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Younes S. The role of nutrition on the treatment of Covid 19. HUMAN NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2024; 36:200255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hnm.2024.200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
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Naidu AS, Wang CK, Rao P, Mancini F, Clemens RA, Wirakartakusumah A, Chiu HF, Yen CH, Porretta S, Mathai I, Naidu SAG. Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:19. [PMID: 38555403 PMCID: PMC10981760 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Satyanarayan Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA.
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA.
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing City, Fujian, China
| | - Fabrizio Mancini
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President-Emeritus, Parker University, 2540 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX, 75229, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy/D. K. Kim International Center for Regulatory & Quality Sciences, 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aman Wirakartakusumah
- International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Guelph, ON, Canada
- IPMI International Business School Jakarta; South East Asian Food and Agriculture Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health & Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastiano Porretta
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President, Italian Association of Food Technology (AITA), Milan, Italy
- Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Department of Consumer Science, Viale Tanara 31/a, I-43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Issac Mathai
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- Soukya International Holistic Health Center, Whitefield, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreus A G Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA
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Zhang X, Han X, Chen B, Fu X, Gong Y, Yang W, Chen Q. Influence of nutritional supplements on antibody levels in pregnant women vaccinated with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289255. [PMID: 38452000 PMCID: PMC10919710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the significantly higher demand for nutrients during pregnancy, pregnant women are more likely to have nutrient deficiencies, which may adversely affect maternal and fetal health. The influence of nutritional supplements on the immune effects of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during pregnancy is not clear. METHODS In a multicenter cross-sectional study, we enrolled 873 pregnant women aged 18-45 y in Guangdong, China. The general demographic characteristics of pregnant women and their use of nutritional supplements were investigated, and the serum antibody levels induced by inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were measured. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between nutritional supplements and SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. RESULTS Of the 873 pregnant women enrolled, 825 (94.5%) took folic acid during pregnancy, 165 (18.9%) took iron supplements, and 197 (22.6%) took DHA. All pregnant women received at least one dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and the positive rates of serum SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were 44.7% and 46.4%, respectively. After adjustment for confounding factors, whether pregnant women took folic acid, iron supplements, or DHA did not influence NAb positivity or IgG positivity (P > 0.05). Compared with pregnant women who did not take folic acid, the odds ratios (ORs) for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 NAb and IgG antibody in pregnant women who took folic acid were 0.67 (P = 0.255; 95% CI, 0.34-1.32) and 1.24 (P = 0.547; 95% CI, 0.60-2.55), respectively. Compared with pregnant women who did not take iron supplements, the ORs for the presence of NAb and IgG antibody in pregnant women who took iron supplements were 1.16(P = 0.465; 95% CI, 0.77-1.76) and 0.98 (P = 0.931; 95% CI, 0.64-1.49), respectively. Similarly, the ORs for NAb and IgG antibody were 0.71 (P = 0.085; 95% CI, 0.49-1.04) and 0.95 (P = 0.801; 95% CI, 0.65-1.38) in pregnant women who took DHA compared with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS Nutritional supplementation with folic acid, iron, or DHA during pregnancy was not associated with antibody levels in pregnant women who received inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Baolan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yajie Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qingsong Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Paduano S, Granata M, Turchi S, Modenese A, Galante P, Poggi A, Marchesi I, Frezza G, Dervishaj G, Vivoli R, Verri S, Marchetti S, Gobba F, Bargellini A. Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Evaluated by Antibody Response in a Sample of Workers from the Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:77. [PMID: 38131799 PMCID: PMC10740768 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection risk are still debated. This case-control study aims to investigate the possible relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection, evaluated through antibody response, and the main sociodemographic, occupational, clinical-anamnestic, and biochemical factors in a population of Modena province (Northern Italy), mainly workers. Both workers who voluntarily joined the screening campaign proposed by companies and self-referred individuals who underwent serological testing were enrolled. Subjects with antibody positivity were recruited as cases (n = 166) and subjects tested negative (n = 239) as controls. A questionnaire on sociodemographic, occupational, and clinical data was administered through telephone interviews. Serum zinc/iron/copper/chromium/nickel, vitamins D/B12, folates, triglycerides, and LDL/HDL/total cholesterol were measured. Cases lived more often in urban areas (61.8% vs. 57%). Cases and controls did not differ significantly by working macrocategories, but the percentage of workers in the ceramic sector was higher among cases. Low adherence to preventive measures in the workplace was more frequent among seropositives. Folate concentration was significantly lower among cases. Therefore, adequate folate levels, living in rural areas, and good adherence to preventive strategies seem protective against infection. Workers in the ceramic sector seem to be at greater risk; specific factors involved are not defined, but preventive interventions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Paduano
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Michele Granata
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Sara Turchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Pasquale Galante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Isabella Marchesi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Frezza
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Giulia Dervishaj
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Roberto Vivoli
- Test Laboratory, 41100 Modena, Italy; (R.V.); (S.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Sara Verri
- Test Laboratory, 41100 Modena, Italy; (R.V.); (S.V.); (S.M.)
| | | | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Annalisa Bargellini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
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Nawaiseh HK, Abdelrahim DN, Al-Domi H, Al-Assaf MS, Al-Nawaiseh FK. The impact of vitamin D, vitamin C, and zinc supplements on immune status among Jordanian adults during COVID-19: cross-sectional study findings. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2251. [PMID: 37968651 PMCID: PMC10652433 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nutritional status is essential for the maintenance of the immune system, with malnutrition suppressing immunity. The aims of the current study were to assess the immune status of a group of Jordanian adults and to evaluate the association between vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc consumption and the Immune Status during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A total of 615 adults Jordanian participants were enrolled in this study, an online- based cross sectional survey was used as a tool for this study. Data was collected by distributing the questionnaire form link through social media platforms. The association between ISQ score and the supplement intake pattern (daily, weekly, monthly and rarely) was assessed using multinomial logistic regression analysis, described as Odds ratio and 95% CI. RESULTS Data have indicated that the majority of the participants did not take Vitamin D supplements during the pandemic (46.3%). Also, there was a significant association between the frequency of Vitamin D supplement intake and ISQ (r = 12.777; P < 0.05). Data showed that the majority of participants used vitamin C supplementation (49.4%). Also, there was a significant association between the frequency of Vitamin C supplement intake and ISQ (r = 12.797; P < 0.05). Data also have indicated that the majority of the participants did not increase their consumption of Zinc during the COVID-19 pandemic (55.6%). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest a significant association between the frequency of Vitamin D, and vitamin C supplement intake and ISQ. Nutritional status is essential for the maintenance of the immune system, with malnutrition suppressing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala K Nawaiseh
- Department of nutrition and food technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, 11942, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Dana N Abdelrahim
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Sharjah University, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayder Al-Domi
- Department of nutrition and food technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, 11942, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad S Al-Assaf
- Department of Ears, Nose and Throat, King Hussein Medical Centre (KHMC), Amman, Jordan
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Moatasim Y, Kutkat O, Osman AM, Gomaa MR, Okda F, El Sayes M, Kamel MN, Gaballah M, Mostafa A, El-Shesheny R, Kayali G, Ali MA, Kandeil A. Potent Antiviral Activity of Vitamin B12 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus 229E. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2777. [PMID: 38004788 PMCID: PMC10673013 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing vitamins as antiviral supporting agents is a rapid approach used to control emerging viral infections. Although there is considerable evidence supporting the use of vitamin supplementation in viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the specific role of each vitamin in defending against coronaviruses remains unclear. Antiviral activities of available vitamins on the infectivity and replication of human coronaviruses, namely, SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), were investigated using in silico and in vitro studies. We identified potential broad-spectrum inhibitor effects of Hydroxocobalamin and Methylcobalamin against the three tested CoVs. Cyanocobalamin could selectively affect SARS-CoV-2 but not MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E. Methylcobalamin showed significantly higher inhibition values on SARS-CoV-2 compared with Hydroxocobalamin and Cyanocobalamin, while Hydroxocobalamin showed the highest potent antiviral activity against MERS-CoV and Cyanocobalamin against HCoV-229E. Furthermore, in silico studies were performed for these promising vitamins to investigate their interaction with SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-229E viral-specific cell receptors (ACE2, DPP4, and hAPN protein, respectively) and viral proteins (S-RBD, 3CL pro, RdRp), suggesting that Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin, and Cyanocobalamin may have significant binding affinity to these proteins. These results show that Methylcobalamin may have potential benefits for coronavirus-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed M. Osman
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Mokhtar R. Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Faten Okda
- Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mohamed El Sayes
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Mina Nabil Kamel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Mohamed Gaballah
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | | | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
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Doaei S, Mardi A, Zare M. Role of micronutrients in the modulation of immune system and platelet activating factor in patients with COVID-19; a narrative review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1207237. [PMID: 37781112 PMCID: PMC10540693 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1207237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary micronutrients may play important roles in the improvement of the immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to assess the effect of micronutrients on platelet activating factor (PAF) and immunity with a special focus on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods All paper published in English on the effects of micronutrients including fat soluble vitamins, water soluble vitamins, and minerals on PAF, immunity, and COVID-19 were collected from online valid databases. Results Vitamin A may modulate the expression of PAF-receptor gene in patients with COVID-19. Vitamin D may modulate inflammatory response through influencing PAF pathway. Vitamin E may improve COVID-19 related heart injuries by exert anti-PAF activities. Vitamin C status may have PAF related anti-inflammatory and micro-thrombotic effects in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Furthermore, some trace elements such as copper, selenium, and iron may have key roles in strengthens immunity by inactivate PAF acetyl hydrolase. Conclusion This narrative review study highlighted the importance of micronutrients in the improvement of immune function through modulation of PAF in patients with COVID-19. Further longitudinal studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Doaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afrouz Mardi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Nutrition, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
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Saeed Z, Alkheraije KA. Botanicals: A promising approach for controlling cecal coccidiosis in poultry. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157633. [PMID: 37180056 PMCID: PMC10168295 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian species have long struggled with the problem of coccidiosis, a disease that affects various parts of the intestine, including the anterior gut, midgut, and hindgut. Among different types of coccidiosis, cecal coccidiosis is particularly dangerous to avian species. Chickens and turkeys are commercial flocks; thus, their parasites have remained critical due to their economic importance. High rates of mortality and morbidity are observed in both chickens and turkeys due to cecal coccidiosis. Coccidiostats and coccidiocidal chemicals have traditionally been added to feed and water to control coccidiosis. However, after the EU banned their use because of issues of resistance and public health, alternative methods are being explored. Vaccines are also being used, but their efficacy and cost-effectiveness remain as challenges. Researchers are attempting to find alternatives, and among the alternatives, botanicals are a promising choice. Botanicals contain multiple active compounds such as phenolics, saponins, terpenes, sulfur compounds, etc., which can kill sporozoites and oocysts and stop the replication of Eimeria. These botanicals are primarily used as anticoccidials due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. Because of the medicinal properties of botanicals, some commercial products have also been developed. However, further research is needed to confirm their pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, and methods of concentrated preparation. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the plants that have the potential to act as anticoccidials and to explain the mode of action of different compounds found within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Saeed
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Impact of vitamin D3 supplementation on COVID-19 vaccine response and immunoglobulin G antibodies in deficient women: A randomized controlled trial. Vaccine 2023; 41:2860-2867. [PMID: 37003908 PMCID: PMC10040353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Immune levels were observed by giving vitamin D supplements to vitamin D deficient women who received the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods In the research, there were volunteer women who had received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine who participated for a mean of more than 65 days. Group D (n=14 Pfizer-BioNTech, 2 Sinovac) received 150,000 IU of vitamin D supplementation, but group C (n=14 Pfizer-BioNTech), 3 Sinovac) no support was provided. Results When the consumption of vitamin D ends (D group), serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D levels were found to increase regularly in the (W3) last measurements (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in immunoglobulin M levels between groups D and C (Control group) (p=0.063). It was observed that the immunoglobulin G levels reached the peak level between the W1 and W2 measurements of the D group (P<0.001) and there were significant differences between the three sizes. Also, no correlation was found between the D group's initial serum immunoglobulin G and 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D levels. However, when the final measurements were examined, a significant positive correlation was found between immunoglobulin G and 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D levels (r=0.558, p=0.031). Conclusion It was determined that serum IgG levels increased significantly depending on the duration between those who used vitamin D and those who did not and it was above the initial level for a long time. A positive and significant relationship was found between the last measured immunoglobulin G and 25(OH) D levels while vitamin D supplementation continued. Trial Registration: This study registered under ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier no. NCT05447065)
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10
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Fayyaz AM, Raza M, Sharif M, Shah JH, Kadry S, Martínez OS. An Integrated Framework for COVID-19 Classification Based on Ensembles of Deep Features and Entropy Coded GLEO Feature Selection. INT J UNCERTAIN FUZZ 2023. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218488523500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a challenging worldwide pandemic disease nowadays that spreads from person to person in a very fast manner. It is necessary to develop an automated technique for COVID-19 identification. This work investigates a new framework that predicts COVID-19 based on X-ray images. The suggested methodology contains core phases as preprocessing, feature extraction, selection and categorization. The Guided and 2D Gaussian filters are utilized for image improvement as a preprocessing phase. The outcome is then passed to 2D-superpixel method for region of interest (ROI). The pre-trained models such as Darknet-53 and Densenet-201 are then applied for features extraction from the segmented images. The entropy coded GLEO features selection is based on the extracted and selected features, and ensemble serially to produce a single feature vector. The single vector is finally supplied as an input to the variations of the SVM classifier for the categorization of the normal/abnormal (COVID-19) X-rays images. The presented approach is evaluated with different measures known as accuracy, recall, F1 Score, and precision. The integrated framework for the proposed system achieves the acceptable accuracies on the SVM Classifiers, which authenticate the proposed approach’s effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Muiz Fayyaz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Wah, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan
| | - Mudassar Raza
- Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sharif
- Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan
| | - Jamal Hussain Shah
- Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan
| | - Seifedine Kadry
- Department of Applied Data Science, Noroff University College, Kristiansand, Norway
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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11
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汪 晓, 张 伶, 成 果. [Nutrition Plays a Vital Role in the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2023; 54:108-113. [PMID: 36647652 PMCID: PMC10409020 DOI: 10.12182/20230160303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Proper nutritional support helps boost the immunity of the human body, strengthen the high-risk populations' defense against SARS-CoV-2, reduce the prevalence of COVID-19, prevent mild cases from developing into severe cases, and reduce the occurrence of adverse symptoms during recovery. Nutritional support is an important guarantee to provide protection against virus infection, promote patient recovery, and improve patient prognosis. Whole nutritional food formulas designed according to the characteristic clinical symptoms of COVID-19 provide patients with comprehensive nutritional support of appropriate nutritional content, which effectively improves the nutritional status of patients and provides strong technical support to improve their quality of survival. During the critical period of COVID-19 prevention and control, more emphasis should be placed on the essential role of nutritional support and the clinical efficacy of nutritional support should be given full play.
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Affiliation(s)
- 晓语 汪
- 四川大学华西第二医院 营养中心 (成都 610041)Nutrition Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 伶俐 张
- 四川大学华西第二医院 营养中心 (成都 610041)Nutrition Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 果 成
- 四川大学华西第二医院 营养中心 (成都 610041)Nutrition Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Content of Essential Trace Elements in the Hair of Residents of the Caspian Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan Who Recovered from COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112734. [PMID: 36359577 PMCID: PMC9689738 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the content of essential elements in the hair of unvaccinated residents of the Caspian region who recovered from COVID-19. This cross-sectional study involved 260 unvaccinated permanent residents of Mangistau oblast aged 18−60. The diagnosis and severity of COVID-19 were based on clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory data, R-graph results, and oxygen saturation by the Clinical Protocol of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry determined the content of trace elements cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn). The content of Cr (p < 0.05), Cu (p < 0.05), Fe (p < 0.001), I (p < 0.05), Mn (p < 0.001), and Zn (p < 0.05) in the hair of individuals who had a coronavirus infection was lower than those who did not have this infection. There were significantly higher levels of Cu (p < 0.05) in the hair of participants who had moderate or severe COVID-19 compared to those with mild forms. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that in the presence of a COVID-19 infection in a subject’s history, the content of Cr (0.871 (95% CI: 0.811; 0.936)), Cu (0.875 (95% CI: 0.803; 0.955)), Fe (0.745 (95% CI: 0.636; 0.873)), and Mn (0.642 (95%CI: 00.518; 0.795)) decreased in the hair. The data obtained indicate that past COVID-19 infections affect the trace element status of the inhabitants of the Caspian region of Kazakhstan.
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13
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Hernández-Flores TDJ, Pedraza-Brindis EJ, Cárdenas-Bedoya J, Ruíz-Carrillo JD, Méndez-Clemente AS, Martínez-Guzmán MA, Iñiguez-Gutiérrez L. Role of Micronutrients and Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in COVID-19 Recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12324. [PMID: 36293182 PMCID: PMC9604189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A balanced and varied diet provides diverse beneficial effects on health, such as adequate micronutrient availability and a gut microbiome in homeostasis. Besides their participation in biochemical processes as cofactors and coenzymes, vitamins and minerals have an immunoregulatory function; meanwhile, gut microbiota and its metabolites coordinate directly and indirectly the cell response through the interaction with the host receptors. Malnourishment is a crucial risk factor for several pathologies, and its involvement during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has been reported. This pandemic has caused a significant decline in the worldwide population, especially those with chronic diseases, reduced physical activity, and elder age. Diet and gut microbiota composition are probable causes for this susceptibility, and its supplementation can play a role in reestablishing microbial homeostasis and improving immunity response against Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection and recovery. This study reviews the role of micronutrients and microbiomes in the risk of infection, the severity of disease, and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita de Jesús Hernández-Flores
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eliza Julia Pedraza-Brindis
- Departamento de Aparatos y Sistemas I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44670, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jhonathan Cárdenas-Bedoya
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Daniel Ruíz-Carrillo
- Clínica Medicina Familiar 1 del ISSSTE “Dr. Arturo González Guzmán”, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Anibal Samael Méndez-Clemente
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marco Alonso Martínez-Guzmán
- Departamento de Aparatos y Sistemas I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44670, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Liliana Iñiguez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Aparatos y Sistemas I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44670, Jalisco, Mexico
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Ejaz H, Zeeshan HM, Ahmad F, Bukhari SNA, Anwar N, Alanazi A, Sadiq A, Junaid K, Atif M, Abosalif KOA, Iqbal A, Hamza MA, Younas S. Bibliometric Analysis of Publications on the Omicron Variant from 2020 to 2022 in the Scopus Database Using R and VOSviewer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912407. [PMID: 36231710 PMCID: PMC9566376 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory infections caused by coronaviruses can range from mild to deadly. Although there are numerous studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), few have been published on its Omicron variant. In order to remedy this deficiency, this study undertook a bibliometric analysis of the publishing patterns of studies on the Omicron variant and identified hotspots. Automated transportation, environmental protection, improved healthcare, innovation in banking, and smart homes are just a few areas where machine learning has found use in tackling complicated problems. The sophisticated Scopus database was queried for papers with the term "Omicron" in the title published between January 2020 and June 2022. Microsoft Excel 365, VOSviewer, Bibliometrix, and Biblioshiny from R were used for a statistical analysis of the publications. Over the study period, 1917 relevant publications were found in the Scopus database. Viruses was the most popular in publications for Omicron variant research, with 150 papers published, while Cell was the most cited source. The bibliometric analysis determined the most productive nations, with USA leading the list with the highest number of publications (344) and the highest level of international collaboration on the Omicron variant. This study highlights scientific advances and scholarly collaboration trends and serves as a model for demonstrating global trends in Omicron variant research. It can aid policymakers and medical researchers to fully grasp the current status of research on the Omicron variant. It also provides normative data on the Omicron variant for visualization, study, and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zeeshan
- Department of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore 54700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Ahmad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Common First Year, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naeem Anwar
- Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq 32038, Bahrain
| | - Awadh Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashina Sadiq
- Department of Computer Science, Lahore Leads University, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kashaf Junaid
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Omer Abdalla Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abid Iqbal
- Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manhal Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Sonia Younas
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Notarbartolo V, Montante C, Ferrante G, Giuffrè M. Antioxidant Effects of Dietary Supplements on Adult COVID-19 Patients: Why Do We Not Also Use Them in Children? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091638. [PMID: 36139712 PMCID: PMC9495518 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are very common in children, especially in the first five years of life, and several viruses, such as the influenza virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Rhinovirus, are triggers for symptoms that usually affect the upper airways. It has been known that during respiratory viral infections, a condition of oxidative stress (OS) occurs, and many studies have suggested the potential use of antioxidants as complementary components in prophylaxis and/or therapy of respiratory viral infections. Preliminary data have demonstrated that antioxidants may also interfere with the new coronavirus 2’s entry and replication in human cells, and that they have a role in the downregulation of several pathogenetic mechanisms involved in disease severity. Starting from preclinical data, the aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the current evidence about the main antioxidants that are potentially useful for preventing and treating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in adults and to speculate on their possible use in children by exploring the most relevant issues affecting their use in clinical practice, as well as the associated evidence gaps and research limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Notarbartolo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudio Montante
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ferrante
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Division, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Giuffrè
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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16
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Costa BTD, Araújo GRL, da Silva Júnior RT, Santos LKDS, Lima de Souza Gonçalves V, Lima DBA, Cuzzuol BR, Santos Apolonio J, de Carvalho LS, Marques HS, Silva CS, Barcelos IDS, Oliveira MV, Freire de Melo F. Effects of nutrients on immunomodulation in patients with severe COVID-19: Current knowledge. World J Crit Care Med 2022; 11:201-218. [PMID: 36051942 PMCID: PMC9305681 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v11.i4.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) show significant immune system dysregulation. Due to that, some nutrients that influence immunomodulation have been suggested as a form of treatment against the infection. This review collected the information on the impact of vitamins on the prognosis of COVID-19, with the intention of facilitating treatment and prevention of the disease risk status in patients. The collected information was obtained using the PubMed electronic database by searching for articles that relate COVID-19 and the mechanisms/effects of the nutrients: Proteins, glucose, lipids, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium, including prospective, retrospective, and support articles. The findings reveal an optimal response related mainly to omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, calcium, and iron that might represent benefits in the treatment of critically ill patients. However, nutrient supplementation should be done with caution due to the limited availability of randomized controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Teixeira da Costa
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Glauber Rocha Lima Araújo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Luana Kauany de Sá Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Bastos Alves Lima
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Rocha Cuzzuol
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Santos Apolonio
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lorena Sousa de Carvalho
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hanna Santos Marques
- Campus Vitória da Conquista, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45083-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Camilo Santana Silva
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Isadora de Souza Barcelos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vasconcelos Oliveira
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Stahel VP, Blum SD, Anand P. The impact of immune dysfunction on perioperative complications in surgical COVID-19 patients: an imperative for early immunonutrition. Patient Saf Surg 2022; 16:14. [PMID: 35365199 PMCID: PMC8972719 DOI: 10.1186/s13037-022-00323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are vulnerable to increased perioperative complications and postoperative mortality, independent of the risk for contracting COVID-19 pneumonia after endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia. The presumed root cause of postoperative infections, microvascular soft tissue injuries and thromboembolic complications is largely attributed to the profound immune dysfunction induced by COVID-19 as a result of complement activation and the "cytokine storm". The empirical therapy with anti-inflammatory agents has been shown to attenuate some of the adverse effects of systemic hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. In addition, the proactive concept of "immunonutrition" may represent a new promising avenue for mitigating the complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 and thereby reduce the rates of surgical complications and postoperative mortality. This letter provides a narrative summary of the current state-of-the-art in the field of immunonutrition as it pertains to surgical patient safety in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samson D Blum
- University of Colorado (CU), Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Pratibha Anand
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Citu IM, Citu C, Margan MM, Craina M, Neamtu R, Gorun OM, Burlea B, Bratosin F, Rosca O, Grigoras ML, Motoc A, Malita D, Neagoe O, Gorun F. Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc Supplementation during Pregnancy: The Additive Value of Micronutrients on Maternal Immune Response after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071445. [PMID: 35406057 PMCID: PMC9003126 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium may contribute to the immune response during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection by acting as a cofactor for immunoglobulin production and other processes required for T and B cell activity. Considering magnesium as a recommended dietary supplement during pregnancy and the possible role of magnesium deficiency in COVID-19 and its complications, the current study sought to determine the effect of magnesium and magnesium-containing nutritional supplements on the immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women, as well as to observe differences in pregnancy outcomes based on the supplements taken during pregnancy. The study followed a cross-sectional design, where patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection during their pregnancy were surveyed for their preferences in nutritional supplementation and their profile compared with existing records from the institutional database. A cohort of 448 pregnant women with COVID-19 during 22 months of the pandemic was assembled, out of which 13.6% took a magnesium-only supplement, and 16.5% supplemented their diet with a combination of calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Around 60% of patients in the no-supplementation group had the SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD lower than 500 U/mL, compared with 50% in those who took magnesium-based supplements. A quantity of magnesium >450 mg in the taken supplements determined higher levels of antibody titers after COVID-19. Low magnesium dosage (<450 mg) was an independent risk factor for a weak immune response (OR-1.25, p-value = 0.003). The observed findings suggest supplementing the nutritional intake of pregnant women with magnesium-based supplements to determine higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD antibodies, although causality remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Mihaela Citu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Cosmin Citu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.-M.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-(722)-322-877
| | - Madalin-Marius Margan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.-M.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (F.G.)
| | - Marius Craina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.-M.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (F.G.)
| | - Radu Neamtu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.-M.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (F.G.)
| | - Oana Maria Gorun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Municipal Emergency Clinical Hospital Timisoara, 300202 Timisoara, Romania; (O.M.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Bogdan Burlea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Municipal Emergency Clinical Hospital Timisoara, 300202 Timisoara, Romania; (O.M.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Felix Bratosin
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Ovidiu Rosca
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Mirela Loredana Grigoras
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.L.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrei Motoc
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.L.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniel Malita
- Department of Radiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Octavian Neagoe
- First Department of Surgery, Second Discipline of Surgical Semiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Florin Gorun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.-M.M.); (M.C.); (R.N.); (F.G.)
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Ghanei E, Baghani M, Moravvej H, Talebi A, Bahmanjahromi A, Abdollahimajd F. Low serum levels of zinc and 25-hydroxyvitmain D as potential risk factors for COVID-19 susceptibility: a pilot case-control study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1297-1302. [PMID: 35322170 PMCID: PMC8941827 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study aimed to evaluate serum 25-hydroxyvitmain D and zinc levels in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in comparison to healthy subjects. METHODS This was a single-center case-control study performed from March 20, 2020, to January 20, 2021, in Tehran, Iran. All patients diagnosed with COVID-19 based on a positive nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test were included in the case group. Controls were selected from patients referred for routine checkups who had a negative COVID-19 PCR test. Age, sex, marital and educational status, comorbidities, and serum 25-hydroxyvitmain D and zinc levels of patients were recorded. RESULTS Ninety patients in the case group and 95 subjects in the control group who were sex and age-matched were studied. 25-hydroxyvitmain D levels lower than 20 ng/ml were observed in 58 (64%) cases and 72 (76%) controls (P = 0.09). The median 25-hydroxyvitmain D level in the case group was significantly lower than controls (26 (interquartile range [IQR] = 24) ng/ml vs. 38 (IQR = 22) ng/ml, respectively, P < 0.01). The median zinc level in the case group was 56 (IQR = 23) ng/ml, while it was 110 (IQR = 27) ng/ml among the controls (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the level of 25-hydroxyvitmain D and zinc between cases with and without comorbidities (P > 0.05). Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection could be predicted by serum 25-hydroxyvitmain D levels below 25.2 ng/ml (81% sensitivity; 48% specificity) or zinc levels below 86.3 mmol/ml (93% sensitivity; 92% specificity). CONCLUSIONS Low serum zinc and 25-hydroxyvitmain D levels appear to be risk factors for COVID-19 affliction; thus, the treatment of individuals with such deficiencies is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Ghanei
- Department of Internal Medicine of Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Research Development Unit of Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Baghani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Moravvej
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Talebi
- Colorectal Research Center, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayda Bahmanjahromi
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Abdollahimajd
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Dubey AK, Chaudhry SK, Singh HB, Gupta VK, Kaushik A. Perspectives on nano-nutraceuticals to manage pre and post COVID-19 infections. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 33:e00712. [PMID: 35186674 PMCID: PMC8832856 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Optimized therapeutic bio-compounds supported by bio-acceptable nanosystems (i.e., precise nanomedicine) have ability to promote health via maintaining body structure, organ function, and controlling chronic and acute effects. Therefore, nano-nutraceuticals (designed to neutralize virus, inhibit virus bindings with receptors, and support immunity) utilization can manage COVID-19 pre/post-infection effects. To explore these approaches well, our mini-review explores optimized bio-active compounds, their ability to influence SARS-CoV-2 infection, improvement in performance supported by precise nanomedicine approach, and challenges along with prospects. Such optimized pharmacologically relevant therapeutic cargo not only affect SARS-CoV-2 but will support other organs which show functional alternation due to SARS-CoV-2 for example, neurological functions. Hence, coupling the nutraceuticals with the nano-pharmacology perspective of higher efficacy via targeted delivery action can pave a novel way for health experts to plan future research needed to manage post COVID-19 infection effect where a longer efficacy with no side-effects is a key requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
- Institute of Scholars (InSc), Bengaluru, 560091, Karnataka, India
| | - Suman Kumar Chaudhry
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Tezpur University, Sonitpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | | | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
- Center for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, United States of America
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21
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Qurban R, Saeed S, Kanwal W, Junaid K, Rehman A. Potential immune modulatory effect of vitamin D in HIV infection: A review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Antwi J, Appiah B, Oluwakuse B, Abu BAZ. The Nutrition-COVID-19 Interplay: a Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:364-374. [PMID: 34837637 PMCID: PMC8627159 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Nutritional status is affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, directly or indirectly. Even with the recent rollout of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines and availability of medicines such as remdesivir, and monoclonal antibodies, host nutritional status is pivotal in the fight against the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and outcomes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of COVID-19-related lockdown on lifestyle behaviors, and the nutritional consequences, and the direct sequelae of the infection on nutrition including potential nutritional interventions. Recent Findings The COVID-19-related lockdown imposed radical changes in lifestyle behaviors with considerable short-term and long-term health and nutritional consequences including weight gain and obesity and increased cardiometabolic risk, consistently linked to worsened prognosis. The extent of the impact was dependent on food insecurity, overall stress and disordered eating, physical inactivity, and exposure to COVID-19-related nutrition information sources. COVID-19 could directly induce inflammatory responses and poor nutrient intake and absorption leading to undernutrition with micronutrient deficiencies, which impairs immune system function with subsequent amplified risk of infection and disease severity. Nutrition interventions through nutrition support, dietary supplementation, and home remedies such as use of zinc, selenium, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids showed the most significant promise to mitigate the course of COVID-19 infection and improve survival rates. Summary The nutrition-COVID-19 relationship and related dietary changes mimic a vicious cycle of the double burden of malnutrition, both obesity and undernutrition with micronutrient deficiencies, which promote infection, disease progression, and potential death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Antwi
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Human Ecology, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA.
| | - Bernard Appiah
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Busayo Oluwakuse
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Human Ecology, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | - Brenda A Z Abu
- Wegmans School of Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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23
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Abdalla AE, Xie J, Junaid K, Younas S, Elsaman T, Abosalif KOA, Alameen AAM, Mahjoob MO, Elamir MYM, Ejaz H. Insight into the emerging role of SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural and accessory proteins in modulation of multiple mechanisms of host innate defense. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:515-527. [PMID: 33714258 PMCID: PMC8381213 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is an extremely infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has become a major global health concern. The induction of a coordinated immune response is crucial to the elimination of any pathogenic infection. However, SARS-CoV-2 can modulate the host immune system to favor viral adaptation and persistence within the host. The virus can counteract type I interferon (IFN-I) production, attenuating IFN-I signaling pathway activation and disrupting antigen presentation. Simultaneously, SARS-CoV-2 infection can enhance apoptosis and the production of inflammatory mediators, which ultimately results in increased disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 produces an array of effector molecules, including nonstructural proteins (NSPs) and open-reading frames (ORFs) accessory proteins. We describe the complex molecular interplay of SARS-CoV-2 NSPs and accessory proteins with the host's signaling mediating immune evasion in the current review. In addition, the crucial role played by immunomodulation therapy to address immune evasion is discussed. Thus, the current review can provide new directions for the development of vaccines and specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Kashaf Junaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonia Younas
- Department of Pathology, Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Kamoke, District Gujranwala, Kamoke, Pakistan
| | - Tilal Elsaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Khalid Omer Abdalla Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Ayman Ali Mohammed Alameen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mahjoob Osman Mahjoob
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Mohammed Yagoub Mohammed Elamir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Das G, Heredia JB, de Lourdes Pereira M, Coy-Barrera E, Rodrigues Oliveira SM, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, Cabanillas-Bojórquez LA, Shin HS, Patra JK. Korean traditional foods as antiviral and respiratory disease prevention and treatments: A detailed review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021; 116:415-433. [PMID: 34345117 PMCID: PMC8321624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Korean traditional food (KTF), originated from ancestral agriculture and the nomadic traditions of the Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria, is based on healthy food that balances disease prevention and treatment. Fermented foods that include grains, herbs, fruits, and mushrooms are also an important practice in KTF, providing high levels of Lactobacilli, which confer relevant health benefits, including antiviral properties. Some of these probiotics may also protect against the Influenza virus through the modulation of innate immunity. SCOPE AND APPROACH The emerging of the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to other diseases of viral origin, and the problems associated with other respiratory disorders, highlight how essential is a healthy eating pattern to strengthen our immune system.Key Findings and Conclusions: The present review covers the information available on edible plants, herbs, mushrooms, and preparations used in KTF to outline their multiple medicinal effects (e.g., antidiabetic, chemopreventive, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial), emphasizing their role and effects on the immune system with an emphasis on modulating properties of the gut microbiota that further support strong respiratory immunity. Potential functional foods commonly used in Korean cuisine such as Kimchi (a mixture of fermented vegetables), Meju, Doenjang, Jeotgal, and Mekgeolli and fermented sauces, among others, are highlighted for their great potential to improve gut-lung immunity. The traditional Korean diet and dietary mechanisms that may target viruses ACE-2 receptors or affect any step of a virus infection pathway that can determine a patient's prognosis are also highlighted. The regular oral intake of bioactive ingredients used in Korean foods can offer protection for some viral diseases, through protective and immunomodulatory effects, as evidenced in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - J Basilio Heredia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Col. Campo El Diez, CP. 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Campus Nueva Granada, 250247, Cajicá, Colombia
| | - Sonia Marlene Rodrigues Oliveira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- HMRI and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance Centres, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva
- Catedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Col. Campo El Diez, CP. 80110 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Luis Angel Cabanillas-Bojórquez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Col. Campo El Diez, CP. 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
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25
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Tang G, Zhang L, Huang W, Wei Z. Could Immunonutrition Help in the Fight against COVID-19 in Cancer Patient? Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1203-1212. [PMID: 34309463 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1957128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and widespread global pandemic of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had unprecedented negative health and economic impacts. Immune responses play a key role in the development of COVID-19, including the disruption of immune balance and cytokine storms caused by excessive inflammatory responses. Due to the effects of cancer itself and treatment, patients often accompanied by immunosuppression appear to be a susceptible population for COVID-19. Worryingly, COVID-19 with cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. Cancer patients are a vulnerable group, threatened by COVID-19, finding a way to combat COVID-19 for them is urgent. Immunonutrition is closely related to balance and strong immune function. Supplementary immunonutrition can improve the immune function and inflammatory response of cancer patients after surgery, which provides evidence for the role of immunonutrition in combating COVID-19. We reviewed possible mechanisms of immunonutrition against COVID-19, including enhancing immune cell function, increasing immune cell count, ameliorating excessive inflammatory response, and regulating gut microbiota. Immunonutrition supplementation in cancer patients may be beneficial to enhance immune function in the early stage of COVID-19 infection and control excessive inflammatory response in the late stage. Therefore, immunonutrition is a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Santos Ferreira RD, Dos Santos C, Maranhão Mendonça LAB, Espinola Carvalho CM, Franco OL. Immunonutrition effects on coping with COVID-19. Food Funct 2021; 12:7637-7650. [PMID: 34286803 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 implications are still a threat to global health. In the face of this pandemic, food and nutrition are key issues that can boost the immune system. The bioactivity of functional foods and nutrients (probiotics, prebiotics, water- and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, glutamine, arginine, nucleotides, and PUFAs) contributes to immune system modulation, which establishes the status of nutrients as a factor of immune competence. These foods can contribute, especially during a pandemic, to the minimization of complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, it is important to support the nutritional strategies for strengthening the immune status, associated with good eating habits, as a way to confront COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Dos Santos Ferreira
- S-Inova Biotech. Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco-UCDB, MS 79117-010 Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Dos Santos
- S-Inova Biotech. Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco-UCDB, MS 79117-010 Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech. Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco-UCDB, MS 79117-010 Campo Grande, Brazil. and Center of Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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27
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Ramos-Campo DJ, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Dalamitros AA, Nikolaidis PA, Hormeño-Holgado A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Nutrition in the Actual COVID-19 Pandemic. A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:1924. [PMID: 34205138 PMCID: PMC8228835 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shocked world health authorities generating a global health crisis. The present study discusses the main finding in nutrition sciences associated with COVID-19 in the literature. We conducted a consensus critical review using primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages. The method was a narrative literature review of the available literature regarding nutrition interventions and nutrition-related factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found how the COVID-19 lockdown promoted unhealthy dietary changes and increases in body weight of the population, showing obesity and low physical activity levels as increased risk factors of COVID-19 affection and physiopathology. In addition, hospitalized COVID-19 patients presented malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamin C, D, B12 selenium, iron, omega-3, and medium and long-chain fatty acids highlighting the potential health effect of vitamin C and D interventions. Further investigations are needed to show the complete role and implications of nutrition both in the prevention and in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, 080002 Barranquilla, Colombia
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain;
| | | | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Athanasios A. Dalamitros
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | | | - Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain;
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28
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Cámara M, Sánchez-Mata MC, Fernández-Ruiz V, Cámara RM, Cebadera E, Domínguez L. A Review of the Role of Micronutrients and Bioactive Compounds on Immune System Supporting to Fight against the COVID-19 Disease. Foods 2021; 10:1088. [PMID: 34068930 PMCID: PMC8155867 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrients are critical for an adequate function of the immune system and play a vital role in promoting health and nutritional well-being. The present work is aimed at reviewing (1) the role of micronutrients in helping the immune system to fight against the COVID-19 disease through the diet with food or food supplements and (2) the potential use of food health claims regarding immune function according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) requirements. Till date, there are some health claims authorized by the European Commission that refer to the role of certain essential nutrients (vitamins B6, B9, B12, A, D, C, and Cu, Fe, Se) to contribute to the proper functioning of the immune system. Vitamins D, C, Zn, and Se, have been thoroughly studied as a strategy to improve the immune system to fight against COVID-19 disease. From all the micronutrients, Vitamin D is the one with more scientific evidence suggesting positive effects against COVID-19 disease as it is linked to a reduction of infection rates, as well as an improved outcomes in patients. To validate scientific evidence, different clinical trials are ongoing currently, with promising preliminary results although inconclusive yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaña Cámara
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.S.-M.); (V.F.-R.); (R.M.C.); (E.C.); (L.D.)
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29
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Malik RJ. Across regions: Are most COVID-19 deaths above or below life expectancy? Germs 2021; 11:59-65. [PMID: 33898342 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2021.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Life expectancy varies across geographical and political landscapes for a multitude of reasons. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the 2020 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and pandemic, is present in 215 countries, and is described as a pathogen that is most deadly to individuals 65 years and older. However, it is unclear if the majority of COVID-19-related deaths are targeting individuals above or below life expectancy. Methods Through seven months of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, an association between life expectancy and COVID-19 related deaths was assessed. The reported age of those suffering from COVID-19-related deaths was evaluated across eight countries (United States, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Poland, South Africa, Sweden, and Switzerland), and placed into binary categories depending on whether or not the death occurred above or below the country's life expectancy. Results Given this dataset, it was observed that there was a greater proportion of COVID related deaths above life expectancy (M=64.58%, SD=6.46) as opposed to below life expectancy (M=35.41%, SD=6.46), as these differences were significant (95%CI [18.518, 42.881], p<0.001). In contrast, an insignificant trend was observed when examining the relationship between deaths above life expectancy and Gini index (Pearson correlation coefficient r= -0.62, n=8, p=0.09). The disparity, or percent difference in death occurring above versus below life expectancy was greatest in the countries with life expectancies of 80+ (Sweden, Switzerland, Germany). Conclusions Considering life expectancy may be an appropriate approach for reporting COVID-19-related deaths, as well as planning responses to localized COVID-19 outbreaks, prioritizing drug treatment, and assessing ICU capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rondy J Malik
- PhD, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Kansas Biological Survey, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, U.S.A. 66044
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30
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K NK, Patil P, Bhandary SK, Haridas V, N SK, E S, Shetty P. Is butyrate a natural alternative to dexamethasone in the management of CoVID-19? F1000Res 2021; 10:273. [PMID: 34046165 PMCID: PMC8108555 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51786.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (CoVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 has affected more than 100 million lives. Severe CoVID-19 infection may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death of the patient, and is associated with hyperinflammation and cytokine storm. The broad spectrum immunosuppressant corticosteroid, dexamethasone, is being used to manage the cytokine storm and hyperinflammation in CoVID-19 patients. However, the extensive use of corticosteroids leads to serious adverse events and disruption of the gut-lung axis. Various micronutrients and probiotic supplementations are known to aid in the reduction of hyperinflammation and restoration of gut microbiota. The attenuation of the deleterious immune response and hyperinflammation could be mediated by short chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota. Butyric acid, the most extensively studied short chain fatty acid, is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, butyric acid has been shown to ameliorate hyperinflammation and reduce oxidative stress in various pathologies, including respiratory viral infections. In this review, the potential anti-inflammatory effects of butyric acid that aid in cytokine storm depletion, and its usefulness in effective management of critical illness related to CoVID-19 have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin K. K
- Division of Proteomics and Cancer Biology, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Prakash Patil
- Central Research Laboratory, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Bhandary
- Department of ENT, Justice K S Hegde Charitable Hospital, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Vikram Haridas
- Arthritis Superspeciality Center, Hublic, Karnataka, 580020, India
| | - Suchetha Kumari N
- Department of Biochemistry/Central Research Laboratory, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Sarathkumar E
- Division of Proteomics and Cancer Biology, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Praveenkumar Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry/Central Research Laboratory, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
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31
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Galali Y. The impact of COVID-19 confinement on the eating habits and lifestyle changes: A cross sectional study. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2105-2113. [PMID: 33821183 PMCID: PMC8014478 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China causing severe respiratory infections and resulting in millions admissions to hospital and over a million deaths worldwide. Authorities imposed protective measures including confinement to flatten curves of casualties resulted in sudden lifestyle and eating habit changes. The objectives of this study were to observe the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on eating behavior and lifestyle of the Kurdish population in Iraqi Kurdistan. A structured cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st to 14th of June when the lockdown finished with three different sections. Section one (6 questions) included socio-demographic information section two (11 questions) composed of dietary behavior information including a) Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence using 14-scaled items with a MD screener tool ranging from 0 to 14 b) and sections three (12 questions) composed of lifestyle habit changes such as physical activity, sleeping behavior, and smoking habit. The total number of included respondents was 2,137. The results showed that 12.0% (256) of participants stated that their lifestyle was improved, whereas 50.9% (1,087) declared their lifestyle deteriorated. In particular, the frequency of physical activity was decreased (McNemar value = 60.53, p <.001) and sleeping hours were significantly increased during lockdown (McNemar value = 447.93, p <.001). Regarding eating habits, it was noticed that 29.3% and 14.3% felt that appetite increased and decreased, respectively. The appetite change during lockdown was significantly associated with age (p =.0001), gender (p =.001), city (p =.007), and BMI (p =.001). Similarly, 32.4% reported weight gain. In conclusion, this study is among the earliest studies showing the effect of COVID-19 on eating behavior and lifestyle changes. COVID-19 confinement had a significant effect on lifestyle particularly reducing physical activity and changing eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Galali
- Food Technology DepartmentCollege of Agricultural Engineering SciencesSalahaddin University‐ErbilErbilIraq
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsCihan University‐ErbilErbilIraq
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32
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Domingo JL, Marquès M. The effects of some essential and toxic metals/metalloids in COVID-19: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112161. [PMID: 33794307 PMCID: PMC8006493 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of studies have been conducted in order to understand in depth the characteristics of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, its infectivity and ways of transmission, and very especially everything related to the clinical and severity of the COVID-19, as well as the potential treatments. In this sense, the role that essential and toxic metals/metalloids have in the development and course of this disease is being studied. Metals/metalloids such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury or vanadium, are elements with known toxic effects in mammals, while trace elements such as cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc are considered essential. Given the importance of metals/metalloids in nutrition and human health, the present review was aimed at assessing the relationship between various essential and toxic metals/metalloids and the health outcomes related with the COVID-19. We are in the position to conclude that particular attention must be paid to the load/levels of essential trace elements in COVID-19 patients, mainly zinc and selenium. On the other hand, the exposure to air pollutants in general, and toxic metal/metalloids in particular, should be avoided as much as possible to reduce the possibilities of viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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33
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Parisi GF, Carota G, Castruccio Castracani C, Spampinato M, Manti S, Papale M, Di Rosa M, Barbagallo I, Leonardi S. Nutraceuticals in the Prevention of Viral Infections, including COVID-19, among the Pediatric Population: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2465. [PMID: 33671104 PMCID: PMC7957644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growth in scientific interest in nutraceuticals, which are those nutrients in foods that have beneficial effects on health. Nutraceuticals can be extracted, used for food supplements, or added to foods. There has long been interest in the antiviral properties of nutraceuticals, which are especially topical in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to evaluate the main nutraceuticals to which antiviral roles have been attributed (either by direct action on viruses or by modulating the immune system), with a focus on the pediatric population. Furthermore, the possible applications of these substances against SARS-CoV-2 will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fabio Parisi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Carota
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (M.S.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Carlo Castruccio Castracani
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Mariarita Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (M.S.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Sara Manti
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Maria Papale
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (M.S.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Leonardi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
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34
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Samad N, Sodunke TE, Abubakar AR, Jahan I, Sharma P, Islam S, Dutta S, Haque M. The Implications of Zinc Therapy in Combating the COVID-19 Global Pandemic. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:527-550. [PMID: 33679136 PMCID: PMC7930604 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s295377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic from COVID-19 infection has generated significant public health concerns, both health-wise and economically. There is no specific pharmacological antiviral therapeutic option to date available for COVID-19 management. Also, there is an urgent need to discover effective medicines, prevention, and control methods because of the harsh death toll from this novel coronavirus infection. Acute respiratory tract infections, significantly lower respiratory tract infections, and pneumonia are the primary cause of millions of deaths worldwide. The role of micronutrients, including trace elements, boosted the human immune system and was well established. Several vitamins such as vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate; microelement including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper; omega-3 fatty acids as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid plays essential physiological roles in promoting the immune system. Furthermore, zinc is an indispensable microelement essential for a thorough enzymatic physiological process. It also helps regulate gene-transcription such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation in the human biological system. Subsequently, zinc, together with natural scavenger cells and neutrophils, are also involved in developing cells responsible for regulating nonspecific immunity. The modern food habit often promotes zinc deficiency; as such, quite a few COVID-19 patients presented to hospitals were frequently diagnosed as zinc deficient. Earlier studies documented that zinc deficiency predisposes patients to a viral infection such as herpes simplex, common cold, hepatitis C, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of reducing antiviral immunity. This manuscript aimed to discuss the various roles played by zinc in the management of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandeeta Samad
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdullahi Rabiu Abubakar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, 700233, Nigeria
| | - Iffat Jahan
- Department of Physiology, Eastern Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh
| | - Paras Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, BVM College of Pharmacy, Gwalior, India
| | - Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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35
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Allard L, Ouedraogo E, Molleville J, Bihan H, Giroux-Leprieur B, Sutton A, Baudry C, Josse C, Didier M, Deutsch D, Bouchaud O, Cosson E. Malnutrition: Percentage and Association with Prognosis in Patients Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3679. [PMID: 33260603 PMCID: PMC7761464 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found a correlation between malnutrition and prognosis in respiratory infections. Our objectives were to determine (i) the percentage of malnutrition, and (ii) its prognosis in patients admitted for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this monocentric retrospective study, we consecutively included all adult patients presenting with acute COVID-19 between 9 April and 29 May 2020. Malnutrition was diagnosed on low body mass index (BMI) and weight loss ≥ 5% in the previous month and/or ≥10% in the previous six months. The Nutritional Risk Index (NRI) defined nutritional risk. Severe COVID-19 was defined as a need for nasal oxygen ≥ 6 L/min. We enrolled 108 patients (64 men, 62 ± 16 years, BMI 28.8 ± 6.2 kg/m2), including 34 (31.5%) with severe COVID-19. Malnutrition was found in 42 (38.9%) patients, and moderate or severe nutritional risk in 83 (84.7%) patients. Malnutrition was not associated with COVID-19 severity. Nutritional risk was associated with severe COVID-19 (p < 0.01; p < 0.01 after adjustment for C reactive protein), as were lower plasma proteins, albumin, prealbumin, and zinc levels (p < 0.01). The main cause of malnutrition was inflammation. The high percentage of malnutrition and the association between nutritional risk and COVID-19 prognosis supports international guidelines advising regular screening and nutritional support when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Allard
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France; (L.A.); (J.M.); (H.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Elise Ouedraogo
- Department of Infectious Disease, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France; (E.O.); (O.B.)
| | - Julie Molleville
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France; (L.A.); (J.M.); (H.B.); (C.B.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Nutrition-Obesity, AP-HP René Muret Hospital, 93270 Sevran, France
| | - Helene Bihan
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France; (L.A.); (J.M.); (H.B.); (C.B.)
- LEPS (Laboratoire Educations et Pratiques de Santé) EA 3412, Université Paris 13, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | | | - Angela Sutton
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), Inserm U1148 Groupe Biothérapies et Glycoconjugués/Université Paris 13—Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93000 Bobigny, France;
- Department of Biology Laboratory, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Camille Baudry
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France; (L.A.); (J.M.); (H.B.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Morgane Didier
- Department of Respiratory Disease, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France;
| | - David Deutsch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France;
| | - Olivier Bouchaud
- Department of Infectious Disease, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France; (E.O.); (O.B.)
| | - Emmanuel Cosson
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, AP-HP Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France; (L.A.); (J.M.); (H.B.); (C.B.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Nutrition-Obesity, AP-HP René Muret Hospital, 93270 Sevran, France
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), UMR U1153 Inserm/U1125 Inrae/Cnam/Université Paris 13—Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques—Université de Paris (CRESS), EREN, SMBH PARIS 13, 93000 Bobigny, France
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36
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Mercola J, Grant WB, Wagner CL. Evidence Regarding Vitamin D and Risk of COVID-19 and Its Severity. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3361. [PMID: 33142828 PMCID: PMC7692080 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency co-exists in patients with COVID-19. At this time, dark skin color, increased age, the presence of pre-existing illnesses and vitamin D deficiency are features of severe COVID disease. Of these, only vitamin D deficiency is modifiable. Through its interactions with a multitude of cells, vitamin D may have several ways to reduce the risk of acute respiratory tract infections and COVID-19: reducing the survival and replication of viruses, reducing risk of inflammatory cytokine production, increasing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 concentrations, and maintaining endothelial integrity. Fourteen observational studies offer evidence that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are inversely correlated with the incidence or severity of COVID-19. The evidence to date generally satisfies Hill's criteria for causality in a biological system, namely, strength of association, consistency, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility (e.g., mechanisms), and coherence, although experimental verification is lacking. Thus, the evidence seems strong enough that people and physicians can use or recommend vitamin D supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 in light of their safety and wide therapeutic window. In view of public health policy, however, results of large-scale vitamin D randomized controlled trials are required and are currently in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mercola
- Natural Health Partners, LLC, 125 SW 3rd Place, Cape Coral, FL 33991, USA
| | - William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA;
| | - Carol L. Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, MSC 915, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
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