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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Lu R, Zhao Q, Gao Y. The multiple mechanisms and therapeutic significance of rutin in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Fitoterapia 2024; 178:106178. [PMID: 39153555 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The global incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been steadily increasing, making it a leading chronic liver disease. MAFLD refers to a metabolic syndrome linked with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity. However, its pathophysiology is complex, there are currently no effective and approved medicines for therapy. Rutin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic flavonoid, is widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, and other plants. It exhibits a plethora of bioactive properties, such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities, making it an extremely promising phytochemical. Rutin has shown great potential in the treatment of a wide variety of metabolic diseases and received considerable attention in recent years. Fortuitously, various research studies have validated rutin's extensive biological functions in treating metabolic disorders. Despite the fact that the exact pathophysiological mechanisms through which rutin has a hepatoprotective effect on MAFLD are still not fully elucidated. This review comprehensively outlines rutin's multifaceted preventive and therapeutic effects in MAFLD, including the modulation of lipid metabolism, reduction of insulin resistance, diminution of inflammation and oxidative stress, combatting of obesity, and influence on intestinal flora. This paper details the known molecular targets and pathways of rutin in MAFLD pathogenesis. It endeavored to provide new ideas for treating MAFLD and accelerating its translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzhuo Wang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yingjuan Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Ruiling Lu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Qingwen Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Yue Gao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Zhejiang 310006, China.
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Lin YY, Lin YK, Lin YH, Chiang CF. Novel compounds of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum Koidz) increases collagen, antioxidants, inhibits adipogenesis. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:2763-2772. [PMID: 37452702 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2235064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz), is rich in nutrients and contains various bioactive components such as polyphenols and alkaloids. The new compound has a broad application prospect, including food additives, health products, drugs, etc. The purpose of this study was to find out new compounds from Djulis. It was found that 24 compounds including 7 phenols, 11 flavonoids, 4 plant alkaloids, 2 sterols. Among those, TCI-CF-22-S (Methyl 3,6-dihydroxy-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate), TCI-CF-23-S (Methyl 6-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate), TCI-CF-24-S (Kaempferol-3-O-b-D-apifuranosyl-(1→2)-a-L-arabinopyranoside) were isolated from djulis sources for the first time, and the structures of compounds were assigned by 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy. TCI-CF-01(Caffeic acid), TCI-CF-02 (20-Hydroxyecdysone), TCI-CF-03 (Japonicone), TCI-CF-04 (3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetiate), TCI-CF-05 (Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-rhamnopyranoside), TCI-CF-06 (Guanosine), TCI-CF-07(Adenine), TCI-CF-08 (Coumaric acid) increased collagen production, and TCI-CF-03 (Japonicone), TCI-CF-04 (3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetiate), TCI-CF-06 (Guanosine), TCI-CF-17 (Rutin), TCI-CF-20 (Protocatechuic acid) decreased advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In addition, TCI-CF-22-S (Methyl 6-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate), TCI-CF-23-S (Methyl 3,6-dihydroxy-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate) inhibited the formation of fatty oil droplets. Djulis has 24 compounds that may have various applications, including increasing collagen production and reducing advanced glycation end products and fatty oil droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-You Lin
- Research & Design Center, TCI CO., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kai Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Fu Chiang
- Research & Design Center, TCI CO., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
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Huang YC, Tung CL, Ho ST, Li WS, Li S, Tung YT, Wu JH. Nutraceutical Potential of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) Hull: Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity, and Liver Protection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:721. [PMID: 38929160 PMCID: PMC11201270 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum), a traditional Taiwanese crop enriched with phenolic compounds and betalain pigments, is associated with various health benefits, including antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. This study analysed the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of extracts from both the hull and kernel of Djulis. The hull extract, which contained higher levels of flavonoids and exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to the kernel extract, was selected for further in vivo studies. These experiments showed that oral administration of the Djulis hull crude extract significantly mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reducing plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and enhancing liver levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). Additionally, the extract demonstrated potential in inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, a critical signalling pathway in inflammation and apoptosis, offering insights into its protective mechanisms. These findings underscore Djulis hull's potential as a functional food ingredient for ALI prevention and propose a valuable application for agricultural by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Tung
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
| | - Shang-Tse Ho
- Department of Wood Based Materials and Design, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Sung Li
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Advanced Plant and Food Crop Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Wu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant and Food Crop Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Eseberri I, Gómez-Maqueo A, Trepiana J, Gómez-López I, Proença C, Cano MP, Portillo MP. In Vitro Screening and Lipid-Lowering Effect of Prickly Pear (Opuntia Ficus-Indica L. Mill.) Fruit Extracts in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes and Mature Adipocytes. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 79:143-150. [PMID: 38206481 PMCID: PMC10891207 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Opuntia ficus-indica fruits have been widely used due to their nutritional composition and beneficial effects on health, particularly against chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, among others. In recent years, prickly pear peel and pulp extracts have been characterised, and a high number of bioactive compounds have been identified. This study aimed to analyse the triglyceride-lowering effect of prickly pear peel and pulp extracts obtained from fruits of three varieties (Pelota, Sanguinos, and Colorada) in 3T3-L1 maturing and mature adipocytes. At a concentration of 50 µg/mL, peel extracts from Colorada reduced triglyceride accumulation in pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes. Additionally, at 25 µg/mL, Pelota peel extract decreased triglyceride content in mature adipocytes. Moreover, maturing pre-adipocytes treated with 50 and 25 µg/mL of Sanguinos pulp extract showed a reduction of triglyceride accumulation. In addition, the lipid-lowering effect of the main individual betalain and phenolic compounds standards were assayed. Piscidic acid and isorhamnetin glycoside (IG2), found in Colorada peel extract, were identified as the bioactive compounds that could contribute more notably to the triglyceride-lowering effect of the extract. Thus, the betalain and phenolic-rich extracts from Opuntia ficus indica fruits may serve as an effective tool in obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Eseberri
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain.
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain.
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrea Gómez-Maqueo
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology of Food, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jenifer Trepiana
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Gómez-López
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology of Food, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carina Proença
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Pilar Cano
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology of Food, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Maria P Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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An Innovative Mei-Gin Formula Exerts Anti-Adipogenic and Anti-Obesity Effects in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050945. [PMID: 36900462 PMCID: PMC10000739 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the potential anti-obesity properties of an innovative functional formula (called the Mei-Gin formula: MGF) consisting of bainiku-ekisu, Prunus mume (70% ethanol extract), black garlic (water extract), and Mesona procumbens Hemsl. (40% ethanol extract) for reducing lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro and obese rats in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS The prevention and regression of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity by the intervention of Japan Mei-Gin, MGF-3 and -7, and positive health supplement powder were investigated in male Wistar rats. The anti-obesity effects of MGF-3 and -7 in rats with HFD-induced obesity were examined by analyzing the role of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the development of obesity. RESULTS The results indicated that MGF-1-7 significantly suppressed lipid accumulation and cell differentiation through the down-regulation of GPDH activity, as a key regulator in the synthesis of triglycerides. Additionally, MGF-3 and MGF-7 exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The high-fat diet increased body weight, liver weight, and total body fat (visceral and subcutaneous fat) in obese rats, while these alterations were effectively improved by the administration of MGF-3 and -7, especially MGF-7. CONCLUSION This study highlights the role of the Mei-Gin formula, particularly MGF-7, in anti-obesity action, which has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for the prevention or treatment of obesity.
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Inhibition Effect of Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis via Activation of AMPK in Preadipocytes Treated with Canavalia gladiata Extract. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032108. [PMID: 36768430 PMCID: PMC9916869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Canavalia gladiata extract (CGE) on the regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and evaluate the adipogenesis and lipogenesis mechanisms. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, lipid accumulation and differentiation were suppressed by 1.1, 1.3, and 1.4 times under the CGE treatment at 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. The expression of the main genes involved in the inhibition of adipogenesis was evaluated at the mRNA level via a transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The extract at 1.0 mg/mL increased the mRNA expressions of AMPK and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) by 1.9 and 1.2 times, respectively, while it decreased the expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) by 1.1, 1.2, 1.8, and 1.5 times, respectively, indicating inhibition of the adipogenesis and lipogenesis potential of CGE. Gallic acid (4.02 mg/g) was identified as the main component of the CGE via LC-MS/MS and HPLC analysis. The results of this study suggested that CGE can be utilized as an anti-obesity food additive or medication by activating the AMPK-induced regulation and suppressing adipogenesis transcription factors.
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Development of Functional Fermented Dairy Products Containing Taiwan Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) in Regulating Glucose Utilization. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Taiwan djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) is a plant native to Taiwan and is a grain rich in nutrients, vitamins, and minerals with antioxidant properties. This paper aimed to use appropriate processing technology and incorporate probiotics, thus combining Taiwan’s high-quality milk sources to develop Taiwan djulis fermented dairy products. Later, FL83B cells have used to evaluate the glucose utilization ability after the administration of djulis. We first screened Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and combined it with the traditional yogurt strains Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus for cultivation. Further, the fermentation process was optimized where 7.5% djulis and an inoculum of 107 colony forming unit/mL were fermented at 40 °C for 18 h. Compared to fermented milk without djulis, the analysis of various nutrients and active ingredients showed that free radical scavenging abilities of DPPH and ABTS reached 2.3 and 2.0 times (752.35 ± 29.29 µg and 771.52 ± 3.79 µg TE/g, respectively). The free phenol content increased 2.5 times (169.90 ± 14.59 mg gallic acid/g); the total flavonoid content enhanced 4.8 times (3.05 ± 0.03 mg quercetin/g), and the gamma-aminobutyric acid content was 3.07 ± 0.94 mg/g. In a co-culture of mouse liver cells with fermented products, 100 ppm ethanol extract of fermented products effectively improved glucose utilization with increased glucose transporter expression. This functional fermented dairy product can be developed into the high value added local agricultural products and enhance multiple applications including medical and therapeutic fields.
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Deng X, Chen B, Luo Q, Zao X, Liu H, Li Y. Hulless barley polyphenol extract inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and obesity related-enzymes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:933068. [PMID: 35990339 PMCID: PMC9389463 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.933068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by excessive lipid accumulation, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of adipose cells. Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f.) is the principal crop grown in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Polyphenols, the major bioactive compound in hulless barley, possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. However, the anti-obesity effect of hulless barley polyphenol (HBP) extract has not been explored. Therefore, the current study assessed the impact of HBP extract on preventing obesity. For this purpose, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of HBP extract against obesity-related enzymes. Moreover, we investigated the effect of HBP extract on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis through 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results demonstrated that HBP extract could inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase (α-GLU), and lipase in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, HBP extract inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, the extract suppressed the expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), regulating fatty acid synthase (FAS), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). It was also observed that HBP extract alleviated intracellular lipid accumulation by attenuating oxidative stress. These findings specify that HBP extract could inhibit obesity-related enzymes, adipocyte differentiation, and adipogenesis. Therefore, it is potentially beneficial in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bi Chen
- School of Life and Health Science, Kaili University, Kaili, China
| | - Qin Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingru Zao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Haizhe Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Jarvis DE, Sproul JS, Navarro-Domínguez B, Krak K, Jaggi K, Huang YF, Huang TY, Lin TC, Jellen EN, Jeff Maughan P. Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the hexaploid Taiwanese goosefoot 'djulis' (Chenopodium formosanum). Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6650271. [PMID: 35881674 PMCID: PMC9356728 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) is a crop grown since antiquity in Taiwan. It is a BCD-genome hexaploid (2n = 6x = 54) domesticated form of lambsquarters (C. album L.) and a relative of the allotetraploid (AABB) C. quinoa. As with quinoa, djulis seed contains a complete protein profile and many nutritionally important vitamins and minerals. While still sold locally in Taiwanese markets, its traditional culinary uses are being lost as diets of younger generations change. Moreover, indigenous Taiwanese peoples who have long safeguarded djulis are losing their traditional farmlands. We used PacBio sequencing and Hi-C-based scaffolding to produce a chromosome-scale, reference-quality assembly of djulis. The final genome assembly spans 1.63 Gb in 798 scaffolds, with 97.8% of the sequence contained in 27 scaffolds representing the nine haploid chromosomes of each sub-genome of the species. BUSCO results indicated that 98.5% of the conserved orthologous genes for Viridiplantae are complete within the assembled genome, with 92.9% duplicated, as expected for a polyploid. A total of 67.8% of the assembly is repetitive, with the most common repeat being Gypsy long terminal repeat retrotransposons, which had significantly expanded in the B sub-genome. Gene annotation using Iso-Seq data from multiple tissues identified 75,056 putative gene models. Comparisons to quinoa showed strong patterns of synteny which allowed for the identification of homoeologous chromosomes, and sub-genome-specific sequences were used to assign homoeologs to each sub-genome. These results represent the first hexaploid genome assembly and the first assemblies of the C and D genomes of the Chenopodioideae subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Jarvis
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - John S Sproul
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | | | - Karol Krak
- Department of Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kate Jaggi
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Yung Fen Huang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu Yun Huang
- Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Taitung City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu Che Lin
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Eric N Jellen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - P Jeff Maughan
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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Lyu JL, Liu YJ, Wen KC, Chiu CY, Lin YH, Chiang HM. Protective Effect of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) Extract against UV- and AGEs-Induced Skin Aging via Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Collagen Degradation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072332. [PMID: 35408731 PMCID: PMC9000422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process involving photoaging and glycation stress, which share some fundamental pathways and have common mediators. They can cause skin damage and collagen degradation by inducing oxidative stress and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chenopodium formosanum (CF), also known as Djulis, is a traditional cereal in Taiwan. This study investigated the protection mechanisms of CF extract against ultraviolet (UV) radiation and advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced stress. The results indicated that CF extract had strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects. It could reduce UV-induced intracellular ROS generation and initiate the antioxidant defense system by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway in human skin fibroblasts. CF extract modulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and transformed growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways to alleviate oxidative stress-induced skin aging. Moreover, the results revealed that CF extract not only promoted collagen synthesis but also improved aging-induced collagen degradation. CF extract attenuated AGEs-induced ROS production and the upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE). The overall results suggest that CF extract provides an effective anti-aging strategy by preventing skin damage from oxidative stress and collagen loss with potent antioxidant, anti-photoaging, and antiglycation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Lyu
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (J.-L.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Institute of New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Liu
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (J.-L.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Wen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Yuan Chiu
- Center of Consultation, Center for Drug Evaluation, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Hsiang Lin
- Research and Design Center, TCI Co., Ltd., Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (J.-L.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366-5302
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11
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Jampa M, Sutthanut K, Weerapreeyakul N, Tukummee W, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S. Multiple Bioactivities of Manihot esculenta Leaves: UV Filter, Anti-Oxidation, Anti-Melanogenesis, Collagen Synthesis Enhancement, and Anti-Adipogenesis. Molecules 2022; 27:1556. [PMID: 35268656 PMCID: PMC8911860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cassava root is an important global agro-industrial crop that yields cassava leaf as a left-over co-product of interest for further development as a sustainable resource of health and cosmeceutical active compounds. This work aimed to investigate the cosmeceutical potential and chemical composition of an ethanolic cassava leaf extract (BM). rutin, apigenin, and kaempferol were found to be major constituents via HPLC-DAD UV analysis. Interestingly, the multiple beneficial bioactivities of BM for cosmeceutical applications were manifested in a dose-dependent manner, including anti-oxidation in a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, anti-melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells, collagen synthesis enhancement in human fibroblasts, and anti-adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, the potential of the collagen synthesis enhancement of BM and rutin was significant when compared to ascorbic acid. Additionally, a UV filter property comparable to BEMT with characteristics of board spectral absorption and constant high absorptivity throughout all UV wavelength ranges was exhibited by UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis. In conclusion, the cassava leaf was found to be a potential natural cosmeceutical active agent with multiple cosmeceutical-related bioactivities with respect to a substantial composition of bioactive flavonols. These obtained data will support and encourage the further study and development of cassava leaves as potential economic and sustainable sources of bioactive agents for health and cosmeceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuschanok Jampa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (M.J.); (N.W.)
- Human High Performance & Health Promotion Research Institute (HHP&HP Research Institute), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (J.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Khaetthareeya Sutthanut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (M.J.); (N.W.)
- Human High Performance & Health Promotion Research Institute (HHP&HP Research Institute), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (J.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Natthida Weerapreeyakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (M.J.); (N.W.)
- Human High Performance & Health Promotion Research Institute (HHP&HP Research Institute), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (J.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Wipawee Tukummee
- Human High Performance & Health Promotion Research Institute (HHP&HP Research Institute), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (J.W.); (S.M.)
- Department of Physiology (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- Human High Performance & Health Promotion Research Institute (HHP&HP Research Institute), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (J.W.); (S.M.)
- Department of Physiology (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suparporn Muchimapura
- Human High Performance & Health Promotion Research Institute (HHP&HP Research Institute), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (J.W.); (S.M.)
- Department of Physiology (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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12
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Chu CC, Chen SY, Chyau CC, Wang SC, Chu HL, Duh PD. Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) and Its Bioactive Compounds Protect Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells from Oxidative Injury Induced by Particulate Matter via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2021; 27:253. [PMID: 35011484 PMCID: PMC8746626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effects of water extracts of djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) (WECF) and their bioactive compounds on particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative injury in A549 cells via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling were investigated. WECF at 50-300 µg/mL protected A549 cells from PM-induced cytotoxicity. The cytoprotection of WECF was associated with decreases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) contents. WECF increased Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in A549 cells exposed to PM. SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) and U0126 (an ERK inhibitor) attenuated the WECF-induced Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. According to the HPLC-MS/MS analysis, rutin (2219.7 µg/g) and quercetin derivatives (2648.2 µg/g) were the most abundant bioactive compounds present in WECF. Rutin and quercetin ameliorated PM-induced oxidative stress in the cells. Collectively, the bioactive compounds present in WECF can protect A549 cells from PM-induced oxidative injury by upregulating Nrf2 and HO-1 via activation of the ERK and JUN signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710402, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ying Chen
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan;
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu County, Taichung 43302, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Chen Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Heuy-Ling Chu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Pin-Der Duh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (H.-L.C.)
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Tung YT, Zeng JL, Ho ST, Xu JW, Lin IH, Wu JH. Djulis Hull Improves Insulin Resistance and Modulates the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Hyperglycaemia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:45. [PMID: 35052549 PMCID: PMC8772896 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we annotated the major flavonoid glycoside, rutin, of djulis hull crude extract using a Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) library and its MS/MS spectra. To evaluate the protective effect of djulis hull crude extract and rutin on glucose tolerance, we fed mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce hyperglycaemia. These results showed that crude extract significantly decreased HFD-induced elevation in the area under the curve (AUC) of weekly random blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), and advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels, and significantly increased pIRS1 and Glut4 protein expression in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and liver. Furthermore, the HFD-induced reduction in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) was reversed by crude extract. In addition, ZO-1 and occludin protein expression in the colon was markedly downregulated in HFD-fed mice, resulting in decreased intestinal permeability and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation, but were restored following crude extract. Moreover, the crude extract intervention had a profound effect on the alpha diversity and microbial community in the gut microbiota. Therefore, djulis hull crude extract could improve blood glucose and increase insulin receptor sensitivity in HFD-induced hyperglycaemia, which is likely due to its modulation of the gut microbiota, preservation of the integrity of the intestinal barrier to reduce body inflammation, increased antioxidant activity, and modulation of insulin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Lan Zeng
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.-L.Z.); (J.-W.X.)
| | - Shang-Tse Ho
- Department of Wood Based Materials and Design, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
| | - Jin-Wei Xu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.-L.Z.); (J.-W.X.)
| | - I-Hsuan Lin
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Wu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.-L.Z.); (J.-W.X.)
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Red Quinoa Bran Extract Prevented Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Increasing Antioxidative System and Repressing Fatty Acid Synthesis Factors in Mice Fed Alcohol Liquid Diet. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226973. [PMID: 34834064 PMCID: PMC8624810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is metabolized in liver. Chronic alcohol abuse results in alcohol-induced fatty liver and liver injury. Red quinoa (Chenopodium formosanum) was a traditional staple food for Taiwanese aborigines. Red quinoa bran (RQB) included strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory polyphenolic compounds, but it was usually regarded as the agricultural waste. Therefore, this study is to investigate the effect of water and ethanol extraction products of RQB on the prevention of liquid alcoholic diet-induced acute liver injury in mice. The mice were given whole grain powder of red quinoa (RQ-P), RQB ethanol extract (RQB-E), RQB water extract (RQB-W), and rutin orally for 6 weeks, respectively. The results indicated that RQB-E, RQB-W, and rutin decreased alcoholic diet-induced activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and the levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and hepatic triglyceride. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of liver tissues showed that RQB-E and RQB-W reduced lipid droplet accumulation and liver injury. However, ethanol extraction process can gain high rutin and antioxidative agents contents from red quinoa, that showed strong effects in preventing alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver injury via increasing superoxide dismutase/catalase antioxidative system and repressing the expressions of fatty acid synthesis enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
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15
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Tung YT, Zeng JL, Ho ST, Xu JW, Li S, Wu JH. Anti-NAFLD Effect of Djulis Hull and Its Major Compound, Rutin, in Mice with High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Obesity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1694. [PMID: 34829565 PMCID: PMC8615009 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and the increasing trend of NAFLD has burdened the healthcare system. NAFLD encompasses a wide range of liver pathologies, from simple benign hepatocyte steatosis to more severe inflammatory nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) is traditionally used as a native cereal and a food supplement that promotes human health through its antioxidant, hepatoprotection, skin protection, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antitumor effects. Djulis hull, regarded as agricultural waste, is usually removed during food processing and contains high rutin content. The present study evaluated the anti-NAFLD effect of Djulis hull and its major compound, rutin, in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into one of five diet groups (n = 6 per group) and fed the following for 16 weeks: (1) normal diet group (ND), (2) HFD group (HFD), (3) HFD and oral gavage of low dose (50 mg/kg) of Djulis hull crude extract group (HFD/LCE), (4) HFD and oral gavage of high dose (250 mg/kg) of Djulis hull crude extract group (HFD/HCE), or (5) HFD and oral gavage (50 mg/kg) of rutin (HFD/R) group. We found that Djulis hull crude extract markedly reduced HFD-induced elevation in body weight and fat around the kidney weights, hepatic injury indicators (AST and ALT), and steatosis and hypertrophy. Furthermore, Djulis hull crude extract administration significantly affected DG(20:4/18:1), PA(22:0/17:1), PC(10:0/17:0), and PA(18:4/20:5) in HFD-induced obese mice. In addition, treating HFD-induced obese rats with Djulis hull crude extract significantly increased fatty acid oxidation by increasing the protein expression of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, and hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in the liver. Moreover, the administration of Djulis hull crude extract significantly decreased the inflammatory response (PPARγ, IL-6, and TNF-α) to modulate oxidative damage. Therefore, Djulis hull crude extract attenuated the progression of NAFLD by reducing inflammation mediated by PPARγ and enhancing the expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation mediated by AMPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Lan Zeng
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.-L.Z.); (J.-W.X.)
| | - Shang-Tse Ho
- Department of Wood Based Materials and Design, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
| | - Jin-Wei Xu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.-L.Z.); (J.-W.X.)
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Jyh-Horng Wu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.-L.Z.); (J.-W.X.)
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16
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Chen HY, Hsieh CW, Chen PC, Lin SP, Lin YF, Cheng KC. Development and Optimization of Djulis Sourdough Bread Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria for Antioxidant Capacity. Molecules 2021; 26:5658. [PMID: 34577129 PMCID: PMC8468284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study developed a nutritionally valuable product with bioactive activity that improves the quality of bread. Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum), a native plant of Taiwan, was fermented using 23 different lactic acid bacteria strains. Lactobacillus casei BCRC10697 was identified as the ideal strain for fermentation, as it lowered the pH value of samples to 4.6 and demonstrated proteolysis ability 1.88 times higher than controls after 24 h of fermentation. Response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the djulis fermentation conditions for trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The optimal conditions were a temperature of 33.5 °C, fructose content of 7.7%, and dough yield of 332.8, which yielded a TEAC at 6.82 mmol/kg. A 63% increase in TEAC and 20% increase in DPPH were observed when compared with unfermented djulis. Subsequently, the fermented djulis was used in different proportions as a substitute for wheat flour to make bread. The total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were 4.23 mg GAE/g and 3.46 mg QE/g, marking respective increases of 18% and 40% when the djulis was added. Texture analysis revealed that adding djulis increased the hardness and chewiness of sourdough breads. It also extended their shelf life by approximately 2 days. Thus, adding djulis to sourdough can enhance the functionality of breads and may provide a potential basis for developing djulis-based functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yueh Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (P.-C.C.)
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (P.-C.C.)
| | - Shin-Pin Lin
- School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Fen Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (P.-C.C.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Kuo HC, Kwong HK, Chen HY, Hsu HY, Yu SH, Hsieh CW, Lin HW, Chu YL, Cheng KC. Enhanced antioxidant activity of Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. by lactic acid bacteria: Optimization of fermentation conditions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249250. [PMID: 33974647 PMCID: PMC8112705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, different probiotics commonly used to produce fermented dairy products were inoculated independently for Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. fermentation. The strain with the highest level of antioxidant activity was selected and the fermentation process was further optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). Lactobacillus plantarum BCRC 11697 was chosen because, compared to other lactic acid bacteria, it exhibits increased free radical scavenging ability and can produce more phenolic compounds, DPPH (from 72.6% to 93.2%), and ABTS (from 64.2% to 76.9%). Using RSM, we further optimize the fermentation protocol of BCRC 11697 by adjusting the initial fermentation pH, agitation speed, and temperature to reach the highest level of antioxidant activity (73.5% of DPPH and 93.8% of ABTS). The optimal protocol (pH 5.55, 104 rpm, and 24.4°C) resulted in a significant increase in the amount of phenolic compounds as well as the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging ability of BCRC 11697 products. The IC50 of the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging ability were 0.33 and 2.35 mg/mL, respectively, and both protease and tannase activity increased after RSM. An increase in lower molecular weight (<24 kDa) protein hydrolysates was also observed. Results indicated that djulis fermented by L. plantarum can be a powerful source of natural antioxidants for preventing free radical-initiated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, CGUST, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ho Ki Kwong
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yueh Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu-Han Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (KCC); (YLC)
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (KCC); (YLC)
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Dong Y, Li Q, Geng J, Cao Q, Zhao D, Jiang M, Li S, Lu C, Liu Y. The TonB system in Aeromonas hydrophila NJ-35 is essential for MacA 2B 2 efflux pump-mediated macrolide resistance. Vet Res 2021; 52:63. [PMID: 33926565 PMCID: PMC8082627 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The TonB system is generally considered as an energy transporting device for the absorption of nutrients. Our recent study showed that deletion of this system caused a significantly increased sensitivity of Aeromonas hydrophila to the macrolides erythromycin and roxithromycin, but had no effect on other classes of antibiotics. In this study, we found the sensitivity of ΔtonB123 to all macrolides tested revealed a 8- to 16-fold increase compared with the wild-type (WT) strain, but this increase was not related with iron deprivation caused by tonB123 deletion. Further study demonstrated that the deletion of tonB123 did not damage the integrity of the bacterial membrane but did hinder the function of macrolide efflux. Compared with the WT strain, deletion of macA2B2, one of two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) types of the macrolide efflux pump, enhanced the sensitivity to the same levels as those of ΔtonB123. Interestingly, the deletion of macA2B2 in the ΔtonB123 mutant did not cause further increase in sensitivity to macrolide resistance, indicating that the macrolide resistance afforded by the MacA2B2 pump was completely abrogated by tonB123 deletion. In addition, macA2B2 expression was not altered in the ΔtonB123 mutant, indicating that any influence of TonB on MacA2B2-mediated macrolide resistance was at the pump activity level. In conclusion, inactivation of the TonB system significantly compromises the resistance of A. hydrophila to macrolides, and the mechanism of action is related to the function of MacA2B2-mediated macrolide efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Geng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Shougang Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Chu CC, Chen SY, Chyau CC, Wu YC, Chu HL, Duh PD. Anticancer activity and mediation of apoptosis in hepatoma carcinoma cells induced by djulis and its bioactive compounds. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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20
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Jeevanandam J, Chan YS, Danquah MK. Cytotoxicity and insulin resistance reversal ability of biofunctional phytosynthesized MgO nanoparticles. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:489. [PMID: 33123456 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the cytotoxicity of hexagonal MgO nanoparticles synthesized via Amaranthus tricolor leaf extract and spherical MgO nanoparticles synthesized via Amaranthus blitum and Andrographis paniculata leaf extracts. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis showed that the hexagonal MgO nanoparticles synthesized from A. tricolor extract demonstrated the least toxicity to both diabetic and non-diabetic cells at 600 μl/ml dosage. The viability of the diabetic cells (3T3-L1) after incubation with varying dosages of MgO nanoparticles was observed to be 55.3%. The viability of normal VERO cells was 86.6% and this stabilized to about 75% even after exposure to MgO nanoparticles dosage of up to 1000 μl/ml. Colorimetric glucose assay revealed that the A. tricolor extract synthesized MgO nanoparticles resulted in ~ 28% insulin resistance reversal. A reduction in the expression of GLUT4 protein at 54 KDa after MgO nanopaSrticles incubation with diabetic cells was observed via western blot analysis to confirm insulin reversal ability. Fluorescence microscopic analysis with propidium iodide and acridine orange dyes showed the release of reactive oxygen species as a possible mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of MgO nanoparticles. It was inferred that the synergistic effect of the phytochemicals and MgO nanoparticles played a significant role in delivering enhanced insulin resistance reversal capability in adipose cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Yen San Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN 37403 USA
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Antiproliferative Effect and Mediation of Apoptosis in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells Induced by Djulis Husk and Its Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101514. [PMID: 33096832 PMCID: PMC7590215 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiproliferative effect and mediation of apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells induced by djulis husk and its bioactive compounds was investigated. The ethanolic extracts of djulis husk (EEDH) at 50, 250, and 500 µg/mL induced remarkable cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells. By flow cytometry analysis, EEDH slowed down the cell cycle at the Sub-G0 phase after 24 h of incubation. Moreover, all EEDH treatment induced an apoptotic response in HepG2 cells. EEDH-induced apoptosis was associated with the attenuation of mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (ΔΨm), an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activation of caspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage, as well as an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. According to the HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS analysis, quercetin and kaempferol derivatives and another sixteen compounds were present in EEDH. Quercetin and kaempferol at 25–150 μM showed antiproliferative action and induced apoptosis on HepG2 cells, which may in part account for the anticancer activity of EEDH. Overall, EEDH may be a potent chemopreventive agent due to apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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22
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Farha AK, Gan RY, Li HB, Wu DT, Atanasov AG, Gul K, Zhang JR, Yang QQ, Corke H. The anticancer potential of the dietary polyphenol rutin: Current status, challenges, and perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:832-859. [PMID: 33054344 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1829541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rutin is one of the most common dietary polyphenols found in vegetables, fruits, and other plants. It is metabolized by the mammalian gut microbiota and absorbed from the intestines, and becomes bioavailable in the form of conjugated metabolites. Rutin exhibits a plethora of bioactive properties, making it an extremely promising phytochemical. Numerous studies demonstrate that rutin can act as a chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agent, and its anticancer effects can be mediated through the suppression of cell proliferation, the induction of apoptosis or autophagy, and the hindering of angiogenesis and metastasis. Rutin has been found to modulate multiple molecular targets involved in carcinogenesis, such as cell cycle mediators, cellular kinases, inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors, drug transporters, and reactive oxygen species. This review summarizes the natural sources of rutin, its bioavailability, and in particular its potential use as an anticancer agent, with highlighting its anticancer mechanisms as well as molecular targets. Additionally, this review updates the anticancer potential of its analogs, nanoformulations, and metabolites, and discusses relevant safety issues. Overall, rutin is a promising natural dietary compound with promising anticancer potential and can be widely used in functional foods, dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals for the prevention and management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arakkaveettil Kabeer Farha
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Khalid Gul
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Rong Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong-Qiong Yang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, China
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23
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Zakłos-Szyda M, Pietrzyk N, Szustak M, Podsędek A. Viburnum opulus L. Juice Phenolics Inhibit Mouse 3T3-L1 Cells Adipogenesis and Pancreatic Lipase Activity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072003. [PMID: 32640537 PMCID: PMC7400830 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viburnum opulus L. fruit is a rich source of phenolic compounds that may be involved in the prevention of metabolic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Viburnum opulus fresh juice (FJ) and juice purified by solid-phase extraction (PJ) on the adipogenesis process with murine 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line and pancreatic lipase activity in triolein emulsion, as well as their phenolic profiles by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Decrease of lipids and triacylglycerol accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were in concordance with downregulation of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPβ/α), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Furthermore, regulation of PPARγ-mediated β-lactamase expression by V. opulus components in reporter gene assay, as well as their binding affinity to ligand-binding domain of PPARγ, were tested. In addition, the levels of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, like fatty acid synthase (FAS) or acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), were decreased, along with inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα), interleukin-6 (Il-6) and leptin. Moreover, FJ and PJ were able to inhibit pancreatic lipase, which potentially could reduce the fat absorption from the intestinal lumen and the storage of body fat in the adipose tissues. Thirty-two phenolic compounds with chlorogenic acid as the dominant compound were identified in PJ which revealed significant biological activity. These data contribute to elucidate V. opulus juice phenolic compounds’ molecular mechanism in adipogenesis regulation in 3T3-L1 cells and dietary fat lipolysis.
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Yu B, Pu Y, Liu J, Liao J, Chen K, Zhang J, Zhong W, Hu Y, Wang XQ, Liu B, Liu H, Tan W. Targeted delivery of emodin to adipocytes by aptamer-functionalized PEG-PLGA nanoparticles in vitro. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Zhao J, Li H, Yin Y, An W, Qin X, Wang Y, Li Y, Fan Y, Cao Y. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of Lycium ruthenicum and Lycium barbarum fruits during ripening. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4354. [PMID: 32152358 PMCID: PMC7062791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Red wolfberry (or goji berry, Lycium barbarum; LB) is an important agricultural product with a high content of pharmacologically important secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids. A close relative, black wolfberry (L. ruthenicum; LR), endemic to the salinized deserts of northwestern China, is used only locally. The two fruits exhibit many morphological and phytochemical differences, but genetic mechanisms underlying them remain poorly explored. In order to identify the genes of interest for further studies, we studied transcriptomic (Illumina HiSeq) and metabolomic (LC-MS) profiles of the two fruits during five developmental stages (young to ripe). As expected, we identified much higher numbers of significantly differentially regulated genes (DEGs) than metabolites. The highest numbers were identified in pairwise comparisons including the first stage for both species, but total numbers were consistently somewhat lower for the LR. The number of differentially regulated metabolites in pairwise comparisons of developmental stages varied from 66 (stages 3 vs 4) to 133 (stages 2 vs 5) in both species. We identified a number of genes (e.g. AAT1, metE, pip) and metabolites (e.g. rutin, raffinose, galactinol, trehalose, citrulline and DL-arginine) that may be of interest to future functional studies of stress adaptation in plants. As LB is also highly suitable for combating soil desertification and alleviating soil salinity/alkalinity/pollution, its potential for human use may be much wider than its current, highly localized, relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Haoxia Li
- Desertification Control Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750002, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Wei An
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xiaoya Qin
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Yanlong Li
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Yunfang Fan
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Youlong Cao
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, China.
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Lee CW, Chen HJ, Chien YH, Hsia SM, Chen JH, Shih CK. Synbiotic Combination of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) and Lactobacillus acidophilus Inhibits Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010103. [PMID: 31905929 PMCID: PMC7019357 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Djulis is a functional grain containing prebiotic dietary fiber, which has an anti-cancer potential. This study examined the preventive effect of djulis alone or in combination with Lactobacillus acidophilus on colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Rats were divided into five groups and fed B (AIN-93G, blank), C (AIN-93G, control), D (10% djulis), DLA (10% djulis plus 5 × 106 cfu L. acidophilus/g), and DHA (10% djulis plus 5 × 107 cfu L. acidophilus/g) diets, respectively. All rats except for those in group B received three doses of DMH (40 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection and 3% DSS in drinking water. After 10 weeks of feeding, the colon was analyzed for precancerous lesions and biomarkers. DMH and DSS treatment induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF), especially in the distal colon. D, DLA, and DHA significantly reduced the numbers of total ACF, sialomucin-producing ACF (SIM-ACF), and mucin-depleted foci (MDF) in the distal colon compared to C. Additionally, DLA and DHA further downregulated the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and regulated apoptosis-related proteins. These results suggest that synbiotic combination of djulis and L. acidophilus shows the best inhibitory effect on colon carcinogenesis via regulation of proliferative, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Lee
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.)
| | - Hong-Jhang Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hua Chien
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.)
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Hwa Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Kuang Shih
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.)
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-(2)-2736-1661 (ext. 6569)
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27
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Djulis ( Chenopodium Formosanum) Prevents Colon Carcinogenesis via Regulating Antioxidative and Apoptotic Pathways in Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092168. [PMID: 31509964 PMCID: PMC6769785 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Djulis is a cereal crop rich in polyphenols and dietary fiber that may have nutraceutical activity to prevent colon cancer. This study was designed to examine the preventive effect of djulis on colon carcinogenesis in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Rats were fed different AIN-93G-based diets: groups N and DMH were fed AIN-93G diet and groups LD, MD, and HD were fed AIN-93G diet containing 5, 10, and 20% djulis, respectively. All rats except for group N were injected with DMH to induce colon carcinogenesis. After 10 weeks, rats were sacrificed and colon and liver tissues were collected for analysis. The results showed that djulis-treated rats had significantly lower numbers of colonic preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), sialomucin-producing (SIM)-ACF, and mucin-depleted foci. Djulis treatment increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in colon and liver. Djulis also reduced p53, Bcl-2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expressions and increased Bax and caspase-9 expressions. Besides, phenolic compounds and flavonoids were found rich in djulis. These results demonstrate the chemopreventive effect of djulis on carcinogen-induced colon carcinogenesis via regulating antioxidative and apoptotic pathways in rats. Djulis may have the potential to be developed as a valuable cereal product for chemoprevention of colon cancer.
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28
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Zemmyo D, Miyata S. Evaluation of Lipid Accumulation Using Electrical Impedance Measurement under Three-Dimensional Culture Condition. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10070455. [PMID: 31284585 PMCID: PMC6680657 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The degeneration of adipocyte has been reported to cause obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other diseases. To treat these diseases, an effective in vitro evaluation and drug-screening system for adipocyte culture is required. The objective of this study is to establish an in vitro three-dimensional cell culture system to enable the monitoring of lipid accumulation by measuring electrical impedance, and to determine the relationship between the impedance and lipid accumulation of adipocytes cultured three dimensionally. Consequently, pre-adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells, were cultured and differentiated to the adipocytes in our culture system, and the electrical impedance of the three-dimensional adipocyte culture at a high frequency was related to the lipid accumulation of the adipocytes. In conclusion, the lipid accumulation of adipocytes could be evaluated in real time by monitoring the electrical impedance during in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Zemmyo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shogo Miyata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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29
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Lechner JF, Stoner GD. Red Beetroot and Betalains as Cancer Chemopreventative Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:E1602. [PMID: 31018549 PMCID: PMC6515411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is the process whereby a normal cell is transformed into a neoplastic cell. This action involves several steps starting with initiation and followed by promotion and progression. Driving these stages are oxidative stress and inflammation, which in turn encompasses a myriad of aberrant gene expressions, both within the transforming cell population and the cells within the surrounding lesion. Chemoprevention of cancer with bioreactive foods or their extracted/purified components occurs via normalizing these inappropriate gene activities. Various foods/agents have been shown to affect different gene expressions. In this review, we discuss whereby the chemoprevention activities of the red beetroot itself may disrupt carcinogenesis and the activities of the water-soluble betalains extracted from the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Lechner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Gary D Stoner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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A new triterpene diglycoside from the roots of Bupleurum chinense DC. and its inhibitory effect on adipogensis in 3T3-L1 cells. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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