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Shahbazi E, Moradi A, Mollasalehi H, Mohebbi SR. Unravelling the diagnostic methodologies for SARS-CoV-2; the Indispensable need for developing point-of-care testing. Talanta 2024; 275:126139. [PMID: 38696900 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused COVID-19 pandemic that continues to be a global menace and since its emergence in the late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been vigorously spreading throughout the globe putting the whole world into a multidimensional calamity. The suitable diagnosis strategies are on the front line of the battle against preventing the spread of infections. Since the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is shared between various diseases, detection of the unique impacts of the pathogen on the host along with the diagnosis of the virus itself should be addressed. Employing the most suitable approaches to specifically, sensitively and effectively recognize the infected cases may be a real game changer in controlling the outbreak and the crisis management. In that matter, point-of-care assays (POC) appears to be the potential option, due to sensitivity, specificity, affordable, and availability. Here we brief the most recent findings about the virus, its variants, and the conventional methods that have been used for its detection, along with the POC strategies that have been applied to the virus diagnosis and the developing technologies which can accelerate the diagnosis procedure yet maintain its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Shahbazi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma Moradi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mollasalehi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Hupp AM, Kovarik ML, McCurry DA. Emerging Areas in Undergraduate Analytical Chemistry Education: Microfluidics, Microcontrollers, and Chemometrics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:197-219. [PMID: 38424028 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-041922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry is a fast-paced field with frequent introduction of new techniques via research labs; however, incorporation of new techniques into academic curricula lags their adoption in research and industry. This review describes the recent educational literature on microfluidics, microcontrollers, and chemometrics in the undergraduate analytical chemistry curriculum. Each section highlights opportunities for nonexpert faculty to get started with these techniques and more advanced implementations suitable for experienced practitioners. While the addition of new topics to any curriculum brings some opportunity costs, student engagement with cutting edge techniques brings many benefits, including enhanced preparation for graduate school and professional careers and development of transferable skills, such as coding. Formal assessment of student outcomes is encouraged to promote broader adoption of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Hupp
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daniel A McCurry
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Engineering, and Physics, Commonwealth University-Bloomsburg, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Yang X, Li Y, Lee JZ, Sun Y, Tan X, Liu Y, Yu Y, Li H, Li X. A Highly Sensitive Dual-Drive Microfluidic Device for Multiplexed Detection of Respiratory Virus Antigens. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:685. [PMID: 38930655 PMCID: PMC11206039 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Conventional microfluidic systems that rely on capillary force have a fixed structure and limited sensitivity, which cannot meet the demands of clinical applications. Herein, we propose a dual-drive microfluidic device for sensitive and flexible detection of multiple pathogenic microorganisms antigens/antibodies. The device comprises a portable microfluidic analyzer and a dual-drive microfluidic chip. Along with capillary force, a second active driving force is provided by a removable self-driving valve in the waste chamber. The interval between these two driving forces can be adjusted to control the reaction time in the microchannel, optimizing the formation of antigen-antibody complexes and enhancing sensitivity. Moreover, the material used in the self-driving valve can be changed to adjust the active force strength needed for different tests. The device offers quantitative analysis for respiratory syncytial virus antigen and SARS-CoV-2 antigen using a 35 μL sample, delivering results within 5 min. The detection limits of the system were 1.121 ng/mL and 0.447 ng/mL for respiratory syncytial virus recombinant fusion protein and SARS-CoV-2 recombinant nucleoprotein, respectively. Although the dual-drive microfluidic device has been used for immunoassay for respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2 in this study, it can be easily adapted to other immunoassay applications by changing the critical reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Yixian Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Josh Zixi Lee
- Beijing MicVic Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 101200, China; (J.Z.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuanmin Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Yijie Liu
- Beijing MicVic Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 101200, China; (J.Z.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Huiqiang Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China; (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (X.T.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
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Strachan S, Chakraborty M, Sallam M, Bhuiyan SA, Ford R, Nguyen NT. Maximising Affordability of Real-Time Colorimetric LAMP Assays. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2101. [PMID: 38004958 PMCID: PMC10673270 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics have become indispensable in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental monitoring. This diagnostic form can offer rapid and precise identification of pathogens and biomarkers. However, traditional laboratory-based molecular testing methods can be expensive and require specialised training, limiting their accessibility in resource-limited settings and on-site applications. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes an innovative approach to reducing costs and complexity in portable colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) devices. The research evaluates different resistive heating systems to create an energy-efficient, cost-effective, and compact device to heat a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) block for precise temperature control during LAMP reactions. By combining this novel heating system with an off-the-shelf red-green-blue (RGB) sensor to detect and quantify colour changes, the integrated system can accurately detect Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, the bacteria responsible for ratoon stunting disease (RSD) in sugarcane. The experimental validation of this system demonstrates its ability to detect the target pathogen in real time, making it an important development for low cost, portable, and easy-to-use molecular diagnostics in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Strachan
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (M.C.); (M.S.); (R.F.)
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (S.A.B.); (N.-T.N.)
| | - Moutoshi Chakraborty
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (M.C.); (M.S.); (R.F.)
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Mohamed Sallam
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (M.C.); (M.S.); (R.F.)
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (S.A.B.); (N.-T.N.)
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Shamsul A. Bhuiyan
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (S.A.B.); (N.-T.N.)
- Sugar Research Australia, Woodford, QLD 4514, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ford
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (M.C.); (M.S.); (R.F.)
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (S.A.B.); (N.-T.N.)
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Nguyen T, Vinayaka AC, Huynh VN, Linh QT, Andreasen SZ, Golabi M, Bang DD, Møller JK, Wolff A. PATHPOD - A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based point-of-care system for rapid clinical detection of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals in Denmark. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2023; 392:134085. [PMID: 37304211 PMCID: PMC10245468 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.134085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a vital goal in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We present in this comprehensive work, for the first time, detailed fabrication and clinical validation of a point of care (PoC) device for rapid, onsite detection of SARS-CoV-2 using a real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) reaction on a polymer cartridge. The PoC system, namely PATHPOD, consisting of a standalone device (weight less than 1.2 kg) and a cartridge, can perform the detection of 10 different samples and two controls in less than 50 min, which is much more rapid than the golden standard real-time reverse-transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), typically taking 16-48 h. The novel total internal reflection (TIR) scheme and the reactions inside the cartridge in the PoC device allow monitoring of the diagnostic results in real-time and onsite. The analytical sensitivity and specificity of the PoC test are comparable with the current RT-PCR, with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 30-50 viral genome copies. The robustness of the PATHPOD PoC system has been confirmed by analyzing 398 clinical samples initially examined in two hospitals in Denmark. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of these tests are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu Nguyen
- BioLabChip Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aaydha Chidambara Vinayaka
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Van Ngoc Huynh
- BioLabChip Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Quyen Than Linh
- BioLabChip Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sune Zoëga Andreasen
- BioLabChip Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mohsen Golabi
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dang Duong Bang
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Kjølseth Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle Hospital, Beriderbakken 4, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark
| | - Anders Wolff
- BioLabChip Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Wu NJW, Aquilina M, Qian BZ, Loos R, Gonzalez-Garcia I, Santini CC, Dunn KE. The Application of Nanotechnology for Quantification of Circulating Tumour DNA in Liquid Biopsies: A Systematic Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 16:499-513. [PMID: 35302938 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2022.3159389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Technologies for quantifying circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in liquid biopsies could enable real-time measurements of cancer progression, profoundly impacting patient care. Sequencing methods can be too complex and time-consuming for regular point-of-care monitoring, but nanotechnology offers an alternative, harnessing the unique properties of objects tens to hundreds of nanometres in size. This systematic review was performed to identify all examples of nanotechnology-based ctDNA detection and assess their potential for clinical use. Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Patents, Espacenet and Embase/MEDLINE were searched up to 23rd March 2021. The review identified nanotechnology-based methods for ctDNA detection for which quantitative measures (e.g., limit of detection, LOD) were reported and biologically relevant samples were used. The pre-defined inclusion criteria were met by 66 records. LODs ranged from 10 zM to 50nM. 25 records presented an LOD of 10fM or below. Nanotechnology-based approaches could provide the basis for the next wave of advances in ctDNA diagnostics, enabling analysis at the point-of-care, but none are currently used clinically. Further work is needed in development and validation; trade-offs are expected between different performance measures e.g., number of sequences detected and time to result.
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N. S. Cadeado A, C. S. Machado C, Costa MQ, Silva SG. A palm-sized wireless device for colorimetric nitrite determination in water. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Gildner TE, Eick GN, Schneider AL, Madimenos FC, Snodgrass JJ. After Theranos: Using point-of-care testing to advance measures of health biomarkers in human biology research. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23689. [PMID: 34669210 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The rise and fall of the health technology startup Theranos is emblematic of the promise and peril of point-of-care testing (POCT). Instruments that deliver immediate results from minimally invasive samples at the location of collection can provide powerful tools to deliver health data in clinical and public health contexts. Yet, POCT availability is driven largely by market interests, which limits the development of inexpensive tests for diverse health conditions that can be used in resource-limited settings. These constraints, combined with complex regulatory hurdles and substantial ethical challenges, have contributed to the underutilization of POCT in human biology research. METHODS We evaluate current POCT capabilities and limitations, discuss promising applications for POCT devices in resource-limited settings, and discuss the future of POCT. RESULTS As evidenced by publication trends, POCT platforms have rapidly advanced in recent years, gaining traction among clinicians and health researchers. We highlight POCT devices of potential interest to population-based researchers and present specific examples of POCT applications in human biology research. CONCLUSIONS Several barriers can limit POCT applications, including cost, lack of regulatory approval for non-clinical use, requirements for expensive equipment, and the dearth of validation in remote field conditions. Despite these issues, we see immense potential for emerging POCT technology capable of analyzing new sample types and used in conjunction with increasingly common technology (e.g., smart phones). We argue that the fallout from Theranos may ultimately provide an opportunity to advance POCT, leading to more ethical data collection and novel opportunities in human biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Gildner
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Geeta N Eick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Alaina L Schneider
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - J Josh Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.,Center for Global Health, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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Nguyen T, Sarkar T, Tran T, Moinuddin SM, Saha D, Ahsan F. Multilayer Soft Photolithography Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices Using a Custom-Built Wafer-Scale PDMS Slab Aligner and Cost-Efficient Equipment. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081357. [PMID: 36014279 PMCID: PMC9412704 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a robust, low-cost fabrication method for implementation in multilayer soft photolithography to create a PDMS microfluidic chip with features possessing multiple height levels. This fabrication method requires neither a cleanroom facility nor an expensive UV exposure machine. The central part of the method stays on the alignment of numerous PDMS slabs on a wafer-scale instead of applying an alignment for a photomask positioned right above a prior exposure layer using a sophisticated mask aligner. We used a manual XYZR stage attached to a vacuum tweezer to manipulate the top PDMS slab. The bottom PDMS slab sat on a rotational stage to conveniently align with the top part. The movement of the two slabs was observed by a monocular scope with a coaxial light source. As an illustration of the potential of this system for fast and low-cost multilayer microfluidic device production, we demonstrate the microfabrication of a 3D microfluidic chaotic mixer. A discussion on another alternative method for the fabrication of multiple height levels is also presented, namely the micromilling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
- East Bay Institute for Research & Education (EBIRE), Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Tanoy Sarkar
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Tuan Tran
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Sakib M. Moinuddin
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
- East Bay Institute for Research & Education (EBIRE), Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
- East Bay Institute for Research & Education (EBIRE), Mather, CA 95655, USA
- MedLuidics, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Recent advances for cancer detection and treatment by microfluidic technology, review and update. Biol Proced Online 2022; 24:5. [PMID: 35484481 PMCID: PMC9052508 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-022-00166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous cancer-associated deaths are owing to a lack of effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Microfluidic systems for analyzing a low volume of samples offer a precise, quick, and user-friendly technique for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Microfluidic devices can detect many cancer-diagnostic factors from biological fluids and also generate appropriate nanoparticles for drug delivery. Thus, microfluidics may be valuable in the cancer field due to its high sensitivity, high throughput, and low cost. In the present article, we aim to review recent achievements in the application of microfluidic systems for the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. Although microfluidic platforms are not yet used in the clinic, they are expected to become the main technology for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Microfluidic systems are proving to be more sensitive and accurate for the detection of cancer biomarkers and therapeutic strategies than common assays. Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms have shown remarkable potential in the designing of novel procedures for cancer detection, therapy, and disease follow-up as well as the development of new drug delivery systems for cancer treatment.
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Colbert AJ, Lee DH, Clayton KN, Wereley ST, Linnes JC, Kinzer-Ursem TL. PD-LAMP smartphone detection of SARS-CoV-2 on chip. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1203:339702. [PMID: 35361434 PMCID: PMC8905050 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2019 the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, demonstrated the urgent need for rapid, reliable, and portable diagnostics. The COVID-19 pandemic was declared in January 2020 and surges of the outbreak continue to reoccur. It is clear that early identification of infected individuals, especially asymptomatic carriers, plays a huge role in preventing the spread of the disease. The current gold standard diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2 is quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) test based on the detection of the viral RNA. While RT-PCR is reliable and sensitive, it requires expensive centralized equipment and is time consuming (∼2 h or more); limiting its applicability in low resource areas. The FDA issued Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) for several COVID-19 diagnostics with an emphasis on point-of care (PoC) testing. Numerous RT-PCR and serological tests were approved for use at the point of care. Abbott's ID NOW, and Cue Health's COVID-19 test are of particular interest, which use isothermal amplification methods for rapid detection in under 20 min. We look to expand on the range of current PoC testing platforms with a new rapid and portable isothermal nucleic acid detection device. We pair reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) with a particle imaging technique, particle diffusometry (PD), to successfully detect SARS-CoV-2 in only 35 min on a portable chip with integrated heating. A smartphone device is used to image the samples containing fluorescent beads post-RT-LAMP and correlates decreased diffusivity to positive samples. We detect as little as 30 virus particles per μL from a RT-LAMP reaction in a microfluidic chip using a portable heating unit. Further, we can perform RT-LAMP from a diluted unprocessed saliva sample without RNA extraction. Additionally, we lyophilize SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-LAMP reactions that target both the N gene and the ORF1ab gene in the microfluidic chip, eliminating the need for cold storage. Our assay meets specific target product profiles outlined by the World Health Organization: it is specific to SARS-CoV-2, does not require cold storage, is compatible with digital connectivity, and has a detection limit of less than 35 × 104 viral particles per mL in saliva. PD-LAMP is rapid, simple, and attractive for screening and use at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee J Colbert
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Steven T Wereley
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Linnes
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Tamara L Kinzer-Ursem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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12
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Ghosh R, Ali H, Hansen JHL. CCi-MOBILE: A Portable Real Time Speech Processing Platform for Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:1251-1263. [PMID: 34705633 PMCID: PMC8918373 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3123241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Experimental hardware-research interfaces form a crucial role during developmental stages of any medical, signal-monitoring system as it allows researchers to test and optimize output results before perfecting the design for the actual FDA approved medical device and large-scale production. These testing platforms, intake raw signals through which performance of novel algorithms can be analyzed and modified to generate the desired data points for an optimized output, allowing the advancement of the medical device. With cochlear implants (CIs) and hearing aids (HAs) becoming a more common solution for varying degrees of hearing impairment, having modern signal processing strategies tested for such speech sensitive systems is a necessity. But the rigid design requirements of commercial CI and HA processors make it difficult to explore novel algorithms for research investigations and conducting longitudinal studies. This study presents the design, development, clinical evaluation, and applications of CCi-MOBILE, a computationally powerful signal processing testing platform built for researchers in the hearing-impaired field. The custom-made, portable research platform allows researchers to design and perform complex speech processing algorithm assessment offline and in real-time. It can be operated through user-friendly, open-source software and is compatible with implants manufactured by Cochlear Corporation. The FPGA design and hardware processing pipeline for CI stimulation is discussed followed by results from an acute study with implant users' speech intelligibility in quiet and noisy conditions. The results show a consistent level of performance compared with CI users' clinical processor, thus confirming the viability of the platform in chronic CI based studies.
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Ho L, Hossen N, Nguyen T, Vo A, Ahsan F. Epigenetic Mechanisms as Emerging Therapeutic Targets and Microfluidic Chips Application in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010170. [PMID: 35052850 PMCID: PMC8773438 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease that progress over time and is defined as an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance that frequently leads to right-ventricular (RV) failure and death. Epigenetic modifications comprising DNA methylation, histone remodeling, and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been established to govern chromatin structure and transcriptional responses in various cell types during disease development. However, dysregulation of these epigenetic mechanisms has not yet been explored in detail in the pathology of pulmonary arterial hypertension and its progression with vascular remodeling and right-heart failure (RHF). Targeting epigenetic regulators including histone methylation, acetylation, or miRNAs offers many possible candidates for drug discovery and will no doubt be a tempting area to explore for PAH therapies. This review focuses on studies in epigenetic mechanisms including the writers, the readers, and the erasers of epigenetic marks and targeting epigenetic regulators or modifiers for treatment of PAH and its complications described as RHF. Data analyses from experimental cell models and animal induced PAH models have demonstrated that significant changes in the expression levels of multiple epigenetics modifiers such as HDMs, HDACs, sirtuins (Sirt1 and Sirt3), and BRD4 correlate strongly with proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis linked to the pathological vascular remodeling during PAH development. The reversible characteristics of protein methylation and acetylation can be applied for exploring small-molecule modulators such as valproic acid (HDAC inhibitor) or resveratrol (Sirt1 activator) in different preclinical models for treatment of diseases including PAH and RHF. This review also presents to the readers the application of microfluidic devices to study sex differences in PAH pathophysiology, as well as for epigenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; (N.H.); (T.N.)
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (F.A.); Tel.: +1-916-686-7370 (L.H.); +1-916-686-3529 (F.A.)
| | - Nazir Hossen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; (N.H.); (T.N.)
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; (N.H.); (T.N.)
- East Bay Institute for Research & Education (EBIRE), Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Au Vo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; (N.H.); (T.N.)
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (F.A.); Tel.: +1-916-686-7370 (L.H.); +1-916-686-3529 (F.A.)
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14
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Sarker S, Jamal L, Ahmed SF, Irtisam N. Robotics and artificial intelligence in healthcare during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 2021; 146:103902. [PMID: 34629751 PMCID: PMC8493645 DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2021.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic is unarguably the biggest catastrophe of the 21st century, probably the most significant global crisis after the second world war. The rapid spreading capability of the virus has compelled the world population to maintain strict preventive measures. The outrage of the virus has rampaged through the healthcare sector tremendously. This pandemic created a huge demand for necessary healthcare equipment, medicines along with the requirement for advanced robotics and artificial intelligence-based applications. The intelligent robot systems have great potential to render service in diagnosis, risk assessment, monitoring, telehealthcare, disinfection, and several other operations during this pandemic which has helped reduce the workload of the frontline workers remarkably. The long-awaited vaccine discovery of this deadly virus has also been greatly accelerated with AI-empowered tools. In addition to that, many robotics and Robotics Process Automation platforms have substantially facilitated the distribution of the vaccine in many arrangements pertaining to it. These forefront technologies have also aided in giving comfort to the people dealing with less addressed mental health complicacies. This paper investigates the use of robotics and artificial intelligence-based technologies and their applications in healthcare to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic search following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method is conducted to accumulate such literature, and an extensive review on 147 selected records is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Sarker
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lafifa Jamal
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Faiza Ahmed
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Niloy Irtisam
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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15
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3D printed ceramics as solid supports for enzyme immobilization: an automated DoE approach for applications in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2021; 11:675-689. [PMID: 34745652 PMCID: PMC8563604 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 3D printing has emerged in the field of chemical engineering as a powerful manufacturing technique to rapidly design and produce tailor-made reaction equipment. In fact, reactors with complex internal geometries can be easily fabricated, optimized and interchanged in order to respond to precise process needs, such as improved mixing and increased surface area. These advantages make them interesting especially for catalytic applications, since customized structured bed reactors can be easily produced. 3D printing applications are not limited to reactor design, it is also possible to realize functional low cost alternatives to analytical equipment that can be used to increase the level of process understanding while keeping the investment costs low. In this work, in-house designed ceramic structured inserts printed via vat photopolymerization (VPP) are presented and characterized. The flow behavior inside these inserts was determined with residence time distribution (RTD) experiments enabled by in-house designed and 3D printed inline photometric flow cells. As a proof of concept, these structured inserts were fitted in an HPLC column to serve as solid inorganic supports for the immobilization of the enzyme Phenolic acid Decarboxylase (bsPAD), which catalyzes the decarboxylation of cinnamic acids. The conversion of coumaric acid to vinylphenol was chosen as a model system to prove the implementation of these engineered inserts in a continuous biocatalytic application with high product yield and process stability. The setup was further automated in order to quickly identify the optimum operating conditions via a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. The use of a systematic optimization, together with the adaptability of 3D printed equipment to the process requirements, render the presented approach highly promising for a more feasible implementation of biocatalysts in continuous industrial processes. Graphical abstract. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41981-021-00163-4.
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16
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Buultjens AH, Vandelannoote K, Sharkey LK, Howden BP, Monk IR, Lee JYH, Stinear TP. Low-Cost, Open-Source Device for High-Performance Fluorescence Detection of Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Reactions. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4982-4990. [PMID: 34521204 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect SARS-CoV-2 is critical to implementing evidence-based strategies to address the COVID-19 global pandemic. Expanding SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic ability beyond well-equipped laboratories widens the opportunity for surveillance and control efforts. However, such advances are predicated on the availability of rapid, scalable, accessible, yet high-performance diagnostic platforms. Methods to detect viral RNA using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) show promise as rapid and field-deployable tests; however, the per-unit costs of the required diagnostic hardware can be a barrier for scaled deployment. Here, we describe a diagnostic hardware configuration for LAMP technology, named the FABL-8, that can be built for approximately US$380 per machine and provide results in under 30 min. Benchmarking showed that FABL-8 has a similar performance to a high-end commercial instrument for detecting fluorescence-based LAMP reactions. Performance testing of the instrument with RNA extracted from a SARS-CoV-2 virus dilution series revealed an analytical detection sensitivity of 50 virus copies per microliter-a detection threshold suitable to detect patient viral load in the first few days following symptom onset. In addition to the detection of SARS-CoV-2, we show that the system can be used to detect the presence of two bacterial pathogens, demonstrating the versatility of the platform for the detection of other pathogens. This cost-effective and scalable hardware alternative allows democratization of the instrumentation required for high-performance molecular diagnostics, such that it could be available to laboratories anywhere-supporting infectious diseases surveillance and research activities in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Buultjens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Koen Vandelannoote
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liam K Sharkey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Level 1, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.,Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian R Monk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean Y H Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.,Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Rapid diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 virus: point-of-care testing and lessons learned during the pandemic. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1165-1167. [PMID: 34286599 PMCID: PMC8320651 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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18
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Yadav AK, Verma D, Kumar A, Kumar P, Solanki PR. The perspectives of biomarker-based electrochemical immunosensors, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things toward COVID-19 diagnosis and management. MATERIALS TODAY. CHEMISTRY 2021; 20:100443. [PMID: 33615086 PMCID: PMC7877231 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the COVID-19 an international health emergency due to the severity of infection progression, which became more severe due to its continuous spread globally and the unavailability of appropriate therapy and diagnostics systems. Thus, there is a need for efficient devices to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection at an early stage. Nowadays, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique is being applied for detecting this virus around the globe; however, factors such as stringent expertise, long diagnostic times, invasive and painful screening, and high costs have restricted the use of RT-PCR methods for rapid diagnostics. Therefore, the development of cost-effective, portable, sensitive, prompt and selective sensing systems to detect SARS-CoV-2 in biofluids at fM/pM/nM concentrations would be a breakthrough in diagnostics. Immunosensors that show increased specificity and sensitivity are considerably fast and do not imply costly reagents or instruments, reducing the cost for COVID-19 detection. The current developments in immunosensors perhaps signify the most significant opportunity for a rapid assay to detect COVID-19, without the need of highly skilled professionals and specialized tools to interpret results. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) can also be equipped with this immunosensing approach to investigate useful networking through database management, sharing, and analytics to prevent and manage COVID-19. Herein, we represent the collective concepts of biomarker-based immunosensors along with AI and IoMT as smart sensing strategies with bioinformatics approach to monitor non-invasive early stage SARS-CoV-2 development, with fast point-of-care (POC) diagnostics as the crucial goal. This approach should be implemented quickly and verified practicality for clinical samples before being set in the present times for mass-diagnostic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Yadav
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - D Verma
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - A Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - P Kumar
- Sri Aurobindo College, Delhi University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - P R Solanki
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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19
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Gao J, He S, Nag A, Wong JWC. A Review of the Use of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 Compounds in Milk. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3602. [PMID: 34064254 PMCID: PMC8196808 DOI: 10.3390/s21113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the detection of aflatoxin compounds using carbon allotrope-based sensors. Although aflatoxin M1 and its derivative aflatoxin B1 compounds have been primarily found in milk and other food products, their presence above a threshold concentration causes disastrous health-related anomalies in human beings, such as growth impairment, underweight and even carcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects. Among the many sensors developed to detect the presence of these compounds, the employment of certain carbon allotropes, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, has been highly preferred due to their enhanced electromechanical properties. These conductive nanomaterials have shown excellent quantitative performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for the chosen aflatoxin compounds. This paper elucidates some of the significant examples of the CNTs and graphene-based sensors measuring Aflatoxin M1 (ATM1) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) compounds at low concentrations. The fabrication technique and performance of each of the sensors are shown here, as well as some of the challenges existing with the current sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Shan He
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Anindya Nag
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 251600, China
| | - Jonathan Woon Chung Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China;
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20
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Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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21
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Manmana Y, Kubo T, Otsuka K. Recent developments of point-of-care (POC) testing platform for biomolecules. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Das D, Namboodiri S. Selection of a suitable paper membrane for Loop Mediated Isothermal DNA amplification reaction (LAMP) in a point-of-care diagnostic kit – Experimental and CFD analysis. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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23
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Rezaei M, Razavi Bazaz S, Zhand S, Sayyadi N, Jin D, Stewart MP, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Point of Care Diagnostics in the Age of COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 11:E9. [PMID: 33374612 PMCID: PMC7822494 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated serious respiratory disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), poses a major threat to global public health. Owing to the lack of vaccine and effective treatments, many countries have been overwhelmed with an exponential spread of the virus and surge in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Current standard diagnostic methods are inadequate for widespread testing as they suffer from prolonged turn-around times (>12 h) and mostly rely on high-biosafety-level laboratories and well-trained technicians. Point-of-care (POC) tests have the potential to vastly improve healthcare in several ways, ranging from enabling earlier detection and easier monitoring of disease to reaching remote populations. In recent years, the field of POC diagnostics has improved markedly with the advent of micro- and nanotechnologies. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, POC technologies have been rapidly innovated to address key limitations faced in existing standard diagnostic methods. This review summarizes and compares the latest available POC immunoassay, nucleic acid-based and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats- (CRISPR)-mediated tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection that we anticipate aiding healthcare facilities to control virus infection and prevent subsequent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Rezaei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
- SUStech-UTS Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Sareh Zhand
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Nima Sayyadi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
- SUStech-UTS Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Martin P. Stewart
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
- SUStech-UTS Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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24
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Steigmann L, Maekawa S, Sima C, Travan S, Wang CW, Giannobile WV. Biosensor and Lab-on-a-chip Biomarker-identifying Technologies for Oral and Periodontal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:588480. [PMID: 33343358 PMCID: PMC7748088 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease that can lead to destruction of tooth supporting tissues and subsequent tooth loss. The most recent global burden of disease studies highlight that severe periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory conditions affecting humans. Periodontitis risk is attributed to genetics, host-microbiome and environmental factors. Empirical diagnostic and prognostic systems have yet to be validated in the field of periodontics. Early diagnosis and intervention prevents periodontitis progression in most patients. Increased susceptibility and suboptimal control of modifiable risk factors can result in poor response to therapy, and relapse. The chronic immune-inflammatory response to microbial biofilms at the tooth or dental implant surface is associated with systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or gastrointestinal diseases. Oral fluid-based biomarkers have demonstrated easy accessibility and potential as diagnostics for oral and systemic diseases, including the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Advances in biotechnology have led to innovations in lab-on-a-chip and biosensors to interface with oral-based biomarker assessment. This review highlights new developments in oral biomarker discovery and their validation for clinical application to advance precision oral medicine through improved diagnosis, prognosis and patient stratification. Their potential to improve clinical outcomes of periodontitis and associated chronic conditions will benefit the dental and overall public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Steigmann
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shogo Maekawa
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Corneliu Sima
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suncica Travan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chin-Wei Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William V. Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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25
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Nguyen T, Chidambara VA, Andreasen SZ, Golabi M, Huynh VN, Linh QT, Bang DD, Wolff A. Point-of-care devices for pathogen detections: The three most important factors to realise towards commercialization. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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26
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Hassan SU, Tariq A, Noreen Z, Donia A, Zaidi SZJ, Bokhari H, Zhang X. Capillary-Driven Flow Microfluidics Combined with Smartphone Detection: An Emerging Tool for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E509. [PMID: 32708045 PMCID: PMC7459612 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) or near-patient testing allows clinicians to accurately achieve real-time diagnostic results performed at or near to the patient site. The outlook of POC devices is to provide quicker analyses that can lead to well-informed clinical decisions and hence improve the health of patients at the point-of-need. Microfluidics plays an important role in the development of POC devices. However, requirements of handling expertise, pumping systems and complex fluidic controls make the technology unaffordable to the current healthcare systems in the world. In recent years, capillary-driven flow microfluidics has emerged as an attractive microfluidic-based technology to overcome these limitations by offering robust, cost-effective and simple-to-operate devices. The internal wall of the microchannels can be pre-coated with reagents, and by merely dipping the device into the patient sample, the sample can be loaded into the microchannel driven by capillary forces and can be detected via handheld or smartphone-based detectors. The capabilities of capillary-driven flow devices have not been fully exploited in developing POC diagnostics, especially for antimicrobial resistance studies in clinical settings. The purpose of this review is to open up this field of microfluidics to the ever-expanding microfluidic-based scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammer-Ul Hassan
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Aamira Tariq
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zobia Noreen
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Donia
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Z J Zaidi
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Lamprou DA. Emerging technologies for diagnostics and drug delivery in the fight against COVID-19 and other pandemics. Expert Rev Med Devices 2020; 17:1007-1012. [PMID: 32674622 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2020.1792287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A pandemic is the worst-case scenario in the field of infectious diseases. Innovative technologies have the potential to address the challenges associated with the manufacture of personalized drug delivery systems, biosensors, and medical devices during a pandemic. 3D-Printing, microfluidics, and Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can provide an important part on this fight, as are cheap, easy to be operated, capable to provide rapid detection and monitoring of a disease, and deliver medicines. AREAS COVERED This manuscript answers the question of how these emerging technologies can save lives during a pandemic by avoiding supply chain delays and also by providing rapid diagnostics, disease monitoring, or by offering personalized treatments. The manuscript covers recent approaches in the topic with a focus in manuscripts published in the last year and by emphasising recent regulatory considerations by regulatory agencies in the manufacturing of 3DP systems or other medical devices during COVID. EXPERT OPINION New manufacturing techniques are emerging with the ability to address the challenges associated with the development of medical devices or diagnostics, during a pandemic. Are many challenges in order to achieve this and especially in short times that are required under a pandemic attack, which will also be covered in this manuscript.
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James AS, Alwneh JI. COVID-19 Infection Diagnosis: Potential Impact of Isothermal Amplification Technology to Reduce Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E399. [PMID: 32545412 PMCID: PMC7345291 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is largely driven by community transmission, after 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2) crosses the borders. To stop the spread, rapid testing is required at community clinics and hospitals. These rapid tests should be comparable with the standard PCR technology. Isothermal amplification technology provides an excellent alternative that is highly amenable to resource limited settings, where expertise and infrastructure to support PCR are not available. In this review, we provide a brief description of isothermal amplification technology, its potential and the gaps that need to be considered for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Among this emerging technology, loop-mediated amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and Nicking enzyme-assisted reaction (NEAR) technologies have been identified as potential platforms that could be implemented at community level, without samples referral to a centralized laboratory and prolonged turnaround time associated with the standard COVID-19 RT-PCR test. LAMP, for example, has recently been shown to be comparable with PCR and could be performed in less than 30 min by non-laboratory staff, without RNA extractions commonly associated with PCR. Interestingly, NEAR (ID NOW™ COVID-19 (Abbott, IL, USA) was able to detect the virus in 5 min. More so, isothermal platforms are cost effective and could easily be scaled up to resource limited settings. Diagnostics developers, scientific community and commercial companies could consider this alternative method to help stop the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameh S. James
- Good Clinical Practice Research Group, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
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Mboowa G. Current and emerging diagnostic tests available for the novel COVID-19 global pandemic. AAS Open Res 2020; 3:8. [PMID: 32537561 PMCID: PMC7255909 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13059.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) upgraded the status of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak from epidemic to a global pandemic. This infection is caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Several rapid diagnostic tests have been developed at an astonishing pace; however, COVID-19 requires more highly specific rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests. This review describes the currently available testing approaches, as well as the available test assays including the Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 test (takes
~45 min) and Abbott ID COVID-19 test (5 min) as easy to use point-of-care tests for diagnosis of novel COVID-19 that have so far received the US Food and Drug Administration emergency use authorizations clearance. This review is correct as of the date published and will be updated as more diagnostic tests come to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Mboowa
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, The Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Maia Chagas A, Molloy JC, Prieto-Godino LL, Baden T. Leveraging open hardware to alleviate the burden of COVID-19 on global health systems. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000730. [PMID: 32330124 PMCID: PMC7182255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the current rapid spread of COVID-19, global health systems are increasingly overburdened by the sheer number of people that need diagnosis, isolation and treatment. Shortcomings are evident across the board, from staffing, facilities for rapid and reliable testing to availability of hospital beds and key medical-grade equipment. The scale and breadth of the problem calls for an equally substantive response not only from frontline workers such as medical staff and scientists, but from skilled members of the public who have the time, facilities and knowledge to meaningfully contribute to a consolidated global response. Here, we summarise community-driven approaches based on Free and Open Source scientific and medical Hardware (FOSH) as well as personal protective equipment (PPE) currently being developed and deployed to support the global response for COVID-19 prevention, patient treatment and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Maia Chagas
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- TReND in Africa, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Gathering for Open Science Hardware
| | - Jennifer C. Molloy
- Gathering for Open Science Hardware
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia L. Prieto-Godino
- TReND in Africa, Brighton, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- FENS-KAVLI Network of Excellence
| | - Tom Baden
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- TReND in Africa, Brighton, United Kingdom
- FENS-KAVLI Network of Excellence
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Nguyen T, Duong Bang D, Wolff A. 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Paving the Road for Rapid Detection and Point-of-Care Diagnostics. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E306. [PMID: 32183357 PMCID: PMC7142866 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We believe a point-of-care (PoC) device for the rapid detection of the 2019 novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial and urgently needed. With this perspective, we give suggestions regarding a potential candidate for the rapid detection of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as factors for the preparedness and response to the outbreak of the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Dang Duong Bang
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Division of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark. Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800 Lyngby Denmark;
| | - Anders Wolff
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
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Low-cost Point-of-Care Biosensors Using Common Electronic Components as Transducers. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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A Novel Microfluidic Device Integrated with Chitosan-Modified Capillaries for Rapid ZIKV Detection. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020186. [PMID: 32054007 PMCID: PMC7074674 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) has posed a great challenge to public health in recent years. To address the urgent need of ZIKV RNA assays, we integrate the microfluidic chip embedded with chitosan-modified silicon dioxide capillaries, smartphone-based detection unit to be a C3-system for the rapid extraction and detection of ZIKV RNA. The C3-system is characterized by: (1) four chitosan-modified silicon dioxide capillaries integrated in the microfluidic chip for target ZIKV RNA enrichment and “in situ PCR” (polymerase chain reaction) amplification; (2) smartphone-based point of care (POC) device consisting of a pneumatic subsystem for controlling the nucleic acid extraction processes in the microfluidic chip, a heating subsystem for sample lysis and PCR amplification, and an optical subsystem for signal acquisition. The entire detection processes including sample lysis, ZIKV RNA enrichment, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is achieved in the microfluidic chip. Moreover, PCR buffers can be directly loaded into the chitosan-modified silicon dioxide capillaries for “in situ PCR”, in which the captured ZIKV RNA is directly used for downstream PCR without any loss. ZIKV RNA extracted by the C3-system can be successfully recovered at very low concentrations of 50 transducing units (TU)/mL from crude human saliva. This means that our method of detecting viremia in patients infected with ZIKV is reliable.
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Dossi N, Toniolo R, Terzi F, Grazioli C, Svigelj R, Gobbi F, Bontempelli G. A Simple Strategy for Easily Assembling 3D Printed Miniaturized Cells Suitable for Simultaneous Electrochemical and Spectrophotometric Analyses. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal ScienceUniversity of Udine via Cotonificio 108 I-33100 Udine Italy
| | - Rosanna Toniolo
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal ScienceUniversity of Udine via Cotonificio 108 I-33100 Udine Italy
| | - Fabio Terzi
- Department of Chemical and Geological ScienceUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia via Campi 183 I-41125 Modena Italy
| | - Cristian Grazioli
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal ScienceUniversity of Udine via Cotonificio 108 I-33100 Udine Italy
| | - Rossella Svigelj
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal ScienceUniversity of Udine via Cotonificio 108 I-33100 Udine Italy
| | - Filippo Gobbi
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal ScienceUniversity of Udine via Cotonificio 108 I-33100 Udine Italy
| | - Gino Bontempelli
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal ScienceUniversity of Udine via Cotonificio 108 I-33100 Udine Italy
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Fan Z, Geng Z, Fang W, Lv X, Su Y, Wang S, Chen H. Smartphone Biosensor System with Multi-Testing Unit Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Integrated with Microfluidics Chip. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20020446. [PMID: 31941128 PMCID: PMC7014366 DOI: 10.3390/s20020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Detecting biomarkers is an efficient method to diagnose and monitor patients’ stages. For more accurate diagnoses, continuously detecting and monitoring multiple biomarkers are needed. To achieve point-of-care testing (POCT) of multiple biomarkers, a smartphone biosensor system with the multi-testing-unit (SBSM) based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) integrated multi-channel microfluidics was presented. The SBSM could simultaneously record nine sensor units to achieve the detection of multiple biomarkers. Additional 72 sensor units were fabricated for further verification. Well-designed modularized attachments consist of a light source, lenses, a grating, a case, and a smartphone shell. The attachments can be well assembled and attached to a smartphone. The sensitivity of the SBSM was 161.0 nm/RIU, and the limit of detection (LoD) reached 4.2 U/mL for CA125 and 0.87 U/mL for CA15-3 through several clinical serum specimens testing on the SBSM. The testing results indicated that the SBSM was a useful tool for detecting multi-biomarkers. Comparing with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) results, the results from the SBSM were correlated and reliable. Meanwhile, the SBSM was convenient to operate without much professional skill. Therefore, the SBSM could become useful equipment for point-of-care testing due to its small size, multi-testing unit, usability, and customizable design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.F.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoxin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.F.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (H.C.)
- School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Weihao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.F.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.F.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Yue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.F.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shicai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Hongda Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.F.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Karayannis P, Petrakli F, Gkika A, Koumoulos EP. 3D-Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems-Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E825. [PMID: 31795128 PMCID: PMC6969929 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide a detailed strategy for Safe-by-Design (SbD) 3D-printed lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device manufacturing, using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology. First, the applicability of FFF in lab-on-a-chip device development is briefly discussed. Subsequently, a methodology to categorize, identify and implement SbD measures for FFF is suggested. Furthermore, the most crucial health risks involved in FFF processes are examined, placing the focus on the examination of ultrafine particle (UFP) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emission hazards. Thus, a SbD scheme for lab-on-a-chip manufacturing is provided, while also taking into account process optimization for obtaining satisfactory printed LOC quality. This work can serve as a guideline for the effective application of FFF technology for lab-on-a-chip manufacturing through the safest applicable way, towards a continuous effort to support sustainable development of lab-on-a-chip devices through cost-effective means.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elias P. Koumoulos
- Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions (IRES), Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79/22, 1080 Brussels, Belgium; (P.K.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
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Nguyen T, Anh Ngo T, Duong Bang D, Wolff A. Optimising the supercritical angle fluorescence structures in polymer microfluidic biochips for highly sensitive pathogen detection: a case study on Escherichia coli. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3825-3833. [PMID: 31625547 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00888h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, in-depth theoretical analysis and experimental results for the optimisation of supercritical angle fluorescence (SAF) structures in polymer microfluidic chips fabricated from a combination of micro-milling and polymer injection-moulding techniques for their application in the highly-sensitive detection of pathogens. In particular, we address experimentally and theoretically the relationship between the supercritical angle and the heights of the SAF structures embedded in the microfluidic chips to obtain optimised results where the highest fluorescence intensity is collected, and hence determining the optimised limit of detection (LOD). Together with theoretical modelling, we experimentally fabricate microarrays of SAF structures with different heights varying from zero to the order of 300 μm in cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) microfluidic chips. The results show that for fluorophores at the interface of air and COC, the highest fluorescence intensities are obtained at SAF structures with a 163 μm height for a milling tool with a 97.4 μm diameter, which is in excellent agreement with our modelling. A fluorescence LOD of 5.42 × 104 molecules is achieved when using such SAF structures. The solid-phase polymerase chain reaction (SP-PCR) on these SAF structures permits sensitive pathogen detection (3.37 × 102 copies of the E. coli genome per μL) on-chip. These results especially are of interest for applications in hypersensitive pathogen detection as well as in assisting the design of devices for point-of-care applications. Findings on the height optimization of SAF structures also advance our understanding of SAF detection techniques and provide insights into the development of fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Tien Anh Ngo
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Division of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dang Duong Bang
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Division of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Wolff
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Nguyen T, Chidambara Vinayaka A, Duong Bang D, Wolff A. A Complete Protocol for Rapid and Low-Cost Fabrication of Polymer Microfluidic Chips Containing Three-Dimensional Microstructures Used in Point-of-Care Devices. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10090624. [PMID: 31546811 PMCID: PMC6780813 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This protocol provides insights into the rapid, low-cost, and largescale fabrication of polymer microfluidic chips containing three-dimensional microstructures used in point-of-care devices for applications such as detection of pathogens via molecular diagnostic methods. The details of the fabrication methods are described in this paper. This study offers suggestions for researchers and experimentalists, both at university laboratories and in industrial companies, to prevent doom fabrication issues. For a demonstration of bio-application in point-of-care testing, the 3D microarrays fabricated are then employed in multiplexed detection of Salmonella (Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis), based on a molecular detection technique called solid-phase polymerase chain reaction (SP-PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Aaydha Chidambara Vinayaka
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Division of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Dang Duong Bang
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Division of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anders Wolff
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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A Nontoxic Battery with 3D-Printed Housing for On-Demand Operation of Microcontrollers in Microfluidic Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10090588. [PMID: 31487823 PMCID: PMC6780841 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcontrollers have a low energy consumption and are convenient tools for the operation and readout of small lab-on-a-chip devices. The operation of microcontrollers for data collection and analysis is key for measurements and statistics in field experiments. However, for portable lab-on-a-chip or point-of-care systems in low-resource settings, the availability of energy sources is a bottleneck. Here, we present a simple, nontoxic aluminum/air redox battery with a 3D-printed housing for on-demand operation of a sensor using a microcontroller for data collection. The battery is stored in a dry state and can be manufactured conveniently using off-the-shelf components and a simple 3D printer. It can be quickly assembled and operates a microcontroller for at least one hour in continuous operation mode. We demonstrate its performance by collecting data from a capacitive sensor capable of determining the conductivity of liquid samples. Such sensors can be used for, e.g., determining the water quality or phase formation in liquid mixtures. The sensor performance in determining different conductivities of nonconductive and conductive liquids in droplets is demonstrated.
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Chircov C, Grumezescu AM, Holban AM. Magnetic Particles for Advanced Molecular Diagnosis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2158. [PMID: 31284393 PMCID: PMC6651565 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis is the field that aims to develop nucleic-acid-based analytical methods for biological markers and gene expression assessments by combining laboratory medicine and molecular genetics. As it gradually becomes a clinical reality, molecular diagnosis could benefit from improvements resulting from thorough studies that could enhance the accuracy of these methods. The application of magnetic particles in molecular diagnosis tools has led to tremendous breakthroughs in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and discrimination in bioassays. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the principles involved in the implementation of magnetic particles for sample preparation and targeted analyte isolation, purification, and extraction. Furthermore, the most recent advancements in the area of cancer and infectious disease diagnosis are presented, with an emphasis on screening and early stage detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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Lace A, Ryan D, Bowkett M, Cleary J. Chromium Monitoring in Water by Colorimetry Using Optimised 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101803. [PMID: 31117215 PMCID: PMC6571720 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chromium contamination of drinking water has become a global problem due to its extensive use in industry. The most commonly used methods for chromium detection in water are laboratory-based methods, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. Although these methods are highly selective and sensitive, they require expensive maintenance and highly trained staff. Therefore, there is a growing demand for cost effective and portable detection methods that would meet the demand for mass monitoring. Microfluidic detection systems based on optical detection have great potential for onsite monitoring applications. Furthermore, their small size enables rapid sample throughput and minimises both reagent consumption and waste generation. In contrast to standard laboratory methods, there is also no requirement for sample transport and storage. The aim of this study is to optimise a colorimetric method based on 1,5-diphenylcarbazide dye for incorporation into a microfluidic detection system. Rapid colour development was observed after the addition of the dye and samples were measured at 543 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the range between 0.03-3 mg·L-1. The detection limit and quantitation limit were found to be 0.023 and 0.076 mg·L-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annija Lace
- EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Co. Carlow R93 V960, Ireland.
| | - David Ryan
- EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Co. Carlow R93 V960, Ireland.
| | - Mark Bowkett
- TE Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Loughmartin Business Park, Tullow, Co. Carlow R93 N529, Ireland.
| | - John Cleary
- EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Co. Carlow R93 V960, Ireland.
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Foster SW, Alirangues MJ, Naese JA, Constans E, Grinias JP. A low-cost, open-source digital stripchart recorder for chromatographic detectors using a Raspberry Pi. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:396-400. [PMID: 30975526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most critical aspects of chromatographic analysis is effective data acquisition and processing. Typical approaches include software platforms designed for specific instruments or commercial data acquisition hardware boards, both of which require expensive licenses to use and operate. To increase the access and affordability of chromatographic data acquisition, especially for systems in which software control has become obsolete or must be written in-house, an open-source digital stripchart recorder has been developed. This system is built upon a Raspberry Pi single-board computer and a plug-in printed circuit board with the necessary integrated circuits for data acquisition. Using an open-source software called Processing, a complete user interface to control the system was developed that enables the acquisition, filtering, and processing of chromatographic data. The system performs comparably to more expensive platforms, with calculated values for peak area, retention time, and plate count all within 3% of the values calculated by a widely used commercial chromatography data software package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Michael J Alirangues
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Joseph A Naese
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Eric Constans
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, United States.
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States.
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Nut and Bolt Microfluidics with Helical Minichannel for Counting CD4+ T-Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6010024. [PMID: 30875995 PMCID: PMC6466421 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed the prototype of an optical imaging-based point-of-care (POC) device for monitoring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression that can detect CD4+ T-lymphocytes in human blood. The proposed portable cell-counting system, Helios CD4 Analyzer (Helios), can acquire sample images and analyze the cells automatically using a simple fluorescence imaging module and sample cartridge with a three-dimensional (3D) helical minichannel. The helical minichannel formed on the cylindrical surface enables the sample cartridge to hold a cell suspension present in a fixed sample volume for absolute counting of the cells. With a given total channel length, the helical minichannel-based sample cartridge is smaller than the conventional sample cartridge with a planar microchannel. The implemented nut and bolt mechanism allows the scanning of a relatively large volume of the sample along the helical minichannel by just rotating the cylindrical chamber coupled with a single DC motor rather than using a two-axis motorized translation stage, which considerably simplifies the associated electromechanical parts. It has distinct advantages over the existing devices because of its small size and simple scanning mechanism. We optimized various imaging parameters to enhance the fluorescence detection efficiency of the prototype. Performance evaluations using human blood samples demonstrated good agreement for low CD4 count between the Helios and the PIMATM, one of the most widely used POC CD4+ analyzers.
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A Point-of-Care Device for Molecular Diagnosis Based on CMOS SPAD Detectors with Integrated Microfluidics. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19030445. [PMID: 30678225 PMCID: PMC6387092 DOI: 10.3390/s19030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We describe the integration of techniques and technologies to develop a Point-of-Care for molecular diagnosis PoC-MD, based on a fluorescence lifetime measurement. Our PoC-MD is a low-cost, simple, fast, and easy-to-use general-purpose platform, aimed at carrying out fast diagnostics test through label detection of a variety of biomarkers. It is based on a 1-D array of 10 ultra-sensitive Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) detectors made in a 0.18 μm High-Voltage Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (HV-CMOS) technology. A custom microfluidic polydimethylsiloxane cartridge to insert the sample is straightforwardly positioned on top of the SPAD array without any alignment procedure with the SPAD array. Moreover, the proximity between the sample and the gate-operated SPAD sensor makes unnecessary any lens or optical filters to detect the fluorescence for long lifetime fluorescent dyes, such as quantum dots. Additionally, the use of a low-cost laser diode as pulsed excitation source and a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to implement the control and processing electronics, makes the device flexible and easy to adapt to the target label molecule by only changing the laser diode. Using this device, reliable and sensitive real-time proof-of-concept fluorescence lifetime measurement of quantum dot QdotTM 605 streptavidin conjugate is demonstrated.
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Lace A, Ryan D, Bowkett M, Cleary J. Arsenic Monitoring in Water by Colorimetry Using an Optimized Leucomalachite Green Method. Molecules 2019; 24:E339. [PMID: 30669352 PMCID: PMC6359460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a global concern. Standard laboratory methods that are commonly used for arsenic detection in water, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, are not suitable for mass monitoring purposes. Autonomous microfluidic detection systems combined with a suitable colorimetric reagent could provide an alternative to standard methods. Moreover, microfluidic detection systems would enable rapid and cost efficient in situ monitoring of water sources without the requirement of laborious sampling. The aim of this study is to optimize a colorimetric method based on leucomalachite green dye for integration into a microfluidic detection system. The colorimetric method is based on the reaction of arsenic (III) with potassium iodate in acid medium to liberate iodine, which oxidizes leucomalachite green to malachite green. A rapid colour development was observed after the addition of the dye. Beer's law was obeyed in the range between 0.07⁻3 µg mL-1. The detection limit and quantitation limit were found to be 0.19 and 0.64 µg mL-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annija Lace
- EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, R93 V960 Co. Carlow, Ireland.
| | - David Ryan
- EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, R93 V960 Co. Carlow, Ireland.
| | - Mark Bowkett
- TE Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Loughmartin Business Park, Tullow, R93 N529 Co. Carlow, Ireland.
| | - John Cleary
- EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, R93 V960 Co. Carlow, Ireland.
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Migliozzi D, Guibentif T. Assessing the Potential Deployment of Biosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Developing Countries: Technological, Economic and Regulatory Aspects. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E119. [PMID: 30501052 PMCID: PMC6316672 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance are major burdens in developing countries, where very specific conditions impede the deployment of established medical infrastructures. Since biosensing devices are nowadays very common in developed countries, particularly in the field of diagnostics, they are at a stage of maturity at which other potential outcomes can be explored, especially on their possibilities for multiplexing and automation to reduce the time-to-results. However, the translation is far from being trivial. In order to understand the factors and barriers that can facilitate or hinder the application of biosensors in resource-limited settings, we analyze the context from several angles. First, the technology of the devices themselves has to be rethought to take into account the specific needs and the available means of these countries. For this, we describe the partition of a biosensor into its functional shells, which define the information flow from the analyte to the end-user, and by following this partition we assess the strengths and weaknesses of biosensing devices in view of their specific technological development and challenging deployment in low-resource environments. Then, we discuss the problem of cost reduction by pointing out transversal factors, such as throughput and cost of mistreatment, that need to be re-considered when analyzing the cost-effectiveness of biosensing devices. Beyond the technical landscape, the compliance with regulations is also a major aspect that is described with its link to the validation of the devices and to the acceptance from the local medical personnel. Finally, to learn from a successful case, we analyze a breakthrough inexpensive biosensor that is showing high potential with respect to many of the described aspects. We conclude by mentioning both some transversal benefits of deploying biosensors in developing countries, and the key factors that can drive such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Migliozzi
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Guibentif
- Energy Center, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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