Anti-Inflammatory Action and Mechanisms of Resveratrol

Recent advances in pharmacological treatments of proliferative vitreoretinopathy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a severe complication of retinal detachment and trauma, posing significant challenges to surgical success and visual prognosis. Despite advancements in vitreoretinal surgery, PVR incidence remains unchanged, this review presents a synthesis of the principal clinical and preclinical research findings from recent years.

RECENT FINDINGS

Recent research has focused on anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antifibrotic agents. Corticosteroids, such as triamcinolone and dexamethasone, show promise in reducing inflammation but have inconsistent results. Methotrexate and mitomycin C demonstrate efficacy in preclinical and select clinical scenarios. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and immunotherapies, like infliximab, have shown limited clinical benefits despite promising preclinical data. Novel approaches, including CB2 receptor agonists, exosome-based drug delivery, and nuclear factor kappa B pathway inhibitors, are gaining traction. Additionally, RNA-based and multitargeted therapies highlight the importance of addressing inflammation, fibrosis, and proliferation simultaneously.

SUMMARY

Effective management of PVR requires multifaceted therapies targeting its complex pathogenesis. While current treatments are limited, ongoing research in precision drug delivery and combination therapies offers hope for improved outcomes. Future strategies should focus on translating promising preclinical findings into robust clinical applications.

In vivo anti-ulceration effect of Pancratium maritimum extract against ethanol-induced rats via NLRP3 inflammasome and HMGB1/TLR4/MYD88/NF-κβ signaling pathways and its extract metabolite profile

BACKGROUND

Gastric ulcer is a multifaceted ailment of multiple causes and is chronic warranting the discovery of remedies to alleviate its symptoms and severity. Pancratium maritimum L. is recognized for its several health benefits, although its potential against gastric ulcers has yet to be reported.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

This study reports on the effects of P. maritimum L. whole plant (PM-EtOH) ethanol extract at a dose of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight orally for managing ethanol-induced peptic ulcer in rats. The anti-ulceration capacity of PM-EtOH was determined against ethanol (EtOH)-induced rats via biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and western blotting assays. The profiling of the bioactive metabolites in P. maritimum extract was based on Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS) analysis. Following PM-EtOH treated group, the gastric glutathione (GSH) level dropped in the ulcer group receiving ethanol was restored to normal levels. Additionally, following PM-EtOH, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the stomach tissues diminished. PM-EtOH treated group displayed recovery and comparable morphology compared with normal group, concurrent with lower levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), MyD88, and NLRP3, along with low expression of Nuclear Factor kappa β (NF-кβ) and high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) proteins. Immune-histochemicals of caspase-3 and toll-like receptors-4 (TLR-4) showed their normalization. These findings imply that PM-EtOH exerts a protective effect on rat stomach damage that has yet to be further tested in clinical trials for treatment of stomach ulcers. Phytochemical profiling of PM-EtOH via UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS led to the identification of 84 metabolites belonging to amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and fatty acids to likely mediate for the observed effects.

CONCLUSIONS

These outcomes provided evidence for the potential of PM-EtOH in gastric ulcers management.

Targeting of AMPK/MTOR signaling in the management of atherosclerosis: Outmost leveraging

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic vascular disorder that is characterized by the thickening and narrowing of arteries due to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. The traditional risk factors involved in AS are obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking. Furthermore, non-traditional risk factors for AS, such as inflammation, sleep disturbances, physical inactivity, air pollution, and alterations of gut microbiota, gained attention in relation to the pathogenesis of AS. Interestingly, the pathogenesis of AS, is complex and related to different abnormalities of cellular and sub-cellular signaling pathways. It has been illustrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) pathways are involved in AS pathogenesis. Mounting evidence indicated that AMPK plays a critical role in attenuating the development of AS by activating autophagy, which is impaired during atherogenesis. AMPK has a vasculoprotective effect by reducing lipid accumulation, inflammatory cell proliferation, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as decreasing inflammatory cell adhesion to the vascular endothelium. AMPK activation by metformin inhibits the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and AS development. However, the MTOR pathway contributes to AS by inhibiting autophagy, highlighting autophagy as a crucial link between the AMPK and MTOR pathways in AS pathogenesis. The MTOR is a key inducer of endothelial dysfunction and is involved in the development of AS. Therefore, both the AMPK and MTOR pathways play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AS. However, the exact role of AMPK and MTOR pathways in the pathogenesis of AS is not fully clarified. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the potential role of the AMPK/MTOR signaling pathway in AS, and how AMPK activators and MTOR inhibitors influence the development and progression of AS. In conclusion, AMPK activators and MTOR inhibitors have vasculoprotective effects against the development and progression of AS.

Integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation to explore the potential mechanism by which resveratrol acts on osimertinib resistance in lung cancer

Globally, osimertinib resistance has been a long-term challenge. Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various plants, has the potential to modulate multidrug resistance mechanisms. However, the specific role of resveratrol in delaying osimertinib resistance in lung cancer is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of resveratrol in delaying osimertinib resistance. Accordingly, the corresponding targets of resveratrol were screened through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database. Similarly, the corresponding targets for osimertinib resistance were mined from the GeneCards database. A protein-protein interaction network was subsequently constructed to pinpoint key hub genes that resveratrol may target to delay resistance. Molecular docking analysis was then employed to assess the binding energy between the predicted key targets and resveratrol. Finally, in vitro experiments were performed to validate the results. Ultimately, 13 potential therapeutic targets of resveratrol related to delaying osimertinib resistance were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested that the effects of resveratrol may be associated with the apoptotic pathway. Molecular docking revealed that resveratrol has good binding affinities with MCL1 and BCL2L11. In vitro experiments confirmed that resveratrol inhibited the proliferation of osimertinib-resistant cells and upregulated the expression of BCL2L11. In conclusion, resveratrol may promote apoptosis by targeting BCL2L11 to delay osimertinib resistance.

Potential mechanisms and therapeutic effect of dietary resveratrol supplementation on the spleen organ of chicken in chronic unpredictable mild stress transcriptomic analysis

Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) affects chicken immune system and welfare, causing huge losses of growth performance and welfare. Resveratrol (RSV), an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory natural plant polyphenol, is widely used for the prevention of stress related disease. The aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic effect of RSV on spleen damage in CUMS. We successfully constructed a CUMS model. A total of 288 healthy one-day-old chicks were used in this study and were divided in 3 groups, control, CUMS and CUMS+RSV group. During 42 days of age, spleen tissue samples were collected and analyzed. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunofluorescence, qRT- PCR, Western blots, immunohistochemical staining and RNA- sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was used to determine any changes and analyzed the mRNA and enrichment pathways. Histopathology and ultrastructure showed there was a severe damage of tissues. The results of RNA-seq showed that a total of 206, 267 and 211 DEGs were identified (log2 Fold Change| >1, P < 0.05) in control -vs- CUMS group, CUMS -vs- CUMS+RSV group and control -vs- CUMS+RSV group, respectively. Through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of the SDEGs, two immune/stress- related pathways including PPAR signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand receptor interaction were selected. The genes related to PPAR signaling pathway identified were PLIN1, MMP1, ANGPTL4 and FABP4 and Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction genes were GRPR, NTSR1, KNG1 and AGT. The PLIN1, MMP1, ANGPTL4, FABP4, GRPR, KNG1 and AGT were up regulated and NTSR1 was down regulated in CUMS group. When compared to CUMS -vs- CUMS+RSV group, PLIN1, FABP4, KNG1 and AGT were down regulated genes and NTSR1 was up regulated gene. Taken together, KEGG pathway analyses of DEGs, verified by qRT-PCR and Western blots, the current study suggested that these data reveal the promising role of RSV in the prevention and therapy of a wide variety of tissue damage and PPAR signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction in chronic unpredictable mild stress.

Therapeutic applications of natural products in the management of venous diseases: a comprehensive review

The occurrence of venous diseases among adults is approximately 77% in females and 57% in males. These conditions are prevalent, progressive disorders that significantly affect individuals socially, physically, and psychologically, often resulting in various venous abnormalities that hinder effective blood circulation in the lower limbs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of venous diseases, focusing on their pathophysiology, symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and complications. The symptoms associated with venous diseases are diverse and can include pain, heaviness, swelling, ulcers, and skin changes. Risk factors such as age, obesity, hormonal influences, and genetic predispositions are discussed in relation to their contribution to disease progression. The therapeutic modalities for managing venous diseases are explored, with a particular emphasis on natural products in alleviating symptoms and improving vascular health. Natural compounds, i.e., flavonoids, play a vital role in the circulatory system, supporting blood vessels and promoting healthy blood flow, in addition to their vasoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet properties. Overall, the ongoing research efforts on the efficacy of natural products will significantly enhance the management of several venous diseases in the coming years.

Beyond the pill: incrimination of nuclear factor-kappa B and their targeted phytomedicine for pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a slow and irreparable damage of the lung caused by the accumulation of scar tissue, which eventually results in organ dysfunction and fatality from gas exchange failure. One of the extensively studied inflammatory pathways in PF is the NF-κB signalling pathway, which is reportedly involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, myofibroblast differentiation, and other cellular processes. Additionally, studies have evidence that NF-κB signalling pathways can be employed as a potential target for developing therapeutic agents against PF. In the current scenario, FDA-approved drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, have been used for the treatment of PF with potential side effects. Recently, the usage of bioactive compounds has attracted attention in the treatment of PF. This review focuses on the involvement of the NF-κB signalling pathway in PF and the significance of phytocompounds in regulating the NF-κB pathway. Both the in vitro and in vivo studies reveal that NF-κB-targeted plant-based bioactive compounds significantly ameliorate the PF condition as well as improve the health condition. Databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were used to conduct literature surveys and compile data on all the bioactive compounds. In conclusion, the plant-derived bioactive compounds are potent enough to target the NF-κB with its biological properties, and this could be a highly effective therapeutic strategy for PF in the future.

The Chronobiological and Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Resveratrol in Improving Sleep

According to statistics, more than one-third of the global population currently experiences sleep problems, and about 10% of adults have been diagnosed with insomnia, a proportion that is increasing annually. Most currently used insomnia medications are not specifically developed but are discovered by chance, often resulting in unavoidable side effects like addiction. Thus, there is an urgent need to find safer and more effective therapeutic options. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, shows significant potential in improving insomnia. Research shows that its effects may be achieved through multiple biological processes, including antiapoptosis, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammation, circadian rhythm regulation, modulation of neurotransmitters (gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), DA, 5-HT, cortisol), and increased levels of neurotrophic factor BDNF. Additionally, resveratrol's treatment of insomnia is closely linked to the SIRT1, AMPK, NF-κB, mTOR, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK pathways. This review summarizes the mechanisms of resveratrol in treating insomnia to provide researchers with a deeper understanding of its action, which can aid in the development of novel targeted drugs and offer innovative ideas and methods for clinical insomnia treatment.

Neurometabolomic impacts of wood smoke and protective benefits of anti-aging therapeutics in aged female C57BL/6J mice

Background Wildland fires have become progressively more extensive over the past 30 years in the United States, routinely generating smoke that deteriorates air quality for most of the country. We explored the neurometabolomic impact of biomass-derived smoke on older (18 months) female C57BL/6J mice, both acutely and after 10 weeks of recovery from exposures. Methods Mice were exposed to wood smoke (WS) 4 hours/day, every other day, for 2 weeks (7 exposures total) to an average concentration of 448 µg particulate matter (PM)/m 3 per exposure. One group was euthanized 24 hours after the last exposure. Other groups were then placed on 1 of 4 treatment regimens for 10 weeks after wood smoke exposures: vehicle; resveratrol in chow plus nicotinamide mononucleotide in water (RNMN); senolytics via gavage (dasatanib + quercetin; DQ); or both RNMN with DQ (RNDQ). Results Among the findings, the aging from 18 months to 21 months was associated with the greatest metabolic shift, including changes in nicotinamide metabolism, with WS exposure effects that were relatively modest. WS caused a reduction in NAD + within the prefrontal cortex immediately after exposure and a long-term reduction in serotonin that persisted for 10 weeks. The serotonin reductions were corroborated by behavioral changes, including increased immobility in a forced swim test, and neuroinflammatory markers that persisted for 10 weeks. RNMN had the most beneficial effects after WS exposure, while RNDQ caused markers of brain aging to be upregulated within WS-exposed mice. Discussion Taken together, these findings highlight the persistent neurometabolomic and behavioral effects of woodsmoke exposure in an aged mouse model. Further examination is necessary to determine the age-specific and species-determinant response pathways and duration before complete resolution occurs.

Protective effects of resveratrol against PM2.5-induced damage in hNSCs and its mitigation of PM2.5-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in a 3D scaffold system

BACKGROUND

Exposure to PM2.5 is associated with neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, has demonstrated antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Still, its efficacy in mitigating PM2.5-induced damage in human neural stem cells (hNSCs) and within a 3D scaffold system remains underexplored.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the protective effects of resveratrol against PM2.5-induced damage in hNSCs and within a 3D scaffold system.

METHODS

Assess cell viability using MTT and LIVE/DEAD assays and measure caspase activity by fluorescence analysis. Quantify gene and protein expression of key regulatory pathways using qPCR and Western blotting. Then, mitochondrial function was analyzed by measuring ATP production, mitochondrial mass, maximal respiratory rate, COX activity, membrane potential, TEM, and immunofluorescence staining. In addition, 3D scaffolds created by the CELLINK INKREDIBLE bioprinter were used to study the effect of resveratrol on PM2.5-induced hNSCs damage.

RESULTS

Resveratrol significantly improved cell viability and reduced caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities in PM2.5-treated hNSCs. Resveratrol treatment upregulated TrKBR, PI3K, AKT, CREB, PPARα, PPARγ, SIRT1 and AMPK expression. It restored mitochondrial function by increasing ATP production, mitochondrial mass, maximal respiratory rate, COX activity, and membrane potential. Using a 3D scaffold demonstrated resveratrol's potential to maintain mitochondrial function and cellular health under PM2.5 exposure.

CONCLUSION

Resveratrol can effectively reduce neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by PM2.5 in hNSCs. Its protective effects against PM2.5-induced toxicity in hNSCs within a 3D bioprinted model highlight this study's translational potential. These findings emphasize its potential as a therapeutic agent against environmental neurotoxins and the development of neuroprotective strategies.

Analysis of tumor budding as a prognostic factor for recurrence in patients with stage II and III colon cancer. Experience in a tertiary hospital

BACKGROUND

Stage II and III colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant challenge due to rising global incidence and mortality rates. Despite advancements in screening and treatment, there's a pressing need for reliable prognostic biomarkers. Tumor budding emerges as a promising marker associated with poor prognosis and higher recurrence. However, its incorporation into clinical guidelines differs when considering adjuvant treatment. This study assesses tumor budding's prognostic value for recurrence in stage II and III CRC, exploring its implications for risk stratification.

METHODS

This retrospective study encompassed patients with stage II-III CRC at Hospital Universitario La Paz from October 2016 to January 2022. Tumor budding was assessed according to the 2016 ITBCC guidelines and categorized as low, intermediate, or high. The primary outcomes, time to recurrence (TTR) and overall survival (OS), were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models.

RESULTS

A total of 390 patients were included in the final analysis. They were predominantly male (55%) with an average age of 75 years (range 35-95). Fifty percent of patients were stage II. Tumor budding was categorized as low, intermediate, and high in 186 (48%), 110 (28%), and 94 (24%) patients, respectively. After a median follow-up of 46.1 months, there were 71 recurrences and 96 deaths. Time to recurrence (TTR) was significantly shorter for patients with high tumor budding. At 24 months, freedom from recurrence was 92%, 84%, and 69% for low, intermediate, and high tumor budding groups, respectively. Median TTR was not reached in any group. Multivariate analysis revealed high-grade budding as an independent predictor of recurrence with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.39 (P = .01; 95% CI, [1.42-4.04]).

CONCLUSION

Our study highlights the prognostic value of tumor budding in predicting recurrence in both stage II and III colorectal cancer patients, reinforcing its potential as an important biomarker beyond stage II CRC.

Resveratrol Alleviates Arsenic Exposure-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Inhibiting Hepatocyte Senescence

Arsenic is an environmental pollutant that has garnered considerable attention from the World Health Organization. Liver fibrosis is an advanced pathological stage of liver injury that can be caused by chronic arsenic exposure and has the potential to be reversed to prevent cirrhosis and hepatic malignancies. However, effective treatment options are currently limited. Given the profibrogenic effect of hepatocyte senescence, we established a rat model of sub-chronic sodium arsenite exposure and investigated the ability of resveratrol (RSV), a potential anti-senescence agent, to ameliorate arsenic-induced liver fibrosis and elucidate the underlying mechanism from the perspective of hepatocyte senescence. The results demonstrated that RSV was capable of mitigating fibrosis phenotypes in rat livers, including the activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC), the generation of extracellular matrix, and the deposition of collagen fibers in the liver vascular zone, which are all induced by arsenic exposure. Furthermore, as an activator of the longevity factor SIRT1, RSV antagonized the arsenic-induced inhibition of SIRT1 expression, thereby restoring the suppression of the senescence protein p16 by SIRT1. This prevented arsenic-induced hepatocyte senescence, manifesting as a decrease in telomere shortening and a reduction in the release of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related proteins. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that RSV counteracts arsenic-induced hepatocyte senescence and the release of SASP-related proteins by restoring the inhibitory effect of SIRT1 on p16, thereby suppressing the activation of fibrotic phenotypes and mitigating liver fibrosis. These findings provide new insights for understanding the mechanism of arsenic-induced liver fibrosis, and more importantly, they reveal novel potential interventional approaches.

Rare earth element erbium induces immune toxicity through the ROS/NF-κB pathway in zebrafish

The large-scale mining and utilization of rare earth elements have significantly increased their concentration in the environment, especially in regions surrounding mining areas. These environmentally-enriched rare earth elements accumulate in agricultural products and organisms through soil and water, potentially impacting in human health through the food chain. Erbium (Er), a rare earth element of the lanthanide series (Group IIIB), plays a crucial role in various modern technological applications. It is primarily utilized in ceramics, glass coloring, optical fibers, laser technology, and the nuclear industry, among others. However, a paucity of information on the health effects and ecotoxicity of erbium is currently available. In this study, we used the zebrafish as experimental animal to investigate the potential impact of the rare earth element erbium on the immune system. We exposed fertilized zebrafish embryos to different concentrations of erbium (0, 4, 8 and 16 mg/L) from 6 hours post-fertilization (hpf) until 72 hpf. We found that with increasing concentrations of erbium exposure, there was an increasing and dispersing trend in the number of zebrafish neutrophils; a decreasing trend in the number of macrophages. Exposure to erbium was demonstrated to impair the phagocytic capability of macrophages, reduce the recruitment of neutrophils to the wound site, and lower the resistance of zebrafish to Escherichia coli infection. Erbium exposure led to macrophage apoptosis and upregulation of oxidative stress in the zebrafish. The individual application of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine, the IKBKB inhibitor resveratrol and the NF-κB inhibitor andrographolide were demonstrated to alleviate erbium-induced immune toxicity, as confirmed by assays including acridine orange staining, neutrophils enumeration and recruitment, and real-time quantitative PCR. Therefore, the rare earth element erbium induced immune toxicity in zebrafish through the ROS/NF-κB pathway. The findings of this study provide information for assessing the impact of rare earth elements on human health and ecosystems.

SIRT1 in acute lung injury: unraveling its pleiotropic functions and therapeutic development prospects

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a continuum of lung changes caused by multiple lung injuries, often associated with severe complications and even death. In ALI, macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells in the lung are damaged to varying degrees and their function is impaired. Research in recent years has focused on the use of SIRT1 for the treatment of ALI. In this paper, we reviewed the role of SIRT1 in ALI in terms of its cellular and molecular mechanism, targeting of SIRT1 by non-coding RNAs and drug components, as well as pointing out the value of SIRT1 for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. Based on the current literature, SIRT1 exhibits diverse functionalities and possesses significant therapeutic potential. Targeting SIRT1 may provide new therapeutic ideas for the treatment of ALI.

Transdermal delivery of resveratrol loaded solid lipid nanoparticle as a microneedle patch: a novel approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD), affecting millions of people worldwide and expected to impact 10 million by 2030, manifests a spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms linked to the decline of dopaminergic neurons. Current therapies manage PD symptoms but lack efficacy in slowing disease progression, emphasizing the urgency for more effective treatments. Resveratrol (RSV), recognized for its neuroprotective and antioxidative properties, encounters challenges in clinical use for PD due to limited bioavailability. Researchers have investigated lipid-based nanoformulations, specifically solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), to enhance RSV stability. Oral drug delivery via SLNs faces obstacles, prompting exploration into transdermal delivery using SLNs integrated with microneedles (MNs) for improved patient compliance. In this study, an RSV-loaded SLNs (RSV -SLNs) incorporated into the MN patch was developed for transdermal RSV delivery to improve its stability and patient compliance. Characterization studies demonstrated favorable physical properties of SLNs with a sustained drug release profile of 78.36 ± 0.74%. The developed MNs exhibited mechanical robustness and skin penetration capabilities. Ex vivo permeation studies displayed substantial drug permeation of 68.39 ± 1.4% through the skin. In an in vivo pharmacokinetic study, the RSV-SLNs delivered through MNs exhibited a significant increase in Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0 - t values, alongside a reduced elimination rate in blood plasma in contrast to the administration of pure RSV via MNs. Moreover, an in vivo study showcased enhanced behavioral functioning and increased brain antioxidant levels in the treated animals. In-vivo skin irritation study revealed no signs of irritation till 24 h which permits long-term MNs application. Histopathological analysis showed notable changes in the brain regions of the rat, specifically the striatum and substantia nigra, after the completion of the treatment. Based on these findings, the development of an RSV-SLN loaded MNs (RSVSNLMP) patch presents a novel approach, with the potential to enhance the drug's efficiency, patient compliance, and therapeutic outcomes for PD, offering a promising avenue for advanced PD therapy.

Resveratrol loaded microglia-derived exosomes attenuate astrogliasis by restoring mitochondrial function to reduce spinal cord injury

The activation of astrocytes in the injured lesion induces the progression of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, adverse side-effects during systemic administration have limited applications. Exosomes (Exos) are an emerging clinical treatment method that exerts anti-inflammatory effects by reducing pro-inflammatory factors and promoting functional recovery. Exosomes exhibit great potential as carriers of traditional Chinese medicine, attributed to their high delivery efficiency to internalized and targeted accumulation in inflammatory tissues. Herein, We synthesized resveratrol loaded microglia-derived exosomes (R-MDEs) for highly efficient accumulation and infiltration in the injured spinal cord. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that R-MDEs effectively accumulated in A1 astrocytes, inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glial scar formation by reprogramming the metabolic astrocytes. R-MDEs achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect of immunomodulation and neuroprotection, thereby shedding new light on the application of Exos and provides great potential for SCI.

Natural Alternatives in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Mechanisms Perspective

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest neoplasia. Intrinsic or acquired resistance is the main cause of failure of therapy regimens that leads to relapse and death in CRC patients. The widely used chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) remains the mainstay for therapeutic combinations. Unfortunately, chemotherapeutic resistance and side effects are frequent events that compromise the success of these therapies; the dysregulation of enzymes that regulate 5-FU metabolism increases the expression and activity of efflux pumps. Additional tumor cell adaptations such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy shaping of the tumor microenvironment, and inflammation contribute to chemoresistance. Finding new strategies and alternatives to enhance conventional chemotherapies has become necessary. Recently, the study of natural compounds has been gaining strength as an alternative to chemotherapeutics in different cancers. Curcumin, trimethylglycine, resveratrol, artemisinin, and some helminth-derived molecules, among others, are some natural compounds studied in the context of CRC. This review discusses the main benefits, mechanisms, advances, and dark side of conventional chemotherapeutics currently evaluated in CRC treatment. We also analyzed the landscape of alternative non-conventional compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action, which could, in the short term, provide fundamental knowledge to harness their anti-tumor effects and allow them to be used as alternative adjuvant therapies.

Resveratrol in animal models of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: A systematic review with machine learning

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (RES), a common type of plant polyphenols, has demonstrated promising therapeutic efficacy and safety in animal models of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. However, a comprehensive analysis of these data is currently unavailable. This study aimed to systematically review the preclinical evidence regarding RES's effects on animal models of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer via meta-analyses and optimised machine learning techniques.

METHODS

Animal studies published from inception until June 30th 2024, were systematically retrieved and manually filtrated across databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated following the SYRCLE's RoB tool. Predefined outcomes included histopathology and relevant biochemical parameters for acute pancreatitis, and tumour weight/tumour volume for pancreatic cancer, comparing treatment and model groups. Pooled effect sizes of the outcomes were calculated using STATA 17.0 software. Machine learning techniques were employed to predict the optimal usage and dosage of RES in pancreatitis models.

RESULTS

A total of 50 studies comprising 33 for acute pancreatitis, 1 chronic pancreatitis, and 16 for pancreatic cancer were included for data synthesis after screening 996 records. RES demonstrated significant improvements on pancreatic histopathology score, pancreatic function parameters (serum amylase and lipase), inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and pancreatic myeloperoxidase), oxidative biomarkers (malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase), and lung injury (lung histopathology and myeloperoxidase) in acute pancreatitis models. In pancreatic cancer models, RES notably reduced tumour weight and volume. Machine learning highlighted tree-structured Parzen estimator-optimised gradient boosted decision tree model as achieving the best performance, identifying course after disease induction, total dosage, single dosage, and total number of doses as critical factors for improving pancreatic histology. Optimal single dosage was 20-105 mg/kg with 3 to 9 doses.

CONCLUSION

This study comprehensively demonstrates the therapeutic effects of RES in mitigating pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in animal models. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumour growth properties are potential mechanisms of action for RES.

Hemorrhagic Shock and Mitochondria: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches

Severe injuries and some pathologies associated with massive bleeding, such as maternal hemorrhage, gastrointestinal and perioperative bleeding, and rupture of an aneurysm, often lead to major blood loss and the development of hemorrhagic shock. A sharp decrease in circulating blood volume triggers a vicious cycle of vasoconstriction and coagulopathy leading to ischemia of all internal organs and, in severe decompensated states, ischemia of the brain and heart. The basis of tissue damage and dysfunction in hemorrhagic shock is an interruption in the supply of oxygen and substrates for energy production to the cells, making the mitochondria a source and target of oxidative stress and proapoptotic signaling. Based on these mechanisms, different strategies are proposed to treat the multiple organ failure that occurs in shock. The main direction of such treatment is to provide the cells with a sufficient amount of substrates that utilize oxidative phosphorylation at different stages and increase the efficiency of energy production by the mitochondria. These strategies include restoring the efficiency of mitochondrial complexes, for example, by restoring the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pool. Another direction is approaches to minimize oxidative stress as well as apoptosis, which are primarily dependent on the mitochondria. There are also a number of other methods to reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and improve the quality of the mitochondrial population. In this review, we consider such strategies for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock and show the promise of therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring the bioenergetic functions of the cell and protecting mitochondria.

Resveratrol-Enhanced Human Neural Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Mitigate MPP+-Induced Neurotoxicity Through Activation of AMPK and Nrf2 Pathways and Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in SH-SY5Y Cells

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are recognized as critical pathological mechanisms driving neurodegeneration in PD. Exosome (Exo)-based therapies, particularly those derived from human neural stem cells (hNSCs), offer promising neuroprotective effects due to their ability to transfer bioactive molecules that modulate cellular processes. Resveratrol (RES), a polyphenolic compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has been shown to enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cell (SC)-derived Exos. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of RES-treated hNSCs-derived Exos (RES-hNSCs-Exos) on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a neurotoxin commonly used to model Parkinsonian neurotoxicity. Treating SH-SY5Y cells with MPP+ led to significant reductions in cell viability, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and the activation of inflammatory pathways. Treatment with RES-hNSCs-Exos rescued SH-SY5Y cells from MPP+-induced toxicity by improving cell viability, enhancing ATP production, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The findings also demonstrated the increased expression of essential genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, such as PGC1α, NRF1, and Tfam, indicating improved mitochondrial function in the presence of RES-hNSCs-Exos. Further analysis revealed that these protective effects were mediated by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Nrf2 signaling pathways, which promoted mitochondrial health and reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, RES-hNSCs-Exos treatment suppressed neuroinflammation by downregulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In conclusion, the results suggest that RES-hNSCs-Exos exhibit potent neuroprotective effects against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity by enhancing mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting neuroinflammation. These findings highlight the potential of hNSCs-Exos as a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases like PD, with RES as a valuable enhancer of Exos efficacy.

Resveratrol modulates phosphorylation of ERK and AKT in murine cementoblasts during in vitro orthodontic compression

OBJECTIVE

Resveratrol is a plant polyphenol known for its anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative properties. These could be beneficial in controlling potential side effects of orthodontic treatment, such as apical root resorption. Orthodontic tooth movement occurs as part of a sterile inflammatory response. However, dysregulation of this process can result in pathologically increased osteoclast activity in the radicular vicinity, leading to unwanted root resorption. Previous studies have shown that root cementum cells can modulate recruitment of osteoclast precursors and cementum repair.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We investigated the effect of resveratrol on mechanically stimulated murine cementoblasts (OCCM-30) with regards to cell viability, and mRNA expression and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the modulation of central related kinases was investigated.

RESULTS

Resveratrol increased viability of OCCM-30 in a time- and dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced upregulation of pERK and pAKT, upstream regulators of key cellular metabolic pathways. Furthermore, we describe for the first time that cementoblasts respond to compression with accelerated activation of STAT3 and increased translocation of NF-κB p65 into the nucleus.

CONCLUSION

This study shows a regulation of pAKT and pERK by resveratrol in OCCM-30 cells without a negative effect on cell viability. Therefore, resveratrol may have the potential to modulate the periodontal response to mechanical stimulation.

Effects of resveratrol supplementation on serum concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibroblast growth factor 21, and adiponectin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder which may progress from simple steatosis to liver failure. Patients with NAFLD have higher levels of systemic inflammation. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resveratrol supplementation on serum levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), adiponectin, fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) as well as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with NAFLD.

METHODS

In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, 50 adults with NAFLD aged 20-60 years were allocated into two groups; the intervention and the placebo group received two capsules per day each containing 300 mg resveratrol and placebo, respectively. Fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements were collected for all patients at baseline and at the end of the trial. Cges in the outcomes were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

RESULTS

After 12 weeks of intervention, resveratrol supplementation did not cause significant changes in serum levels of liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed in the serum levels of PAI-1, adiponectin, FGF-21, and hs-CRP between the two groups at the end of the study.

CONCLUSIONS

Resveratrol supplementation for 12 weeks did not show favorable effects on serum levels of liver enzymes, PAI-1, adiponectin, FGF-21, and hs-CRP.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT201511233664N16) (2016-02-08).

New Insights in Natural Bioactive Compounds for Periodontal Disease: Advanced Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth-supporting structures due to the host's immune response to microbial biofilms. Traditional periodontal treatments, such as scaling and root planing, pharmacological interventions, and surgical procedures, have significant limitations, including difficulty accessing deep periodontal pockets, biofilm recolonization, and the development of antibiotic resistance. In light of these challenges, natural bioactive compounds derived from plants, herbs, and other natural sources offer a promising alternative due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and tissue-regenerative properties. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), baicalin, carvacrol, berberine, essential oils, and Gum Arabic, exert therapeutic effects in periodontal disease. Bioactive compounds inhibit critical inflammatory pathways like NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK while activating protective pathways such as Nrf2/ARE, reducing cytokine production and oxidative stress. They also inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), preventing tissue degradation and promoting healing. In addition, these compounds have demonstrated the potential to disrupt bacterial biofilms by interfering with quorum sensing, targeting bacterial cell membranes, and enhancing antibiotic efficacy.Bioactive compounds also modulate the immune system by shifting the balance from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory responses and promoting efferocytosis, which helps resolve inflammation and supports tissue regeneration. However, despite the promising potential of these compounds, challenges related to their poor bioavailability, stability in the oral cavity, and the absence of large-scale clinical trials need to be addressed. Future strategies should prioritize the development of advanced delivery systems like nanoparticles and hydrogels to enhance bioavailability and sustain release, alongside long-term studies to assess the effects of these compounds in human populations. Furthermore, combining bioactive compounds with traditional treatments could provide synergistic benefits in managing periodontal disease. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of natural bioactive compounds in managing periodontal disease, emphasizing their molecular mechanisms of action and offering insights into their integration with conventional therapies for a more comprehensive approach to periodontal health.

Immunomodulatory functions of algal bioactive compounds

Algae, a crucial constituent of marine systems, serve an indispensable function as primary producers, supporting the marine food web, contributing to carbon sequestration, and providing habitats that sustain biodiversity. This review focuses on the bioactive constituents of algae, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, polypeptides, and terpenoid compounds, and discusses their potential applications in treating immune-related diseases, as well as the mechanisms through which they modulate immune responses. The bioactive substances derived from algae, including polyphenols, bioactive peptides, terpenes, polysaccharides and other compounds, may play a preventive role by modulating allergic responses and reducing the incidence of inflammation and cancer.

Unlocking Gut Health: The Potent Role of Stilbenoids in Intestinal Homeostasis

Stilbenoids are a class of naturally occurring phenolic compounds found in various plant species, characterized by a stilbene backbone with diverse substituents that confer a range of biological activities. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making them promising candidates for improving intestinal health. The intestinal tract plays a critical role in nutrient digestion, absorption, and immune defense, and maintaining its integrity is vital for animal growth. Stilbenoids contribute to gut health by enhancing intestinal morphology, supporting mucosal immune responses, regulating gut microbiota composition, modulating metabolic pathways, and maintaining mitochondrial health. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of key stilbenoids, including resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceatannol, and oxyresveratrol, focusing on their biological effects and regulatory mechanisms. By highlighting their roles in mitigating intestinal inflammation and promoting gut function, this review provides a basis for the practical application of stilbenoids in animal health and husbandry.

The role of resveratrol in neurogenesis: a systematic review

CONTEXT

Resveratrol (RV) is a natural compound found in grapes, wine, berries, and peanuts and has potential health benefits-namely, neurogenesis improvement. Neurogenesis, which is the process through which new neurons or nerve cells are generated in the brain, occurs in the subventricular zone and hippocampus and is influenced by various factors. RV has been shown to increase neural stem cell proliferation and survival, improving cognitive function in hippocampus-dependent tasks. Thus, to provide a convergent and unbiased conclusion of the available evidence on the correlation between the RV and neurogenesis, a systematic review needs to be undertaken meticulously and with appropriate attention.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to systematically review any potential connection between the RV and neurogenesis in animal models.

DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION

Based on the particular selection criteria, 8 original animal studies that investigated the relationship between RV and neurogenesis were included. Studies written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals with no restrictions on the starting date of publication on August 17, 2023, were searched in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Furthermore, data were extracted and analyzed independently by 2 researchers and then reviewed by a third researcher, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. This project followed PRISMA reporting standards.

DATA ANALYSIS

In the studies analyzed in this review, there is a definite correlation between RV and neurogenesis, meaning that RV intake, irrespective of the mechanisms thereof, can boost neurogenesis in both the subventricular zone and hippocampus.

CONCLUSION

This finding, albeit with some limitations, provides a plausible indication of RV's beneficial function in neurogenesis. Indeed, RV intake may result in neurogenesis benefits-namely, cognitive function, mood regulation, stress resilience, and neuroprotection, potentially preventing cognitive decline.

Promising potential effects of resveratrol on oral and dental health maintenance: a comprehensive review

Resveratrol (RV-3, 5, 4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a natural compound found in plants like red grapes, berries, and peanuts, with promising effects on dental health. It helps strengthen tooth enamel by promoting remineralization, making the teeth more resistant to decay caused by acid-producing bacteria. RV also shields dentin, a vulnerable layer beneath the enamel, from erosion and sensitivity. Its anti-inflammatory properties can reduce inflammation associated with dental conditions such as pulpitis and endodontic diseases. Moreover, RV's antimicrobial activity inhibits the growth of bacteria involved in dental plaque and biofilm formation, preventing their accumulation on the tooth surface. This contributes to a healthier oral environment and prolongs the lifespan of dental restorative materials. However, the research on RV's impact on dental health is in its early stages, and further studies are needed to confirm potential benefits. Important factors such as determining the optimal dosage, understanding its bioavailability, and assessing potential side effects require further investigation. This review focuses on the important role of RV in promoting dental health. It delves into various aspects, including its impact on root health, maintenance of the dental pulp, care for tooth enamel, effectiveness of dental restorative materials, and health of dentin.

Polyphenols mitigating inflammatory mechanisms in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): focus on the NF-ƙB and JAK/STAT pathways

The term "inflammatory bowel disease" (IBD) refers to a group of chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders, which include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The necessity for alternative therapeutic approaches is underscored by the fact that although present medicines are successful, they frequently result in considerable adverse effects. Naturally occurring substances included in fruits and vegetables called polyphenols have been shown to have the capacity to control important inflammatory pathways including NF-κB and JAK/STAT, which are essential for the pathophysiology of IBD. The processes by which polyphenols, such as curcumin, EGCG, resveratrol, and quercetin, reduce inflammation are examined in this article. Polyphenols may have therapeutic advantages by blocking the synthesis of cytokines and the activation of immune cells by targeting these pathways. Preclinical study indicates a reduction in intestinal inflammation, which is encouraging. However, more clinical research is needed to determine the clinical relevance of polyphenols in the therapy of IBD, especially with regard to their long-term safety and bioavailability.

Metabolic and epigenetic regulation of macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies

Atherosclerosis, a multifactorial progressive inflammatory disease, is the common pathology underlying cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The macrophage plasticity is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. With the advance of metabolomics and epigenetics, metabolites/metabolic and epigenetic modification such as DNA methylation, histone modification and noncoding RNA, play a crucial role in macrophage polarization and the progression of atherosclerosis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the essential role of metabolic and epigenetic regulation, as well as the crosstalk between the two in regulating macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis. We also highlight the potential therapeutic strategies of regulating macrophage polarization via epigenetic and metabolic modifications for atherosclerosis, and offer recommendations to advance our knowledge of the roles of metabolic-epigenetic crosstalk in macrophage polarization in the context of atherosclerosis. Fundamental studies that elucidate the mechanisms by which metabolic and epigenetic regulation of macrophage polarization influence atherosclerosis will pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches.

Advances in the activity of resveratrol and its derivatives in cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading cause of human death worldwide, are diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels and include arrhythmias, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, and so on. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural nonflavonoid phenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardiovascular protection functions. RSV has shown significant protective effects against CVD. However, RSV's clinical application is limited by its tendency to be oxidized and metabolized easily. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the RSV structure. This review will introduce the activity, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of RSV derivatives, and the mechanism of the action of RSV in CVDs in recent years.

Therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of phytoconstituents: emphasizing on resveratol, curcumin, quercetin, berberine, and hesperidin in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a long-term inflammatory colon illness that significantly affects patients quality of life. Traditional medicines and therapies often come with challenges such as side effects, instability, unpredictability, and high costs. This has captured interest in natural products that have huge health benefits. Various natural compounds, including resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, berberine, and hesperidin demonstrate immunomodulatory and oxido-inflammatory properties inside the gut epithelium, showing potential in managing ulcerative colitis. These compounds attenuate inflammatory mediators, NF-κB, and TLR4 signaling leading to a reduction in the production of inflammation-related cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6. They also augment the activity of internal defense compounds, including superoxide radical dismutase enzyme and heme oxygenase-1, thereby alleviating oxidative damage. In addition, natural compounds have a profound effect on the endogenous microbiota and thus, support mucosal healing and intercellular barrier integrity. Both experimental and clinical analyses provide evidence that these bioactive compounds may help reduce clinical manifestations, induce and sustain remission, and improve the well-being of individuals suffering from ulcerative colitis. This review seeks to discuss various aspects of natural compounds in the management of ulcerative colitis, including mechanisms, therapeutic prospects, and hurdles, and hence the basis for future research and practice.

Glioprotective Effects of Resveratrol Against Glutamate-Induced Cellular Dysfunction: The Role of Heme Oxygenase 1 Pathway

Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, has shown promising neuroprotective effects in several in vivo and in vitro experimental models. However, the mechanisms by which resveratrol mediates these effects are not fully understood. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; however, excessive extracellular glutamate levels can affect neural activity in several neurological diseases. Astrocytes are the glial cells that maintain brain homeostasis and can attenuate excitotoxicity by actively participating in glutamate neurotransmission. This study aimed to investigate the glioprotective effects of resveratrol against glutamate-induced cellular dysfunction in hippocampal slices and primary astrocyte cultures, with a focus on the role of heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Glutamate impaired glutamate uptake activity through a glutamate receptor-dependent mechanism, in addition to altering other important astroglial parameters, including glutamine synthetase activity, glutathione levels and cystine uptake, which were normalized by resveratrol. Resveratrol also prevented glutamate-induced disruption in antioxidant defenses, as well as in trophic and inflammatory functions, including the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) transcriptional activity. Most of the effects of resveratrol, mainly in astrocytes, were dependent on the HO-1 signaling pathway, as they were abrogated when HO-1 was pharmacologically inhibited. Resveratrol also increased HO-1 mRNA expression and its transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2). Finally, resveratrol prevented glutamate-induced p21 senescence marker, indicating an anti-aging effect. Therefore, we demonstrated that the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 system in astrocytes by resveratrol represents an astrocyte-targeted neuroprotective mechanism in neurodegeneration, with glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation as common neurochemical alterations.

Copper Imparts a New Therapeutic Property to Resveratrol by Generating ROS to Deactivate Cell-Free Chromatin

Resveratrol, a bioactive phytoalexin, has been extensively studied as a pharmaceutical and nutraceutical candidate for the treatment of various diseases. Although its therapeutic effects have been largely attributed to its anti-oxidant properties, its underlying mechanisms and dose dependency are not well understood. Recent studies have shown that cell-free chromatin particles (cfChPs), which are released daily from billions of dying cells, can enter circulation and be internalized by healthy cells, wherein they trigger various damaging effects, including double-strand DNA breaks. Notably, deactivating cfChPs using a mixture of resveratrol and copper can neutralize their harmful effects. The addition of copper imparts a novel therapeutic property to resveratrol viz. the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are capable of deactivating cfChPs without damaging the genomic DNA. This perspective article discusses how the deactivation of cfChPs via the ROS generated by combining resveratrol with copper can have multiple therapeutic effects. Exploiting the damaging effects of ROS to deactivate cfChPs and ameliorate disease conditions may be a viable therapeutic approach.

Films Based on Chitosan/Konjac Glucomannan Blend Containing Resveratrol for Potential Skin Application

Biopolymers represent a significant class of materials with potential applications in skin care due to their beneficial properties. Resveratrol is a natural substance that exhibits a range of biological activities, including the scavenging of free radicals and anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. In this study, chitosan/konjac glucomannan resveratrol-enriched thin films were prepared. The enrichment of biomaterials with active ingredients is a common practice, as it allows the desired properties to be obtained in the final product. To characterize the films, several analyses were performed, including infrared spectroscopy, imaging of the samples by SEM and AFM techniques, swelling analysis in pH 5.5 and 7.4, mechanical and antioxidant assays, contact angle measurements, and determination of the resveratrol release profile under the skin mimicking conditions. Resveratrol incorporation into the matrices resulted in modifications to the chemical structure and film morphology. The mechanical characteristics of films with additives were found to undergo deterioration. The sample containing 10% of resveratrol exhibited a higher swelling degree than other films. The resveratrol-modified films demonstrated a notable antioxidant capacity, a reduced contact angle, and enhanced wettability. The resveratrol release occurred rapidly initially, with a maximum of 84% and 56% of the substance released depending on the sample type. Thus, the proposed formulations have promising properties, in particular good swelling capacity, high antioxidant potential, and improved wettability, and may serve as skin dressings after further investigation.

Resveratrol-A Promising Therapeutic Agent with Problematic Properties

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol (stilbenoid), which can be found in grape skin, red wine, blueberries, peanuts and others. The biological properties of resveratrol, in particular antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, estrogenic, vasorelaxant and cardioprotective activity, are the main reason for its importance in medicine and pharmacy. Despite all of its advantages, however, there are many problems related to this polyphenolic substance, such as low stability, water insolubility, poor bioavailability and fast metabolism. For this reason, scientists are currently searching for different approaches to dealing with these problematic properties and improving the therapeutic usage of resveratrol. This review summarizes the mechanisms of the biological effects of resveratrol, determined in vitro and in vivo, and the main limitations of the drug. The article emphasizes new approaches for the improvement of resveratrol delivery, in particular nanoencapsulation, formation of nanocrystals, prodrugs and structure analogues.

Trends in drug repurposing: Advancing cardiovascular disease management in geriatric populations

Drug repurposing is a promising strategy for managing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in geriatric populations, offering efficient and cost-effective solutions. CVDs are prevalent across all age groups, with a significant increase in prevalence among geriatric populations. The middle-age period (40-65 years) is critical due to factors like obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and psychosocial stress. In individuals aged 65 and older, the incidence of CVDs is highest due to age-related physiological changes and prolonged exposure to risk factors. In this review we find that certain drugs, such as non-cardiovascular drugs like anakinra, probenecid, N-acetyl cysteine, quercetin, resveratrol, rapamycin, colchicine, bisphosphonates, hydroxychloroquine, SGLT-2i drugs, GLP-1Ras drugs and sildenafil are recommended for drug repurposing to achieve cardiovascular benefits in geriatric patients. However, agents such as canakinumab, methotrexate, ivermectin, erythromycin, capecitabine, carglumic acid, chloroquine, and furosemide are constrained in their therapeutic use and warrant meticulous consideration, rendering them less favorable for this specific application. This review emphasizes the importance of exploring alternative therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes in geriatric populations and suggests drug repurposing as a promising avenue to enhance treatment efficacy.

Hybrid Nanocomposite Mini-Tablet to Be Applied into the Post-Extraction Socket: Matching the Potentialities of Resveratrol-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles and Hydroxyapatite to Promote Alveolar Wound Healing

Background/Objectives: Following tooth extraction, resveratrol (RSV) can support healing by reducing inflammation and microbial risks, though its poor solubility limits its effectiveness. This study aims to develop a solid nanocomposite by embedding RSV in lipid nanoparticles (mLNP) within a hydrophilic matrix, to the scope of improving local delivery and enhancing healing. Hydroxyapatite (HXA), often used as a bone substitute, was added to prevent post-extraction alveolus volume reduction. Methods: The mLNP-RSV dispersion was mixed with seven different polymers in various mLNP/polymer ratios. Following freeze-drying, the powders were redispersed, and the resulting dispersions were tested by DLS experiments. Then, the best two nanocomposites underwent extensive characterization by SEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal analysis as well as in vitro partitioning studies aimed at verifying their ability to yield the mLNP-RSV from the hydrophilic matrix to a lipophilic tissue. The characterizations led to identify the best nanocomposite, which was further combined with HXA to obtain hybrid nanocomposites, further evaluated as pharmaceutical powders or in form of mini-tablets. Results: PEG-based nanocomposites emerged as optimal and, following HXA insertion, the resulting powders revealed adequate bulk properties, making them useful as a pharmaceutical intermediate to produce ≈59 mm3 mini-tablets, compliant with the post-extraction socket. Moreover, they were proven ex vivo to be able to promote RSV and GA accumulation into the buccal tissue over time. Conclusions: The here-proposed mini-tablet offers an innovative therapeutic approach for alveolar wound healing promotion as they led to a standardized dose administration, while being handy and stable in terms of physical solid identity as long as it takes to suture the wound.

Resveratrol prevents offspring's behavioral impairment associated with immunogenic stress during pregnancy

Evidence suggests that prenatal maternal immunological stress is associated with an increased risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders in the developing offspring. Protecting the embryo during this critical period of neurodevelopment, when the brain is especially vulnerable, is therefore crucial. Polyphenols, with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, offer promising therapeutic approaches. This study demonstrated a series of behavioral changes induced by maternal immune activation (MIA) triggered by an antigenic solution derived from the H1N1 virus. These changes include significant differences in anxiety and risk assessment behaviors, increased immobility in the forced swim test, impairments in memory and object recognition, and social deficits resembling autism. The phenolic compound resveratrol (RSV) was evaluated for its in vitro antioxidant capacity and characterized using infrared spectroscopy. Administering RSV from embryonic day 14 (E14) to embrionyc day 19 (E19) during MIA effectively reduced its harmful effects on the offspring. This was evidenced by a significant restoration of social behaviors, memory, and recognition, as well as anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in the adult offspring. These findings contribute to new therapeutic strategies for preventing psychiatric disorders associated with neurodevelopmental stressors.

Resveratrol Alleviates NEFA-Induced Oxidative Damage in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells by Restoring Mitochondrial Function

In periparturient dairy cows, high non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) caused by a severe negative energy balance induce oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction, which pose a severe challenge to the dairy industry. Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and multiple other physiological effects. However, its effect on oxidative damage triggered by NEFAs in bovine mammary epithelial cells is rarely reported. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of RES in NEFA-challenged BMECs. The results showed that RES ameliorated NEFA-induced oxidative damage by upregulating antioxidant enzyme expression and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, exogenous NEFAs resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, energy metabolism (NAD+/NADH ratio), abnormal mitochondrial structure and an increase in apoptosis levels. RES treatment restored mitochondrial function in NEFA-stressed BMECs, as evidenced by the increase in MMP, ATP generation and NAD+/NADH ratio accompanying the decline in mitochondrial structural abnormalities and cell apoptosis. In addition, in vivo studies in a mouse model of oxidative damage induced by high-fat diet (HFD) demonstrated that RES alleviated oxidative damage (decreased MDA content) and mitochondrial dysfunction (decreased expression of Drp1 and Fis1 and increased levels of Mfn2, Cyt C mRNA and ATP production) in mammary gland tissue. Overall, these findings suggested that RES could alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative damage in BMECs by modulating mitochondrial function, thereby contributing to the prevention and treatment of oxidative damage in perinatal dairy cows with a negative energy balance.

A universal gene expression signature-based strategy for the high-throughput discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs

BACKGROUND

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a valuable resource for drug discovery and has demonstrated excellent efficacy in treating inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to develop a universal gene signature-based strategy for high-throughput discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs, especially Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

METHODS

The disease gene signature of liposaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells and drug gene signatures of 655 drug candidates were established via sequencing. Anti-inflammatory drugs were screened based on similarities between drug gene signatures and the reversed disease gene signature.

RESULTS

Through screening, 83 potential anti-inflammatory drugs were identified. The efficacy of the TCM formula Biyun Powder, along with individual TCMs, Centipedea Herba, Kaempferiae Rhizoma, and Schizonepetae Spica Carbonisata, was verified in vitro or in vivo. Mechanistically, they exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. Kaempferol and luteolin were identified as bioactive IκB kinase-β inhibitors in Kaempferiae Rhizoma and Schizonepetae Spica Carbonisata, respectively.

CONCLUSION

We developed a universal gene signature-based approach for the high-throughput discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs that is applicable to compounds and to TCM herbs/formulae and established a workflow (screening, validation of efficacy, and identification of the mechanism of action and bioactive compounds) that can serve as a research template for high-throughput drug research.

Resveratrol stimulates brown of white adipose via regulating ERK/DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission and improves systemic glucose homeostasis

PURPOSE

Diabetes mellitus and metabolic homeostasis disorders may benefit from white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, which is associated with mitochondrial fission. Resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol, exhibits beneficial effects against abnormalities related to metabolic diseases. However, it remains unknown whether resveratrol contributes to WAT browning by regulating mitochondrial fission.

METHODS

We administered resveratrol (0.4% mixed with control) to db/db mice for 12 weeks, measuring body weight, oral glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and histological changes. The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) expressions in the epididymal WAT were assessed via immunoblotting.

RESULTS

We found that resveratrol improved systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in db/db mice, which was associated with increased UCP1 in epididymal WAT. Resveratrol-treated mice exhibited more fragmented mitochondria and increased phosphorylation of DRP1 in the epididymal WAT of the db/db mice. These results were further confirmed in vitro, where resveratrol induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling activation, leading to phosphorylation of DRP1 at the S616 site (p-DRP1S616) and mitochondrial fission, which was reversed by an ERK inhibitor in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

CONCLUSION

Resveratrol plays a role in regulating the phosphorylation of ERK and DRP1, resulting in the promotion of beige cells with epididymal WAT and the improvement of glucose homeostasis. Our present study provides novel insights into the potential mechanism of resveratrol-mediated effects on WAT browning, suggesting that it is, at least in part, mediated through ERK/DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission.

Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Study to Explore the Effect of Resveratrol on Type 2 Diabetes

This network pharmacology study represents a significant step in understanding the potential of Resveratrol as an antidiabetic agent and its molecular targets. Targets for Type 2 diabetes were obtained from the MalaCards and DisGeNET databases, while targets for Resveratrol were sourced from the STP and CTD databases. Subsequently, we performed matching to identify common disease-compound targets. The identified genes were analyzed using the ShinGO-0.76.3 database for functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway mapping. A protein-protein interaction network was then constructed using Cytoscape software, and hub genes were identified. These hub genes were subjected to molecular docking and dynamic simulations using AutoDock Vina and Gromacs software. According to functional enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis, Resveratrol influences insulin receptors, endoplasmic reticulum functions, and oxidoreductase activity and is involved in the estrogen and HIF-1 pathways. Ten hub genes were identified, including ESR1, PTGS2, SRC, NOS3, MMP9, IGF1R, CYP19A1, MTOR, MMP2, and PIK3CA. The proteins associated with these genes exhibited high interaction with Resveratrol in the molecular docking analysis, and molecular dynamics showed a stable interaction of Resveratrol with ESR1, MMP9, PIK3CA, and PTGS2. In conclusion, our work enhances the understanding of the antidiabetic activity of Resveratrol, which future studies should experimentally corroborate.

High mobility group box 1 cytokine targeted topical delivery of resveratrol embedded nanoemulgel for the management of atopic dermatitis

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound showing anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of high mobility group box 1 cytokine responsible for the activation of nuclear factor-κB pathway in atopic dermatitis. To evaluate the efficacy of resveratrol through topical route we have developed resveratrol-loaded nanoemulgel for the effective management of atopic dermatitis in mice model. The resveratrol-loaded nanoemulsion (0.5%, 0.75% and 1% w/w) was optimized by spontaneous nano-emulsification. The optimized resveratrol-loaded nanoemulsions showed average globule size in the 180-230 nm range and found to be monodispersed. The resveratrol nanoemulgel was prepared with a SEPINEO™ P 600 gel base and propylene glycol. Ex vivo permeation and retention study resulted in significantly higher skin retention of resveratrol from resveratrol-loaded nanoemulgel than free resveratrol-loaded gel. Preclinical efficacy of resveratrol nanoemulgel displayed promising therapeutic outcomes where, western blotting of skin tissues disclosed a significant reduction in the relative expression of high mobility group box 1, the receptor for advanced glycation end products, toll-like receptor-4 and phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB. Further, real-time polymerase chain reaction also disclosed a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin-4, interleukin-13, interleukin-31, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. The histopathological examination of skin sections showed improvement in the skin condition. Collectively, the findings from our study showcased the significant improvement in the atopic dermatitis skin condition in mice model after topical application of resveratrol loaded nanoemulgel.

Dietary phytochemicals alleviate the premature skin aging: A comprehensive review

Skin aging, often called as premature skin aging, is the hastened deterioration of the skin resulting from multiple factors, including UV radiation, environmental contaminants, inadequate nutrition, stress, etc. Dietary phytochemicals, present in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-derived meals, have gained interest due to their efficiency to eradicate free radicals and lowering the release of inflammatory mediators which accounts for premature skin aging. Several dietary phytochemicals, i.e., carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, phytosterols, etc., exhibited potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, suppression of UV damage, and promote collagen synthesis. In addition, dietary phytochemicals include sulfur, present in various foods safeguard the skin against oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, this article delves into the comprehension of various dietary phytochemicals investigated to alleviate the premature skin aging. The article further highlights specific phytochemicals and their sources, bioavailability, mechanisms, etc., in the context of safeguarding the skin against oxidative stress and inflammation. The present manuscript is a systematic comprehension of the available literature on dietary phytochemicals and skin aging in various database, i.e., PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar using the keywords, i.e., "dietary phytochemicals", "nutraceuticals", "skin aging" etc., via Boolean operator, i.e., "AND". The dietary guidelines presented in the manuscript is a unique summarization for a broad reader to understand the inclusion of various functional foods, nutrients, supplements, etc., to prevent premature skin aging. Thus, the utilization of dietary phytochemicals has shown a promising avenue in preventing skin aging, however, the future perspectives and challenges of such phytochemicals should be comprehended via clinical investigations.

Mechanism and Application of Biomaterials Targeting Reactive Oxygen Species and Macrophages in Inflammation

Inflammation, an adaptive reaction to harmful stimuli, is a necessary immune system response and can be either acute or chronic. Since acute inflammation tends to eliminate harmful stimuli and restore equilibrium, it is generally advantageous to the organism. Chronic inflammation, however, is caused by either increased inflammatory signaling or decreased pro-anti-inflammatory signaling. According to current studies, inflammation is thought to be a major factor in a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cancer, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. Consequently, reducing inflammation is essential for both preventing and delaying diseases. The application of biomaterials in the treatment of inflammatory illnesses has grown in recent years. A variety of biomaterials can be implanted either by themselves or in conjunction with other bioactive ingredients and therapeutic agents. The mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of well-known anti-inflammatory biomaterials are the main topics of this article.

The Effects of Novel Co-Amorphous Naringenin and Fisetin Compounds on a Diet-Induced Obesity Murine Model

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

In recent studies, it has been shown that dietary bioactive compounds can produce health benefits; however, it is not known whether an improvement in solubility can enhance their biological effects. Thus, the aim of this work was to study whether co-amorphous (CoA) naringenin or fisetin with enhanced solubility modify glucose and lipid metabolism, thermogenic capacity and gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFSD) diet.

METHODS

Mice were fed with an HFSD with or without CoA-naringenin or CoA-fisetin for 3 months. Body weight, food intake, body composition, glucose tolerance, hepatic lipid composition and gut microbiota were assessed.

RESULTS

CoA-naringenin demonstrated significant reductions in fat-mass gain, improved cholesterol metabolism, and enhanced glucose tolerance. Mice treated with CoA-naringenin gained 45% less fat mass and exhibited improved hepatic lipid profiles, with significant reductions seen in liver triglycerides and cholesterol. Additionally, both CoA-flavonoids increased oxygen consumption (VO2), contributing to enhanced energy expenditure and improved metabolic flexibility. Thermogenic activation, indicated by increased UCP1 and PGC-1α levels, was observed with CoA-fisetin, supporting its role in fat oxidation and adipocyte size reduction. Further, both CoA-flavonoids modulated gut microbiota, restoring diversity and promoting beneficial bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, which has been linked to improved metabolic health.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that co-amorphous naringenin or fisetin offers promising applications in improving solubility, metabolic health, and thermogenesis, highlighting the potential of both as therapeutic agents against obesity and related disorders.

The Potential Application of Resveratrol and Its Derivatives in Central Nervous System Tumors

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various plants, has been extensively studied for its broad spectrum of beneficial biological effects. These encompass its potent antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-aging capabilities, cardioprotective functions, and neuroprotective potential. The diverse biological actions of resveratrol extend beyond these well-established properties. It also exerts a significant impact on metabolic processes and bioavailability, and critically, it demonstrates the ability to effectively traverse the blood-brain barrier. This capacity to penetrate the central nervous system renders resveratrol a promising therapeutic agent for the management of central nervous system malignancies, as it has been shown to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and modulate key signaling cascades, such as PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, and NF-kB. The multifaceted nature of resveratrol's biological effects, including its influence on diverse physiological processes, underscores its potential as a valuable therapeutic option for the treatment of central nervous system tumors.

Chloroform Extract from Fermented Viola mandshurica Regulates LPS-Induced Inflammation Response in RAW 264.7 Cells by Inhibiting iNOS and COX-2

Inflammatory is a crucial part of the immune system of body protect it from harmful invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. In this study, the effects of chloroform extract of fermented Viola mandshurica (CEFV) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated. The CEFV significantly inhibited NO production and reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at both protein and mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. Also, CEFV decreased PGE2 production, suppressed COX-2 expression, and inhibited the activation of the ERK and JNK pathways but not the p38 pathway. Taken together, CEFV suppressed NF-κB activation, which is a key regulator in the inflammatory response. The main phenolic compounds identified in CEFV were tectoridin, luteolin, resveratrol, and hesperetin. Therefore, in this study, CEFC exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and inhibiting key inflammatory pathway in RAW264.7 cells.

Novel Glycyrrhetin Ureas Possessing 2-Hydroxy-3-enone A Ring: Modification, Anti-inflammatory Activity, and Targeted STING for the Remedy of Acute Kidney Injury

Glycyrrhetin urea has emerged as a privileged scaffold with anti-inflammatory activity for the treatment and prevention of acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, structural modifications of the A ring of glycyrrhetinic acid yielded a series of urea derivatives, among which compound 7o exhibited the most promising anti-inflammatory activity. 7o was confirmed to interact with STING through a cellular heat shift assay and to inhibit the STING/NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 cells. It acted on the STING pathway, inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation, and subsequently reduced the level of release of inflammatory factors. Additionally, 7o significantly increased the survival rate of renal tubular epithelial cells, demonstrating a protective effect against cisplatin-induced cell death and mitigating inflammation activation. The in vivo AKI mouse model showed that 7o significantly downregulated serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), thereby improving renal function. Morphological analysis revealed that 7o attenuated the cisplatin-induced renal tubular injury. Therefore, 7o represents a promising lead for the prevention and treatment of AKI.

Phytobiotics in poultry: revolutionizing broiler chicken nutrition with plant-derived gut health enhancers

As the global population continues to expand, the demand for broiler chicken production to supply safe and high-quality meat is increasing. To meet this ever-growing demand, broiler chickens with enhanced growth performance are being developed, but they often face challenges related to oxidative stress, which can adversely affect gut health. Phytobiotics, which are plant-derived feed additives known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, immune-modulating, and growth-promoting properties, have emerged as promising natural alternatives to synthetic antibiotics. This review consolidates recent advancements in the use of phytobiotics-derived products from leaves, roots, seeds, flowers, and their extracts in broiler diets reared under standard experimental conditions, without the introduction of stressors. The focus is on elucidating the key mechanisms through which phytobiotics improve gut health, including their effects on gut morphology, integrity, microflora composition, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. The review highlights the potential of phytobiotics to revolutionize broiler nutrition by acting as natural enhancers of gut health. Research findings reveal that phytobiotics significantly improve intestinal health, and boost growth performance, offering a sustainable approach to managing to gut dysfunction. These findings indicate a potential shift in how gut-health related challenges in broilers can be addressed, moving towards natural phytobiotic therapy. However, several challenges persist. Optimizing the dosage of phytobiotics, ensuring consistent performance, and overcoming the limitations related to their extraction and application are key areas requiring further investigation. The review emphasizes the importance of continued research to refine phytobiotic formulations, explore synergistic effects, and incorporate advanced technologies such as AI-driven methods and precision nutrition to tailor feeding strategies more effectively. Additionally, the development of innovative delivery systems, such as nanoencapsulation, is suggested as a way to enhance the effectiveness and reliability of phytobiotics. By highlighting the potential of phytobiotics to revolutionize broiler nutrition, this review supports the poultry industry's shift towards antibiotic-free and sustainable dietary solutions, offering new perspectives on the future of broiler chicken production.