents scientific findings that provide a hopeful future for manipulating gut microbiome, diet, and alcohol consumption in colorectal cancer patients' management and care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Kwao-Zigah
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology/West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Antionette Bediako-Bowan
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Pius Agyenim Boateng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology/West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gloria Kezia Aryee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stacy Magdalene Abbang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology/West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gabriel Atampugbire
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology/West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology/West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel A. Tagoe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li S, Zhu S, Yu J. The role of gut microbiota and metabolites in cancer chemotherapy. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00366-1. [PMID: 38013112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota inhabits the epithelial surfaces of hosts, which influences physiological functions from helping digest food and acquiring nutrition to regulate metabolism and shaping host immunity. With the deep insight into the microbiota, an increasing amount of research reveals that it is also involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. Intriguingly, gut microbiota can mediate the biotransformation of drugs, thereby altering their bioavailability, bioactivity, or toxicity. AIM OF REVIEW The review aims to elaborate on the role of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in the efficacy and adverse effects of chemotherapeutics. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical potential of various ways to harness gut microbiota for cancer chemotherapy. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Recent evidence shows that gut microbiota modulates the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy agents, leading to diverse host responses to chemotherapy. Thereinto, targeting the microbiota to improve efficacy and diminish the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs may be a promising strategy in tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clavenna MG, La Vecchia M, Sculco M, Joseph S, Barberis E, Amede E, Mellai M, Brossa S, Borgonovi G, Occhipinti P, Boldorini R, Robotti E, Azzimonti B, Bona E, Pasolli E, Ferrante D, Manfredi M, Aspesi A, Dianzani I. Distinct Signatures of Tumor-Associated Microbiota and Metabolome in Low-Grade vs. High-Grade Dysplastic Colon Polyps: Inference of Their Role in Tumor Initiation and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3065. [PMID: 37370676 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the driver-passenger model for colorectal cancer (CRC), the tumor-associated microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem of bacterial species where bacteria with carcinogenic features linked to CRC initiation are defined as "drivers", while opportunistic bacteria colonizing more advanced tumor stages are known as "passengers". We reasoned that also gut microbiota-associated metabolites may be differentially enriched according to tumor stage, and be potential determinants of CRC development. Thus, we characterized the mucosa- and lumen-associated microbiota (MAM and LAM, respectively) and mucosa-associated metabolites in low- vs. high-grade dysplastic colon polyps from 78 patients. We show that MAM, obtained with a new biopsy-preserving approach, and LAM differ in composition and α/β-diversity. By stratifying patients for polyp histology, we found that bacteria proposed as passengers by previous studies colonized high-grade dysplastic adenomas, whereas driver taxa were enriched in low-grade polyps. Furthermore, we report altered "mucosa-associated metabolite" levels in low- vs. high-grade groups. Integrated microbiota-metabolome analysis suggests the involvement of the gut microbiota in the production and consumption of these metabolites. Altogether, our findings support the involvement of bacterial species and associated metabolites in CRC mucosal homeostasis in a tumor-stage-specific manner. These distinct signatures may be used to distinguish low-grade from high-grade dysplastic polyps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta La Vecchia
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marika Sculco
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Soni Joseph
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elettra Barberis
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elia Amede
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Mellai
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Brossa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Borgonovi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Pietro Occhipinti
- Department of Gastroenterology, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elisa Robotti
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Barbara Azzimonti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elisa Bona
- Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pasolli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrante
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Anna Aspesi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Irma Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nardone OM, Zammarchi I, Santacroce G, Ghosh S, Iacucci M. Inflammation-Driven Colorectal Cancer Associated with Colitis: From Pathogenesis to Changing Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082389. [PMID: 37190315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a two-fold higher risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) than the general population. IBD-related CRC follows a different genetic and molecular pathogenic pathway than sporadic CRC and can be considered a complication of chronic intestinal inflammation. Since inflammation is recognised as an independent risk factor for neoplastic progression, clinicians strive to modulate and control disease, often using potent therapy agents to achieve mucosal healing and decrease the risk of colorectal cancer in IBD patients. Improved therapeutic control of inflammation, combined with endoscopic advances and early detection of pre-cancerous lesions through surveillance programs, explains the lower incidence rate of IBD-related CRC. In addition, current research is increasingly focused on translating emerging and advanced knowledge in microbiome and metagenomics into personalised, early, and non-invasive CRC screening tools that guide organ-sparing therapy in IBD patients. This review aims to summarise the existing literature on IBD-associated CRC, focusing on new insights into the alteration of the intestinal barrier and the interactions with the gut microbiome as the initial promoter. In addition, the role of OMIC techniques for precision medicine and the impact of the available IBD therapeutic armamentarium on the evolution to CRC will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Maria Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Zammarchi
- Department of Medicine, University College of Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Subrata Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University College of Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
| | - Marietta Iacucci
- Department of Medicine, University College of Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu C, Zhou Z, Liu B, Yao D, Huang Y, Wang P, Li Y. Investigation of trends in gut microbiome associated with colorectal cancer using machine learning. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1077922. [PMID: 36937384 PMCID: PMC10015000 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1077922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid growth of publications on the gut microbiome and colorectal cancer (CRC) makes it feasible for text mining and bibliometric analysis. Methods Publications were retrieved from the Web of Science. Bioinformatics analysis was performed, and a machine learning-based Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model was used to identify the subfield research topics. Results A total of 5,696 publications related to the gut microbiome and CRC were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection from 2000 to 2022. China and the USA were the most productive countries. The top 25 references, institutions, and authors with the strongest citation bursts were identified. Abstracts from all 5,696 publications were extracted for a text mining analysis that identified the top 50 topics in this field with increasing interest. The colitis animal model, expression of cytokines, microbiome sequencing and 16s, microbiome composition and dysbiosis, and cell growth inhibition were increasingly noticed during the last two years. The 50 most intensively investigated topics were identified and further categorized into four clusters, including "microbiome sequencing and tumor," "microbiome compositions, interactions, and treatment," "microbiome molecular features and mechanisms," and "microbiome and metabolism." Conclusion This bibliometric analysis explores the historical research tendencies in the gut microbiome and CRC and identifies specific topics of increasing interest. The developmental trajectory, along with the noticeable research topics characterized by this analysis, will contribute to the future direction of research in CRC and its clinical translation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Multi-Omics Approaches in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Diagnosis, Recent Updates and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225545. [PMID: 36428637 PMCID: PMC9688479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common Cancer as well as the third leading cause of mortality around the world; its exact molecular mechanism remains elusive. Although CRC risk is significantly correlated with genetic factors, the pathophysiology of CRC is also influenced by external and internal exposures and their interactions with genetic factors. The field of CRC research has recently benefited from significant advances through Omics technologies for screening biomarkers, including genes, transcripts, proteins, metabolites, microbiome, and lipidome unbiasedly. A promising application of omics technologies could enable new biomarkers to be found for the screening and diagnosis of CRC. Single-omics technologies cannot fully understand the molecular mechanisms of CRC. Therefore, this review article aims to summarize the multi-omics studies of Colorectal cancer, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, microbiomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics that may shed new light on the discovery of novel biomarkers. It can contribute to identifying and validating new CRC biomarkers and better understanding colorectal carcinogenesis. Discovering biomarkers through multi-omics technologies could be difficult but valuable for disease genotyping and phenotyping. That can provide a better knowledge of CRC prognosis, diagnosis, and treatments.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li C, Wang Y, Liu D, Wong CC, Coker OO, Zhang X, Liu C, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Kang W, To KF, Sung JJY, Yu J. Squalene epoxidase drives cancer cell proliferation and promotes gut dysbiosis to accelerate colorectal carcinogenesis. Gut 2022; 71:2253-2265. [PMID: 35232776 PMCID: PMC9554078 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aberrant lipid metabolism is a hallmark of colorectal cancer (CRC). Squalene epoxidase (SQLE), a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, is upregulated in CRC. Here, we aim to determine oncogenic function of SQLE and its interplay with gut microbiota in promoting colorectal tumourigenesis. DESIGN Paired adjacent normal tissues and CRC from two cohorts were analysed (n=202). Colon-specific Sqle transgenic (Sqle tg) mice were generated by crossing Rosa26-lsl-Sqle mice to Cdx2-Cre mice. Stools were collected for metagenomic and metabolomic analyses. RESULTS SQLE messenger RNA and protein expression was upregulated in CRC (p<0.01) and predict poor survival of patients with CRC. SQLE promoted CRC cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle progression and suppressing apoptosis. In azoxymethane-induced CRC model, Sqle tg mice showed increased tumourigenesis compared with wild-type mice (p<0.01). Integrative metagenomic and metabolomic analyses unveiled gut dysbiosis in Sqle tg mice with enriched pathogenic bacteria, which was correlated to increased secondary bile acids. Consistent with detrimental effect of secondary bile acids, gut barrier function was impaired in Sqle tg mice, with reduced tight junction proteins Jam-c and occludin. Transplantation of Sqle tg mice stool to germ-free mice impaired gut barrier function and stimulated cell proliferation compared with control mice stool. Finally, we demonstrated that terbinafine, a SQLE inhibitor, could be repurposed for CRC by synergising with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil to inhibit CRC growth. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that SQLE mediates oncogenesis via cell intrinsic effects and modulation of gut microbiota-metabolite axis. SQLE represents a therapeutic target and prognostic marker in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuangen Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dabin Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Changan Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yunfei Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph JY Sung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shulpekova Y, Zharkova M, Tkachenko P, Tikhonov I, Stepanov A, Synitsyna A, Izotov A, Butkova T, Shulpekova N, Lapina N, Nechaev V, Kardasheva S, Okhlobystin A, Ivashkin V. The Role of Bile Acids in the Human Body and in the Development of Diseases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113401. [PMID: 35684337 PMCID: PMC9182388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are specific and quantitatively important organic components of bile, which are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol and are involved in the osmotic process that ensures the outflow of bile. Bile acids include many varieties of amphipathic acid steroids. These are molecules that play a major role in the digestion of fats and the intestinal absorption of hydrophobic compounds and are also involved in the regulation of many functions of the liver, cholangiocytes, and extrahepatic tissues, acting essentially as hormones. The biological effects are realized through variable membrane or nuclear receptors. Hepatic synthesis, intestinal modifications, intestinal peristalsis and permeability, and receptor activity can affect the quantitative and qualitative bile acids composition significantly leading to extrahepatic pathologies. The complexity of bile acids receptors and the effects of cross-activations makes interpretation of the results of the studies rather difficult. In spite, this is a very perspective direction for pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shulpekova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Maria Zharkova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Pyotr Tkachenko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Tikhonov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexander Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexandra Synitsyna
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-764-98-78
| | - Alexander Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Natalia Lapina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Svetlana Kardasheva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexey Okhlobystin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du X, Li Q, Tang Z, Yan L, Zhang L, Zheng Q, Zeng X, Chen G, Yue H, Li J, Zhao M, Han YP, Fu X. Alterations of the Gut Microbiome and Fecal Metabolome in Colorectal Cancer: Implication of Intestinal Metabolism for Tumorigenesis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:854545. [PMID: 35600308 PMCID: PMC9116530 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.854545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The gut microbiota and its metabolites are important for host physiological homeostasis, while dysbiosis is related to diseases including the development of cancers such as colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we characterized the relationship of an altered gut microbiome with the fecal metabolome in CRC patients in comparison with volunteers having a normal colorectal mucous membrane (NC).Methods: The richness and composition of the microbiota in fecal samples of 30 CRC patients and 36 NC controls were analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the metabolome was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Spearman correlation analysis was to determine the correlation between the gut microbiome and fecal metabolome in CRC patients.Results: There were significant alterations in the gut microbiome and fecal metabolome in CRC patients compared with NC controls. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Proteobacteria dominated the gut microbial communities at the phylum level in both groups. Compared with NC controls, CRC patients had a lower frequency of Blautia and Lachnospiracaea but a higher abundance of Bacteroides fragilis and Prevotella. Regarding the fecal metabolome, twenty-nine metabolites were identified as having significantly changed, showing increased levels of adrenic acid, decanoic acid, arachidonic acid, and tryptophan but a reduction in various monosaccharides in the fecal samples of CRC patients. Moreover, increased abundance of Bacteroides fragilis was strongly associated with decreased levels of monosaccharides, while Blautia was positively associated with the production of monosaccharides in the fecal samples.Conclusion: These results highlight alterations of gut microbiota in association with certain metabolites in CRC progression, implying potential diagnostic and intervention potential for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiao Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xianghao Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Guimei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Huawen Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Ping Han
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangsheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangsheng Fu,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pratt M, Forbes JD, Knox NC, Van Domselaar G, Bernstein CN. Colorectal Cancer Screening in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-Can Characterization of GI Microbiome Signatures Enhance Neoplasia Detection? Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1409-1423.e1. [PMID: 34998802 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current noninvasive methods for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening are not optimized for persons with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), requiring patients to undergo frequent interval screening via colonoscopy. Although colonoscopy-based screening reduces CRC incidence in IBD patients, rates of interval CRC remain relatively high, highlighting the need for more targeted approaches. In recent years, the discovery of disease-specific microbiome signatures for both IBD and CRC has begun to emerge, suggesting that stool-based biomarker detection using metagenomics and other culture-independent technologies may be useful for personalized, early, noninvasive CRC screening in IBD patients. Here we discuss the utility of the stool microbiome as a noninvasive CRC screening tool. Comparing the performance of multiple microbiome-based CRC classifiers, including several multi-cohort meta-analyses, we find that noninvasive detection of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas from microbial biomarkers is an active area of study with promising early results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Pratt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jessica D Forbes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie C Knox
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song Q, Zhang X. The Role of Gut–Liver Axis in Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis Associated NAFLD and NAFLD-HCC. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030524. [PMID: 35327326 PMCID: PMC8945287 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide due to the rapidly rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. As a hepatic manifestation of metabolic disease, NAFLD begins with hepatic fat accumulation and progresses to hepatic inflammation, termed as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis, and finally leading to NAFLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC). Accumulating evidence showed that the gut microbiome plays a vital role in the initiation and progression of NAFLD through the gut–liver axis. The gut–liver axis is the mutual communication between gut and liver comprising the portal circulation, bile duct, and systematic circulation. The gut microbiome dysbiosis contributes to NAFLD development by dysregulating the gut–liver axis, leading to increased intestinal permeability and unrestrained transfer of microbial metabolites into the liver. In this review, we systematically summarized the up-to-date information of gut microbiome dysbiosis and metabolomic changes along the stages of steatosis, NASH, fibrosis, and NAFLD-HCC. The components and functions of the gut–liver axis and its association with NAFLD were then discussed. In addition, we highlighted current knowledge of gut microbiome-based treatment strategies targeting the gut–liver axis for preventing NAFLD and its associated HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Song
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-3763-6102
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li J, Zhang AH, Wu FF, Wang XJ. Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Colorectal Cancer: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841552. [PMID: 35223525 PMCID: PMC8875205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of CRC remain unclear. A growing body of evidence suggests dysbiosis of gut bacteria can contribute to the occurrence and development of CRC by generating harmful metabolites and changing host physiological processes. Metabolomics, a systems biology method, will systematically study the changes in metabolites in the physiological processes of the body, eventually playing a significant role in the detection of metabolic biomarkers and improving disease diagnosis and treatment. Metabolomics, in particular, has been highly beneficial in tracking microbially derived metabolites, which has substantially advanced our comprehension of host-microbiota metabolic interactions in CRC. This paper has briefly compiled recent research progress of the alterations of intestinal flora and its metabolites associated with CRC and the application of association analysis of metabolomics and gut microbiome in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC; furthermore, we discuss the prospects for the problems and development direction of this association analysis in the study of CRC. Gut microbiota and their metabolites influence the progression and causation of CRC, and the association analysis of metabolomics and gut microbiome will provide novel strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, China.,National Chinmedomics Research Center, National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Functional Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Functional Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, China
| | - Xi-Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, China.,National Chinmedomics Research Center, National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Functional Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The Application of Metabolomics in Recent Colorectal Cancer Studies: A State-of-the-Art Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030725. [PMID: 35158992 PMCID: PMC8833341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States. Current diagnosis techniques are either highly invasive or lack sensitivity, suggesting the need for alternative techniques for biomarker detection. Metabolomics represents one such technique with great promise in identifying CRC biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity, but thus far is rarely employed in a clinical setting. In order to provide a framework for future clinical usage, we characterized dysregulated metabolites across recent literature, identifying metabolites dysregulated across a variety of biospecimens. We additionally put special focus on the interplay of the gut microbiome and perturbed metabolites in CRC. We were able to identify many metabolites showing consistent dysregulation in CRC, demonstrating the value of metabolomics as a promising diagnostic technique. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent disease with poor prognostic outcomes if not diagnosed in early stages. Current diagnosis techniques are either highly invasive or lack sufficient sensitivity. Thus, identifying diagnostic biomarkers of CRC with high sensitivity and specificity is desirable. Metabolomics represents an analytical profiling technique with great promise in identifying such biomarkers and typically represents a close tie with the phenotype of a specific disease. We thus conducted a systematic review of studies reported from January 2012 to July 2021 relating to the detection of CRC biomarkers through metabolomics to provide a collection of knowledge for future diagnostic development. We identified thirty-seven metabolomics studies characterizing CRC, many of which provided metabolites/metabolic profile-based diagnostic models with high sensitivity and specificity. These studies demonstrated that a great number of metabolites can be differentially regulated in CRC patients compared to healthy controls, adenomatous polyps, or across stages of CRC. Among these metabolite biomarkers, especially dysregulated were certain amino acids, fatty acids, and lysophosphatidylcholines. Additionally, we discussed the contribution of the gut bacterial population to pathogenesis of CRC through their modulation to fecal metabolite pools and summarized the established links in the literature between certain microbial genera and altered metabolite levels in CRC patients. Taken together, we conclude that metabolomics presents itself as a promising and effective method of CRC biomarker detection.
Collapse
|
16
|
Microenvironmental Metabolites in the Intestine: Messengers between Health and Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010046. [PMID: 35050167 PMCID: PMC8778376 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is a highly absorptive organ and simultaneously constitutes the physical barrier between the host and a complex outer ecosystem. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) represent a special node that receives signals from the host and the environment and translates them into corresponding responses. Specific molecular communication systems such as metabolites are known to transmit information across the intestinal boundary. The gut microbiota or food-derived metabolites are extrinsic factors that influence the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium, while mitochondrial and host-derived cellular metabolites determine the identity, fitness, and regenerative capacity of IECs. Little is known, however, about the role of intrinsic and extrinsic metabolites of IECs in the initiation and progression of pathological processes such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer as well as about their impact on intestinal immunity. In this review, we will highlight the most recent contributions on the modulatory effects of intestinal metabolites in gut pathophysiology, with a particular focus on metabolites in promoting intestinal inflammation or colorectal tumorigenesis. In addition, we will provide a perspective on the role of newly identified oncometabolites from the commensal and opportunistic microbiota in shaping response and resistance to antitumor therapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ahmad Kendong SM, Raja Ali RA, Nawawi KNM, Ahmad HF, Mokhtar NM. Gut Dysbiosis and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction: Potential Explanation for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:744606. [PMID: 34966694 PMCID: PMC8710575 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.744606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that commonly affects individuals aged more than 50 years old globally. Regular colorectal screening, which is recommended for individuals aged 50 and above, has decreased the number of cancer death toll over the years. However, CRC incidence has increased among younger population (below 50 years old). Environmental factors, such as smoking, dietary factor, urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity, may contribute to the rising trend of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) because of the lack of genetic susceptibility. Research has focused on the role of gut microbiota and its interaction with epithelial barrier genes in sporadic CRC. Population with increased consumption of grain and vegetables showed high abundance of Prevotella, which reduces the risk of CRC. Microbes, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli deteriorate in the intestinal barrier, which leads to the infiltration of inflammatory mediators and chemokines. Gut dysbiosis may also occur following inflammation as clearly observed in animal model. Both gut dysbiosis pre- or post-inflammatory process may cause major alteration in the morphology and functional properties of the gut tissue and explain the pathological outcome of EOCRC. The precise mechanism of disease progression from an early stage until cancer establishment is not fully understood. We hypothesized that gut dysbiosis, which may be influenced by environmental factors, may induce changes in the genome, metabolome, and immunome that could destruct the intestinal barrier function. Also, the possible underlying inflammation may give impact microbial community leading to disruption of physical and functional role of intestinal barrier. This review explains the potential role of the interaction among host factors, gut microenvironment, and gut microbiota, which may provide an answer to EOCRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Maryam Ahmad Kendong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Raja Affendi Raja Ali
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Najmi Muhammad Nawawi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hajar Fauzan Ahmad
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia.,Center for Research in Advanced Tropical Bioscience, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pratt M, Forbes JD, Knox NC, Bernstein CN, Van Domselaar G. Microbiome-Mediated Immune Signaling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Support From Meta-omics Data. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716604. [PMID: 34869308 PMCID: PMC8635193 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intestinal inflammation and microbial dysbiosis are hallmarks of colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. However, the mechanistic relationship between gut dysbiosis and disease has not yet been fully characterized. Although the “trigger” of intestinal inflammation remains unknown, a wealth of evidence supports the role of the gut microbiome as a mutualistic pseudo-organ that significantly influences intestinal homeostasis and is capable of regulating host immunity. In recent years, culture-independent methods for assessing microbial communities as a whole (termed meta-omics) have grown beyond taxonomic identification and genome characterization (metagenomics) into new fields of research that collectively expand our knowledge of microbiomes. Metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics are meta-omics techniques that aim to describe and quantify the functional activity of the gut microbiome. Uncovering microbial metabolic contributions in the context of IBD and CRC using these approaches provides insight into how the metabolic microenvironment of the GI tract shapes microbial community structure and how the microbiome, in turn, influences the surrounding ecosystem. Immunological studies in germ-free and wild-type mice have described several host-microbiome interactions that may play a role in autoinflammation. Chronic colitis is a precursor to CRC, and changes in the gut microbiome may be an important link triggering the neoplastic process in chronic colitis. In this review, we describe several microbiome-mediated mechanisms of host immune signaling, such as short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and bile acid metabolism, inflammasome activation, and cytokine regulation in the context of IBD and CRC, and discuss the supporting role for these mechanisms by meta-omics data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Pratt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jessica D Forbes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie C Knox
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Metabolomic Analysis of Actinic Keratosis and SCC Suggests a Grade-Independent Model of Squamous Cancerization. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215560. [PMID: 34771721 PMCID: PMC8582912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Actinic keratoses (AKs) are the most common sun-induced precancerous lesions that can progress to squamocellular carcinoma (SCC). AK I have been considered low-risk lesions, often evolving into AK II, the AK grade II and III have the potential to evolve to SCC. This research has assessed the metabolomic fingerprints of AK I, AK II, AK III and SCC by HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy, with the aim of evaluating the hypothesis of grade-association AK to SCC. The association between AKs and SCCs has also been evaluated by histopathology. Our findings support the notion that AK I are different from healthy skin and share different features with SCCs, indeed, they are metabolically active lesions with metabolic profiles similar to high-grade AKs and to SCC. The negative association of AKs with parakeratosis and the positive association with hypertrophy also suggested a similar behavior between AKs and SCCs. Therefore, all AKs should be treated independently from their clinical appearance or histological grade, since it is not possible to predict their potential evolution to SCC. Abstract Background—Actinic keratoses (AKs) are the most common sun-induced precancerous lesions that can progress to squamocellular carcinoma (SCC). Recently, the grade-independent association between AKs and SCC has been suggested; however, the molecular bases of this potential association have not been investigated. This study has assessed the metabolomic fingerprint of AK I, AK II, AK III and SCC using high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in order to evaluate the hypothesis of grade-independent association between AK and SCC. Association between AKs and SCCs has also been evaluated by histopathology. Methods—Metabolomic data were obtained through HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. The whole spectral profiles were analyzed through multivariate statistical analysis using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Histologic examination was performed on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin; statistical analysis was performed using STATA software version 14. Results—A group of 35 patients affected by AKs and/or SCCs and 10 healthy controls were enrolled for metabolomics analysis. Histopathological analysis was conducted on 170 specimens of SCCs and AKs (including the ones that underwent metabolomic analysis). SCCs and AK I were found to be significantly associated in terms of the content of some metabolites. Moreover, in the logistic regression model, the presence of parakeratosis in AKs appeared to be less frequently associated with SCCs, while AKs with hypertrophy had a two-fold higher risk of being associated with SCC. Conclusions—Our findings, derived from metabolomics and histopathological data, support the notion that AK I are different from healthy skin and share some different features with SCCs. This may further support the expanding notion that all AKs should be treated independently from their clinical appearance or histological grade because they may be associated with SCC.
Collapse
|
20
|
Fang CY, Chen JS, Hsu BM, Hussain B, Rathod J, Lee KH. Colorectal Cancer Stage-Specific Fecal Bacterial Community Fingerprinting of the Taiwanese Population and Underpinning of Potential Taxonomic Biomarkers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081548. [PMID: 34442626 PMCID: PMC8401100 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the characterization of colorectal cancer (CRC), it still faces a poor prognosis. There is growing evidence that gut microbiota and their metabolites potentially contribute to the development of CRC. Thus, microbial dysbiosis and their metabolites associated with CRC, based on stool samples, may be used to advantage to provide an excellent opportunity to find possible biomarkers for the screening, early detection, prevention, and treatment of CRC. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing coupled with statistical analysis, this study analyzed the cause–effect shift of the microbial taxa and their metabolites that was associated with the fecal gut microbiota of 17 healthy controls, 21 polyps patients, and 21 cancer patients. The microbial taxonomic shift analysis revealed striking differences among the healthy control, polyps and cancer groups. At the phylum level, Synergistetes was reduced significantly in the polyps group compared to the healthy control and cancer group. Additionally, at the genus level and in association with the cancer group, a total of 12 genera were highly enriched in abundance. In contrast, only Oscillosprira was significantly higher in abundance in the healthy control group. Comparisons of the polyps and cancer groups showed a total of 18 significantly enriched genera. Among them, 78% of the genera associated with the cancer group were in higher abundance, whereas the remaining genera showed a higher abundance in the polyps group. Additionally, the comparison of healthy control and polyp groups showed six significantly abundant genera. More than 66% of these genera showed a reduced abundance in the polyps group than in healthy controls, whereas the remaining genera were highly abundant in the polyps group. Based on tumor presence and absence, the abundance of Olsenella and Lactobacillus at the genus level was significantly reduced in the patient group compared to healthy controls. The significant microbial function prediction revealed an increase in the abundance of metabolites in the polyps and cancer groups compared to healthy controls. A correlation analysis revealed a higher contribution of Dorea in the predicted functions. This study showed dysbiosis of gut microbiota at the taxonomic level and their metabolic functions among healthy subjects and in two stages of colorectal cancer, including adenoma and adenocarcinoma, which might serve as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yin Fang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 621, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan;
- Center for Innovative on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-52720411 (ext. 66218)
| | - Bashir Hussain
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
| | - Jagat Rathod
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Hsin Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|