Sulforaphane Prevents Hepatic Insulin Resistance by Blocking Serine Palmitoyltransferase 3-Mediated Ceramide Biosynthesis

Adipose-derived extracellular vesicles - a novel cross-talk mechanism in insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome

Obesity is the best described risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) while the major pathogenic mechanism linking these entities is insulin resistance (IR). IR is primarily caused by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and lipids from visceral adipose tissue. Increased fatty acid mobilization results in ectopic fat deposition in the liver which causes endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress resulting in increased cytokine production and subsequent inflammation. Similarly, IR with hyperinsulinemia cause hyperandrogenism, the hallmark of PCOS, and inflammation in the ovaries. Proinflammatory cytokines from both liver and ovaries aggravate IR thus providing a complex interaction between adipose tissue, liver, and ovaries in inducing metabolic abnormalities in obese subjects. Although many pathogenic mechanisms of IR, NAFLD/MASLD, and PCOS are known, there is still no effective therapy for these entities suggesting the need for further evaluation of their pathogenesis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a novel cross-talk mechanism between organs and include membrane-bound vesicles containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that may change the phenotype and function of target cells. Adipose tissue releases EVs that promote IR, the development of all stages of NAFLD/MASLD and PCOS, while mesenchymal stem cell-derived AVs may alleviate metabolic abnormalities and may represent a novel therapeutic device in NAFLD/MASLD, and PCOS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of adipose tissue-derived EVs in the pathogenesis of IR, NAFLD/MASLD, and PCOS.

Unveiling the Nutritional Veil of Sulforaphane: With a Major Focus on Glucose Homeostasis Modulation

Abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated with metabolic syndromes including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, highlighting the significance of maintaining a balanced glucose level for optimal biological function. This highlights the importance of maintaining normal glucose levels for proper biological functioning. Sulforaphane (SFN), the primary bioactive compound in broccoli from the Cruciferae or Brassicaceae family, has been shown to enhance glucose homeostasis effectively while exhibiting low cytotoxicity. This paper assesses the impact of SFN on glucose homeostasis in vitro, in vivo, and human trials, as well as the molecular mechanisms that drive its regulatory effects. New strategies have been proposed to enhance the bioavailability and targeted delivery of SFN in order to overcome inherent instability. The manuscript also covers the safety evaluations of SFN that have been documented for its production and utilization. Hence, a deeper understanding of the favorable influence and mechanism of SFN on glucose homeostasis, coupled with the fact that SFN is abundant in the human daily diet, may ultimately offer theoretical evidence to support its potential use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Modulators for palmitoylation of proteins and small molecules

As an essential form of lipid modification for maintaining vital cellular functions, palmitoylation plays an important role in in the regulation of various physiological processes, serving as a promising therapeutic target for diseases like cancer and neurological disorders. Ongoing research has revealed that palmitoylation can be categorized into three distinct types: N-palmitoylation, O-palmitoylation and S-palmitoylation. Herein this paper provides an overview of the regulatory enzymes involved in palmitoylation, including palmitoyltransferases and depalmitoylases, and discusses the currently available broad-spectrum and selective inhibitors for these enzymes.

Sulforaphane Inhibits IL-1β-Induced IL-6 by Suppressing ROS Production, AP-1, and STAT3 in Colorectal Cancer HT-29 Cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as a major cause of cancer-related mortality globally, accounting for approximately 881,000 deaths each year. Traditional approaches such as chemotherapy and surgery have been the primary treatment modalities, yet the outcomes for patients with metastatic CRC are often unsatisfactory. Recent research has focused on targeting the pathways involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and metastasis to enhance the survival of CRC patients. Within this context, sulforaphane (SFN), a notable phytochemical found predominantly in cruciferous vegetables, has been recognized as a potential anticancer agent. However, the specific mechanisms through which SFN may exert its chemopreventive effects in CRC remain unclear. This study explores the impact of SFN on IL-1β-induced IL-6 activation and MAPK and AP-1 signaling in HT-29 cells. Our findings reveal that SFN treatment not only diminishes IL-1β-stimulated IL-6 expression but also reduces oxidative stress by curtailing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, it hinders the proliferation and invasiveness of HT-29 cells through the modulation of MAPK/AP-1 and STAT3 signaling pathways. These results indicate that SFN mitigates IL-1β-induced IL-6 expression in CRC cells by attenuating ROS production and disrupting MAPK/AP-1 signaling. This suggests that SFN holds significant potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for both treating and preventing CRC.

Prospective cohort study of broccoli consumption frequency and all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks

Background

Broccoli is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants with broad health benefits, but its intake frequency and dose-response relationship with mortality risk remain unclear.

Methods

Using data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006, 12,486 adults were included. Broccoli intake frequency was evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks were followed up. The relationship between broccoli intake and mortality risk was analyzed using Cox models.

Results

Compared with never consumption of broccoli, different frequencies of broccoli consumption were associated with significantly decreased risks of all-cause mortality (p for trend <0.001). Consuming broccoli 1-2 times per week was associated with a 32-43% lower mortality risk. More frequent broccoli consumption was negatively correlated with cardiovascular and cancer mortality risks (p < 0.05). Consuming broccoli 1-2 times per week for males and ≥ 3 times per week for females could significantly reduce all-cause mortality risk.

Conclusion

Moderate and frequent consumption of broccoli may reduce the risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Optimal intake frequencies may differ by gender.

Sphingolipids in mitochondria-from function to disease

Sphingolipids are not only structural components of cellular membranes but also play vital roles in cell signaling and modulation of cellular processes. Within mitochondria, sphingolipids exert diverse effects on mitochondrial dynamics, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and cell death pathways. In this review, we summarize literature addressing the crucial role of sphingolipids in mitochondria, highlighting their impact on mitochondrial dynamics, cellular bioenergetics, and important cell processes including apoptosis and mitophagy.

Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species, Insulin Resistance, and Nrf2-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response-Toward an Actionable Strategy for Anti-Aging

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced mainly by mitochondrial respiration and function as signaling molecules in the physiological range. However, ROS production is also associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, including insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the etiology of IR and early events, especially mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production in insulin-sensitive tissues. Importantly, IR and/or defective adipogenesis in the white adipose tissues (WAT) is thought to increase free fatty acid and ectopic lipid deposition to develop into systemic IR. Fatty acid and ceramide accumulation mediate coenzyme Q reduction and mtROS production in IR in the skeletal muscle, while coenzyme Q synthesis downregulation is also involved in mtROS production in the WAT. Obesity-related IR is associated with the downregulation of mitochondrial catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in the WAT, and the accumulation of BCAA and its metabolites as biomarkers in the blood could reliably indicate future T2D. Transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates antioxidant enzyme expression in response to oxidative stress, is downregulated in insulin-resistant tissues. However, Nrf2 inducers, such as sulforaphane, could restore Nrf2 and target gene expression and attenuate IR in multiple tissues, including the WAT.

Sulforaphane and bladder cancer: a potential novel antitumor compound

Bladder cancer (BC) is a common form of urinary tract tumor, and its incidence is increasing annually. Unfortunately, an increasing number of newly diagnosed BC patients are found to have advanced or metastatic BC. Although current treatment options for BC are diverse and standardized, it is still challenging to achieve ideal curative results. However, Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate present in cruciferous plants, has emerged as a promising anticancer agent that has shown significant efficacy against various cancers, including bladder cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that Sulforaphane not only induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in BC cells, but also inhibits the growth, invasion, and metastasis of BC cells. Additionally, it can inhibit BC gluconeogenesis and demonstrate definite effects when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs/carcinogens. Sulforaphane has also been found to exert anticancer activity and inhibit bladder cancer stem cells by mediating multiple pathways in BC, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)/beta-catenin (β-Catenin), miR-124/cytokines interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R)/transcription 3 (STAT3). This article provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence and molecular mechanisms of Sulforaphane against BC. Furthermore, we explore the effects of Sulforaphane on potential risk factors for BC, such as bladder outlet obstruction, and investigate the possible targets of Sulforaphane against BC using network pharmacological analysis. This review is expected to provide a new theoretical basis for future research and the development of new drugs to treat BC.

Therapeutic potential of sulforaphane in liver diseases: a review

The burden of liver diseases such as metabolic-associated fatty liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma has increased rapidly worldwide over the past decades. However, pharmacological therapies for these liver diseases are insufficient. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate that is mainly found in cruciferous vegetables, has been found to have a broad spectrum of activities like antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetic, and anticancer effects. Recently, a growing number of studies have reported that SFN could significantly ameliorate hepatic steatosis and prevent the development of fatty liver, improve insulin sensitivity, attenuate oxidative damage and liver injury, induce apoptosis, and inhibit the proliferation of hepatoma cells through multiple signaling pathways. Moreover, many clinical studies have demonstrated that SFN is harmless to the human body and well-tolerated by individuals. This emerging evidence suggests SFN to be a promising drug candidate in the treatment of liver diseases. Nevertheless, limitations exist in the development of SFN as a hepatoprotective drug due to its special properties, including instability, water insolubility, and high inter-individual variation of bioavailability when used from broccoli sprout extracts. Herein, we comprehensively review the recent progress of SFN in the treatment of common liver diseases and the underlying mechanisms, with the aim to provide a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of SFN in liver diseases.

The Impact of Phytochemicals in Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases: Focus on Ceramide Metabolism

The prevalence of obesity and related metabolic diseases has increased dramatically worldwide. As obesity progresses, various lipid species accumulate in ectopic tissues. Amongst them, ceramides-a deleterious sphingolipid species-accumulate and cause lipotoxicity and metabolic disturbances. Dysregulated ceramide metabolism appears to be a key feature in the pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic diseases. Notably, dietary modification might have an impact on modulating ceramide metabolism. Phytochemicals are plant-derived compounds with various physiological properties, which have been shown to protect against obesity-related metabolic diseases. In this review, we aim to examine the impact of a myriad of phytochemicals and their dietary sources in altering ceramide deposition and ceramide-related metabolism from in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical/epidemiological studies. This review discusses how numerous phytochemicals are able to alleviate ceramide-induced metabolic defects and reduce the risk of obesity-related metabolic diseases via diverse mechanisms.

Sulforaphane ameliorates bisphenol A-induced hepatic lipid accumulation by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in bisphenol A (BPA) - induced hepatic lipid accumulation as well as the protective effects of Sulforaphane (SFN) in this process. Human hepatocyte cell line (LO2) and C57/BL6J mice were used to examine BPA-triggered hepatic lipid accumulation and the underlying mechanism. Hepatic lipid accumulation, triglycerides (TGs) levels, the expression levels of lipogenesis-related genes and proteins in the ER stress pathway were measured. It was revealed that BPA treatment increased the number of lipid droplets, the levels of TG and mRNAs expression of lipogenesis-related genes, and activated the ER stress pathway. These changes were inhibited by an ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid. SFN treatment abrogated BPA-altered hepatic lipid metabolism and ameliorated BPA-induced ER stress-related markers. Together, these findings suggested that BPA activated ER stress to promote hepatic lipid accumulation, and that SFN reversed those BPA effects by alleviating ER stress.

Sulforaphane Protects against Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction-Induced Renal Damage in Rats by Alleviating Mitochondrial and Lipid Metabolism Impairment

Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is an animal rodent model that allows the study of obstructive nephropathy in an accelerated manner. During UUO, tubular damage is induced, and alterations such as oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial impairment favor fibrosis development, leading to chronic kidney disease progression. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from green cruciferous vegetables, might improve mitochondrial functions and lipid metabolism; however, its role in UUO has been poorly explored. Therefore, we aimed to determine the protective effect of SFN related to mitochondria and lipid metabolism in UUO. Our results showed that in UUO SFN decreased renal damage, attributed to increased mitochondrial biogenesis. We showed that SFN augmented peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1). The increase in biogenesis augmented the mitochondrial mass marker voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and improved mitochondrial structure, as well as complex III (CIII), aconitase 2 (ACO2) and citrate synthase activities in UUO. In addition, lipid metabolism was improved, observed by the downregulation of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), sterol regulatory-element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), which reduces triglyceride (TG) accumulation. Finally, restoring the mitochondrial structure reduced excessive fission by decreasing the fission protein dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP1). Autophagy flux was further restored by reducing beclin and sequestosome (p62) and increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and the ratio of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 II and I (LC3II/LC3I). These results reveal that SFN confers protection against UUO-induced kidney injury by targeting mitochondrial biogenesis, which also improves lipid metabolism.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 Enhances Fatty Acid β-Oxidation of Adipose Tissue to Ameliorate the Development of Obesity in Mice

Fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is confirmed to be impaired in obesity, especially in adipose tissues. We previously proved that Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 (BAA6) had protective effects against diet-induced obesity. However, whether BAA6 enhances FAO to ameliorate the development of obesity has not been explored. After being fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks, male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD or BAA6 for 8 weeks. In vitro study was carried out using 3T3-L1 adipocytes to determine the effect of BAA6 culture supernatant (BAA6-CM). Here, we showed that administration of BAA6 to mice fed with HFD decreased body weight gain (by 5.03 g) and significantly up-regulated FAO in epididymal adipose tissues. In parallel, FAO in 3T3-L1 cells was increased after BAA6-CM treatment. Acetate was identified as a constituent of BAA6-CM that showed a similar effect to BAA6-CM. Furthermore, acetate treatment activated the GPR43-PPARα signaling, thereby promoting FAO in 3T3-L1 cells. The levels of acetate were also elevated in serum and feces (by 1.92- and 2.27-fold) of HFD-fed mice following BAA6 administration. The expression levels of GPR43 and PPARα were increased by 55.45% and 69.84% after BAA6 supplement in the epididymal fat of mice. Together, these data reveal that BAA6 promotes FAO of adipose tissues through the GPR43-PPARα signaling, mainly by increasing acetate levels, leading to alleviating the development of obesity.

Sulforaphane Attenuates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Hepatic Steatosis and Apoptosis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by lipotoxicity and ectopic lipid deposition within hepatocytes. Sulforaphane (SFA), an active compound used for inhibiting tumors, was found to have the potency to improve lipid metabolism. However, its molecular mechanisms on ameliorating NAFLD are still incompletely understood. This research evaluated if SFA could inhibit hepatic steatosis and apoptosis. The effects of SFA on cell viability, lipid accumulation, triglyceride (TG) contents, apoptosis, ceramide contents, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed in palmitic acid (PA)-treated HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. The related molecular mechanisms were further explored in hepatocytes. The results showed SFA alleviated lipid accumulation and regulated AMPK/SREBP1c/FAS signaling pathway in PA-stressed HepG2 cells. In addition, SFA alleviated PA-mediated apoptosis, downregulated the expressions of cleaved caspase 3, as well as reduced ceramide contents and ROS levels. Moreover, SFA treatment reduced HFD-induced body weight gain, alleviated insulin resistance, decreased serum TG, total cholesterol (TC), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and prevented lipid deposition and apoptosis in the liver. This study showed SFA suppressed lipid deposition and apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that SFA may be a potential candidate for preventing and treating NAFLD.

CaCl2-HCl electrolyzed water affects glucosinolate metabolism and improves the quality of broccoli sprouts

This study evaluated the effects of CaCl₂-HCl electrolyzed water (CHEW) with different calcium chloride concentrations on broccoli sprouts. CHEW treatment reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ contents of broccoli sprouts. The results showed that 10 kinds of glucosinolates were detected, and glucoraphanin was the dominant component. After hydrolysis, three kinds of isothiocyanates and two kinds of nitriles were detected in broccoli sprouts; however, the corresponding nitrile 4-isothiocyanato-1-butene was not detectable. The sulforaphane content of broccoli sprouts in the 10CHEW (Electrolyte of 10 mM CaCl₂ acidic solution) treatment increased by 34.4%, and the content of sulforaphane nitrile decreased by 53.3% compared with that of the tap water treatment. CHEW changed the metabolism of glucosinolates in broccoli sprouts by promoting the synthesis of glucoraphanin, increasing the activity of myrosinase and decreasing the activity of epithiospecifier protein (ESP) for the generation of more bioactive isothiocyanates. In addition, compared to the tap water treatment, the calcium content in broccoli sprouts treated with 25CHEW (Electrolyte of 25 mM CaCl₂ acidic solution) was dramatically enhanced from 15.8 to 49.7 mg/g DW. CHEW can be a useful tool for enhancing the amount of secondary metabolites and calcium content in broccoli sprouts intended for fresh consumption as a functional food.

Sulforaphane ameliorates lipid profile in rodents: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Sulforaphane (SFN), a naturally-occurring isothiocyanate enriched in cabbage and broccoli, has been provided as food supplements to improve weight management and reduce lipid levels. However, its effects on serum lipid profiles are contradictory. In this review, a meta-analysis and systematic review of SFN on lipid reduction and weight control is assessed with mice and rats fed on high-fat diet. The effects of SFN supplementation were evaluated by weighted mean difference (WMD) in body weight (BW), liver weight (LW) and also by its effect on serum lipids. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall summary effect. SFN reduced BW (WMD: − 2.76 g, 95% CI: − 4.19, − 1.34) and LW (WMD: − 0.93 g, 95% CI: − 1.63, − 0.23) significantly in our ten trials. Its effects on serum total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: − 15.62 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 24.07, − 7.18), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD: − 8.35 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 15.47, − 1.24) and triglyceride (TG) (WMD: − 40.85 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 67.46, − 14.24) were significant except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) component (WMD: 1.05 mg/dL, 95% CI: − 3.44, 5.54). However, species, disease model, duration, SFN dosage as well as route of administration did not explain the heterogeneity among studies. In summary, these findings provide new insights concerning preclinical strategies for treating diseases including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as well as cardiovascular disease with SFN supplements.

Jares E, Jarvis D, Jassem E, Jenko K, Jiméneracruz Uscanga RD, Johnston SL, Joos G, Jošt M, Julge K, Jung K, Just J, Jutel M, Kaidashev I, Kalayci O, Kalyoncu F, Kapsali J, Kardas P, Karjalainen J, Kasala CA, Katotomichelakis M, Kavaliukaite L, Kazi BS, Keil T, Keith P, Khaitov M, Khaltaev N, Kim Y, Kirenga B, Kleine‐Tebbe J, Klimek L, Koffi N’Goran B, Kompoti E, Kopač P, Koppelman G, KorenJeverica A, Koskinen S, Košnik M, Kostov KV, Kowalski ML, Kralimarkova T, Kramer Vrščaj K, Kraxner H, Kreft S, Kritikos V, Kudlay D, Kuitunen M, Kull I, Kuna P, Kupczyk M, Kvedariene V, Kyriakakou M, Lalek N, Landi M, Lane S, Larenas‐Linnemann D, Lau S, Laune D, Lavrut J, Le L, Lenzenhuber M, Lessa M, Levin M, Li J, Lieberman P, Liotta G, Lipworth B, Liu X, Lobo R, Lodrup Carlsen KC, Lombardi C, Louis R, Loukidis S, Lourenço O, Luna Pech JA, Madjar B, Maggi E, Magnan A, Mahboub B, Mair A, Mais Y, Maitland van der Zee A, Makela M, Makris M, Malling H, Mandajieva M, Manning P, Manousakis M, Maragoudakis P, Marseglia G, Marshall G, Reza Masjedi M, Máspero JF, Matta Campos JJ, Maurer M, Mavale‐Manuel S, Meço C, Melén E, Melioli G, Melo‐Gomes E, Meltzer EO, Menditto E, Menzies‐Gow A, Merk H, Michel J, Micheli Y, Miculinic N, Midão L, Mihaltan F, Mikos N, Milanese M, Milenkovic B, Mitsias D, Moalla B, Moda G, Mogica Martínez MD, Mohammad Y, Moin M, Molimard M, Momas I, Mommers M, Monaco A, Montefort S, Mora D, Morais‐Almeida M, Mösges R, Mostafa B, Mullol J, Münter L, Muraro A, Murray R, Musarra A, Mustakov T, Naclerio R, Nadeau KC, Nadif R, Nakonechna A, Namazova‐Baranova L, Navarro‐Locsin G, Neffen H, Nekam K, Neou A, Nettis E, Neuberger D, Nicod L, Nicola S, Niederberger‐Leppin V, Niedoszytko M, Nieto A, Novellino E, Nunes E, Nyembue D, O’Hehir R, Odjakova C, Ohta K, Okamoto Y, Okubo K, Oliver B, Onorato GL, Pia Orru M, Ouédraogo S, Ouoba K, Paggiaro PL, Pagkalos A, Pajno G, Pala G, Palaniappan S, Pali‐Schöll I, Palkonen S, Palmer S, Panaitescu Bunu C, Panzner P, Papadopoulos NG, Papanikolaou V, Papi A, Paralchev B, Paraskevopoulos G, Park H, Passalacqua G, Patella V, Pavord I, Pawankar R, Pedersen S, Peleve S, Pellegino S, Pereira A, Pérez T, Perna A, Peroni D, Pfaar O, Pham‐Thi N, Pigearias B, Pin I, Piskou K, Pitsios C, Plavec D, Poethig D, Pohl W, Poplas Susic A, Popov TA, Portejoie F, Potter P, Poulsen L, Prados‐Torres A, Prarros F, Price D, Prokopakis E, Puggioni F, Puig‐Domenech E, Puy R, Rabe K, Raciborski F, Ramos J, Recto MT, Reda SM, Regateiro FS, Reider N, Reitsma S, Repka‐Ramirez S, Ridolo E, Rimmer J, Rivero Yeverino D, Angelo Rizzo J, Robalo‐Cordeiro C, Roberts G, Roche N, Rodríguez González M, Rodríguez Zagal E, Rolla G, Rolland C, Roller‐Wirnsberger R, Roman Rodriguez M, Romano A, Romantowski J, Rombaux P, Romualdez J, Rosado‐Pinto J, Rosario N, Rosenwasser L, Rossi O, Rottem M, Rouadi P, Rovina N, Rozman Sinur I, Ruiz M, Ruiz Segura LT, Ryan D, Sagara H, Sakai D, Sakurai D, Saleh W, Salimaki J, Samitas K, Samolinski B, Sánchez Coronel MG, Sanchez‐Borges M, Sanchez‐Lopez J, Sarafoleanu C, Sarquis Serpa F, Sastre‐Dominguez J, Savi E, Sawaf B, Scadding GK, Scheire S, Schmid‐Grendelmeier P, Schuhl JF, Schunemann H, Schvalbová M, Schwarze J, Scichilone N, Senna G, Sepúlveda C, Serrano E, Shields M, Shishkov V, Siafakas N, Simeonov A, FER Simons E, Carlos Sisul J, Sitkauskiene B, Skrindo I, SokličKošak T, Solé D, Sooronbaev T, Soto‐Martinez M, Soto‐Quiros M, Sousa Pinto B, Sova M, Soyka M, Specjalski K, Spranger O, Stamataki S, Stefanaki L, Stellato C, Stelmach R, Strandberg T, Stute P, Subramaniam A, Suppli Ulrik C, Sutherland M, Sylvestre S, Syrigou A, Taborda Barata L, Takovska N, Tan R, Tan F, Tan V, Ping Tang I, Taniguchi M, Tannert L, Tantilipikorn P, Tattersall J, Tesi F, Thijs C, Thomas M, To T, Todo‐Bom A, Togias A, Tomazic P, Tomic‐Spiric V, Toppila‐Salmi S, Toskala E, Triggiani M, Triller N, Triller K, Tsiligianni I, Uberti M, Ulmeanu R, Urbancic J, Urrutia Pereira M, Vachova M, Valdés F, Valenta R, Valentin Rostan M, Valero A, Valiulis A, Vallianatou M, Valovirta E, Van Eerd M, Van Ganse E, Hage M, Vandenplas O, Vasankari T, Vassileva D, Velasco Munoz C, Ventura MT, Vera‐Munoz C, Vicheva D, Vichyanond P, Vidgren P, Viegi G, Vogelmeier C, Von Hertzen L, Vontetsianos T, Vourdas D, Tran Thien Quan V, Wagenmann M, Walker S, Wallace D, Wang DY, Waserman S, Wickman M, Williams S, Williams D, Wilson N, Wong G, Woo K, Wright J, Wroczynski P, Xepapadaki P, Yakovliev P, Yamaguchi M, Yan K, Yeow Yap Y, Yawn B, Yiallouros P, Yorgancioglu A, Yoshihara S, Young I, Yusuf OB, Zaidi A, Zaitoun F, Zar H, Zedda M, Zernotti ME, Zhang L, Zhong N, Zidarn M, Zubrinich C. Cabbage and fermented vegetables: From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID‐19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS‐CoV‐2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT₁R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID‐19. The nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT₁R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof‐of‐concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2‐associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID‐19 severity.

Role of ceramides in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic metabolic disease that affects 463 million adults worldwide and is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, blindness, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and lower-limb amputation. Lipids have long been recognized as contributors to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of DM and its complications, but recent discoveries have highlighted ceramides, a class of bioactive sphingolipids with cell signaling and second messenger capabilities, as particularly important contributors to insulin resistance and the underlying mechanisms of DM complications. Besides their association with insulin resistance and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, evidence is emerging that certain species of ceramides are mediators of cellular mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications of DM. Advances in our understanding of these associations provide unique opportunities for exploring ceramide species as potential novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers. This review discusses the links between ceramides and the pathogenesis of DM and diabetic complications and identifies opportunities for novel discoveries and applications.

DhHP-6 ameliorates hepatic oxidative stress and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus through the PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathway

Insulin resistance is one major features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Deuterohemin-βAla-His-Thr-Val-Glu-Lys (DhHP-6), a novel microperoxidase mimetic designed and synthesized based on microperoxidase 11 (MP-11), can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo. In our previous studies, we showed that oral DhHP-6 could reduce blood glucose and improve insulin resistance. To investigate the mechanisms of how DhHP-6 ameliorates oxidative stress and insulin resistance, we established T2DM mouse models and glucosamine-induced HepG2 cell insulin resistance models. The results suggested that DhHP-6 decreased blood glucose, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and inhibited glycogen synthesis in T2DM mice. In addition, DhHP-6 improved insulin resistance by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in T2DM mice. Furthermore, DhHP-6 also activated PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathway in glucosamine-induced HepG2 cells. However, LY294002 did not completely inhibit AKT phosphorylation, and partially inhibited AMPK phosphorylation, whilst compound C only partially reduced AMPK phosphorylation, and also partially inhibited AKT phosphorylation, suggesting that AKT and AMPK interact to improve insulin resistance. Thus, these data suggest that DhHP-6 attenuates insulin resistance via the PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathway.

The noncanonical chronicles: Emerging roles of sphingolipid structural variants

Sphingolipids (SPs) are structurally diverse and represent one of the most quantitatively abundant classes of lipids in mammalian cells. In addition to their structural roles, many SP species are known to be bioactive mediators of essential cellular processes. Historically, studies have focused on SP species that contain the canonical 18‑carbon, mono-unsaturated sphingoid backbone. However, increasingly sensitive analytical technologies, driven by advances in mass spectrometry, have facilitated the identification of previously under-appreciated, molecularly distinct SP species. Many of these less abundant species contain noncanonical backbones. Interestingly, a growing number of studies have identified clinical associations between these noncanonical SPs and disease, suggesting that there is functional significance to the alteration of SP backbone structure. For example, associations have been found between SP chain length and cardiovascular disease, pain, diabetes, and dementia. This review will provide an overview of the processes that are known to regulate noncanonical SP accumulation, describe the clinical correlations reported for these molecules, and review the experimental evidence for the potential functional implications of their dysregulation. It is likely that further scrutiny of noncanonical SPs may provide new insight into pathophysiological processes, serve as useful biomarkers for disease, and lead to the design of novel therapeutic strategies.

Electrophile Modulation of Inflammation: A Two-Hit Approach

Electrophilic small molecules have gained significant attention over the last decade in the field of covalent drug discovery. Long recognized as mediators of the inflammatory process, recent evidence suggests that electrophiles may modulate the immune response through the regulation of metabolic networks. These molecules function as pleiotropic signaling mediators capable of reversibly reacting with nucleophilic biomolecules, most notably at reactive cysteines. More specifically, electrophiles target critical cysteines in redox regulatory proteins to activate protective pathways such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) antioxidant signaling pathway while also inhibiting Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB). During inflammatory states, reactive species broadly alter cell signaling through the oxidation of lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, effectively propagating the inflammatory sequence. Subsequent changes in metabolic signaling inform immune cell maturation and effector function. Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory pathologies leverage electrophilic drug compounds, in part, because of their documented effect on the redox balance of the cell. With mounting evidence demonstrating the link between redox signaling and metabolism, electrophiles represent ideal therapeutic candidates for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Through their pleiotropic signaling activity, electrophiles may be used strategically to both directly and indirectly target immune cell metabolism.

The Role of Diet on Insulin Sensitivity

Growing evidence shows that dietary composition has a marked impact on the risk of developing obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), certain types of endocrine cancer and many other intertwined metabolic and reproductive disorders, all featured by insulin resistance (IR) [...].

Sulforaphane prevents chromium-induced lung injury in rats via activation of the Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn pathway

Chromium (Cr) is an internationally recognized carcinogenic hazard that causes serious pulmonary toxicity. However, Cr-induced pulmonary toxicity lacks effective treatment to date. Sulforaphane (SFN), a well-known organosulfur compound, has gained increasing attention because of its unique biological function. This study investigates if SFN could decrease K₂Cr₂O₇-induced pulmonary toxicity and a potential mechanism involved using a rat 35-day Cr-induced pulmonary toxicity model and the mouse alveolar type II epithelial cell line (MLE-12). The results showed that SFN prevented Cr-induced oxidative stress, histopathological lesions, inflammation, apoptosis, and changes in protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) levels in vivo and in vitro. However, SFN can not play the protective effect against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced cell injury after treating by an Akt-specific inhibitor (MK-2206 2HCl) in MLE-12 cells. Furthermore, SFN increased the expression of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) phase II detoxification enzymes. Collectively, this study demonstrates that SFN prevents K₂Cr₂O₇-induced lung toxicity in rats through enhancing Nrf2-mediated exogenous antioxidant defenses via activation of the Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn signaling pathway. SFN may be a novel natural substance to cure Cr-induced lung toxicity.

MicroRNAs as novel targets of sulforaphane in cancer therapy: The beginning of a new tale?

Effective management and treatment of cancer depend on developing novel antitumor drugs with the capability of targeting various molecular pathways. Identification and subsequent targeting of these pathways are of importance in cancer therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules responsible for post-transcriptional regulation of genes. Notably, miRNAs participate in a number of biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and cell cycle regulation. So, any impairment in the expression and function of miRNAs is associated with development of disorders, particularly cancer. Naturally occurring nutraceutical compounds have attracted much attention due to their great antitumor activity. Among them, sulforaphane isolated from Brassica oleracea (broccoli) is of interest due to its therapeutic and biological activities such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotection, and cardiprotection. Sulforaphane has demonstrated great antitumor activity and is able to significantly inhibit proliferation, viability, migration, malignancy, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. These antitumor effects have widely been investigated, and it appears that there is a need for a precise review to demonstrate the molecular pathway that sulforaphane follows to exert its antitumor activity. At the present review, we focus on the modulatory impact of sulforaphane on miRNAs and exhibit that how various miRNAs in different cancers are regulated by sulforaphane.

Liensinine Inhibits Beige Adipocytes Recovering to white Adipocytes through Blocking Mitophagy Flux In Vitro and In Vivo

Promoting white-to-beige adipocyte transition is a promising approach for obesity treatment. Although Liensinine (Lie), a kind of isoquinoline alkaloid, has been reported to affect white-to-beige adipocyte transition, its effects on inhibiting beige adipocytes recovering to white adipocytes and maintaining the characteristics of beige adipocyte remain unclear. Therefore, we explored the effects and underlying mechanism of Lie on beige adipocyte maintenance in vitro and in vivo. Here, we first demonstrated that after white adipocytes turned to beige adipocytes by rosiglitazone (Rosi) stimuli, beige adipocytes gradually lost their characteristics and returned to white adipocytes again once Rosi was withdrawn. We found that Lie retained high levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex I, II, III, IV and V (COX I-V), oxygen consumption rate (OCR) after Rosi withdrawal. In addition, after Rosi withdrawal, the beige-to-white adipocyte transition was coupled to mitophagy, while Lie inhibited mitophagy flux by promoting the accumulation of pro-cathepsin B (pro-CTSB), pro-cathepsin D (pro-CTSD) and pro-cathepsin L (pro-CTSL), ultimately maintaining the beige adipocytes characteristics in vitro. Moreover, through blocking mitophagy flux, Lie significantly retained the molecular characteristics of beige adipocyte, reduced body weight gain rate and enhanced energy expenditure after stimuli withdrawal in vivo. Together, our data showed that Lie inhibited lysosomal cathepsin activity by promoting the accumulation of pro-CTSB, pro-CTSD and pro-CTSL, which subsequently inhibited mitophagy flux, and ultimately inhibited the beige adipocytes recovering to white adipocytes and maintained the characteristics of beige adipocyte after stimuli withdrawal. In conclusion, by blocking lysosome-mediated mitophagy, Lie inhibits beige adipocytes recovering to white adipocytes and may be a potential candidate for preventing high fat diet induced obesity.