Anti-Inflammatory Action and Mechanisms of Resveratrol

High mobility group box 1 cytokine targeted topical delivery of resveratrol embedded nanoemulgel for the management of atopic dermatitis

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound showing anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of high mobility group box 1 cytokine responsible for the activation of nuclear factor-κB pathway in atopic dermatitis. To evaluate the efficacy of resveratrol through topical route we have developed resveratrol-loaded nanoemulgel for the effective management of atopic dermatitis in mice model. The resveratrol-loaded nanoemulsion (0.5%, 0.75% and 1% w/w) was optimized by spontaneous nano-emulsification. The optimized resveratrol-loaded nanoemulsions showed average globule size in the 180-230 nm range and found to be monodispersed. The resveratrol nanoemulgel was prepared with a SEPINEO™ P 600 gel base and propylene glycol. Ex vivo permeation and retention study resulted in significantly higher skin retention of resveratrol from resveratrol-loaded nanoemulgel than free resveratrol-loaded gel. Preclinical efficacy of resveratrol nanoemulgel displayed promising therapeutic outcomes where, western blotting of skin tissues disclosed a significant reduction in the relative expression of high mobility group box 1, the receptor for advanced glycation end products, toll-like receptor-4 and phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB. Further, real-time polymerase chain reaction also disclosed a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin-4, interleukin-13, interleukin-31, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. The histopathological examination of skin sections showed improvement in the skin condition. Collectively, the findings from our study showcased the significant improvement in the atopic dermatitis skin condition in mice model after topical application of resveratrol loaded nanoemulgel.

Dietary phytochemicals alleviate the premature skin aging: A comprehensive review

Skin aging, often called as premature skin aging, is the hastened deterioration of the skin resulting from multiple factors, including UV radiation, environmental contaminants, inadequate nutrition, stress, etc. Dietary phytochemicals, present in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-derived meals, have gained interest due to their efficiency to eradicate free radicals and lowering the release of inflammatory mediators which accounts for premature skin aging. Several dietary phytochemicals, i.e., carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, phytosterols, etc., exhibited potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, suppression of UV damage, and promote collagen synthesis. In addition, dietary phytochemicals include sulfur, present in various foods safeguard the skin against oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, this article delves into the comprehension of various dietary phytochemicals investigated to alleviate the premature skin aging. The article further highlights specific phytochemicals and their sources, bioavailability, mechanisms, etc., in the context of safeguarding the skin against oxidative stress and inflammation. The present manuscript is a systematic comprehension of the available literature on dietary phytochemicals and skin aging in various database, i.e., PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar using the keywords, i.e., "dietary phytochemicals", "nutraceuticals", "skin aging" etc., via Boolean operator, i.e., "AND". The dietary guidelines presented in the manuscript is a unique summarization for a broad reader to understand the inclusion of various functional foods, nutrients, supplements, etc., to prevent premature skin aging. Thus, the utilization of dietary phytochemicals has shown a promising avenue in preventing skin aging, however, the future perspectives and challenges of such phytochemicals should be comprehended via clinical investigations.

Novel Glycyrrhetin Ureas Possessing 2-Hydroxy-3-enone A Ring: Modification, Anti-inflammatory Activity, and Targeted STING for the Remedy of Acute Kidney Injury

Glycyrrhetin urea has emerged as a privileged scaffold with anti-inflammatory activity for the treatment and prevention of acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, structural modifications of the A ring of glycyrrhetinic acid yielded a series of urea derivatives, among which compound 7o exhibited the most promising anti-inflammatory activity. 7o was confirmed to interact with STING through a cellular heat shift assay and to inhibit the STING/NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 cells. It acted on the STING pathway, inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation, and subsequently reduced the level of release of inflammatory factors. Additionally, 7o significantly increased the survival rate of renal tubular epithelial cells, demonstrating a protective effect against cisplatin-induced cell death and mitigating inflammation activation. The in vivo AKI mouse model showed that 7o significantly downregulated serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), thereby improving renal function. Morphological analysis revealed that 7o attenuated the cisplatin-induced renal tubular injury. Therefore, 7o represents a promising lead for the prevention and treatment of AKI.

Phytobiotics in poultry: revolutionizing broiler chicken nutrition with plant-derived gut health enhancers

As the global population continues to expand, the demand for broiler chicken production to supply safe and high-quality meat is increasing. To meet this ever-growing demand, broiler chickens with enhanced growth performance are being developed, but they often face challenges related to oxidative stress, which can adversely affect gut health. Phytobiotics, which are plant-derived feed additives known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, immune-modulating, and growth-promoting properties, have emerged as promising natural alternatives to synthetic antibiotics. This review consolidates recent advancements in the use of phytobiotics-derived products from leaves, roots, seeds, flowers, and their extracts in broiler diets reared under standard experimental conditions, without the introduction of stressors. The focus is on elucidating the key mechanisms through which phytobiotics improve gut health, including their effects on gut morphology, integrity, microflora composition, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. The review highlights the potential of phytobiotics to revolutionize broiler nutrition by acting as natural enhancers of gut health. Research findings reveal that phytobiotics significantly improve intestinal health, and boost growth performance, offering a sustainable approach to managing to gut dysfunction. These findings indicate a potential shift in how gut-health related challenges in broilers can be addressed, moving towards natural phytobiotic therapy. However, several challenges persist. Optimizing the dosage of phytobiotics, ensuring consistent performance, and overcoming the limitations related to their extraction and application are key areas requiring further investigation. The review emphasizes the importance of continued research to refine phytobiotic formulations, explore synergistic effects, and incorporate advanced technologies such as AI-driven methods and precision nutrition to tailor feeding strategies more effectively. Additionally, the development of innovative delivery systems, such as nanoencapsulation, is suggested as a way to enhance the effectiveness and reliability of phytobiotics. By highlighting the potential of phytobiotics to revolutionize broiler nutrition, this review supports the poultry industry's shift towards antibiotic-free and sustainable dietary solutions, offering new perspectives on the future of broiler chicken production.

Polyphenols mitigating inflammatory mechanisms in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): focus on the NF-ƙB and JAK/STAT pathways

The term "inflammatory bowel disease" (IBD) refers to a group of chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders, which include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The necessity for alternative therapeutic approaches is underscored by the fact that although present medicines are successful, they frequently result in considerable adverse effects. Naturally occurring substances included in fruits and vegetables called polyphenols have been shown to have the capacity to control important inflammatory pathways including NF-κB and JAK/STAT, which are essential for the pathophysiology of IBD. The processes by which polyphenols, such as curcumin, EGCG, resveratrol, and quercetin, reduce inflammation are examined in this article. Polyphenols may have therapeutic advantages by blocking the synthesis of cytokines and the activation of immune cells by targeting these pathways. Preclinical study indicates a reduction in intestinal inflammation, which is encouraging. However, more clinical research is needed to determine the clinical relevance of polyphenols in the therapy of IBD, especially with regard to their long-term safety and bioavailability.

Effect of resveratrol on spermatogenesis in breeding boars and the proteomic analysis for testes

Effect of resveratrol (RSV) on spermatogenesis and the mechanism of resveratrol in promoting spermatogenesis of breeding boars was explored by feeding sexually mature Duroc boars with normal diet and 20 mg/kg resveratrol diet for 14 days to the control group and experimental group, respectively. Semen volume, sperm density, motility, viability and abnormality rate were analyzed on day 0, 7, and 14. Blood samples were collected, and levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) in serum were analyzed. On day 14, the testis tissue was collected for antioxidant and proteomics analysis etc. The semen volume, sperm density, motility, and viability of the experimental group and the contents of serum FSH, LH, T and plasma SOD activity were significantly higher than those in the control group. However, the serum IL-6, TNF-α and plasma MDA were remarkably lower in experimental group. The above results showed that resveratrol can simulate spermatogenesis in breeding boars. Proteomic results demonstrated that three differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were up-regulated and 12 DEPs were down-regulated; ODF1, calmodulin, Cabs1, and Hp were involved in spermatogenesis; and the main enriched metabolic pathway is steroid hormone synthesis pathway. Therefore, the improvement in sperm quality by resveratrol may be achieved by regulating the changes in outer dense fiber 1, calmodulin, spermatid specific 1, and haptoglobin expression and steroid synthesis pathway.

Development of optimized resveratrol/piperine-loaded phytosomal nanocomplex for isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction treatment

Cardiovascular disease is a significant and ever-growing concern, causing high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Conventional therapy is often very precarious and requires long-term usage. Several phytochemicals, including Resveratrol (RSV) and Piperine (PIP), possess significant cardioprotection and may be restrained in clinical settings due to inadequate pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, this study strives to develop an optimized RSV phytosomes (RSVP) and RSV phytosomes co-loaded with PIP (RPP) via solvent evaporation method using Box-Behnken design to enhance the pharmacokinetic properties in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI). The optimized particle size (20.976 ± 0.39 and 176.53 ± 0.88 nm), zeta potential (-33.33 ± 1.5 and -48.7 ± 1.6 mV), drug content (84.57 ± 0.9 and 87.16 ± 0.6%), and %EE (70.56 ± 0.7 and 67.60 ± 0.57%) of the prepared RSVP and RPP, respectively demonstrated enhanced solubility and control release in diffusion media. The oral administration of optimized RSVP and RPP in myocardial infarction-induced rats exhibited significant (p < 0.001) improvement in heart rate, ECG, biomarker, anti-oxidant levels, and no inflammation than pure RSV. The pharmacokinetic assessment on healthy Wistar rats exhibited prolonged circulation (>24 h) of RSVP and RPP compared to free drug/s. The enhanced ability of RSVP and RPP to penetrate bio-membranes and enter the systemic circulation renders them a more promising strategy for mitigating MI.

Efficacy of resveratrol supplementation on lipid profile parameters: An umbrella of meta-analysis

Several studies have evaluated the effects of resveratrol supplementation on lipid profile parameters in humans and have demonstrated varying results. We systematically evaluated the literature and performed an umbrella meta-analysis of the effects of resveratrol supplementation on lipid profile. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the following databases; PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published up to November 2023. According to the standardized mean difference (SMD) analysis, resveratrol supplementation was effective in reducing serum triglyceride (TG) (SMD = -0.14 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -0.24, -0.03; p = 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = -0.20, 95 % CI: -0.31, -0.08; p= 0.001), but not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (SMD = 0.00, 95 % CI: -0.04, 0.05; p =0.92), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) (SMD = -0.16 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -0.40, 0.07; p =0.17). In the weighted mean difference analysis, resveratrol did not significantly decrease lipid profile parameters. Resveratrol supplementation reduces TC and TG (based on SMD analysis), but it does not significantly affect other indices. However, these significant decreases are not clinically important. Therefore, resveratrol only can be considered as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in managing dyslipidemia.

Resveratrol inhibits white adipose deposition by the ESR1-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Excessive adipose accumulation is the primary cause of obesity. Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenolic compound, has garnered significant attention for its anti-obesity properties. However, the precise mechanisms by which RES influences fat deposition have not yet been explored. In this study, the aim was to identify the target proteins and associated pathways of RES in order to elucidate the mechanisms by which RES reduces fat deposition. In this study, mice were administered 400 mg/kg of RES via gavage for 12 weeks. We found that while 400 mg/kg RES had no impact on the growth of the mice, it significantly reduced the weight of various white adipose tissues, as well as the serum and liver concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Network pharmacology identified 15 potential targets of RES and highlighted the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway as a key pathway. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations suggested that ESR1 might be the target protein through which RES exerts its anti-fat deposition effects. In vitro experiments revealed that ESR1 promotes the proliferation and inhibits the differentiation of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, and suppresses the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Silencing the ESR1 gene altered the ability of RES to inhibit cell differentiation via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Gene expression results in subcutaneous adipose tissue, epididymal fat tissue, and liver tissue of mice were consistent with observations in cells. In summary, RES reduces white fat deposition by directly targeting the ESR1 protein and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our findings provide new insights into the potential use of RES in the prevention and treatment of obesity.

Functionalisation and behaviours of polysaccharides conjugated with phenolic compounds by oxidoreductase catalysis: A review

Polysaccharides have been extensively studied in recent decades. Their conjugation with phenolic compounds of natural origin has demonstrated high added value, not only enhancing certain inherent properties but also introducing new ones. Recently, a sustainable approach utilizing oxidoreductase enzymes (Oxredases) (laccases (Lac), tyrosinases (Tyr) and peroxidases (Per)) has been employed, and interesting progress has been made. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various Oxredases employed and the reaction mechanisms involved in the grafting of phenolic compounds (PCs) onto polysaccharides (PSs). We provide a detailed analysis of these reaction mechanisms based on modified polymer structural analysis techniques and supported by model reactions. The impacts of different reaction parameters on the final products are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the properties of conjugated PS-PC are extensively explored to provide an overview of their physicochemical and functional behaviours. A comparison of the PS-PC conjugates obtained via the Oxredase approach and other existing chemical- and radical-mediated approaches is also presented, emphasizing the benefits of this enzymatic pathway. Finally, a critical analysis is proposed to identify areas of improvement, aiming to further refine this environmentally friendly approach for conjugating PSs and PCs and its scalability for industrial applications.

Resveratrol alleviates Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate-induced mitophagy, ferroptosis, and immunological dysfunction in grass carp hepatocytes by regulating the Nrf2 pathway

Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is the major biologically active metabolite of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). This MEHP mono-ester metabolite can be transported through the bloodstream into tissues such as the liver, kidneys, fat, and testes and cause corresponding damage. Resveratrol (RSV) has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and detoxification characteristics. Our research examined whether RSV alleviates MEHP-induced grass carp hepatocyte (L8824 cell) injury and its relationship with the Nrf2 pathway, mitophagy, ferroptosis, and immune function. Therefore, we treated L8824 cells with 85 μM MEHP and/or 2 μM RSV. The findings indicated that exposing MEHP resulted in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in L8824 cells, which induced an up-regulation of the expression of mitophagy-related indicators (PINK1, Parkin, Beclin1, LC3B, and ATG5) and a down-regulation of P62. An up-regulation of the expression of the ferroptosis-related indicators TFR1 and COX-2, and GPX4 and FTH expression was down-regulated. In addition, there was a decrease in the expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ and an increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 after exposure to MEHP. RSV activates the Nrf2 pathway and effectively alleviates MEHP-induced mitophagy, ferroptosis, and immunologic dysfunction of L8824 cells.

Coinhibitory Effects of Resveratrol- and Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice Seed Extracts Against Melanogenic Activities in Melan-a Cells

In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the combined antimelanogenic effects of resveratrol- and protopanaxadiol (PPD)-enriched rice seed extracts (DJ526 and DJ-PPD) in melan-a cells. The treatment antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the ABTS radical scavenging method. TR_3 (70% [wight (w)/w] of DJ526 and 30% [w/w] of DJ-PPD) markedly increased the antioxidant activity at a level similar to that of DJ526 and DJ-PPD alone. The antimelanogenic activities in melan-a cells were evaluated after co-culturing of treatments at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. The in vitro melan-a cell experiment showed that treatment with the DJ526 and DJ-PPD mixture significantly reduced the cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content; suppressed the expression of melanogenesis-related genes and proteins; decreased the number and size of melanin-containing cells; upregulated phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and protein kinase B expression levels; and suppressed the expression of p-p38 MAPK. These results show that DJ-PPD does not interfere with the antioxidant and antimelanogeneic activities of DJ526 but enhances the antioxidant and antimelanogeneic activities of DJ526. These findings indicate the potential of resveratrol- and PPD-enriched rice seeds as novel agents for controlling hyperpigmentation.

Resveratrol and Female Fertility: A Systematic Review

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound that may have multiple influences on human health, including antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, antioxidant, insulin-sensitizing, cardioprotective and vasodilating activities. Growing evidence also suggests a potential positive effect of resveratrol on female fertility. The aim of the present study was to collate and appraise the scientific literature on the relationship between resveratrol and female fertility. We systematically searched Medline, PubMed, Web of Science and Embase from the databases' inception (1951, 1951, 1947 and 1900, respectively) until 9th May 2024. All in vivo or in vitro retrospective or prospective studies reporting the effects of resveratrol interventions on women's fertility were included. We ultimately incorporated twenty-four studies into a systematic review with a narrative summary of the results; of those studies, nine were performed on women seeking natural or assisted fertility, and fifteen were in vitro studies performed on human cells and tissues in different stages of the reproductive cascade. The current literature, though limited, suggests that resveratrol may play a role in female infertility. Specifically, it may significantly and positively impact reproductive outcomes, owing to its potential therapeutic effects improving ovarian function. Further studies are now needed to better understand resveratrol's effects and define the optimal dosage and periods of intake to maximize beneficial effects, as well as to prevent adverse outcomes on implantation, subsequent pregnancy and the fetus.

Effects of resveratrol supplementation on inflammatory markers, fatigue scale, fasting blood sugar and lipid profile in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes, has been studied extensively for its potential benefits on metabolic markers and inflammation. While promising results have been observed in animal studies and some human trials, the overall evidence is mixed. Moreover, elevated inflammatory markers have been closely linked to more severe symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Therefore, strategies to reduce systemic inflammation could potentially improve outcomes for MS patients. So we aimed to examine the effectiveness of resveratrol supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS), in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded parallel clinical trial.

METHODS

A total of 55 subjects with MS were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to the two groups who were supplemented with resveratrol at a dose of 500 mg/day or received placebo capsules for 8 weeks. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Malondialdehyde (MDA), fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein - cholesterol (HDL-C), and the degree of fatigue were measured at baseline and after the intervention.

RESULTS

Resveratrol treatment significantly decreased TNF-α (P < 0.001), and MDA (P < 0.001) compared to the placebo. The respective increase and decrease in FBS and HDL levels were seen in both groups, while the change in participants receiving resveratrol was significantly less pronounced. Changes in the levels of TG and fatigue scale remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that resveratrol supplementation exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in patients with MS.Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT20230315057731N1.

Resveratrol Enhances the Efficacy of Combined BM-MSCs Therapy for Rat Spinal Cord Injury via Modulation of the Sirt-1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a severe trauma to the central nervous system, resulting in significant disability and imposing heavy burdens on families and society. Pathophysiological changes following SCI often trigger secondary injuries that complicate treatment. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have become a focal point of research due to their multifunctionality and self-renewal capabilities; however, their survival and neuroprotective functions are compromised in inflammatory environments. Resveratrol, known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-oxidative stress properties, has been extensively studied. This research focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol post-SCI and its combined application with BM-MSCs to treat rat spinal cord injuries, exploring both efficacy and mechanisms. In vivo experiments investigated changes in the Sirt-1 signaling pathway post-SCI, while in vitro studies examined the effects of resveratrol on BM-MSCs under inflammatory conditions. The assessment included recovery of motor function, neuronal survival, and apoptosis in SCI rats treated with resveratrol alone or in combination with BM-MSCs. Findings reveal a correlation between Sirt-1 and inflammation signaling pathways post-injury. Resveratrol significantly enhanced the survival and efficacy of BM-MSCs in inflammatory environments by upregulating Sirt-1 and downregulating NF-κB and other inflammatory markers, thereby reducing apoptosis. Combined treatment with resveratrol and BM-MSCs showed superior outcomes in motor function recovery and neuronal survival compared to treatment with BM-MSCs alone. This study offers a novel therapeutic strategy for SCI, enhancing stem cell survival and function through modulation of the Sirt-1/NF-κB pathway, providing a theoretical and experimental foundation for clinical applications.

Effects of Resveratrol on Adipocytes: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Obesity, a prevalent global health issue, arises from an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, leading to the expansion of adipose tissue and metabolic dysfunction. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores energy as lipids, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a pivotal role in energy dissipation through adaptive thermogenesis. Recent research initiatives have focused on finding strategies to decrease adipogenesis and fat mass accumulation and increase thermogenesis. Finding chemicals with anti-obesity properties would be beneficial. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound abundantly found in the skin of grapes and red wine, possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity properties. This literature review examines the effects of resveratrol on adipocytes in culture and adipose tissue in animal models of obesity. The existing evidence indicates that resveratrol may exert its anti-obesity effects by inhibiting adipogenesis, promoting the apoptosis of mature adipocytes, reducing lipid accumulation, and increasing thermogenesis. Further research utilizing animal and clinical studies is required to understand in detail the anti-obesity potential of resveratrol.

Resveratrol prevents offspring's behavioral impairment associated with immunogenic stress during pregnancy

Evidence suggests that prenatal maternal immunological stress is associated with an increased risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders in the developing offspring. Protecting the embryo during this critical period of neurodevelopment, when the brain is especially vulnerable, is therefore crucial. Polyphenols, with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, offer promising therapeutic approaches. This study demonstrated a series of behavioral changes induced by maternal immune activation (MIA) triggered by an antigenic solution derived from the H1N1 virus. These changes include significant differences in anxiety and risk assessment behaviors, increased immobility in the forced swim test, impairments in memory and object recognition, and social deficits resembling autism. The phenolic compound resveratrol (RSV) was evaluated for its in vitro antioxidant capacity and characterized using infrared spectroscopy. Administering RSV from embryonic day 14 (E14) to embrionyc day 19 (E19) during MIA effectively reduced its harmful effects on the offspring. This was evidenced by a significant restoration of social behaviors, memory, and recognition, as well as anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in the adult offspring. These findings contribute to new therapeutic strategies for preventing psychiatric disorders associated with neurodevelopmental stressors.

Natural plant polyphenols contribute to the ecological and healthy swine production

The absence of trace amounts of natural bioactive compounds with important biological activities in traditional dietary models for global farm animals, coupled with an incomplete theoretical system for animal nutrition, has led to unbalanced and inadequate animal nutrition. This deficiency has adversely impacted animal health and the ecological environment, presenting formidable challenges to the advancement of the swine breeding industry in various countries around the world toward high-quality development. Recently, due to the ban of antibiotics for growth promotion in swine diets, botanical active compounds have been extensively investigated as feed additives. Polyphenols represent a broad group of plant secondary metabolites. They are natural, non-toxic, pollution-free, and highly reproducible compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and metabolic activities. Accordingly, polyphenols have been widely studied and used as feed additives in swine production. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, classification, current application situation, general properties of polyphenols, and the latest research advances on their use in swine production. Additionally, the research and application bottlenecks and future development of plant polyphenols in the animal feed industry are reviewed and prospected. This review aims to stimulate the in-depth study of natural plant polyphenols and the research and development of related products in order to promote the green, healthy, and high-quality development of swine production, while also providing ideas for the innovation and development in the theoretical system of animal nutrition.

Investigation of resveratrol as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications for gout and hyperuricemia

Gout predominantly stems from hyperuricemia, precipitating the accumulation of urate crystals and consequent joint inflammation, swelling, and pain, thereby compromising the quality of life and presenting a formidable medical dilemma. Although conventional treatments like allopurinol and febuxostat target uric acid reduction via xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition, they often entail adverse effects, prompting the exploration of safer alternatives. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound abundant in fruits and vegetables, has emerged as a potential XO inhibitor. However, its precise inhibitory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to comprehensively investigate resveratrol's XO inhibition through mechanistic insights, molecular docking simulations, animal model experiments, and biochemical analysis, contributing valuable insights to the development of novel therapeutics for hyperuricemia and gout.

Collagen/PCL electrospun fibers loaded with polyphenols: Curcumin and resveratrol comparison

Curcumin (Cur) and resveratrol (Rsv) have already been proposed for both anti-tumor and wound healing applications and contrasting results have been published regarding their anti- or pro-angiogenic activity; depending on the final application, an anti- or a pro-angiogenic activity is required. In the present study, a comparison of Cur and Rsv loaded electrospun fibers based on collagen and polycaprolactone (PCL) mixture was performed in order to make a contribution to understanding whether the two polyphenols have anti or pro-angiogenic activity. Despite their hydrophobic character, the two polyphenols affected morphology and wettability of the fibers, and Rsv-loaded fibers resulted larger and more quickly wettable. After hydration, collagen/PCL fibers loaded with both Cur and Rsv exhibited higher elongation and better deformation with respect to the unloaded fibers. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis showed interactions between the polyphenols and collagen. Both fiber formulations resulted biocompatible with an increase of fibroblast number during 7 days of culture; confocal microscopy analyses demonstrated that Cur released by the fibers was internalized by the cells which remained vital and adherent. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay showed that both fibers had anti-angiogenic behavior, suggesting that an anti-cancer application more than a wound healing one could be envisaged.

Plant extracts and omega-3 supplementation modulate hippocampal oxylipin profile in response to LPS-induced neuroinflammation

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN

Neuroinflammation is a protective mechanism but can become harmful if chronic and/or unregulated, leading to neuronal damage and cognitive alterations. Limiting inflammation and promoting resolution could be achieved with nutrients such as grapes and blueberries polyphenols, saffron carotenoids, and omega-3, which have anti-inflammatory and proresolutive properties.

METHODS

This study explored the impact of 18-day supplementation with plant extracts (grape, blueberry and saffron), omega-3 or both (mix) on neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 250 µg/kg) in 149 mice at different time points post-LPS treatment (30 min, 2 h, 6 h). Inflammatory, oxidative and neuroprotective gene expression; oxylipin quantification; and fatty acid composition were analyzed at each time point. PCA analysis was performed with all these biomarkers.

RESULTS

Mix supplementation induced changes in the resolution of inflammation. In fact, the production of proinflammatory mediators in the hippocampus started earlier in the supplemented group than in the LPS group. Pro-resolving mediators were also found in higher quantities in supplemented mice. These changes were associated with increased hippocampal antioxidant status at 6 h post-LPS.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that such dietary interventions with plant extracts, and omega-3 could be beneficial in preventing neuroinflammation and, consequently, age-related cognitive decline. Further research is needed to explore the effects of these supplements on chronic inflammation in the context of aging.

Resveratrol: Challenges and prospects in extraction and hybridization with nanoparticles, polymers, and bio-ceramics

Resveratrol (RSV), a bioactive natural phenolic compound found in plants, fruits, and vegetables, has garnered significant attention in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its remarkable biological and pharmacological activities. Despite its potential in treating various diseases, its poor pharmacokinetic properties, such as low solubility, stability, bioavailability, and susceptibility to rapid oxidation, limit its biomedical applications. Recent advancements focus on incorporating resveratrol into innovative materials like nanoparticles, polymers, and bio-ceramics to enhance its properties and bioavailability. In this review, an exhaustive literature search was conducted from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to explore these advancements, to compares conventional and innovative extraction methods, and to highlights resveratrol's therapeutic potential, including its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-cancerogenic, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardio-protective properties. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of hybrid materials combining resveratrol with nanoparticles, polymers, and bio-ceramics for therapeutic applications. Rigorous studies are still needed to confirm their clinical efficacy.

Research advances in citrus polyphenols: green extraction technologies, gut homeostasis regulation, and nano-targeted delivery system application

Citrus polyphenols can modulate gut microbiota and such bi-directional interaction that can yield metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to aid in gut homeostasis. Such interaction provides citrus polyphenols with powerful prebiotic potential, contributing to guts' health status and metabolic regulation. Citrus polyphenols encompass unique polymethoxy flavonoids imparting non-polar nature that improve their bioactivities and ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Green extraction technology targeting recovery of these polyphenols has received increasing attention due to its advantages of high extraction yield, short extraction time, low solvent consumption, and environmental friendliness. However, the low bioavailability of citrus polyphenols limits their applications in extraction from citrus by-products. Meanwhile, nano-encapsulation technology may serve as a promising approach to improve citrus polyphenols' bioavailability. As citrus polyphenols encompass multiple hydroxyl groups, they are potential to interact with bio-macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides in nano-encapsulated systems that can improve their bioavailability. This multifaceted review provides a research basis for the green and efficient extraction techniques of citrus polyphenols, as well as integrated mechanisms for its anti-inflammation, alleviating metabolic syndrome, and regulating gut homeostasis, which is more capitalized upon using nano-delivery systems as discussed in that review to maximize their health and food applications.

Pleiotropic Effects of Resveratrol on Aging-Related Cardiovascular Diseases-What Can We Learn from Research in Dogs?

Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenol with natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is found in abundance in plants, i.e., grapes and mulberry fruit. In addition, synthetic forms of RES exist. Since the discovery of its specific biological properties, RES has emerged as a candidate substance not only with modeling effects on the immune response but also as an important factor in preventing the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous research provided strong evidence of the effects of RES on platelets, mitochondria, cardiomyocytes, and vascular endothelial function. In addition, RES positively affects the coagulation system and vasodilatory function and improves blood flow. Not only in humans but also in veterinary medicine, cardiovascular diseases have one of the highest incidence rates. Canine and human species co-evolved and share recent evolutionary selection processes, and interestingly, numerous pathologies of companion dogs have a human counterpart. Knowledge of the impact of RES on the cardiovascular system of dogs is becoming clearer in the literature. Dogs have long been recognized as valuable animal models for the study of various human diseases as they share many physiological and genetic similarities with humans. In this review, we aim to shed light on the pleiotropic effects of resveratrol on cardiovascular health in dogs as a translational model for human cardiovascular diseases.

Anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol in treating interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a multi-faceted approach integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation

This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Resveratrol (RES) in the treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) by integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation. Potential targets of RES were identified using DrugBank and SwissTargetPrediction, while IC/BPS-related targets were obtained from DisGeNET and Genecards. Molecular docking was performed using UCSF Chimera and SwissDock to validate the binding affinity of RES to key targets. Experimental validation involved treating TNF-α induced urothelial cells with RES, followed by assessments using RT-qPCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. A total of 86 drug targets and 211 disease targets were analyzed, leading to the identification of 8 key therapeutic targets for RES in IC/BPS treatment. Molecular docking revealed a strong affinity of RES for ESR2, with notable interactions also observed with SHBG, PTGS2, PPARG, KIT, PI3KCA, and AKT1. In vitro experiments confirmed that RES significantly alleviated the inflammatory response in TNF-α-induced urothelial cells, normalizing the expression levels of ESR2, SHBG, PPARG, and AKT1. RES can modulate critical pathways involving ESR2, SHBG, PPARG, and AKT1, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for IC/BPS. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of RES in treating IC/BPS.

Resveratrol and Its Natural Analogs Mitigate Immune Dysregulation and Oxidative Imbalance in the Endometriosis Niche Simulated in a Co-Culture System of Endometriotic Cells and Macrophages

Background: Inflammation and immune cell dysfunction are critical facilitators of endometriosis pathophysiology. Macrophages are renowned for stimulating lesion growth, vascularization, innervation, and pain generation. By combining macrophages and endometriotic cells, we determined if resveratrol and its natural analogs can target the immune dysregulation and oxidative imbalance in endometriosis. Methods: After treatment with compounds (5, 10, 25 µM), we evaluated the expression of key inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, cytokines release, and ROS production by applying q-PCR, ELISA, Cytometric Beads Array, and multiplexed fluorogenic staining and flow cytometry analysis with bioimaging. Results: The results showed that endometriosis-related macrophages treated with stilbenes have impaired expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL6, IL8, IL1B, TNF, CCL2, CXCL10, PTGS2). The effect of resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol was observed, especially in reducing IL1B, CCL2, and CXCL10 genes up to 3.5-, 5-, and 7.7-fold at 25 µM, respectively. Also, with piceatannol or polydatin exposure, the IL-6 decrease was noticeable. This study reported an antioxidant effect by reducing ROS-positive cells from 96% to 48% by pterostilbene. Results from flow cytometry correlated with the transcript activation of detoxification enzymes (SOD, GPX). Conclusions: Prospects for potential therapy based on regulating the immune microenvironment and reducing the accumulation of free radicals with stilbenes application were described in the article.

Protective and Detoxifying Effects of Resveratrol on Zearalenone-Mediated Toxicity: A Review

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. fungi and is widely found in moldy corn, wheat, barley, and other grains. ZEA is distributed to the whole body via blood circulation after metabolic transformation in animals. Through oxidative stress, immunosuppression, apoptosis, autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction, ZEA leads to hepatitis, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, abortion, and stillbirth in female animals, and decreased sperm motility in male animals. In recent years, due to the influence of climate, storage facilities, and other factors, the problem of ZEA pollution in global food crops has become particularly prominent, resulting in serious problems for the animal husbandry and feed industries, and threatening human health. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural product with therapeutic activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. RSV can alleviate ZEA-induced toxic effects by targeting signaling pathways such as NF-κB, Nrf2/Keap1, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR via attenuating oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and apoptosis, and regulating cellular autophagy. Therefore, this paper provides a review of the protective effect of RSV against ZEA-induced toxicity and its molecular mechanism, and discusses the safety and potential clinical applications of RSV in the search for natural mycotoxin detoxification agents.

Dietary resveratrol improves immunity and antioxidant defense in ewes by regulating the rumen microbiome and metabolome across different reproductive stages

Introduction

Resveratrol (Res), a natural plant antitoxin polyphenol, is widely used in animal husbandry due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and current research has focused on humans, sows, and female mice. This study aimed to analyze the effects of dietary Res supplementation in ewes on antioxidant activity, immune responses, hormone levels, rumen microbiota and metabolites across various reproductive stages (estrus, pregnancy, and lactation).

Methods

Twenty-four healthy ewe lambs (Hu sheep, 2 months old) with a similar body weight (BW) (mean: 21.79 ± 2.09 kg) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: the control group (Con) and the Res group (Res). The Res group received 10 mg/kg Res (based on BW) in addition to their basal diet.

Results

Res increased the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) in ewes at sexual maturity (p < 0.05). Additionally, Res supplementation induced significant increases in serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), IgG, FSH, and LH levels during estrus (p < 0.05); serum IgA, IgG and IgM during pregnancy and lactation (p < 0.05); and serum LH, glucose, GSH-Px, and catalase (CAT) levels during lactation (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, serum interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (p =0.005) and cholesterol levels (p = 0.041) during the lactation stage decreased following Res supplementation. Notably, colostrum IgA, IgG, and fat concentrations were significantly higher in the Res group than in the Con group (p < 0.05). Moreover, Res altered the rumen microbiota in ewes. Specifically, the relative abundance of Prevotella (p < 0.05) during pregnancy and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (p < 0.001) during lactation were significantly increased in ewes under Res treatment. The abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was positively correlated with the levels of Ig A, Ig M, E2, FSH, LH, GSH-PX, and CAT. Additionally, Res altered the activity of metabolic pathways such as progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, the estrogen signaling pathway, ovarian steroidogenesis, and the AMPK signaling pathway, and the levels of AICAR and 2-hydroxyestradiol metabolites, both during pregnancy and lactation.

Discussion

There findings show that Res can improve health, antioxidant status, and immune activity throughout the reproductive cycle in ewes by regulating rumen microorganisms and metabolites.

Resveratrol targeting NRF2 disrupts the binding between KEAP1 and NRF2-DLG motif to ameliorate oxidative stress damage in mice pulmonary infection

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The root of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc (PC), known as 'Huzhang' in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been traditionally employed for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and other biological activities. Polydatin (PD) and its aglycone, resveratrol (RES), are key pharmacologically active components responsible for exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, its specific targets and action mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The equilibrium of the KEAP1-NRF2 system serves as the primary protective response to oxidative and electrophilic stresses within the body, particularly in cases of acute lung injury caused by pathogenic microbial infection. In this study, the precise mechanisms by which RES alleviates oxidative stress damage in conjunction with NRF2 activators are discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The active components from PC were screened to evaluate their potential to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activate antioxidant activity dependent on antioxidant response elements (ARE). RES was evaluated for its potential to alleviate the oxidative stress caused by pathogenic microbial infection. Functional probes were designed to study the RES distribution and identify its targets. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative injury model was used to evaluate the effects of RES on the KEAP1-NRF2/ARE pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. The interaction between RES and NRF2 was elucidated using drug-affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), cellular thermal shift assays (CETSA), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and microscale thermophoresis (MST) techniques. The key binding sites were predicted using molecular docking and validated in NRF2-knockdownand reconstructed cells. Finally, protective effects against pulmonary stress were verified in a mouse model of pathogenic infection.

RESULTS

The accumulation of RES in lung macrophages disrupted the binding between KEAP1 and NRF2, thereby preventing the ubiquitination degradation of NRF2 through its interaction with Ile28 on the NRF2-DLG motif. The activation of NRF2 resulted in the upregulation of nuclear transcription, enhances the expression of antioxidant genes dependent on ARE, suppresses ROS generation, and ameliorates oxidative damage both in vivo and in vitro.

CONCLUSION

These findings shed light on the potential of RES to mitigate oxidative stress damage caused by pathogenic microorganism-induced lung infections and facilitate the discovery of novel small molecule modulators targeting the KEAP1-NRF2 DLG motif interaction.

Inhibition of the ATP synthase increases sensitivity of Escherichia coli carrying mcr-1 to polymyxin B

Bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative strains carrying the mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-1 are serious threats to world public health due to the lack of effective treatments. Inhibition of the ATP synthase makes bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae more sensitive to polymyxin. This provides new strategies for treating infections caused by polymyxins-resistant bacteria carrying mcr-1. Six mcr-1-positive strains were isolated from clinical samples, and all were identified as Escherichia coli. Here we investigated several ATP synthase inhibitors, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), resveratrol, and piceatannol, for their antibacterial effects against the mcr-1-positive strains combined with polymyxin B (POL). Checkerboard assay, time-kill assay, biofilm inhibition and eradication assay indicated the significant synergistic effect of ATP synthase inhibitors/POL combination in vitro. Meanwhile, mouse infection model experiment was also performed, showing a 5 log10 reduction of the pathogen after treatment with the resveratrol/POL combination. Moreover, adding adenosine disodium triphosphate (Na2ATP) could inhibit the antibacterial effect of the ATP synthase inhibitors/POL combination. In conclusion, our study confirmed that inhibition of ATP production could increase the susceptibility of bacteria carrying mcr-1 to polymyxins. This provides a new strategy against polymyxins-resistant bacteria infection.

Combining bioinformatics, network pharmacology, and artificial intelligence to predict the mechanism of resveratrol in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes joint inflammation and destruction, resulting in significant physical and economic burdens. Finding effective and targeted therapy for RA remains a top priority. Resveratrol is a potential candidate with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties for RA treatment. This study aims to determine the therapeutic targets and signaling pathways of resveratrol in the treatment of RA.

Methods

The GSE205962 dataset downloaded from The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to obtain the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in blood samples from the patients and the healthy. PharmMapper database and Cytoscape (v3.9.1) were applied to construct the resveratrol pharmacophore target network. Gene functional enrichment analysis, including the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, was based on the BiNGo plug-in of Cytoscape and David's online tool. The intersection of the target genes of resveratrol and the DEGs were considered potential therapeutic genes (PT-genes). The Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network of PT-genes was constructed using the STRING tool, and the key therapeutic genes (KT-genes) were determined using the cytoHubba plug-in based on the Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC) algorithms. Molecular docking validation of resveratrol and therapeutic targets was performed based on the protein structure of KT-genes predicted by AlphaFold.

Results

A total of 2202 DEGs and 47PT-genes were identified. GO analysis showed that the three groups of genes, the DEGs, the resveratrol target genes, and the PT-genes, have similar results for the top-five gene functional enrichment. PT-genes were closely related to the pathways of metabolic pathways, pathways in cancer, proteoglycans in cancer, insulin signaling pathway, and chemokine signaling pathway. The common pathway enriched by KEGG for the DEGs, and the resveratrol target genes was up to 36 %. The nine KT-genes were ABL1, ANXA5, CASP3, HSP90AA1, LCK, MAP2K1, MAPK1, PIK3R1, and RAC1, and the lowest free energy indicating the resveratrol/protein affinity were -8.4, -7.4, -6.4, -6.7, -8.0, -7.9, -7.4, -6.7, and -7.9, respectively.

Conclusion

Nine KT-genes were identified and validated as the most potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of RA with resveratrol, which provide new insights into therapeutic mechanisms and may improve the efficiency of drug development.

Resveratrol and Exercise Produce Recovered Ankle and Metatarsus Joint Movements after Penetrating Lesion in Hippocampus in Male Rats

Introduction: This study investigates how traumatic injuries alter joint movements in the ankle and foot. We used a brain injury model in rats, focusing on the hippocampus between the CA1 and dentate gyrus. Materials and Methods: We assessed the dissimilarity factor (DF) and vertical displacement (VD) of the ankle and metatarsus joints before and after the hippocampal lesion. We analyzed joint movements in rats after the injury or in rats treated with resveratrol, exercise, or a combination of both. Results: Resveratrol facilitated the recovery of DF in both legs, showing improvements in the ankle and metatarsus joints on the third and seventh days post-injury. The hippocampal lesion affected VD in both legs, observed on the third or seventh day after the injury. Both exercise and resveratrol partially recovered VD in the ankle and metatarsus joints on these days. These effects may be linked to increased hippocampal neurogenesis and reduced neuroinflammation. Conclusions: The study highlights the benefits of resveratrol and exercise in motor recovery following brain injury, suggesting their potential to enhance the quality of life for patients with neurological disorders affecting motor function and locomotion. These findings also suggest that resveratrol could offer a promising or complementary alternative in managing chronic pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic conditions, thus improving overall patient management.

Metabolome and Transcriptome Joint Analysis Reveals That Different Sucrose Levels Regulate the Production of Flavonoids and Stilbenes in Grape Callus Culture

To reveal the effect of sucrose concentration on the production of secondary metabolites, a metabolome and transcriptome joint analysis was carried out using callus induced from grape variety Mio Red cambial meristematic cells. We identified 559 metabolites-mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenoids-as differential content metabolites (fold change ≥2 or ≤0.5) in at least one pairwise comparison of treatments with 7.5, 15, or 30 g/L sucrose in the growing media for 15 or 30 days (d). Resveratrol, viniferin, and amurensin contents were highest at 15 d of subculture; piceid, ampelopsin, and pterostilbene had higher contents at 30 d. A transcriptome analysis identified 1310 and 498 (at 15 d) and 1696 and 2211 (at 30 d) differentially expressed genes (DEGs; log2(fold change) ≥ 1, p < 0.05) in 7.5 vs. 15 g/L and 15 vs. 30 g/L sucrose treatments, respectively. In phenylpropane and isoflavone pathways, DEGs encoding cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and flavanone 3-hydroxylase were more highly expressed at 15 d than at 30 d, while other DEGs showed different regulation patterns corresponding to sucrose concentrations and cultivation times. For all three sucrose concentrations, the stilbene synthase (STS) gene exhibited significantly higher expression at 15 vs. 30 d, while two resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT) genes related to pterostilbene synthesis showed significantly higher expression at 30 vs. 15 d. In addition, a total of 481 DEGs were annotated as transcription factors in pairwise comparisons; an integrative analysis suggested MYB59, WRKY20, and MADS8 as potential regulators responding to sucrose levels in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape callus. Our results provide valuable information for high-efficiency production of flavonoids and stilbenes using grape callus.

Natural Autophagy Activators to Fight Age-Related Diseases

The constant increase in the elderly population presents significant challenges in addressing new social, economic, and health problems concerning this population. With respect to health, aging is a primary risk factor for age-related diseases, which are driven by interconnected molecular hallmarks that influence the development of these diseases. One of the main mechanisms that has attracted more attention to aging is autophagy, a catabolic process that removes and recycles damaged or dysfunctional cell components to preserve cell viability. The autophagy process can be induced or deregulated in response to a wide range of internal or external stimuli, such as starvation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, damaged organelles, infectious pathogens, and aging. Natural compounds that promote the stimulation of autophagy regulatory pathways, such as mTOR, FoxO1/3, AMPK, and Sirt1, lead to increased levels of essential proteins such as Beclin-1 and LC3, as well as a decrease in p62. These changes indicate the activation of autophagic flux, which is known to be decreased in cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and cataracts. The regulated administration of natural compounds offers an adjuvant therapeutic alternative in age-related diseases; however, more experimental evidence is needed to support and confirm these health benefits. Hence, this review aims to highlight the potential benefits of natural compounds in regulating autophagy pathways as an alternative approach to combating age-related diseases.

Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Study to Explore the Effect of Resveratrol on Type 2 Diabetes

This network pharmacology study represents a significant step in understanding the potential of Resveratrol as an antidiabetic agent and its molecular targets. Targets for Type 2 diabetes were obtained from the MalaCards and DisGeNET databases, while targets for Resveratrol were sourced from the STP and CTD databases. Subsequently, we performed matching to identify common disease-compound targets. The identified genes were analyzed using the ShinGO-0.76.3 database for functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway mapping. A protein-protein interaction network was then constructed using Cytoscape software, and hub genes were identified. These hub genes were subjected to molecular docking and dynamic simulations using AutoDock Vina and Gromacs software. According to functional enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis, Resveratrol influences insulin receptors, endoplasmic reticulum functions, and oxidoreductase activity and is involved in the estrogen and HIF-1 pathways. Ten hub genes were identified, including ESR1, PTGS2, SRC, NOS3, MMP9, IGF1R, CYP19A1, MTOR, MMP2, and PIK3CA. The proteins associated with these genes exhibited high interaction with Resveratrol in the molecular docking analysis, and molecular dynamics showed a stable interaction of Resveratrol with ESR1, MMP9, PIK3CA, and PTGS2. In conclusion, our work enhances the understanding of the antidiabetic activity of Resveratrol, which future studies should experimentally corroborate.

Photoisomerization pathways of trans-resveratrol

Resveratrol is well-known for promoting health benefits due to its antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-carcinogenic, and other beneficial activities. Understanding the photophysics of resveratrol is essential for determining its applicability to pharmaceutical innovations. In the present work, we used an explore-then-assess strategy to map the internal conversion pathways of trans-resveratrol. This strategy consists of exploring the multidimensional configurational space with nonadiabatic dynamics simulations based on a semiempirical multireference method, followed by a feasibility assessment of reduced-dimensionality pathways at a high ab initio theoretical level. The exploration step revealed that internal conversion to the ground state may occur near five distinct conical intersections. The assessment step showed that the main photoisomerization pathway involves a twisted-pyramidalized S1/S0 conical intersection, yielding either trans or cis isomers. However, a secondary path was identified, where cis-trans isomerization happens in the excited state and internal conversion occurs at a cyclic conical intersection, yielding a closed-ring resveratrol derivative. This derivative, which can be formed through this direct path or an indirect photoexcitation, may be connected to the production of oxygen-reactive species previously reported and have implications in photodynamic therapy.

Resveratrol Mitigates Uremic Toxin-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease by Promoting Mitophagy and Inhibiting Apoptosis Pathways

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a systemic progressive disorder related to uremic toxins. Uremic toxins disturb intestinal epithelial destruction and barrier dysfunction leading to gut-renal axis disorders in CKD. We examine the protective role of Resveratrol (RSV) against uremic toxin indoxyl sulphate (IS) related intestinal barrier disturbances among CKD.

METHODS

5/6 nephrectomized mice and isolated primary mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) are used to assess the influence of IS on intestinal epithelial tight junction barriers. Serum biochemistry parameters, hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry staining (IHC), Western blot analysis, q-PCR, and si-RNA targeted against AhR were used in this study.

RESULTS

IS decreases the expression of tight junction proteins (TJPs) ZO-1 and claudins, increases the apoptosis and impairs mitophagy within IECs. Treatment with RSV not only reduces the loss of TJPs but also modulates mitophagy markers LC3 and P62, and concurrently decreases the levels of apoptosis-related proteins. Significantly, RSV ameliorates intestinal barrier dysfunction in CKD by modulating mitophagy via the IRF1-DRP1 axis, restoring autophagy, and inhibiting apoptosis through the activation of the PI3K/Akt-Ho-1 anti-oxidant pathway, and mTOR regulated pathways.

CONCLUSION

This study establishes RSV as a potential therapeutic agent that can ameliorate gut-renal axis disturbances in CKD. These findings provide valuable insights into mechanisms underlying RSV RSV-mediated gut-renal axis, highlighting its effectiveness as a potential treatment option for CKD-associated intestinal barrier dysfunction.

Predicting structure-targeted food bioactive compounds for middle-aged and elderly Asians with myocardial infarction: insights from genetic variations and bioinformatics-integrated deep learning analysis

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a significant global health issue. Despite the advances in genome-wide association studies, a complete genetic and molecular understanding of MI is elusive and needs to be fully explored. This study aimed to elucidate the genetic framework of MI and explore the potential health benefits of natural compounds (NCs). The genetic architecture of MI was explored using data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. We pinpointed crucial protein-coding genes related to MI by multi-marker analysis of genomic annotation for gene-based analysis. The bioinformatics-integrated deep neural analysis of NCs (BioDeepNat), a novel disease discovery application, was utilized to assess the influence of NCs on MI-related target proteins and validated with molecular docking analysis. The BioDeepNat application revealed significant NCs on MI-related target proteins, such as E-resveratrol, epicatechin 3-gallate, and kaempferol. The E3 region of RNF213 protein with a point mutation (Arg4810Lys) had different binding energies with NCs, such as ursolic acid and olean-12-en-28-oic acid, compared to the wild type. However, ginsenosides, eleutheroside, oleanolic acid, and hederagenin showed similar binding energies to wild and mutated types of RNF213 protein. The predicted NCs were primarily sourced from foods such as common grapes and teas. Aromatic hydrocarbons are frequently observed as the prevalent functional groups with high binding affinity for NCs in a molecular docking analysis. In conclusion, the proteins encoded by these genes identified by gene-based analysis interacted with several NCs with health promotion found in day-to-day foods, particularly E-resveratrol and kaempferol. This understanding offers promising directions for precision nutrition strategies in MI.

Resveratrol inhibits rabies virus infection in N2a cells by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

Rabies is a highly lethal infectious disease with no existing treatment available, thus investigating effective antiviral compounds to control rabies virus (RABV) infection is of utmost importance. Resveratrol is a natural phenolic compound that, as a phytoalexin, exhibits several biological activities, including antiviral activity. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on RABV infection and investigated its molecular antiviral mechanism. We found that resveratrol significantly inhibited RABV infection, including the phases of adsorption, replication, and release, and also directly inactivated RABV and inhibited its infectivity. However, resveratrol had no significant effect on RABV internalization. Resveratrol also reduced RABV-induced oxidative stress, specifically reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels. Western blotting analysis revealed that resveratrol enhanced antioxidant signaling via the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibited viral replication. Viral infection was enhanced after SIRT1 knockdown, which inhibited the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling pathway, suggesting that this pathway plays an important role in RABV replication. Overall, resveratrol prevented the adsorption, replication, and release of RABV and directly inactivated RABV, but failed to inhibit RABV internalization. Furthermore, resveratrol activated the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit RABV replication and suppressed RABV-induced oxidative stress. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of resveratrol for fighting RABV infections.

Potential of Resveratrol to Combine with Hydrogel for Photodynamic Therapy against Bacteria and Cancer-A Review

Bacterial infections and cancers are important issues in public health around the world. Currently, Western medicine is the most suitable approach when dealing with these issues. "Antibiotics" and "Corticosteroids" are the Western medicines used for bacterial infection. "Chemotherapy drugs", "surgery", and "radiotherapy" are common techniques used to treat cancer. These are conventional treatments with many side effects. PDT is a non-invasive and effective therapy for bacterial infection and cancer diseases.

METHODS

Nine electronic databases, namely WanFang Data, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), were searched to conduct this literature review, without any regard to language constraints. Studies focusing on the photodynamic actions of hydrogel and Resveratrol were included that evaluated the effect of PDT against bacteria and cancer. All eligible studies were analyzed and summarized in this review.

RESULTS

Resveratrol has antibacterial and anticancer effects. It can also act as PS in PDT or adjuvant but has some limitations. This is much better when combined with a hydrogel to enhance the effectiveness of PDT in the fight against bacteria and cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Resveratrol combined with hydrogel is possible for PDT treatment in bacteria and cancer. They are compatible and reinforce each other to increase the effectiveness of PDT. However, much more work is required, such as cytotoxicity safety assessments of the human body and further enhancing the effectiveness of PDT in different environments for future investigations.

SIRT1 in acute lung injury: unraveling its pleiotropic functions and therapeutic development prospects

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a continuum of lung changes caused by multiple lung injuries, often associated with severe complications and even death. In ALI, macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells in the lung are damaged to varying degrees and their function is impaired. Research in recent years has focused on the use of SIRT1 for the treatment of ALI. In this paper, we reviewed the role of SIRT1 in ALI in terms of its cellular and molecular mechanism, targeting of SIRT1 by non-coding RNAs and drug components, as well as pointing out the value of SIRT1 for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. Based on the current literature, SIRT1 exhibits diverse functionalities and possesses significant therapeutic potential. Targeting SIRT1 may provide new therapeutic ideas for the treatment of ALI.

Multimodal modulation of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury by phytochemical agents: A mechanistic evaluation of hepatoprotective potential and safety profiles

BACKGROUND

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a clinically fundamental phenomenon that occurs through liver resection surgery, trauma, shock, and transplantation.

AIMS OF THE REVIEW

This review article affords an expanded and comprehensive overview of various natural herbal ingredients that have demonstrated hepatoprotective effects against I/R injury through preclinical studies in animal models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the objective of this investigation, an extensive examination was carried out utilizing diverse scientific databases involving PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB), and Research Gate. The investigation was conducted based on specific identifiable terms, such as hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, liver resection and transplantation, cytokines, inflammation, NF-kB, interleukins, herbs, plants, natural ingredients, phenolic extract, and aqueous extract.

RESULTS

Bioactive ingredients derived from ginseng, curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, lycopene, punicalagin, crocin, celastrol, andrographolide, silymarin, and others and their effects on hepatic IRI were discussed. The specific mechanisms of action, signaling pathways, and clinical relevance for attenuation of liver enzymes, cytokine production, immune cell infiltration, oxidative damage, and cell death signaling in rodent studies are analyzed in depth. Their complex molecular actions involve modulation of pathways like TLR4, NF-κB, Nrf2, Bcl-2 family proteins, and others.

CONCLUSION

The natural ingredients have promising values in the protection and treatment of various chronic aggressive clinical conditions, and that need to be evaluated on humans by clinical studies.

Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Hematologic Malignancies: Innovations and Potential

In this review we explore innovative approaches in the treatment of hematologic cancers by combining various therapeutic modalities. We discuss the synergistic potential of combining inhibitors targeting different cellular pathways with immunotherapies, molecular therapies, and hormonal therapies. Examples include combining PI3K inhibitors with proteasome inhibitors, NF-κB inhibitors with immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors, and neddylation inhibitors with therapies targeting the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we discuss the potential use of small molecules and peptide inhibitors in hematologic cancer treatment. These multidimensional therapeutic combinations present promising strategies for enhancing treatment efficacy and overcoming resistance mechanisms. However, further clinical research is required to validate their effectiveness and safety profiles in hematologic cancer patients.

Effect of Resveratrol on MMP-2 Expression in Scleral Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study

PURPOSE

To investigate the effects of resveratrol (Res) on human fetal scleral fibroblasts (HFSFs) and its potential mechanism.

METHODS

HFSFs were randomly divided into the Res-treated group and the control group. Following, HFSFs were treated with or without a concentration of 10 μM Res for 48 h. To detect the expression of related genes, reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were used. The apoptosis rate of different groups was determined using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), Collagen, Type I, Alpha 1 (COL1A1), Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2), and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3)" was downregulated in the Res-treatment group compared to the control group, according to RT-qPCR. Western blotting revealed that Res therapy reduced the expression of MMP-2, JAK2, P-JAK2, STAT3, P-STAT3, and Bcl-2 associated protein X (Bax) while increasing the expression of COL1A1 and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Flow cytometry showed that the cell apoptosis rate was significantly lower in HFSFs treated with Res.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, these findings suggest that Res increases COL1A1 expression while inhibiting MMP-2 and cell apoptosis in HFSFs, possibly through modulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Resveratrol suppresses NSCLC cell growth, invasion and migration by mediating Wnt/β-catenin pathway via downregulating SIX4 and SPHK2

Resveratrol (RSV) has been found to have a cancer-suppressing effect in a variety of cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies have shown that sine oculis homeobox 4 (SIX4) and sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2) are tumour promoters of NSCLC. However, whether RSV regulates SIX4 and SPHK2 to mediate NSCLC cell functions remains unclear. NSCLC cell functions were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, flow cytometry, transwell assay and wound healing assay. Protein expression levels were detected by western blot. SIX4 and SPHK2 mRNA levels in NSCLC tumour tissues were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, mice xenograft models were built to explore the impact of RSV on NSCLC tumour growth. RSV inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation, invasion and migration, while facilitated apoptosis. SIX4 and SPHK2 were up-regulated in NSCLC tissues and cells, and their expression was reduced by RSV. Knockdown of SIX4 and SPHK2 suppressed NSCLC cell growth, invasion and migration, and the regulation of RSV on NSCLC cell functions could be reversed by SIX4 and SPHK2 overexpression. RSV inactivated Wnt/β-catenin pathway via decreasing SIX4 and SPHK2 levels. In animal experiments, RSV reduced NSCLC tumour growth in vivo. RSV repressed NSCLC malignant process by decreasing SIX4 and SPHK2 levels to restrain the activity of Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Natural autophagy activators: A promising strategy for combating photoaging

BACKGROUND

Photodamage to the skin stands out as one of the most widespread epidermal challenges globally. Prolonged exposure to sunlight containing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) instigates stress, thereby compromising the skin's functionality and culminating in photoaging. Recent investigations have shed light on the importance of autophagy in shielding the skin from photodamage. Despite the acknowledgment of numerous phytochemicals possessing photoprotective attributes, their potential to induce autophagy remains relatively unexplored.

PURPOSE

Diminished autophagy activity in photoaged skin underscores the potential benefits of restoring autophagy through natural compounds to enhance photoprotection. Consequently, this study aims to highlight the role of natural compounds in safeguarding against photodamage and to assess their potential to induce autophagy via an in-silico approach.

METHODS

A thorough search of the literature was done using several databases, including PUBMED, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, to gather relevant studies. Several keywords such as Phytochemical, Photoprotection, mTOR, Ultraviolet Radiation, Reactive oxygen species, Photoaging, and Autophagy were utilized to ensure thorough exploration. To assess the autophagy potential of phytochemicals through virtual screening, computational methodologies such as molecular docking were employed, utilizing tools like AutoDock Vina. Receptor preparation for docking was facilitated using MGLTools.

RESULTS

The initiation of structural and functional deterioration in the skin due to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or sunlight-induced reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) involves the modulation of various pathways. Natural compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, flavones, and anthocyanins, among others, possess chromophores capable of absorbing light, thereby offering photoprotection by modulating these pathways. In our molecular docking study, these phytochemicals have shown binding affinity with mTOR, a negative regulator of autophagy, indicating their potential as autophagy modulators.

CONCLUSION

This integrated review underscores the photoprotective characteristics of natural compounds, while the in-silico analysis reveals their potential to modulate autophagy, which could significantly contribute to their anti-photoaging properties. The findings of this study hold promise for the advancement of cosmeceuticals and therapeutics containing natural compounds aimed at addressing photoaging and various skin-related diseases. By leveraging their dual benefits of photoprotection and autophagy modulation, these natural compounds offer a multifaceted approach to combatting skin aging and related conditions.

Mechanically skin-like and water-resistant self-healing bioelastomer for high-tension wound healing

The biomedical application of self-healing materials in wet or (under)water environments is quite challenging because the insulation and dissociation effects of water molecules significantly reduce the reconstruction of material-interface interactions. Rapid closure with uniform tension of high-tension wounds is often difficult, leading to further deterioration and scarring. Herein, a new type of thermosetting water-resistant self-healing bioelastomer (WRSHE) was designed by synergistically incorporating a stable polyglycerol sebacate (PGS) covalent crosslinking network and triple hybrid dynamic networks consisting of reversible disulfide metathesis (SS), and dimethylglyoxime urethane (Dou) and hydrogen bonds. And a resveratrol-loaded WRSHE (Res@WRSHE) was developed by a swelling, absorption, and crosslinked network locking strategy. WRSHEs exhibited skin-like mechanical properties in terms of nonlinear modulus behavior, biomimetic softness, high stretchability, and good elasticity, and they also achieved ultrafast and highly efficient self-healing in various liquid environments. For wound-healing applications of high-tension full-thickness skin defects, the convenient surface assembly by self-healing of WRSHEs provides uniform contraction stress to facilitate tight closure. Moreover, Res@WRSHEs gradually release resveratrol, which helps inflammatory response reduction, promotes blood vessel regeneration, and accelerates wound repair.

Regulatory Mechanisms of Natural Active Ingredients and Compounds on Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts in Mitigating Skin Photoaging

Background

The mechanism underlying skin photoaging remains elusive because of the intricate cellular and molecular changes that contribute to this phenomenon, which have yet to be elucidated. In photoaging, the roles of keratinocytes and fibroblasts are vital for maintaining skin structure and elasticity. But these cells can get photo-induced damage during photoaging, causing skin morphological changes. Recently, the function of natural active ingredients in treating and preventing photoaging has drawn more attention, with researches often focusing on keratinocytes and fibroblasts.

Methods

We searched for studies published from 2007 to January 2024 in the Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases through the following keywords: natural plant, natural plant products or phytochemicals, traditional Chinese Medicine or Chinese herbal, plant extracts, solar skin aging, skin photoaging, and skin wrinkling. This review conducted the accordance of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines.

Results

In total, 87 researches were included in this review (Figure 1). In keratinocytes, natural compounds may primarily regulate signal pathways such as the NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and Nrf2/ARE pathways, reducing inflammation and cellular damage, thus slowing skin photoaging. Additionally, in fibroblasts, natural active ingredients primarily promote the TGF-β pathway, inhibit MMPs activity, and enhance collagen synthesis while potentially modulating the mTOR pathway, thereby protecting the dermal collagen network and reducing wrinkle formation. Several trials showed that natural compounds that regulate keratinocytes and fibroblasts responses have significant and safe therapeutic effects.

Conclusion

The demand for natural product-based ingredients in sunscreen formulations is rising. Natural compounds show promising anti-photoaging effects by targeting cellular pathways in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, providing potential therapeutic strategies. However, comprehensive clinical studies are needed to verify their efficacy and safety in mitigating photoaging, which should use advanced pharmacological methods to uncover the complex anti-photoaging mechanisms of natural compounds.

Resveratrol stimulates brown of white adipose via regulating ERK/DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission and improves systemic glucose homeostasis

PURPOSE

Diabetes mellitus and metabolic homeostasis disorders may benefit from white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, which is associated with mitochondrial fission. Resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol, exhibits beneficial effects against abnormalities related to metabolic diseases. However, it remains unknown whether resveratrol contributes to WAT browning by regulating mitochondrial fission.

METHODS

We administered resveratrol (0.4% mixed with control) to db/db mice for 12 weeks, measuring body weight, oral glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and histological changes. The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) expressions in the epididymal WAT were assessed via immunoblotting.

RESULTS

We found that resveratrol improved systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in db/db mice, which was associated with increased UCP1 in epididymal WAT. Resveratrol-treated mice exhibited more fragmented mitochondria and increased phosphorylation of DRP1 in the epididymal WAT of the db/db mice. These results were further confirmed in vitro, where resveratrol induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling activation, leading to phosphorylation of DRP1 at the S616 site (p-DRP1S616) and mitochondrial fission, which was reversed by an ERK inhibitor in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

CONCLUSION

Resveratrol plays a role in regulating the phosphorylation of ERK and DRP1, resulting in the promotion of beige cells with epididymal WAT and the improvement of glucose homeostasis. Our present study provides novel insights into the potential mechanism of resveratrol-mediated effects on WAT browning, suggesting that it is, at least in part, mediated through ERK/DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission.

Role of Anonychium africanum (Plantae, Fabaceae) in Metal Oxido-Inflammatory Response: Protection Evidence in Gonad of Male Albino Rat

Male fertility is strongly affected by the overexpression of free radicals induced by heavy metals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gonado-protective effects of natural compounds. Biochemical and morphological assays were performed on male albino rats divided into five groups: a control group (water only), a group orally exposed to a metal mixture of Pb-Cd-Hg-As alone and three groups co-administered the metal mixture and an aqueous extract of the Nigerian medicinal plant, Anonychium africanum (Prosopis africana, PA), at three different concentrations (500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg) for 60 days. The metal mixture induced a significant rise in testicular weight, metal bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory and apoptotic markers, while the semen analysis indicated a lower viability and a decrease in normal sperm count, and plasma reproductive hormones showed a significant variation. Parallel phytochemical investigations showed that PA has bioactive compounds like phlobatannins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, steroids, and alkaloids, which are protective against oxidative injury in neural tissues. Indeed, the presence of PA co-administered with the metal mixture mitigated the toxic metals' impact, which was determined by observing the oxido-inflammatory response via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, thus boosting male reproductive health.