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Annamalai J, Seetharaman B, Sellamuthu I. Nanomaterials in the environment and their pragmatic voyage at various trophic levels in an ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 364:121307. [PMID: 38870799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials (NMs) have a huge credential in advancing the existing follow-ups of analytical and diagnosis techniques, drug designing, agricultural science, electronics, cosmetics, sports, textiles and water purification. However, NMs have also grasped attention of researchers onto their toxicity. In the present review, initially the development of notable NMs such as metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs), magnetic NPs, carbon-based NMs and quantum dots intended to be commercialized along with their applications are discussed. This is followed by the current scenario of NMs in the environment to widen the outlook on the concentration of NPs in the environmental compartments and the frequency of organism exposed to NPs at varied trophic levels. In order to understand the physiochemical and morphological significance of NPs in exhibiting toxicity, fate of NPs in the environment is briefly deliberated. This is further geared-up to glance in-sightedly on the organisms starting from primary producer to primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer and decomposers encountering NPs in their habitual niche. The state of NPs to which organisms are exposed, mechanism of NP uptake and toxicity, anomalies faced at each trophic level, concentration of NPs that is liable to cause toxicity and, biotransfer of NPs to the next generation and trophic level are detailed. Finally, the future prospects on bioaccumulation and biomagnification of NP-based products are conversed. Thus, the review would be noteworthy in unveiling the significance of NPs in forthcoming years combined with threat towards each organism in an ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Annamalai
- Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.
| | - Barathi Seetharaman
- Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.
| | - Iyappan Sellamuthu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.
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Iskuzhina L, Batasheva S, Kryuchkova M, Rozhin A, Zolotykh M, Mingaleeva R, Akhatova F, Stavitskaya A, Cherednichenko K, Rozhina E. Advances in the Toxicity Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from a Sphagnum fallax Extract for Monolayers and Spheroids. Biomolecules 2024; 14:611. [PMID: 38927015 PMCID: PMC11202274 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of nanomaterials through environmentally friendly methods is a top priority in the sustainable development of nanotechnology. This paper presents data on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Sphagnum fallax moss at room temperature. The morphology, stability, and size of the nanoparticles were analyzed using various techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, Doppler laser velocimetry, and UV-vis spectroscopy. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the presence of moss metabolites on the surface of nanomaterials. The effects of different concentrations of citrate-stabilized and moss extract-stabilized silver nanoparticles on cell viability, necrosis induction, and cell impedance were compared. The internalization of silver nanoparticles into both monolayers and three-dimensional cells spheroids was evaluated using dark-field microscopy and hyperspectral imaging. An eco-friendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles at room temperature is proposed, which makes it possible to obtain spherical nanoparticles of 20-30 nm in size with high bioavailability and that have potential applications in various areas of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Iskuzhina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; (L.I.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.Z.); (R.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Svetlana Batasheva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; (L.I.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.Z.); (R.M.); (F.A.)
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Trubetskaya Str. 8/2, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Kryuchkova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; (L.I.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.Z.); (R.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Artem Rozhin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; (L.I.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.Z.); (R.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Mariya Zolotykh
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; (L.I.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.Z.); (R.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Rimma Mingaleeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; (L.I.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.Z.); (R.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Farida Akhatova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; (L.I.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.Z.); (R.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Anna Stavitskaya
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Kirill Cherednichenko
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Elvira Rozhina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; (L.I.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.Z.); (R.M.); (F.A.)
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Das SK, Sen K, Ghosh B, Ghosh N, Sinha K, Sil PC. Molecular mechanism of nanomaterials induced liver injury: A review. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:566-600. [PMID: 38689743 PMCID: PMC11056894 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i4.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique physicochemical properties inherent to nanoscale materials have unveiled numerous potential applications, spanning beyond the pharmaceutical and medical sectors into various consumer industries like food and cosmetics. Consequently, humans encounter nanomaterials through diverse exposure routes, giving rise to potential health considerations. Noteworthy among these materials are silica and specific metallic nanoparticles, extensively utilized in consumer products, which have garnered substantial attention due to their propensity to accumulate and induce adverse effects in the liver. This review paper aims to provide an exhaustive examination of the molecular mechanisms underpinning nanomaterial-induced hepatotoxicity, drawing insights from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Primarily, the most frequently observed manifestations of toxicity following the exposure of cells or animal models to various nanomaterials involve the initiation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, we delve into the existing in vitro models employed for evaluating the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials, emphasizing the persistent endeavors to advance and bolster the reliability of these models for nanotoxicology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Kumar Das
- Department of Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram 721507, India
| | - Koushik Sen
- Department of Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram 721507, India
| | - Biswatosh Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Nabanita Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata 700013, India
| | - Krishnendu Sinha
- Department of Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram 721507, India.
| | - Parames C Sil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Calcutta 700054, India
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Paramo L, Jiménez-Chávez A, Medina-Ramirez IE, Böhnel HN, Escobar-Alarcón L, Esquivel K. Biocompatibility Evaluation of TiO 2, Fe 3O 4, and TiO 2/Fe 3O 4 Nanomaterials: Insights into Potential Toxic Effects in Erythrocytes and HepG2 Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2824. [PMID: 37947670 PMCID: PMC10648038 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials such as titanium dioxide and magnetite are increasingly used in several fields, such as water remediation and agriculture. However, this has raised environmental concerns due to potential exposure to organisms like humans. Nanomaterials can cause adverse interactions depending on physicochemical characteristics, like size, morphology, and composition, when interacting with living beings. To ensure safe use and prevent the risk of exposure to nanomaterials, their biocompatibility must be assessed. In vitro cell cultures are beneficial for assessing nanomaterial-cell interactions due to their easy handling. The present study evaluated the biocompatibility of TiO2, Fe3O4, and TiO2/Fe3O4 nanomaterials thermally treated at 350 °C and 450 °C in erythrocytes and HepG2 cells. According to the hemolysis experiments, non-thermally treated NMs are toxic (>5% hemolysis), but their thermally treated counterparts do not present toxicity (<2%). This behavior indicates that the toxicity derives from some precursor (solvent or surfactant) used in the synthesis of the nanomaterials. All the thermally treated nanomaterials did not show hemolytic activity under different conditions, such as low-light exposure or the absence of blood plasma proteins. In contrast, non-thermally treated nanomaterials showed a high hemolytic behavior, which was reduced after the purification (washing and thermal treatment) of nanomaterials, indicating the presence of surfactant residue used during synthesis. An MTS cell viability assay shows that calcined nanomaterials do not reduce cell viability (>11%) during 24 h of exposure. On the other hand, a lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay resulted in a higher variability, indicating that several nanomaterials did not cause an increase in cell death as compared to the control. However, a holotomographic microscopy analysis reveals a high accumulation of nanomaterials in the cell structure at a low concentration (10 µg mL-1), altering cell morphology, which could lead to cell membrane damage and cell viability reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Paramo
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico;
| | - Arturo Jiménez-Chávez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico;
| | | | - Harald Norbert Böhnel
- Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla, 3001, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Luis Escobar-Alarcón
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carr. México-Toluca, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico;
| | - Karen Esquivel
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico;
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Mubarok W, Elvitigala KCML, Kotani T, Sakai S. Visible light photocrosslinking of sugar beet pectin for 3D bioprinting applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121026. [PMID: 37321724 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the hydrogelation of sugar beet pectin (SBP) via visible light-mediated photocrosslinking and its applications in extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. Rapid hydrogelation (<15 s) was achieved by applying 405 nm visible light to an SBP solution in the presence of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride hexahydrate ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) and sodium persulfate (SPS). The mechanical properties of the hydrogel could be tuned by controlling the visible light irradiation time and concentrations of SBP, [Ru(bpy)3]2+, and SPS. High-fidelity 3D hydrogel constructs were fabricated by extruding inks containing 3.0 wt% SBP, 1.0 mM [Ru(bpy)3]2+, and 1.0 mM SPS. Human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells encapsulated in SBP hydrogels remained viable and metabolically active after 14 d of culture. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of applying SBP and a visible light-mediated photocrosslinking system to the 3D bioprinting of cell-laden constructs for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wildan Mubarok
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Kelum Chamara Manoj Lakmal Elvitigala
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kotani
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Shinji Sakai
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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6
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Doak SH, Andreoli C, Burgum MJ, Chaudhry Q, Bleeker EAJ, Bossa C, Domenech J, Drobne D, Fessard V, Jeliazkova N, Longhin E, Rundén-Pran E, Stępnik M, El Yamani N, Catalán J, Dusinska M. Current status and future challenges of genotoxicity OECD Test Guidelines for nanomaterials: a workshop report. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:183-191. [PMID: 37234002 PMCID: PMC10448853 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing for nanomaterials remains challenging as standard testing approaches require some adaptation, and further development of nano-specific OECD Test Guidelines (TGs) and Guidance Documents (GDs) are needed. However, the field of genotoxicology continues to progress and new approach methodologies (NAMs) are being developed that could provide relevant information on the range of mechanisms of genotoxic action that may be imparted by nanomaterials. There is a recognition of the need for implementation of new and/or adapted OECD TGs, new OECD GDs, and utilization of NAMs within a genotoxicity testing framework for nanomaterials. As such, the requirements to apply new experimental approaches and data for genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials in a regulatory context is neither clear, nor used in practice. Thus, an international workshop with representatives from regulatory agencies, industry, government, and academic scientists was convened to discuss these issues. The expert discussion highlighted the current deficiencies that exist in standard testing approaches within exposure regimes, insufficient physicochemical characterization, lack of demonstration of cell or tissue uptake and internalization, and limitations in the coverage of genotoxic modes of action. Regarding the latter aspect, a consensus was reached on the importance of using NAMs to support the genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials. Also highlighted was the need for close engagement between scientists and regulators to (i) provide clarity on the regulatory needs, (ii) improve the acceptance and use of NAM-generated data, and (iii) define how NAMs may be used as part of weight of evidence approaches for use in regulatory risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singelton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Andreoli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael J Burgum
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singelton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Qasim Chaudhry
- University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A J Bleeker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bossa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Josefa Domenech
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Vecan pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10b rue Claude Bourgelat, Fougères 35306, France
| | | | - Eleonora Longhin
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2002, Norway
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2002, Norway
| | | | - Naouale El Yamani
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2002, Norway
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2002, Norway
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Kohl Y, Müller M, Fink M, Mamier M, Fürtauer S, Drexel R, Herrmann C, Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer S, Hornberger R, Arz MI, Metzger C, Wagner S, Sängerlaub S, Briesen H, Meier F, Krebs T. Development and Characterization of a 96-Well Exposure System for Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207207. [PMID: 36922728 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a 96-well exposure system for safety assessment of nanomaterials is developed and characterized using an air-liquid interface lung epithelial model. This system is designed for sequential nebulization. Distribution studies verify the reproducible distribution over all 96 wells, with lower insert-to-insert variability compared to non-sequential application. With a first set of chemicals (TritonX), drugs (Bortezomib), and nanomaterials (silver nanoparticles and (non-)fluorescent crystalline nanocellulose), sequential exposure studies are performed with human lung epithelial cells followed by quantification of the deposited mass and of cell viability. The developed exposure system offers for the first time the possibility of exposing an air-liquid interface model in a 96-well format, resulting in high-throughput rates, combined with the feature for sequential dosing. This exposure system allows the possibility of creating dose-response curves resulting in the generation of more reliable cell-based assay data for many types of applications, such as safety analysis. In addition to chemicals and drugs, nanomaterials with spherical shapes, but also morphologically more complex nanostructures can be exposed sequentially with high efficiency. This allows new perspectives on in vivo-like and animal-free approaches for chemical and pharmaceutical safety assessment, in line with the 3R principle of replacing and reducing animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Michelle Müller
- Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Marielle Fink
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Marc Mamier
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Siegfried Fürtauer
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Drexel
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, 86899, Landsberg am Lech, Germany
| | - Christine Herrmann
- Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Ramona Hornberger
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marius I Arz
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Metzger
- Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagner
- Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Sven Sängerlaub
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Meier
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, 86899, Landsberg am Lech, Germany
| | - Tobias Krebs
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
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8
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Wang T, Desmet J, Pérez-Albaladejo E, Porte C. Development of fish liver PLHC-1 spheroids and its applicability to investigate the toxicity of plastic additives. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115016. [PMID: 37196525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fish liver cell lines are valuable tools to understand the toxicity of chemicals in aquatic vertebrates. While conventional 2D cell cultures grown in monolayers are well established, they fail to emulate toxic gradients and cellular functions as in in-vivo conditions. To overcome these limitations, this work focuses on the development of Poeciliopsis lucida (PLHC-1) spheroids as a testing platform to evaluate the toxicity of a mixture of plastic additives. The growth of spheroids was monitored over a period of 30 days, and spheroids 2-8 days old and sized between 150 and 250 µm were considered optimal for conducting toxicity tests due to their excellent viability and metabolic activity. Eight-day-old spheroids were selected for lipidomic characterization. Compared to 2D-cells, the lipidome of spheroids was relatively enriched in highly unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PCs), sphingosines (SPBs), sphingomyelins (SMs) and cholesterol esters (CEs). When exposed to a mixture of plastic additives, spheroids were less responsive in terms of decreased cell viability and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but were more sensitive than cells growing in monolayers for lipidomic responses. The lipid profile of 3D-spheroids was similar to a liver-like phenotype and it was strongly modulated by exposure to plastic additives. The development of PLHC-1 spheroids represents an important step towards the application of more realistic in-vitro methods in aquatic toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Judith Desmet
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Štampar M, Ravnjak T, Domijan AM, Žegura B. Combined Toxic Effects of BPA and Its Two Analogues BPAP and BPC in a 3D HepG2 Cell Model. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073085. [PMID: 37049848 PMCID: PMC10095618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most commonly used substances in the manufacture of various everyday products. Growing concerns about its hazardous properties, including endocrine disruption and genotoxicity, have led to its gradual replacement by presumably safer analogues in manufacturing plastics. The widespread use of BPA and, more recently, its analogues has increased their residues in the environment. However, our knowledge of their toxicological profiles is limited and their combined effects are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects caused by single bisphenols and by the combined exposure of BPA and its two analogues, BPAP and BPC, after short (24-h) and prolonged (96-h) exposure in HepG2 spheroids. The results showed that BPA did not reduce cell viability in HepG2 spheroids after 24-h exposure. In contrast, BPAP and BPC affected cell viability in HepG2 spheroids. Both binary mixtures (BPA/BPAP and BPA/BPC) decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, but the significant difference was only observed for the combination of BPA/BPC (both at 40 µM). After 96-h exposure, none of the BPs studied affected cell viability in HepG2 spheroids. Only the combination of BPA/BPAP decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner that was significant for the combination of 4 µM BPA and 4 µM BPAP. None of the BPs and their binary mixtures studied affected the surface area and growth of spheroids as measured by planimetry. In addition, all BPs and their binary mixtures studied triggered oxidative stress, as measured by the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, at both exposure times. Overall, the results suggest that it is important to study the effects of BPs as single compounds. It is even more important to study the effects of combined exposures, as the combined effects may differ from those induced by single compounds.
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10
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Measuring DNA modifications with the comet assay: a compendium of protocols. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:929-989. [PMID: 36707722 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The comet assay is a versatile method to detect nuclear DNA damage in individual eukaryotic cells, from yeast to human. The types of damage detected encompass DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites (e.g., apurinic/apyrimidinic sites), alkylated and oxidized nucleobases, DNA-DNA crosslinks, UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and some chemically induced DNA adducts. Depending on the specimen type, there are important modifications to the comet assay protocol to avoid the formation of additional DNA damage during the processing of samples and to ensure sufficient sensitivity to detect differences in damage levels between sample groups. Various applications of the comet assay have been validated by research groups in academia, industry and regulatory agencies, and its strengths are highlighted by the adoption of the comet assay as an in vivo test for genotoxicity in animal organs by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The present document includes a series of consensus protocols that describe the application of the comet assay to a wide variety of cell types, species and types of DNA damage, thereby demonstrating its versatility.
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11
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Ruijter N, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Carrière M, Boyles M, McLean P, Catalán J, Katsumiti A, Cabellos J, Delpivo C, Sánchez Jiménez A, Candalija A, Rodríguez-Llopis I, Vázquez-Campos S, Cassee FR, Braakhuis H. The State of the Art and Challenges of In Vitro Methods for Human Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials in the Context of Safe-by-Design. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:472. [PMID: 36770432 PMCID: PMC9920318 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Safe-by-Design (SbD) concept aims to facilitate the development of safer materials/products, safer production, and safer use and end-of-life by performing timely SbD interventions to reduce hazard, exposure, or both. Early hazard screening is a crucial first step in this process. In this review, for the first time, commonly used in vitro assays are evaluated for their suitability for SbD hazard testing of nanomaterials (NMs). The goal of SbD hazard testing is identifying hazard warnings in the early stages of innovation. For this purpose, assays should be simple, cost-effective, predictive, robust, and compatible. For several toxicological endpoints, there are indications that commonly used in vitro assays are able to predict hazard warnings. In addition to the evaluation of assays, this review provides insights into the effects of the choice of cell type, exposure and dispersion protocol, and the (in)accurate determination of dose delivered to cells on predictivity. Furthermore, compatibility of assays with challenging advanced materials and NMs released from nano-enabled products (NEPs) during the lifecycle is assessed, as these aspects are crucial for SbD hazard testing. To conclude, hazard screening of NMs is complex and joint efforts between innovators, scientists, and regulators are needed to further improve SbD hazard testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Ruijter
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie Carrière
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, SyMMES-CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Boyles
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabel Rodríguez-Llopis
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | - Flemming R. Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Shin B, Hong SH, Seo S, Jeong CH, Kim J, Bae E, Lee D, Shin JH, Shim M, Han SB, Lee DK. Hepatocellular Metabolic Abnormalities Induced by Long-Term Exposure to Novel Brominated Flame Retardant, Hexabromobenzene. TOXICS 2023; 11:101. [PMID: 36850976 PMCID: PMC9962401 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are widely used to avoid environmental accumulation concerns and because of the regulations imposed on classical BFRs. However, recent studies have not revealed the negative effects of NBFR accumulation and exposure on humans. We conducted a metabolomics study on hexabromobenzene (HBB), one of the NBFRs, to investigate its effect on hepatocytes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling was performed to observe metabolic perturbations by treating human livertissue-derived HepG2 cell lines with HBB for maximum 21 days. Metabolic pathway enrichment using 17 metabolite biomarkers determined via univariate and multivariate statistical analysis verified that long-term accumulation of HBB resulted in distinct diminution of eight amino acids and five other metabolites. Molecular docking of the biomarker-related enzymes revealed the potential molecular mechanism of hepatocellular response to HBB exposure, which disrupts the energy metabolism of hepatic cells. Collectively, this study may provide insights into the hidden toxicity of bioaccumulating HBB and unveil the risks associated with non-regulated NBFRs.
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13
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Elje E, Mariussen E, McFadden E, Dusinska M, Rundén-Pran E. Different Sensitivity of Advanced Bronchial and Alveolar Mono- and Coculture Models for Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:407. [PMID: 36770370 PMCID: PMC9921680 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For the next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) of chemicals and nanomaterials, new approach methodologies (NAMs) are needed for hazard assessment in compliance with the 3R's to reduce, replace and refine animal experiments. This study aimed to establish and characterize an advanced respiratory model consisting of human epithelial bronchial BEAS-2B cells cultivated at the air-liquid interface (ALI), both as monocultures and in cocultures with human endothelial EA.hy926 cells. The performance of the bronchial models was compared to a commonly used alveolar model consisting of A549 in monoculture and in coculture with EA.hy926 cells. The cells were exposed at the ALI to nanosilver (NM-300K) in the VITROCELL® Cloud. After 24 h, cellular viability (alamarBlue assay), inflammatory response (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), DNA damage (enzyme-modified comet assay), and chromosomal damage (cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay) were measured. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by NM-300K were dependent on both the cell types and model, where BEAS-2B in monocultures had the highest sensitivity in terms of cell viability and DNA strand breaks. This study indicates that the four ALI lung models have different sensitivities to NM-300K exposure and brings important knowledge for the further development of advanced 3D respiratory in vitro models for the most reliable human hazard assessment based on NAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Elje
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erin McFadden
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
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14
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Tutty MA, Prina-Mello A. Three-Dimensional Spheroids for Cancer Research. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:65-103. [PMID: 37202612 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture is one of the most widely used tools used today for increasing our understanding of various things such as protein production, mechanisms of drug action, tissue engineering, and overall cellular biology. For the past decades, however, cancer researchers have relied heavily on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture techniques to test a variety of aspects of cancer research ranging from the cytotoxic effects of antitumor drugs to the toxicity of diagnostic dyes and contact tracers. However, many promising cancer therapies have either weak or no efficacy in real-life conditions, therefore delaying or stopping altogether their translating to the clinic. This is, in part, due to the reductionist 2D cultures used to test these materials, which lack appropriate cell-cell contacts, have altered signaling, do not represent the natural tumor microenvironment, and have different drug responses, due to their reduced malignant phenotype when compared to real in vivo tumors. With the most recent advances, cancer research has moved into 3D biological investigation. Three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells not only recapitulate the in vivo environment better than their 2D counterparts, but they have, in recent years, emerged as a relatively low-cost and scientifically accurate methodology for studying cancer. In this chapter, we highlight the importance of 3D culture, specifically 3D spheroid culture, reviewing some key methodologies for forming 3D spheroids, discussing the experimental tools that can be used in conjunction with 3D spheroids and finally their applications in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Anne Tutty
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Sendra M, Štampar M, Fras K, Novoa B, Figueras A, Žegura B. Adverse (geno)toxic effects of bisphenol A and its analogues in hepatic 3D cell model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107721. [PMID: 36580735 PMCID: PMC9875311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used and versatile chemical compounds in polymer additives and epoxy resins for manufacturing a range of products for human applications. It is known as endocrine disruptor, however, there is growing evidence that it is genotoxic. Because of its adverse effects, the European Union has restricted its use to protect human health and the environment. As a result, the industry has begun developing BPA analogues, but there are not yet sufficient toxicity data to claim that they are safe. We investigated the adverse toxic effects of BPA and its analogues (BPS, BPAP, BPAF, BPFL, and BPC) with emphasis on their cytotoxic and genotoxic activities after short (24-h) and prolonged (96-h) exposure in in vitro hepatic three-dimensional cell model developed from HepG2 cells. The results showed that BPFL and BPC (formed by an additional ring system) were the most cytotoxic analogues that affected cell viability, spheroid surface area and morphology, cell proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. BPA, BPAP, and BPAF induced DNA double-strand break formation (γH2AX assay), whereas BPAF and BPC increased the percentage of p-H3-positive cells, indicating their aneugenic activity. All BPs induced DNA single-strand break formation (comet assay), with BPAP (≥0.1 μM) being the most effective and BPA and BPC the least effective (≥1 μM) under conditions applied. The results indicate that not all of the analogues studied are safer alternatives to BPA and thus more in-depth research is urgently needed to adequately evaluate the risks of BPA analogues and assess their safety for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sendra
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Martina Štampar
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katarina Fras
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Adeli-Sardou M, Shakibaie M, Forootanfar H, Jabari-Morouei F, Riahi-Madvar S, Ghafari-Shahrbabaki SS, Mehrabani M. Cytotoxicity and anti-biofilm activities of biogenic cadmium nanoparticles and cadmium nitrate: a preliminary study. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:246. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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18
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Shi J, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Chen Z, Jia G. Long Non-Coding RNA Expression Profile Alteration Induced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in HepG2 Cells. TOXICS 2022; 10:724. [PMID: 36548557 PMCID: PMC9785481 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver is considered the major target organ affected by oral exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), but the mechanism of hepatotoxicity is not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of TiO2 NPs on the expression profile of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in hepatocytes and tried to understand the potential mechanism of hepatotoxicity through bioinformatics analysis. The human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were treated with TiO2 NPs at doses of 0-200 μg/mL for 48 h and then RNA sequencing was implemented. The differential lncRNAs between the control and TiO2 NPs-treated groups were screened, then the lncRNA-mRNA network and enrichment pathways were analyzed via multivariate statistics. As a result, 46,759 lncRNAs were identified and 129 differential lncRNAs were screened out. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the targeted mRNAs of those differential lncRNAs were enriched in the Hedgehog signaling pathway, Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, and Glutamatergic synapse. Moreover, two lncRNA-mRNA networks, including lncRNA NONHSAT256380.1-JRK and lncRNA NONHSAT173563.1-SMIM22, were verified by mRNA detection. This study demonstrated that an alteration in the lncRNA expression profile could be induced by TiO2 NPs and epigenetics may play an important role in the mechanism of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhangjian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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19
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Landsiedel R, Honarvar N, Seiffert SB, Oesch B, Oesch F. Genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1833. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Free University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | | | - Barbara Oesch
- Oesch‐Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions, GmbH & Co KG Ingelheim Germany
| | - Franz Oesch
- Oesch‐Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions, GmbH & Co KG Ingelheim Germany
- Institute of Toxicology Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
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20
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El Yamani N, Rubio L, García-Rodríguez A, Kažimírová A, Rundén-Pran E, Magdalena B, Marcos R, Dusinska M. Lack of mutagenicity of TiO 2 nanoparticles in vitro despite cellular and nuclear uptake. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 882:503545. [PMID: 36155144 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The potential genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) is a conflictive topic because both positive and negative findings have been reported. To add clarity, we have carried out a study with two cell lines (V79-4 and A549) to evaluate the effects of TiO2 NPs (NM-101), with a diameter ranging from 15 to 60 nm, at concentrations 1-75 μg/cm2. Using two different dispersion procedures, cell uptake was determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Mutagenicity was evaluated using the Hprt gene mutation test, while genotoxicity was determined with the comet assay, detecting both DNA breaks and oxidized DNA bases (with formamidopyrimidine glycosylase - Fpg). Cell internalization, as determined by TEM, shows TiO2 NM-101 in cytoplasmic vesicles, as well as close to and inside the nucleus. Such internalization did not depend on the state of agglomeration, nor the dispersion used. In spite of such internalization, no cytotoxicity was detected in V79-4 cells (relative growth activity and plating efficiency assays) or in A549 cells (AlamarBlue assay) after exposure lasting for 24 h. However, a significant decrease in the relative growth activity was detected at longer exposure times (48 and 72 h) and at the highest concentration 75 µg/cm2. When the modified enzyme-linked alkaline comet assay was performed on A549 cells, although no significant induction of DNA damage was detected, a positive concentration-effects relationship was observed (Spearman's correlation = 0.9, p 0.0001). Furthermore, no significant increase of DNA oxidized purine bases was observed. When the frequency of Hprt gene mutants was determined in V79-4 cells, no increase was observed in the exposed cells, relative to the unexposed cultures. Our general conclusion is that, under our experimental conditions, TiO2 NM-101 exposure does not exert mutagenic effects despite the evidence of NP uptake by V79-4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Laura Rubio
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alba García-Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alena Kažimírová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Barančoková Magdalena
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway.
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21
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Rundén-Pran E, Mariussen E, El Yamani N, Elje E, Longhin EM, Dusinska M. The colony forming efficiency assay for toxicity testing of nanomaterials—Modifications for higher-throughput. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:983316. [PMID: 36157975 PMCID: PMC9489936 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.983316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with the high number of nanomaterials manufactured, it is essential to develop high-throughput methods for in vitro toxicity screening. At the same time, the issue with interference of the nanomaterial (NM) with the read-out or the reagent of the assay needs to be addressed to avoid biased results. Thus, validated label-free methods are urgently needed for hazard identification of NMs to avoid unintended adverse effects on human health. The colony forming efficiency (CFE) assay is a label- and interference-free method for quantification of cytotoxicity by cell survival and colony forming efficiency by CFE formation. The CFE has shown to be compatible with toxicity testing of NMs. Here we present an optimized protocol for a higher-throughput set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Rundén-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
- *Correspondence: Elise Rundén-Pran,
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Oslo, Norway
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eleonora Marta Longhin
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
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22
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Henrique RBL, Lima RRM, Monteiro CAP, Oliveira WF, Pereira G, Cabral Filho PE, Fontes A. Advances in the study of spheroids as versatile models to evaluate biological interactions of inorganic nanoparticles. Life Sci 2022; 302:120657. [PMID: 35609631 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spheroids are in vitro three-dimensional multicellular microstructures able to mimic the biological microenvironment, including the complexity of tumor architecture. Therefore, results closer to those expected for in vivo organisms can be reached using spheroids compared to the cell culture monolayer model. Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have also been playing relevant roles in the comprehension of biological processes. Moreover, they have been probed as novel diagnostic and therapeutical nanosystems. In this context, in this review, we present applications, published in the last five years, which show that spheroids can be versatile models to study and evaluate biological interactions involving inorganic NPs. Applications of spheroids associated with (i) basic studies to assess the penetration profile of nanostructures, (ii) the evaluation of NP toxicity, and (iii) NP-based therapeutical approaches are described. Fundamentals of spheroids and their formation methods are also included. We hope that this review can be a reference and guide future investigations related to this interesting three-dimensional biological model, favoring advances to Nanobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella B L Henrique
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rennan R M Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Camila A P Monteiro
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Weslley F Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Goreti Pereira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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23
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Camassa LMA, Elje E, Mariussen E, Longhin EM, Dusinska M, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Rundén-Pran E. Advanced Respiratory Models for Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials—Performance of Mono-, Co- and Tricultures. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152609. [PMID: 35957046 PMCID: PMC9370172 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro models are needed to support next-generation risk assessment (NGRA), moving from hazard assessment based mainly on animal studies to the application of new alternative methods (NAMs). Advanced models must be tested for hazard assessment of nanomaterials (NMs). The aim of this study was to perform an interlaboratory trial across two laboratories to test the robustness of and optimize a 3D lung model of human epithelial A549 cells cultivated at the air–liquid interface (ALI). Potential change in sensitivity in hazard identification when adding complexity, going from monocultures to co- and tricultures, was tested by including human endothelial cells EA.hy926 and differentiated monocytes dTHP-1. All models were exposed to NM-300K in an aerosol exposure system (VITROCELL® cloud-chamber). Cyto- and genotoxicity were measured by AlamarBlue and comet assay. Cellular uptake was investigated with transmission electron microscopy. The models were characterized by confocal microscopy and barrier function tested. We demonstrated that this advanced lung model is applicable for hazard assessment of NMs. The results point to a change in sensitivity of the model by adding complexity and to the importance of detailed protocols for robustness and reproducibility of advanced in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, FHI, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eleonora Marta Longhin
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Shan Zienolddiny-Narui
- National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, 0033 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.-N.); (E.R.-P.); Tel.: +47-2319-5284 (S.Z.-N.); +47-6389-8237 (E.R.-P.)
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.-N.); (E.R.-P.); Tel.: +47-2319-5284 (S.Z.-N.); +47-6389-8237 (E.R.-P.)
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Sattar Ali Z. Hepatic Impact of Different Concentrations of Hibiscus rosa Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Rats. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2022; 77:1199-1206. [PMID: 36618294 PMCID: PMC9759250 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2022.357530.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial, especially zinc oxide nanoparticles, has entered the manufacture of many materials used in daily lives. The current study aimed to assess the impact of three concentrations of hibiscus rosa zinc oxide nanoparticles (HrZnONPs) and hibiscus rosa extract (Hre) on the liver tissue and DNA fragmentation of liver cells. A total of 35 adult male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: The first group which was the control (n=7) did not receive any treatment. The remaining 28 animals were randomly assigned to four groups. Group 1 (n=7) were subcutaneously injected with 100mg\kg BW of Hibiscus rosa extract for 60 days; the rats in group 2 were subcutaneouslyinjected with 25 mg\kg BW of HrZnONPs for 60 days; rats in group 3 were subcutaneouslyinjected with 75mg\kg BW of HrZnONPs for 60 days; rats in group 4 were subcutaneously injected with 100mg\kg BW of HrZnONPs for 60 days. The liver biomarkers, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) have been assessed in serum at zero time, after one month, and after two months of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, all animals were euthanized, the liver was dissected, the specimen underwent a pathohistological investigation, and the percentage of DNA fragmentation was evaluated. The results pointed out that the rats which were treated with HrZnONPs at concentrations of 75 and 100 mg\kg B.W. demonstrated a salient elevation in serum AST, ALT, or ALP activity, a modulation in hepatic tissue architecture, and an elevated percentage of high DNA damage, as compared to those treated with HrZnONPs at a concentration of 25 mg\kg B.W. On the other hand, the recorded data indicated that the administration of Hre has some ameliorative effects on AST, ALP, and ALT levels, histological cross-section, and the value of comet assay for liver cells due to the role of Hre antioxidant. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated that high doses of HrZnONPs had exerted more adverse effects, compared to low doses. Moreover, the findings confirmed the ameliorative impact of Hre on liver biomarkers, a histological cross-section of the liver, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sattar Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Muthana, Samawah, Iraq
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Tutty MA, Vella G, Prina-Mello A. Pre-clinical 2D and 3D toxicity response to a panel of nanomaterials; comparative assessment of NBM-induced liver toxicity. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2157-2177. [PMID: 35763196 PMCID: PMC9360078 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanobiomaterials, or NBMs, have been used in medicine and bioimaging for decades, with wide-reaching applications ranging from their uses as carriers of genes and drugs, to acting as sensors and probes. When developing nanomedicine products, it is vitally important to evaluate their safety, ensuring that both biocompatibility and efficacy are achieved so their applications in these areas can be safe and effective. When discussing the safety of nanomedicine in general terms, it is foolish to make generalised statements due to the vast array of different manufactured nanomaterials, formulated from a multitude of different materials, in many shapes and sizes; therefore, NBM pre-clinical screening can be a significant challenge. Outside of their distribution in the various tissues, organs and cells in the body, a key area of interest is the impact of NBMs on the liver. A considerable issue for researchers today is accurately predicting human-specific liver toxicity prior to clinical trials, with hepatotoxicity not only the most cited reasons for withdrawal of approved drugs, but also a primary cause of attrition in pre-launched drug candidates. To date, no simple solution to adequately predict these adverse effects exists prior to entering human experimentation. The limitations of the current pre-clinical toolkit are believed to be one of the main reasons for this, with questions being raised on the relevance of animal models in pre-clinical assessment, and over the ability of conventional, simplified in vitro cell–based assays to adequately assess new drug candidates or NBMs. Common 2D cell cultures are unable to adequately represent the functions of 3D tissues and their complex cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, as well as differences found in diffusion and transport conditions. Therefore, testing NBM toxicity in conventional 2D models may not be an accurate reflection of the actual toxicity these materials impart on the body. One such method of overcoming these issues is the use of 3D cultures, such as cell spheroids, to more accurately assess NBM-tissue interaction. In this study, we introduce a 3D hepatocellular carcinoma model cultured from HepG2 cells to assess both the cytotoxicity and viability observed following treatment with a variety of NBMs, namely a nanostructured lipid carrier (in the specific technical name = LipImage™ 815), a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and a panel of polymeric (in the specific technical name = PACA) NBMs. This model is also in compliance with the 3Rs policy of reduction, refinement and replacement in animal experimentation [1], and meets the critical need for more advanced in vitro models for pre-clinical nanotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Anne Tutty
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Gabriele Vella
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Jalili P, Krause BC, Lanceleur R, Burel A, Jungnickel H, Lampen A, Laux P, Luch A, Fessard V, Hogeveen K. Chronic effects of two rutile TiO 2 nanomaterials in human intestinal and hepatic cell lines. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:37. [PMID: 35578293 PMCID: PMC9112549 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TiO2 nanomaterials (NMs) are present in a variety of food and personal hygiene products, and consumers are exposed daily to these NMs through oral exposition. While the bulk of ingested TiO2 NMs are eliminated rapidly in stool, a fraction is able to cross the intestinal epithelial barrier and enter systemic circulation from where NMs can be distributed to tissues, primarily liver and spleen. Daily exposure to TiO2 NMs, in combination with a slow rate of elimination from tissues, results in their accumulation within different tissues. Considerable evidence suggests that following oral exposure to TiO2 NMs, the presence of NMs in tissues is associated with a number of adverse effects, both in intestine and liver. Although numerous studies have been performed in vitro investigating the acute effects of TiO2 NMs in intestinal and hepatic cell models, considerably less is known about the effect of repeated exposure on these models. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of repeated exposure of relevant models of intestine and liver to two TiO2 NMs differing in hydrophobicity for 24 h, 1 week and 2 weeks at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 80 µg/cm2. To study the persistence of these two NMs in cells, we included a 1-week recovery period following 24 h and 1-week treatments. Cellular uptake by TEM and ToF–SIMS analyses, as well as the viability and pro-inflammatory response were evaluated. Changes in the membrane composition in Caco-2 and HepaRG cells treated with TiO2 NMs for up to 2 weeks were also studied.
Results Despite the uptake of NM-103 and NM-104 in cells, no significant cytotoxic effects were observed in either Caco-2 or HepaRG cells treated for up to 2 weeks at NM concentrations up to 80 µg/cm2. In addition, no significant effects on IL-8 secretion were observed. However, significant changes in membrane composition were observed in both cell lines. Interestingly, while most of these phospholipid modifications were reversed following a 1-week recovery, others were not affected by the recovery period. Conclusion These findings indicate that although no clear effects on cytotoxicity were observed following repeated exposure of differentiated Caco-2 and HepaRG cells to TiO2 NMs, subtle effects on membrane composition could induce potential adverse effects in the long-term. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00470-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pégah Jalili
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, 35306, Fougères, France
| | | | - Rachelle Lanceleur
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Agnès Burel
- MRic Cell Imaging Platform, BIOSIT, University of Rennes 1, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard - CS 34317, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Harald Jungnickel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Kevin Hogeveen
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené, 35306, Fougères, France.
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Three-dimensional (3D) liver cell models - a tool for bridging the gap between animal studies and clinical trials when screening liver accumulation and toxicity of nanobiomaterials. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2048-2074. [PMID: 35507131 PMCID: PMC9066991 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the exciting properties and wide-reaching applications of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) in human health and medicine, their translation from bench to bedside is slow, with a predominant issue being liver accumulation and toxicity following systemic administration. In vitro 2D cell-based assays and in vivo testing are the most popular and widely used methods for assessing liver toxicity at pre-clinical stages; however, these fall short in predicting toxicity for NBMs. Focusing on in vitro and in vivo assessment, the accurate prediction of human-specific hepatotoxicity is still a significant challenge to researchers. This review describes the relationship between NBMs and the liver, and the methods for assessing toxicity, focusing on the limitations they bring in the assessment of NBM hepatotoxicity as one of the reasons defining the poor translation for NBMs. We will then present some of the most recent advances towards the development of more biologically relevant in vitro liver methods based on tissue-mimetic 3D cell models and how these could facilitate the translation of NBMs going forward. Finally, we also discuss the low public acceptance and limited uptake of tissue-mimetic 3D models in pre-clinical assessment, despite the demonstrated technical and ethical advantages associated with them.
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Ayala-Fuentes JC, Gallegos-Granados MZ, Villarreal-Gómez LJ, Antunes-Ricardo M, Grande D, Chavez-Santoscoy RA. Optimization of the Synthesis of Natural Polymeric Nanoparticles of Inulin Loaded with Quercetin: Characterization and Cytotoxicity Effect. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050888. [PMID: 35631474 PMCID: PMC9147723 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a bioactive component that is capable of having therapeutic potential in the prevention of different noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs). However, it presents instability in the gastrointestinal tract in addition to low bioavailability. One way to overcome the limitations of quercetin lies in using nanotechnology for the development of nanoparticles, based on biopolymers, that are capable of being ingestible. Inulin, a fructan-type polysaccharide, acts as a delivery system for the release of quercetin in a target cell, guaranteeing the stability of the molecule. Inulin-coated quercetin nanoparticles were synthesized by the spray dryer method, and four variables were evaluated, namely inulin concentration (5–10% w/v), feed temperature (40–60 °C), inlet temperature (100–200 °C) and outlet temperature (60–100 °C). The optimal conditions were obtained at 10% w/v inulin concentration, with 45 °C feed temperature, 120 °C inlet temperature and 60 °C outlet temperature, and the nanoparticle size was 289.75 ± 16.3 nm in water. Fluorescence microscopy indicated quercetin loading in the inulin nanoparticles, with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 73.33 ± 7.86%. Inulin-coated quercetin nanoparticles presented effects of inhibition in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, but not in HDFa cells. The experimental data showed the potential of inulin nanoparticles as transport materials for unstable molecules, in oral administration systems, for the encapsulation, protection and release of quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn C. Ayala-Fuentes
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
| | - Melissa Zulahi Gallegos-Granados
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico; (M.Z.G.-G.); (L.J.V.-G.)
| | - Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico; (M.Z.G.-G.); (L.J.V.-G.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico
| | - Marilena Antunes-Ricardo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, The Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Grande
- Univ Est Creteil, CNRS, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), 2, rue Henri Du-nant, 94320 Thiais, France;
| | - Rocio Alejandra Chavez-Santoscoy
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Štampar M, Žabkar S, Filipič M, Žegura B. HepG2 spheroids as a biosensor-like cell-based system for (geno)toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132805. [PMID: 34767844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
3D spheroids developed from HepG2 cells were used as a biosensor-like system for the detection of (geno)toxic effects induced by chemicals. Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) with well-known mechanisms of action were used for system validation. HepG2 spheroids grown for 3 days were exposed to BaP and PhIP for 24 and 72 h. The growth and viability of spheroids were monitored by planimetry and Live/Dead staining of cells. Multi-parametric flow cytometric analysis was applied for simultaneous detection of specific end-effects including cell cycle analysis (Hoechst staining), cell proliferation (KI67 marker), and DNA double-strand breaks (ℽH2AX) induced by genotoxic compounds. Depending on the exposure concentration/time, BaP reduced spheroid growth, affected cell proliferation by arresting cells in S and G2 phase and induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Simultaneous staining of ℽH2AX formation and cell cycle analysis revealed that after BaP (10 μM; 24 h) exposure 60% of cells in G0/G1 phase had DNA DSB, while after 72 h only 20% of cells contained DSB indicating efficient repair of DNA lesions. PhIP did not influence the spheroid size whereas accumulation of cells in the G2 phase occurred after both treatment times. The evaluation of DNA damage revealed that at 200 μM PhIP 50% of cells in G0/G1 phase had DNA DSB, which after 72-h exposure dropped to 40%, showing lower repair capacity of PhIP-induced DSB compared to BaP-induced. The developed approach using simultaneous detection of several parameters provides mechanistic data and thus contributes to more reliable genotoxicity assessment of chemicals as a high-content screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Štampar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Sonja Žabkar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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30
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Shi J, Han S, Zhang J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Jia G. Advances in genotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100377. [PMID: 35559883 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are currently one of the most widely used nanomaterials. Due to an increasing scope of applications, the exposure of humans to TiO2 NP is inevitable, such as entering the body through the mouth with food additives or drugs, invading the damaged skin with cosmetics, and entering the body through the respiratory tract during the process of production and handling. Compared with TiO2 coarse particles, TiO2 NPs have stronger conductivity, reaction activity, photocatalysis, and permeability, which may lead to greater toxicity to organisms. Given that TiO2 was classified as a category 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans), the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs has become the focus of attention. There have been a series of previous studies investigating the potential genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs, but the existing research results are still controversial and difficult to conclude. More than half of studies have shown that TiO2 NPs can cause genotoxicity, suggesting that TiO2 NPs are likely to be genotoxic to humans. And the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs is closely related to the exposure concentration, mode and time, and experimental cells/animals as well as its physicochemical properties (crystal type, size, and shape). This review summarized the latest research progress of related genotoxic effects through in vivo studies and in vitro cell tests, hoping to provide ideas for the evaluation of TiO2 NPs genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhangjian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
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Kumar N, Tyeb S, Verma V. Recent advances on Metal oxide-polymer systems in targeted therapy and diagnosis: Applications and toxicological perspective. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Liu L, Wang J, Zhang J, Huang C, Yang Z, Cao Y. The cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to 3D brain organoids results from excessive intracellular zinc ions and defective autophagy. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 39:259-275. [PMID: 34766255 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the neurotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) has been evaluated in animal and nerve cell culture models, these models cannot accurately mimic human brains. Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids based on human-induced pluripotent stem cells have been developed to study the human brains, but this model has rarely been used to evaluate NP neurotoxicity. We used 3D brain organoids that express cortical layer proteins to investigate the mechanisms of ZnO NP-induced neurotoxicity. Cytotoxicity caused by high levels of ZnO NPs (64 μg/mL) correlated with high intracellular Zn ion levels but not superoxide levels. Exposure to a non-cytotoxic concentration of ZnO NPs (16 μg/mL) increased the autophagy-marker proteins LC3B-II/I but decreased p62 accumulation, whereas a cytotoxic concentration of ZnO NPs (64 μg/mL) decreased LC3B-II/I proteins but did not affect p62 accumulation. Fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography revealed that 64 μg/mL ZnO NPs led to decreases in LC3B proteins that were more obvious at the outer layers of the organoids, which were directly exposed to the ZnO NPs. In addition to reducing LC3B proteins in the outer layers, ZnO NPs increased the number of micronuclei in the outer layers but not the inner layers (where LC3B proteins were still expressed). Adding the autophagy flux inhibitor bafilomycin A1 to ZnO NPs increased cytotoxicity and intracellular Zn ion levels, but adding the autophagy inducer rapamycin only slightly decreased cellular Zn ion levels. We conclude that high concentrations of ZnO NPs are cytotoxic to 3D brain organoids via defective autophagy and intracellular accumulation of Zn ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, People's Republic of China
| | - Junkang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China. .,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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Kelly S, Byrne MH, Quinn SJ, Simpson JC. Multiparametric nanoparticle-induced toxicity readouts with single cell resolution in HepG2 multicellular tumour spheroids. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17615-17628. [PMID: 34661590 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04460e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials as therapeutic delivery vehicles requires their careful pre-clinical evaluation. Of particular importance in this regard is measurement of cellular toxicity, ideally assessing multiple parameters in parallel from various relevant subcellular organelles. In recent years it has become evident that in vitro monolayer-grown cells do not always accurately predict any toxicity response seen in vivo, and so there is a need for more sophisticated in vitro cell models, employing a greater depth of characterisation. In this work we present an automated high-content screening microscopy approach for quantifying nanoparticle-induced toxicity in a three-dimensional multicellular tumour spheroid (MCTS) cell model. As a proof-of-principle, we perform a comparative toxicity profile study of carboxylate- versus amine-modified polystyrene nanoparticles in HepG2 spheroids. Following treatment with these nanoparticle types, we demonstrate that several hundred spheroids, of various sizes, can be morphologically profiled in a single well using automated high-content image analysis. This provides a first level of information about spheroid health in response to nanoparticle treatment. Using a range of fluorescent reporters assessing membrane permeability, lysosome function and mitochondrial activity, we also show that nanoparticle-induced toxicity information can be obtained from individual cells with subcellular resolution. Strikingly, our work demonstrates that individual cells do not all behave in a consistent manner within a spheroid structure after exposure to nanoparticles. This highlights the need for toxicity studies to not only assess an appropriate number of spheroids, but also the importance of extracting information at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suainibhe Kelly
- Cell Screening Laboratory, UCD School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Maria H Byrne
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Susan J Quinn
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, UCD School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Sierosławska A, Borówka A, Rymuszka A, Żukociński G, Sobczak K. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing copper or silver synthesized with a new metal source: Determination of their structure parameters and cytotoxic and irritating effects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115685. [PMID: 34428444 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the potential implementation of mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs) is their use in biomedical applications as adsorbents or carriers of various bioactive substances. In this study, we attempted to fabricate silica nanomaterials containing copper and silver that were introduced into the MSN matrix, for the first time using oxalate compounds as a metal source. The syntheses were carried out using hydrothermal and impregnation methods. Structure studies revealed that the obtained nanoparticles were of a spheroidal shape and most had diameters in the range 200-500 nm. Silver and copper were found to be grouped into clusters in most samples, except in copper-decorated MSNs prepared with the impregnation method, which had an even distribution of metal atoms throughout the volume of the granule. An evaluation of the cytotoxic and irritating effects revealed that the preferred candidates for potential future applications in medicine or cosmetology among materials obtained with the presented method are the copper-conjugated MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sierosławska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 1I Konstantynów Str., 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Borówka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 1I Konstantynów Str., 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Rymuszka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 1I Konstantynów Str., 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Żukociński
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 1H Konstantynów Str., 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Sobczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Cruz-Ramírez OU, Valenzuela-Salas LM, Blanco-Salazar A, Rodríguez-Arenas JA, Mier-Maldonado PA, García-Ramos JC, Bogdanchikova N, Pestryakov A, Toledano-Magaña Y. Antitumor Activity against Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma of Silver Nanoparticles: Influence of [Ag]/[PVP] Ratio. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1000. [PMID: 34371692 PMCID: PMC8308985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) not only have shown remarkable results as antimicrobial and antiviral agents but also as antitumor agents. This work reports the complete characterization of five polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNP (PVP-AgNP) formulations, their cytotoxic activity against human colon tumor cells (HCT-15), their cytotoxic effect on primary mouse cultures, and their lethal dose on BALB/c mice. The evaluated AgNP formulations have a composition within the ranges Ag: 1.14-1.32% w/w, PVP: 19.6-24.5% and H2O: 74.2-79.2% with predominant spherical shape within an average size range of 16-30 nm according to transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All formulations assessed increase mitochondrial ROS concentration and induce apoptosis as the leading death pathway on HCT-15 cells. Except for AgNP1, the growth inhibition potency of AgNP formulations of human colon tumor cancer cells (HCT-15) is 34.5 times higher than carboplatin, one of the first-line chemotherapy agents. Nevertheless, 5-10% of necrotic events, even at the lower concentration evaluated, were observed. The cytotoxic selectivity was confirmed by evaluating the cytotoxic effect on aorta, spleen, heart, liver, and kidney primary cultures from BALB/c mice. Despite the cytotoxic effects observed in vitro, the lethal dose and histopathological analysis showed the low toxicity of these formulations (all of them on Category 4 of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals) and minor damage observed on analyzed organs. The results provide an additional example of the rational design of safety nanomaterials with antitumor potency and urge further experiments to complete the preclinical studies for these AgNP formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ulises Cruz-Ramírez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (O.U.C.-R.); (N.B.)
| | - Lucía Margarita Valenzuela-Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Valle de las Palmas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico; (L.M.V.-S.); (P.A.M.-M.)
| | - Alberto Blanco-Salazar
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias e Ingeniería, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (A.B.-S.); (J.A.R.-A.)
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Valle Dorado, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22890, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Rodríguez-Arenas
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias e Ingeniería, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (A.B.-S.); (J.A.R.-A.)
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Valle Dorado, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22890, Mexico
| | - Paris A. Mier-Maldonado
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Valle de las Palmas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico; (L.M.V.-S.); (P.A.M.-M.)
| | - Juan Carlos García-Ramos
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Valle Dorado, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22890, Mexico
| | - Nina Bogdanchikova
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (O.U.C.-R.); (N.B.)
| | - Alexey Pestryakov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Yanis Toledano-Magaña
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Valle Dorado, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22890, Mexico
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36
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Jiang T, Guo H, Xia YN, Liu Y, Chen D, Pang G, Feng Y, Yu H, Wu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wen H, Zhang LW. Hepatotoxicity of copper sulfide nanoparticles towards hepatocyte spheroids using a novel multi-concave agarose chip method. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1487-1504. [PMID: 34184559 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the hepatotoxicity of copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) toward hepatocyte spheroids. Materials & methods: Other than the traditional agarose method to generate hepatocyte spheroids, we developed a multi-concave agarose chip (MCAC) method to investigate changes in hepatocyte viability, morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species and hepatobiliary transporter by CuSNPs. Results: The MCAC method allowed a large number of spheroids to be obtained per sample. CuSNPs showed hepatotoxicity in vitro through a decrease in spheroid viability, albumin/urea production and glycogen deposition. CuSNPs also introduced hepatocyte spheroid injury through alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species, that could be reversed by N-acetyl-l-cysteine. CuSNPs significantly decreased the activity of BSEP transporter by downregulating its mRNA and protein levels. Activity of the MRP2 transporter remained unchanged. Conclusion: We observed the hepatotoxicity of CuSNPs in vitro with associated mechanisms in an advanced 3D culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyan Jiang
- School of Radiation Medicine & Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine & Protection, School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Haoxiang Guo
- School of Radiation Medicine & Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine & Protection, School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Xia
- School of Radiation Medicine & Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine & Protection, School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.,Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Dandan Chen
- School of Radiation Medicine & Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine & Protection, School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Guibin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yahui Feng
- Department of Science & Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, PR China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Radiation Medicine & Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine & Protection, School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Yanxian Wu
- School of Radiation Medicine & Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine & Protection, School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Shaodian Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, PR China
| | - Yangyun Wang
- School of Radiation Medicine & Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine & Protection, School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Radiation Medicine & Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine & Protection, School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Hairuo Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food & Drug Control, Beijing, 100176, PR China
| | - Leshuai W Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine & Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine & Protection, School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
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Llewellyn SV, Conway GE, Zanoni I, Jørgensen AK, Shah UK, Seleci DA, Keller JG, Kim JW, Wohlleben W, Jensen KA, Costa A, Jenkins GJS, Clift MJD, Doak SH. Understanding the impact of more realistic low-dose, prolonged engineered nanomaterial exposure on genotoxicity using 3D models of the human liver. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:193. [PMID: 34183029 PMCID: PMC8240362 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the continued integration of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into everyday applications, it is important to understand their potential for inducing adverse human health effects. However, standard in vitro hazard characterisation approaches suffer limitations for evaluating ENM and so it is imperative to determine these potential hazards under more physiologically relevant and realistic exposure scenarios in target organ systems, to minimise the necessity for in vivo testing. The aim of this study was to determine if acute (24 h) and prolonged (120 h) exposures to five ENMs (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, BaSO4 and CeO2) would have a significantly different toxicological outcome (cytotoxicity, (pro-)inflammatory and genotoxic response) upon 3D human HepG2 liver spheroids. In addition, this study evaluated whether a more realistic, prolonged fractionated and repeated ENM dosing regime induces a significantly different toxicity outcome in liver spheroids as compared to a single, bolus prolonged exposure. RESULTS Whilst it was found that the five ENMs did not impede liver functionality (e.g. albumin and urea production), induce cytotoxicity or an IL-8 (pro-)inflammatory response, all were found to cause significant genotoxicity following acute exposure. Most statistically significant genotoxic responses were not dose-dependent, with the exception of TiO2. Interestingly, the DNA damage effects observed following acute exposures, were not mirrored in the prolonged exposures, where only 0.2-5.0 µg/mL of ZnO ENMs were found to elicit significant (p ≤ 0.05) genotoxicity. When fractionated, repeated exposure regimes were performed with the test ENMs, no significant (p ≥ 0.05) difference was observed when compared to the single, bolus exposure regime. There was < 5.0% cytotoxicity observed across all exposures, and the mean difference in IL-8 cytokine release and genotoxicity between exposure regimes was 3.425 pg/mL and 0.181%, respectively. CONCLUSION In conclusion, whilst there was no difference between a single, bolus or fractionated, repeated ENM prolonged exposure regimes upon the toxicological output of 3D HepG2 liver spheroids, there was a difference between acute and prolonged exposures. This study highlights the importance of evaluating more realistic ENM exposures, thereby providing a future in vitro approach to better support ENM hazard assessment in a routine and easily accessible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V Llewellyn
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gillian E Conway
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ilaria Zanoni
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Italy
| | - Amalie Kofoed Jørgensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Didem Ag Seleci
- Advanced Materials Research, Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Advanced Materials Research, Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Johannes G Keller
- Advanced Materials Research, Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Advanced Materials Research, Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jeong Won Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Advanced Materials Research, Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Advanced Materials Research, Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Costa
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Italy
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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38
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Corsini E, Cubadda F, De Groot D, FitzGerald R, Gunnare S, Gutleb AC, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen A, Piersma A, Plichta V, Ulbrich B, Van Loveren H, Benford D, Bignami M, Bolognesi C, Crebelli R, Dusinska M, Marcon F, Nielsen E, Schlatter J, Vleminckx C, Barmaz S, Carfí M, Civitella C, Giarola A, Rincon AM, Serafimova R, Smeraldi C, Tarazona J, Tard A, Wright M. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06585. [PMID: 33976718 PMCID: PMC8101360 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO2 NPs < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO2 NPs (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO2 NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO2 NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.
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Sun T, Kang Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Ou L, Liu X, Lai R, Shao L. Nanomaterials and hepatic disease: toxicokinetics, disease types, intrinsic mechanisms, liver susceptibility, and influencing factors. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:108. [PMID: 33863340 PMCID: PMC8052793 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of nanomaterials (NMs) has raised concerns that exposure to them may introduce potential risks to the human body and environment. The liver is the main target organ for NMs. Hepatotoxic effects caused by NMs have been observed in recent studies but have not been linked to liver disease, and the intrinsic mechanisms are poorly elucidated. Additionally, NMs exhibit varied toxicokinetics and induce enhanced toxic effects in susceptible livers; however, thus far, this issue has not been thoroughly reviewed. This review provides an overview of the toxicokinetics of NMs. We highlight the possibility that NMs induce hepatic diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, liver cancer, and metabolic disorders, and explore the underlying intrinsic mechanisms. Additionally, NM toxicokinetics and the potential induced risks in the livers of susceptible individuals, including subjects with liver disease, obese individuals, aging individuals and individuals of both sexes, are summarized. To understand how NM type affect their toxicity, the influences of the physicochemical and morphological (PCM) properties of NMs on their toxicokinetics and toxicity are also explored. This review provides guidance for further toxicological studies on NMs and will be important for the further development of NMs for applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China.
- Medical Center of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Lingling Ou
- Medical Center of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiangning Liu
- Medical Center of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Renfa Lai
- Medical Center of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Coltman NJ, Coke BA, Chatzi K, Shepherd EL, Lalor PF, Schulz-Utermoehl T, Hodges NJ. Application of HepG2/C3A liver spheroids as a model system for genotoxicity studies. Toxicol Lett 2021; 345:34-45. [PMID: 33865918 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HepG2 cells continue to be a valuable tool in early drug discovery and pharmaceutical development. In the current study we develop a 3D in vitro liver model, using HepG2/C3A cells that is predictive of human genotoxic exposure. HepG2/C3A cells cultured for 7-days in agarose-coated microplates formed spheroids which were uniform in shape and had well defined outer perimeters and no evidence of a hypoxic core. Quantitative real-time-PCR analysis showed statistically significant transcriptional upregulation of xenobiotic metabolising genes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, UG1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, EPHX, NAT2) and genes linked to liver function (ALB, CAR) in 3D cultures. In response to three model pro-genotoxicants: benzo[a]pyrene, amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), we observed further transcriptional upregulation of xenobiotic metabolising genes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, NAT1/2, SULT1A2, UGT1A1, UGT1A3) compared to untreated spheroids. Consistent with this, spheroids were more sensitive than 2D monolayers to compound induced single- and double- stranded DNA-damage as assessed by the comet assay and γH2AX phosphorylation respectively. In contrast, levels of DNA-damage induced by the direct acting mutagen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) was the same in spheroids and monolayers. In support of the enhanced genotoxic response in spheroids we also observed transcriptional upregulation of genes relating to DNA-damage and cellular stress response (e.g. GADD45A and CDKN1A) in spheroids. In conclusion, HepG2/C3A 3D spheroids are a sensitive model for in vitro genotoxicity assessment with potential applications in early stage drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Coltman
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Brandon A Coke
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Chatzi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Schulz-Utermoehl
- Sygnature Discovery, The Discovery Building, BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Llewellyn SV, Niemeijer M, Nymark P, Moné MJ, van de Water B, Conway GE, Jenkins GJS, Doak SH. In Vitro Three-Dimensional Liver Models for Nanomaterial DNA Damage Assessment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006055. [PMID: 33448117 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the liver possesses the ability to repair and restore sections of damaged tissue following acute injury, prolonged exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) may induce repetitive injury leading to chronic liver disease. Screening ENM cytotoxicity using 3D liver models has recently been performed, but a significant challenge has been the application of such in vitro models for evaluating ENM associated genotoxicity; a vital component of regulatory human health risk assessment. This review considers the benefits, limitations, and adaptations of specific in vitro approaches to assess DNA damage in the liver, whilst identifying critical advancements required to support a multitude of biochemical endpoints, focusing on nano(geno)toxicology (e.g., secondary genotoxicity, DNA damage, and repair following prolonged or repeated exposures).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V Llewellyn
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Penny Nymark
- Division of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 13, Stockholm, 17 177, Sweden
| | - Martijn J Moné
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gillian E Conway
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
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Kohl Y, Biehl M, Spring S, Hesler M, Ogourtsov V, Todorovic M, Owen J, Elje E, Kopecka K, Moriones OH, Bastús NG, Simon P, Dubaj T, Rundén-Pran E, Puntes V, William N, von Briesen H, Wagner S, Kapur N, Mariussen E, Nelson A, Gabelova A, Dusinska M, Velten T, Knoll T. Microfluidic In Vitro Platform for (Nano)Safety and (Nano)Drug Efficiency Screening. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006012. [PMID: 33458959 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology is a valuable tool for realizing more in vitro models capturing cellular and organ level responses for rapid and animal-free risk assessment of new chemicals and drugs. Microfluidic cell-based devices allow high-throughput screening and flexible automation while lowering costs and reagent consumption due to their miniaturization. There is a growing need for faster and animal-free approaches for drug development and safety assessment of chemicals (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances, REACH). The work presented describes a microfluidic platform for in vivo-like in vitro cell cultivation. It is equipped with a wafer-based silicon chip including integrated electrodes and a microcavity. A proof-of-concept using different relevant cell models shows its suitability for label-free assessment of cytotoxic effects. A miniaturized microscope within each module monitors cell morphology and proliferation. Electrodes integrated in the microfluidic channels allow the noninvasive monitoring of barrier integrity followed by a label-free assessment of cytotoxic effects. Each microfluidic cell cultivation module can be operated individually or be interconnected in a flexible way. The interconnection of the different modules aims at simulation of the whole-body exposure and response and can contribute to the replacement of animal testing in risk assessment studies in compliance with the 3Rs to replace, reduce, and refine animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Margit Biehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Sarah Spring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Michelle Hesler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Vladimir Ogourtsov
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Miomir Todorovic
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Joshua Owen
- Institute of Thermofluids, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Oslo, 0372, Norway
| | - Kristina Kopecka
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505, Slovakia
| | - Oscar Hernando Moriones
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus G Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Simon
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology SUT, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Dubaj
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology SUT, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Nicola William
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Nikil Kapur
- Institute of Thermofluids, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Andrew Nelson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505, Slovakia
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Thomas Velten
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Thorsten Knoll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review on its synthesis, anticancer and drug delivery applications as well as health risks. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 286:102317. [PMID: 33212389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) emerged as an excellent candidate in the field of optical, electrical, food packaging and particularly in biomedical research. ZnONPs show cancer cell specific toxicity via the pH-dependent (low pH) dissolution into Zn2+ ions, which generate reactive oxygen species and induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Further, ZnONPs have also been used as an effective carrier for the targeted delivery of several anticancer drugs into tumor cells. The increasing focus on ZnONPs resulted in the development of various synthesis approaches including chemical, pHysical, and green or biological for the manufacturing of ZnONPs. In this article, at first we have discussed the various synthesis methods of ZnONPs and secondly its biomedical applications. We have extensively reviewed the anticancer mechanism of ZnONPs on different types of cancers considering its size, shape and surface charge dependent cytotoxicity. Photoirradiation with UV light or NIR laser further increase its anticancer activity via synergistic chemo-photodynamic effect. The drug delivery applications of ZnONPs with special emphasis on drug loading mechanism, stimuli-responsive controlled release and therapeutic effects have also been discussed in this review. Finally, its side effects to vital body organs with mechanism via different exposure routes, the future direction of the ZnONPs research and application are also discussed.
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Vilas-Boas V, Vinken M. Hepatotoxicity induced by nanomaterials: mechanisms and in vitro models. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:27-52. [PMID: 33155068 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unique physicochemical properties of materials at nanoscale have opened a plethora of opportunities for applications in the pharmaceutical and medical field, but also in consumer products from food and cosmetics industries. As a consequence, daily human exposure to nanomaterials through distinct routes is considerable and, therefore, may raise health concerns. Many nanomaterials have been described to accumulate and induce adversity in the liver. Among these, silica and some types of metallic nanoparticles are the most broadly used in consumer products and, therefore, the most studied and reported. The reviewed literature was collected from PubMed.gov during the month of March 2020 using the search words "nanomaterials induced hepatotoxicity", which yielded 181 papers. This present paper reviews the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials described in in vitro and in vivo studies, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. The induction of oxidative stress and inflammation are the manifestations of toxicity most frequently reported following exposure of cells or animal models to different nanomaterials. Furthermore, the available in vitro models for the evaluation of the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials are discussed, highlighting the continuous interest in the development of more advanced and reliable in vitro models for nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Fessard V, Nesslany F. From Basic Research to New Tools and Challenges for the Genotoxicity Testing of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102073. [PMID: 33092160 PMCID: PMC7589983 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity is one of the key endpoints investigated as early as possible before marketing a product [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Fessard
- Unit of Toxicology of Contaminants, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, 10B rue C. Bourgelat, 35306 Fougères, France
- Correspondence: (V.F.); (F.N.)
| | - Fabrice Nesslany
- Genotoxicology Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence: (V.F.); (F.N.)
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Ultrastructural Features of Gold Nanoparticles Interaction with HepG2 and HEK293 Cells in Monolayer and Spheroids. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102040. [PMID: 33081137 PMCID: PMC7650816 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Use of multicellular spheroids in studies of nanoparticles (NPs) has increased in the last decade, however details of NPs interaction with spheroids are poorly known. We synthesized AuNPs (12.0 ± 0.1 nm in diameter, transmission electron microscopy (TEM data) and covered them with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). Values of hydrodynamic diameter were 17.4 ± 0.4; 35.9 ± 0.5 and ±125.9 ± 2.8 nm for AuNPs, AuBSA-NPs and AuPEI-NPs, and Z-potential (net charge) values were −33.6 ± 2.0; −35.7 ± 1.8 and 39.9 ± 1.3 mV, respectively. Spheroids of human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) and human embryo kidney (HEK293) cells (Corning ® spheroid microplates CLS4515-5EA), and monolayers of these cell lines were incubated with all NPs for 15 min–4 h, and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution. Samples were examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. HepG2 and HEK2893 spheroids showed tissue-specific features and contacted with culture medium by basal plasma membrane of the cells. HepG2 cells both in monolayer and spheroids did not uptake of the AuNPs, while AuBSA-NPs and AuPEI-NPs readily penetrated these cells. All studied NPs penetrated HEK293 cells in both monolayer and spheroids. Thus, two different cell cultures maintained a type of the interaction with NPs in monolayer and spheroid forms, which not depended on NPs Z-potential and size.
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Ishikawa T, Terashima J, Sasaki D, Shimoyama Y, Yaegashi T, Sasaki M. Establishment and use of a three-dimensional ameloblastoma culture model to study the effects of butyric acid on the transcription of growth factors and laminin β3. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 118:104845. [PMID: 32712305 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish a three-dimensional (3D) culture method for ameloblastoma cell lines and to use the model to investigate the effect of butyric acid (BA), a periodontopathic bacterial metabolite, on the malignant transformation of ameloblastoma. DESIGN Three ameloblastoma cell lines (HAM1, HAM2, and HAM3) established from the same tumor were used in this study. A 3D culture model was established in low absorption dishes and was incubated for 48 h. The effects of BA on the transcription of growth factors and LMβ3 were examined by real-time reverse transcription PCR. Various BA concentrations (0.02, 0.2, 2, and 20 mM) were used to stimulate the cell cultures for 6 and 12 h. RESULTS A 3D culture model was established. Gene expression levels of epithelial growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), and laminin β3 (LMβ3) were higher in 3D than in 2D cultures. Cell morphology in 3D cultures did not change, while the transcription levels of EGF, TGFβ1, and LMβ3 were upregulated by BA in all cell lines. CONCLUSION The 3D culture model is more responsive to BA than the 2D culture model, and there is a possibility that the malignancy and progression of ameloblastoma via laminin 332 (LM332) is mediated by BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-Cho, Shiwa-Gun, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan.
| | - Jun Terashima
- Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-Cho, Shiwa-Gun, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Yu Shimoyama
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-Cho, Shiwa-Gun, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaegashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-Cho, Shiwa-Gun, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
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Kohl Y, Rundén-Pran E, Mariussen E, Hesler M, El Yamani N, Longhin EM, Dusinska M. Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials: Advanced In Vitro Models and High Throughput Methods for Human Hazard Assessment-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1911. [PMID: 32992722 PMCID: PMC7601632 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the genetic material can lead to serious human health defects, as mutations in somatic cells may cause cancer and can contribute to other chronic diseases. Genotoxic events can appear at both the DNA, chromosomal or (during mitosis) whole genome level. The study of mechanisms leading to genotoxicity is crucially important, as well as the detection of potentially genotoxic compounds. We consider the current state of the art and describe here the main endpoints applied in standard human in vitro models as well as new advanced 3D models that are closer to the in vivo situation. We performed a literature review of in vitro studies published from 2000-2020 (August) dedicated to the genotoxicity of nanomaterials (NMs) in new models. Methods suitable for detection of genotoxicity of NMs will be presented with a focus on advances in miniaturization, organ-on-a-chip and high throughput methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany;
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Michelle Hesler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany;
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Eleonora Marta Longhin
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
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Optimal Design, Characterization and Preliminary Safety Evaluation of an Edible Orodispersible Formulation for Pediatric Tuberculosis Pharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165714. [PMID: 32784947 PMCID: PMC7460872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of tuberculosis (TB) in children is considered a global crisis compounded by the scarcity of pharmaceutical formulations suitable for pediatric use. The purpose of this study was to optimally develop and evaluate a pyrazinamide containing edible orodispersible film formulation potentially suitable for use in pediatrics actively infected with TB. The formulation was prepared employing aqueous-particulate blending and solvent casting methods facilitated by a high performance Box Behnken experimental design template. The optimized orodispersible formulation was mechanically robust, flexible, easy to handle, exhibited rapid disintegration with initial matrix collapse occurring under 60 s (0.58 ± 0.05 min ≡ 34.98 ± 3.00 s) and pyrazinamide release was controlled by anomalous diffusion coupled with matrix disintegration and erosion mechanisms. It was microporous in nature, light weight (57.5 ± 0.5 mg) with an average diameter of 10.5 mm and uniformly distributed pyrazinamide load of 101.13 ± 2.03 %w/w. The formulation was physicochemically stable with no evidence of destructive drug–excipient interactions founded on outcomes of characterization and environmental stability investigations. Preliminary inquiries revealed that the orodispersible formulation was cytobiocompatible, palatable and remained intact under specific storage conditions. Summarily, an edible pyrazinamide containing orodispersible film formulation was optimally designed to potentially improve TB pharmacotherapy in children, particularly the under 5 year olds.
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Męczyńska-Wielgosz S, Wojewódzka M, Matysiak-Kucharek M, Czajka M, Jodłowska-Jędrych B, Kruszewski M, Kapka-Skrzypczak L. Susceptibility of HepG2 Cells to Silver Nanoparticles in Combination with other Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2221. [PMID: 32408639 PMCID: PMC7287770 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The fast-growing use of nanomaterials in everyday life raises the question about the safety of their use. Unfortunately, the risks associated with the use of nanoparticles (NPs) have not yet been fully assessed. The majority of studies conducted so far at the molecular and cellular level have focused on a single-type exposure, assuming that NPs act as the only factor. In the natural environment, however, we are likely exposed to a mixture of nanoparticles, whose interactions may modulate their impact on living organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicological effects caused by in vitro exposure of HepG2 cells to AgNPs in combination with AuNPs, CdTe quantum dot (QD) NPs, TiO2NPs, or SiO2NPs. The results showed that the toxicity of nanoparticle binary mixtures depended on the type and ratio of NPs used. In general, the toxicity of binary mixtures of NPs was lower than the sum of toxicities of NPs alone (protective effect).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Męczyńska-Wielgosz
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Maria Wojewódzka
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalena Matysiak-Kucharek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.-K.); (M.C.)
| | - Magdalena Czajka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.-K.); (M.C.)
| | - Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (M.K.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.-K.); (M.C.)
| | - Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.-K.); (M.C.)
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