Parent Involvement in Diet or Physical Activity Interventions to Treat or Prevent Childhood Obesity: An Umbrella Review

Family-Based Motivational Interviewing and Resource Mobilization to Prevent Obesity: Living Well Together Trial

OBJECTIVE

Test an obesity intervention for families with low incomes.

METHODS

A total of 208 families were included (a parent with a body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 and a child aged 6-12 years). A 12-month randomized controlled trial combining family health coaching (motivational interviewing) and connection to community resources. Comparison group: referrals for basic needs, written educational materials. Questionnaires, accelerometry, and anthropometrics. Intention-to-treat analysis of change in outcomes. Two-sided t test with multiple imputation.

RESULTS

Parents were 95% female, 31% Black, and 27% Hispanic. Children had a mean BMI-Z score of 1.15. Primary outcomes did not differ between groups at 12 months. Both groups significantly (P < 0.05) improved on the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity Scale for behaviors related to childhood obesity (mean ± SE: comparison, 2.8 ± 1.0; intervention, 2.2 ± 0.9), increased child sedentary activity (comparison, 32.5 ± 12.1; intervention, 39.9 ± 12.4 min/d), and decreased child moderate-vigorous physical activity (comparison, -9.6 ± 3.3; intervention -7.0 ± 3.0 min/d). Parents had no change in BMI.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

We successfully embedded screening and referral to address social needs within an obesity intervention. The coaching intervention did not provide additional benefits. Future research could explore ways to make these interventions more accessible, valuable, and effective for families.

Raising Confident Girls: A pragmatic school-based trial of a body image and parenting program for mothers of adolescent girls

This study evaluated Raising Confident Girls (RCG), delivered to mothers of Year 8 students (mean age 12.8-years) who were receiving the classroom-based Dove Confident Me (DCM) program. RCG is an interactive, multi-session intervention designed to improve body image in mothers in order to enhance their capacity to parent and role model this to their daughters. A pragmatic non-randomised controlled trial involved delivery of the program to mothers (n = 69) over three, 2-hour seminars in evenings, compared with a comparison group (n = 51). The study took place at an independent all-girls secondary school in Australia. Multilevel mixed modelling analyses compared pre- and post-test scores on standardized scales. Mothers who participated in the program had significantly higher scores on primary outcome variables of body esteem and body appreciation compared to the comparison group at post-test. Further, participation significantly improved mother's knowledge, confidence, and skills for parenting, and improved role modeling of positive body image. Mothers were well engaged, with low attrition rates, and rated the program highly. The RCG program was effective and engaging for mothers, offering deeper insight into improving parental engagement in body image interventions delivered within the school context.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the child-level effects of family-based interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIMS

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of family-based health promotion interventions on child-level risk factors for type 2 diabetes in vulnerable families.

METHODS

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist for systematic reviews formed the methodological framework. CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched on January 12, 2024. The NTP-OHAT Risk of Bias Assessment Tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the individual studies, and meta-analyses were performed.

RESULTS

The 4723 studies were identified, and 55 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results showed significant effects on children's body mass index (mean difference [MD], -0.18, 95% CI [-0.33 to -0.03], p = 0.02), body fat percentage (MD, -2.00, 95% CI [-3.31 to -0.69], p = 0.003), daily activity (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.23, 95% CI [0.01; 0.44], p = 0.04), physical activity self-efficacy (SMD, 0.73, 95% CI [0.36 to 1.10], p < 0.01), intake of snacks (MD, -0.10, 95% CI [-0.17 to -0.04], p = 0.002), and sugar-sweetened beverages (SMD, -0.21, 95% CI [-0.42 to -0.01], p = 0.04). Subgroup analyses suggested that interventions aiming to change child and parent behavior simultaneously have larger effect on fasting glucose and nutrition consumption, and that interventions longer than 26 weeks have larger effects on body composition and physical activity behavior than shorter interventions.

Baseline higher hair cortisol moderated some effects in a healthy lifestyle intervention

Children and families from socioeconomically marginalized background experience high levels of stress, especially persistent chronic stress, due to unstable housing, employment, and food insecurity. Although consistent evidence supports a stress-obesity connection, little research has examined the potential moderation role of stress in childhood obesity interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore how chronic stress (hair cortisol) moderated the effects of a healthy lifestyle intervention on improving behavioral and anthropometric outcomes among 95 socioeconomically marginalized parent-child dyads. Data were collected in a cluster randomized controlled trial with 10 Head Start childcare centers being randomized into intervention and control. The child sample (3-5 years old) included 57.9 % female, 12.6 % Hispanic, and 40.0 % Black. For the parents, 91.6 % were female, 8.4 % were Hispanic, 36.8 % were Black, and 56.8 % were single. Parent baseline hair cortisol significantly moderated the intervention effects on child fruit intake (B = -1.56, p = .030) and parent nutrition self-efficacy (B = 1.49, p = .027). Specifically, higher parent hair cortisol lowered the increases in child fruit intake but improved the increases in parent nutrition self-efficacy in the intervention group compared to control group. Child higher baseline hair cortisol was significantly associated with the decreases in child fruit intake (B = -0.60, p = .025). Child baseline hair cortisol significantly moderated the intervention effects on parent physical activity (PA) self-efficacy (B = -1.04, p = .033) and PA parental support (B = -0.50, p = .016), with higher child hair cortisol decreasing the improvement on these two outcomes in the intervention group compared to control group. Results from this study shed lights on the moderation role of chronic stress on impacting healthy lifestyle intervention effects. Although needing further investigation, the adverse effects of chronic stress on intervention outcomes should be considered when developing healthy lifestyle interventions for preschoolers and their families.

Fathers Nutrition Knowledge and Child Feeding Practices Associated with Childhood Overweight and Obesity: A Scoping Review of Literature From 2000 to 2023

Objective. Childhood overweight/obesity is a serious global public health issue, demanding parental involvement to reverse trends. Despite fathers' crucial parenting roles, research on fathers and childhood overweight/obesity is limited. This scoping review examines the literature on fathers' nutrition knowledge and feeding practices with childhood overweight/obesity. Methods. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and Arksey and O'Malley (2005) framework, multiple databases were searched. Eligible father-child related studies focused on fathers' nutrition knowledge, feeding practices, and childhood overweight/obesity. Results. Of 26 eligible articles, 52% originated from the United States, and 44% focused on father-child dyads. Most studies were cross-sectional (64%) and survey-based (68%). Further, 11.5% assessed fathers' nutrition knowledge, and child feeding practices (53.4%). Conclusion. Literature on fathers' nutrition knowledge and feeding practices concerning childhood overweight/obesity is limited. Scaling-up fathers' inclusion in childhood nutrition research is encouraged for the design of holistic interventions.

Early childhood (1-5 years) obesity prevention: A systematic review of family-based multicomponent behavioral interventions

INTRODUCTION

Globally 38.9 million children under age 5 have overweight or obesity, leading to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular complications, depression, and poor educational outcomes. Obesity is difficult to reverse and lifestyle behaviors (healthy or unhealthy) can persist from 1.5 years of age. Targeting caregivers to help address modifiable behaviors may offer a viable solution.

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate the impact of multicomponent family interventions on weight-based outcomes in early childhood and explore related secondary behavior outcomes.

METHODS

Four databases were searched (1/2017-6/2022) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of obesity-prevention interventions for children (1-5 years). Eligible studies included an objectively measured weight-based outcome, family interventions targeting the caregiver or family, and interventions including at least two behavioral components of nutrition, physical activity, or sleep.

RESULTS

Eleven interventions were identified consisting of four delivery modes: self-guided (n = 3), face-to-face group instruction (n = 3), face-to-face home visits (n = 2), and multiple levels of influence (n = 3). The reviewed studies reported almost no significant effects on child weight-based outcomes. Only two studies (one was an underpowered pilot study) resulted in significant positive child weight-management outcomes. Seven of the interventions significantly improved children's dietary intake.

CONCLUSION

Except for one, the reviewed studies reported that family based interventions had no significant effects on child weight-based outcomes. Future studies of this type should include measurements of age and sex-based body mass index (BMI) and trajectories, and also examine other important benefits to the children and families.

The beautiful game bringing families together: children's and parents' experiences of a family football programme

Children are consistently not achieving recommended levels of physical activity (PA) despite it being a compulsory requirement of the national curriculum in England. Fruit and vegetable consumption also falls below recommended levels for both adults and children. With school PA increasingly being outsourced, football foundations (linked to professional football clubs) are now prominent providers of children's PA. However, research exploring coach-led interventions in schools is limited with a particular gap in knowledge surrounding the qualitative experiences of children and parents/carers. The current study therefore aimed to explore the experiences of children and parents engaged in a 6-week family football programme. Family football is a free after-school programme engaging parents/carers and their children, to enhance their engagement in PA and healthy nutritional habits. A purposive sample of parents/carers and their children (N = 36) took part in qualitative focus groups to discuss their experiences of participating in family football. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed two themes: (i) healthy lifestyle facilitators and challenges and (ii) added value of programme participation. Children discussed programme content around nutritional practices and parents/carers discussed examples of where nutritional practices had improved at home, though some parents/carers and children highlighted persistent barriers to health improvement. Both parents/carers and children reflected on how the programme had enabled them to spend dedicated time with one another. The findings emphasize the significance of direct parent/carer involvement in school-based health interventions as well as the value of coach-led interventions in the enhancement of PA enjoyment, nutritional knowledge and connectedness of families within schools.

Identifying barriers and facilitators to increase fibre intakes in UK primary school children and exploring the acceptability of intervention components: a UK qualitative study

OBJECTIVE

Within the UK, dietary fibre intakes are well below recommended intakes and associated with increased risk of obesity. This study aimed to explore the views of parents and children on barriers and facilitators to increasing fibre intakes and improving diets, alongside investigating the appropriateness of intervention components to overcome modifiable barriers.

DESIGN

Qualitative study including semi-structured interviews and focus groups informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model.

PARTICIPANTS

Year 5 children (aged 9-10-years) and parents, recruited through London primary schools.

RESULTS

A total of twenty-four participants (eleven parents and thirteen children) took part. Five key themes were identified as barriers and facilitators, namely lack of (and improving) knowledge, social factors (including parent-child conflicts, limited time for food preparation, influence of peer and family members), current eating habits, influence of the school, community and home environment in shaping eating behaviours, and the importance of choice and variety in finding foods that are healthy and tasty. Parents strongly supported school-based dietary interventions to enable consistent messaging at home and school and help support dietary behaviour change. Practical sessions (such as workshops to strengthen knowledge, taste tests and food swap ideas) were supported by parents and children.

CONCLUSIONS

By using a theory-driven approach to explore the barriers and facilitators to increasing fibre intake, this research identified important themes and modifiable barriers to behaviour change and identifies acceptable intervention components to overcome barriers and bring about sustained dietary behaviour change in primary school children.

Longitudinal pathways between childhood BMI, body dissatisfaction, and adolescent depression: an observational study using the UK Millenium Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Globally, more adolescents are having depressive symptoms than in the past. High BMI is a risk factor for depressive symptoms, potentially acting via increased body dissatisfaction. Robust longitudinal evidence of these associations could help to inform preventive interventions, but such evidence remains scarce. We investigated the longitudinal associations between BMI at age 7 years and depressive symptoms at age 14 years (objective 1), BMI at age 7 years and body dissatisfaction at age 11 years (objective 2), and body dissatisfaction at age 11 years and depression at age 14 years (objective 3). We also investigated the extent to which body dissatisfaction mediated the association between BMI and depressive symptoms (objective 4).

METHODS

This study used data from the Millennium Cohort Study, a representative longitudinal general population cohort of UK children born between Sept 1, 2000, and Jan 11, 2002. We used univariable and multivariable linear regression models to investigate the associations in objectives 1-3 adjusting for a range of child-level and family-level confounders. For mediation analyses we used non-parametric g-formula (objective 4). We reported stratified results in presence of sex differences. All analyses were based on participants with complete BMI data and imputed confounders and outcomes.

FINDINGS

Our sample included 13 135 participants. Of these, 6624 (50·4%) were male participants and 6511 (49·6%) were female participants; 11 096 (84·4%) were of White ethnicity and 2039 (15·6%) were from a minority ethnic background. At baseline, mean age was 7·2 years (SD 0·25, range 6·3-8·3). In multivariable models, an SD increase in BMI at age 7 years was associated with greater depressive symptoms at age 14 years (estimated regression coefficient [coeff]: 0·30, 95% CI 0·17-0·43) and greater body dissatisfaction at age 11 years (coeff 0·15, 0·12-0·18). Greater body dissatisfaction at age 11 years was associated with higher depressive symptoms at age 14 years (coeff 0·60, 0·52-0·68). All these associations were twice as large in girls as in boys. Body dissatisfaction explained 43% of the association between BMI and depression in girls.

INTERPRETATION

Our findings bear relevance for interventions aimed at reducing weight in childhood and reducing body dissatisfaction. Implementation of evidence-based body image interventions and identification of drivers of weight stigma should be key public health priorities. Interventions aiming to reduce weight in childhood need to avoid increasing body dissatisfaction and should target environmental drivers of weight rather than individuals.

FUNDING

Wellcome Trust; The Royal Society; Economic and Social Research Council; and the National Institute for Health and Care Research.

Association between Physical Activity, Diet Quality and Leisure Activities of Young Poles

The aim of this study was to determine the association between eating behaviours, sedentary behaviours and physical activity based on a self-reported survey conducted on a sample of the Polish population of adolescents aged 13-16. The field survey was conducted on a nationwide group of 6818 respondents. The object of the statistical analysis was to develop a model regarding the influence of selected socio-demographic characteristics on engaging in physical activity and selected dietary behaviours. Due to the dichotomous nature of the dependent variable, logistic regression models were used in the model. It was found that the higher the level of physical activity, the more well-balanced the diet, including higher levels of fruit consumption, water consumption and protein-containing products, as well as the relatively less frequent occurrence of sedentary behaviour as a form of leisure activity. However, there is a constant need to develop, in cooperation with scientific and research institutions and educational establishments, mechanisms for influencing a change in the behaviour of young people towards a more pro-healthy lifestyle so that the effects of these educational activities are not only reflected in an increase in the level of knowledge in this area but also contribute to real changes in dietary behaviour.

The effect of parental diabetes prevention program participation on weight loss in dependent children: a prospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in children and adolescents in the United States. Children's behaviors are strongly influenced by parental behaviors, and weight loss in parents is positively associated with weight changes in their overweight/obese children. Research is limited on how parents' National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) participation affects the health outcomes of their dependent children. Analyzing the impact of parental DPP participation on weight loss in their dependent children may provide valuable insight into an important secondary benefit of DPP participation.

METHODS

In this study, we identified 128 adults with prediabetes who were offered the opportunity to participate in a DPP (n = 54 DPP participants and n = 74 DPP non-participants) and who had at least one child 3 to 17 years of age living with them. Age and BMI percentile for dependent children were collected from insurance claims data for 203 children (n = 90 children of DPP participants and n = 113 children of DPP non-participants). Parental practices related to diet and physical activity were assessed by surveys.

RESULTS

There were no significant changes in BMI percentiles of overweight or obese children (i.e. BMI percentile ≥ 50%) of DPP participants vs DPP non-participants with prediabetes over one-year. Parents who enrolled and did not enroll in the DPP did not report differences in their parenting practices related to diet and physical activity.

DISCUSSION

These results are not consistent with the literature that suggests parent-based interventions may influence their children's weight trajectories. Limitations include small sample size, short time span of intervention, and limited availability of additional health/biographic data on dependent children. Future studies should collect primary outcome data on children, investigate whether there is a minimum duration of parental involvement and level of parental adherence, and assess the effect of parent-child dynamics on child weight trajectories.

Scoping Review of Family and Community Engagement Strategies Used in School-Based Interventions to Promote Healthy Behaviors

BACKGROUND

School efforts to promote health among students are more successful when families and community members are involved.

METHODS

We conducted a scoping review to summarize and categorize family and community engagement strategies used in US school and out-of-school time (OST) interventions to address physical activity (PA) and nutrition in kindergarten through 12th grade students.

RESULTS

The National Network of Partnership Schools' Six Keys to Success framework was useful in organizing the types of family and community engagement strategies used in included interventions. Many interventions used multiple family and community engagement strategies, with the most common being communicating with families and community members; providing support or education to families; and collaborations among school/OST program and community to support students and their families.

CONCLUSIONS

This review identified six common family and community engagement strategies used in school and OST interventions for PA and nutrition. Including family and community engagement strategies in school and OST interventions could play an important role in maximizing support, resources, and expertise to promote healthy behaviors among all students.

The Family Lifestyles, Actions and Risk Education (FLARE) study: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a sun protection intervention for children of melanoma survivors

BACKGROUND

Children of parents who had melanoma are more likely to develop skin cancer themselves owing to shared familial risks. The prevention of sunburns and promotion of sun-protective behaviors are essential to control cancer among these children. The Family Lifestyles, Actions and Risk Education (FLARE) intervention will be delivered as part of a randomized controlled trial to support parent-child collaboration to improve sun safety outcomes among children of melanoma survivors.

METHODS

FLARE is a two-arm randomized controlled trial design that will recruit dyads comprised of a parent who is a melanoma survivor and their child (aged 8-17 years). Dyads will be randomized to receive FLARE or standard skin cancer prevention education, which both entail 3 telehealth sessions with an interventionist. FLARE is guided by Social-Cognitive and Protection Motivation theories to target child sun protection behaviors through parent and child perceived risk for melanoma, problem-solving skills, and development of a family skin protection action plan to promote positive modeling of sun protection behaviors. At multiple assessments through one-year post-baseline, parents and children complete surveys to assess frequency of reported child sunburns, child sun protection behaviors and melanin-induced surface skin color change, and potential mediators of intervention effects (e.g., parent-child modeling).

CONCLUSION

The FLARE trial addresses the need for melanoma preventive interventions for children with familial risk for the disease. If efficacious, FLARE could help to mitigate familial risk for melanoma among these children by teaching practices which, if enacted, decrease sunburn occurrence and improve children's use of well-established sun protection strategies.

Associations between parental and pre-adolescents' physical activity and diet quality: The role of parental child care involvement and child's sex

BACKGROUND

Research has demonstrated the importance of the family environment in the eating and activity levels of offspring. We examined the cross-sectional associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and diet quality of parents and the MVPA and diet quality of pre-adolescents. Interactions were tested to assess whether the child's sex and the parental level of involvement in daily child care moderated these associations.

METHODS

Data from 2467 pre-adolescents (age 11.5 ± 0.2 years; collected in 2015-2016) and their parents or caregivers from a large-scale prospective birth cohort study in Amsterdam (ABCD-study) was used. Parents and pre-adolescents individually reported their diet quality and physical activity. Child care involvement was assessed using the Caregiver Child Interaction Scale. With hierarchical linear regression analyses, we assessed the independent contribution of fathers and mothers.

RESULTS

An association between mother-child MVPA was found (β = 0.013; 95 % CI: 0.006;0.021). The association between father-child MVPA was only significant for highly involved fathers (β = 0.014; 95 % CI: 0.004;0.023). The child's sex did not change these MVPA associations. Regarding diet quality, associations were found between mother-child diet quality score (DQS) (β = 0.254; 95 % CI: 0.192;0.316) and father-child DQS, with stronger associations between fathers and sons (β = 0.234; 95 % CI: 0.169;0.298) than between fathers and daughters (β = 0.114; 95 % CI: 0.047;0.181). Parental levels of involvement did not change these associations.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate that both parental behaviours represent an important factor in physical activity and diet quality in pre-adolescents in a sex-specific manner. As such, it is essential to include both parents in research to obtain the necessary insights for developing effective interventions to promote children's healthy eating and physical activity behaviours.

Head Start's Role in Addressing Food and Nutrition Insecurity: Focus Group Findings

OBJECTIVE

To elicit Head Start (HS) families' and employees' perspectives on family experiences with food and nutrition insecurity (FNI) and identify how HS addresses them.

METHODS

Four moderated virtual focus groups with 27 HS employee and family participants occurred from August 2021 to January 2022. Qualitative analysis used an iterative inductive/deductive approach.

RESULTS

Findings were summarized in a conceptual framework and suggested that HS's current 2-generational approach is useful for families when addressing multilevel factors affecting FNI. The role of the family advocate is essential. In addition to increasing access to nutritious foods, emphasis should also be placed on skills and education to decrease generational unhealthy behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Head Start intervenes in generational cycles of FNI by using the family advocate to add to skills building for 2-generational health. Other programs targeting underserved children can use a similar structure for the greatest impact on FNI.

School Health Education Program in Pakistan (SHEPP): findings from a feasibility trial in pre-adolescent school children from a lower middle-income country

BACKGROUND

The school environment plays an essential role in promoting health education and physical activity for children and adolescents. We aim to assess the feasibility of threefold health education program in children and its potential efficacy on physical activity and diet and cardiometabolic risk factors including blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference.

METHODS

The SHEPP was a parallel group feasibility intervention trial conducted in two schools over 23 months. All children aged 9-11 years enrolled in the schools were included. The SHEPP intervention comprised of health education on healthy lifestyle and physical activity sessions for children, training of teachers, and awareness sessions for parents conducted over 10 months. One school received the intervention of SHEPP while the other school continued routine activity. The primary outcome was the feasibility of SHEPP in terms of recruitment, retention, and treatment fidelity. Secondary outcomes were physical activity levels, dietary intake (of fruits and vegetables), and cardiometabolic risk factors (blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference (WC)).

RESULTS

A total of 1280 preadolescent children were assessed for eligibility and 1191 were found eligible. The overall recruitment n (%) was 982/1191(82.5%) with 505(51.4) from SHEPP intervention school and 477(48.6) in routine activity school. The overall retention rate n (%) at 10-month follow-up was 912/982(92.8), with 465/505(92) in SHEPP intervention school and 447/477(93.7) in routine activity school. In treatment fidelity, 132/144(92) %). Physical activity sessions and all (100%) health education sessions were conducted for each of the twelve classes. Mean (SD) Seven-day Physical activity increased by 134 (196) min in the SHEPP intervention school v 29.8(177) in the routine activity school (P value < 0.001) from baseline to follow-up. Overall, there was an increase in vegetable intake (> 3 serving /day) in SHEPP intervention school of 5.5 to 21.4% from baseline to follow-up compared to 7.5 to 14.9% in routine activity school. The mean change (SD) in systolic blood pressure was 1.3(12) mmHg, 2.2(19.0) mm Hg in in diastolic blood pressure, - 0.09(5.4) kg/m² in BMI and 6.2 cm in waist circumference in the intervention arm versus - 3.4(11.1) mm Hg in SBP, - 4.3(9.9) mm Hg in DBP, - 0.04((4.6) kg/m² in BMI, and 3.8 cm in WC in the control arm.

CONCLUSION

We found that intervention using SHEPP is feasible in schools and may help children to adopt a healthy lifestyle as they age by increasing physical activity. However, the potentially beneficial effect on diet, MI, and BP needs further exploration and a longer follow-up, more specifically at the juncture of teenage and adulthood.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT03303287.

Effectiveness of Gardening-Only, Cooking-Only and Combined Cooking and Gardening Programs in Elementary Schools to Improve Fruit and Vegetable Intake: A Systematic Review

The objective is to compare the gardening, cooking, and combined cooking and gardening programs in elementary schools from the past decade (2011-2022) in improving six psychosocial and behavioral outcomes related to fruit and vegetable intake. This review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Five scientific databases were searched to identify 4763 potential articles, 44 articles were retained after screening the studies' abstract, and 36 articles were included after further investigation into each intervention. This review included 9 gardening-only programs, 8 cooking-only programs, and 19 combined cooking and gardening programs. The included studies were from 14 different countries with half of these studies took place in the United States (n = 18). Of the outcomes assessed, 100% (10/10) of the studies were effective in improving knowledge/skills, 90% effective in improving attitudes and self-efficacy to consume F and V (9/10), 80% produced significant results for gardening and cooking attitudes/behaviors (8/10) and willingness to try F and V (4/5), 68% (11/16) programs resulted in increase in F and V intake, and 62% (10/16) programs improved F and V preference. This review suggests that gardening-only programs (89%) and cooking-only programs (88%) were slightly more effective in producing significant findings compared to combined programs (84%), but more high-quality interventions are needed to confirm these findings.

Students' consumption of high and low nutrition foods and reduced plate waste by schools' wellness-related policies and garden program participation

BACKGROUND

Participation in school-based programs that may support children's nutritious dietary behaviours varies across schools. We examined school participation in wellness-related policies, school-based garden programs and students' dietary behaviours.

METHODS

Among matching schools who did and did not participate in school-based garden programs, we analysed the lunches of 80 Pittsburgh Public Schools (PPS) students in 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th grades during Autumn 2019 using digital food photography. We also acquired school wellness policy data. Using cross-sectional linear regression, we estimated the association between school-based garden programming, wellness-related policies and dietary outcomes, adjusting for grade.

RESULTS

School's implementation of nutrition services policies was negatively associated with energy wasted from lunch (β = - 44.7 , p = 0.01 ${\rm{\beta }}=-44.7,{p}=0.01$ ). The number of semesters the students' school had participated in the garden program was positively associated with students' whole grain consumption (β = 0.07 , p < 0.001 ${\rm{\beta }}=0.07,{p}\lt 0.001$ ).

CONCLUSIONS

Cross-sectional associations suggest that schools that are more engaged in wellness policies and garden programs may provide environments that are more supportive of students' nutrition than in other schools.

Impact of ¡Míranos! on parent-reported home-based healthy energy balance-related behaviors in low-income Latino preschool children: a clustered randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Widespread establishment of home-based healthy energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs), like diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, screen time, and sleep, among low-income preschool-aged children could curb the childhood obesity epidemic. We examined the effect of an 8-month multicomponent intervention on changes in EBRBs among preschool children enrolled in 12 Head Start centers.

METHODS

The Head Start (HS) centers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms: center-based intervention group (CBI), center-based plus home-based intervention group (CBI + HBI), or control. Before and following the intervention, parents of 3-year-olds enrolled in participating HS centers completed questionnaires about their child's at-home EBRBs. Adult-facilitated physical activity (PA) was measured by an index based on questions assessing the child's level of PA participation at home, with or facilitated by an adult. Fruit, vegetable, and added sugar intake were measured via a short food frequency questionnaire, and sleep time and screen time were measured using 7-day logs. A linear mixed effects model examined the intervention's effect on post-intervention changes in PA, intake of fruit, vegetable, and added sugar, sleep time, and screen time from baseline to post-intervention.

RESULTS

A total of 325 parents participated in the study (CBI n = 101; CBI + HBI n = 101; and control n = 123). Compared to control children, CBI and CBI + HBI parents reported decreases in children's intake of added sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages. Both CBI and CBI + HBI parents also reported smaller increases in children's average weekday screen time relative to controls. In addition, CBI + HBI parents reported CBI + HBI parents reported increases in children's adult-facilitated PA, fruit and vegetable intake, and daily sleep time during weekdays (excluding weekends) and the total week from baseline to post-intervention, while children in the CBI increased sleep time over the total week compared to the children in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Parent engagement strengthened the improvement in parent-reported EBRBs at home in young children participating in an evidence-based obesity prevention program in a childcare setting. Future studies should investigate equity-related contextual factors that influence the impact of obesity prevention in health-disparity populations.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03590834. Registered July 18, 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03590834.

Factors predicting parent engagement in a family-based childhood obesity prevention and control program

BACKGROUND

Family-based interventions are efficacious at preventing and controlling childhood overweight and obesity; however, implementation is often hindered by low parent engagement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate predictors of parent engagement in a family-based childhood obesity prevention and control intervention.

METHODS

Predictors were assessed in a clinic-based community health worker (CHW)-led Family Wellness Program consisting of in-person educational workshops attended by parents and children. This program was part of a larger effort known as the Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration projects. Participants included 128 adult caretakers of children ages 2-11 (98% female). Predictors of parent engagement (e.g., anthropometric, sociodemographic, psychosocial variables) were assessed prior to the intervention. Attendance at intervention activities was recorded by the CHW. Zero-inflated Poisson regression was used to determine predictors of non-attendance and degree of attendance.

RESULTS

Parents' lower readiness to make behavioral and parenting changes related to their child's health was the sole predictor of non-attendance at planned intervention activities in adjusted models (OR = 0.41, p < .05). Higher levels of family functioning predicted degree of attendance (RR = 1.25, p < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

To improve engagement in family-based childhood obesity prevention interventions, researchers should consider assessing and tailoring intervention strategies to align with the family's readiness to change and promote family functioning.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT02197390, 22/07/2014.

Recommendations for the prevention and management of obesity in the Iraqi population

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease that has become one of the leading causes of disability and death in the world, affecting not only adults but also children and adolescents. In Iraq, one third of the adult population is overweight and another third obese. Clinical diagnosis is accomplished by measuring body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (a marker for intra-visceral fat and higher metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk). A complex interaction between behavioral, social (rapid urbanization), environmental and genetic factors underlies the etiology of the disease. Treatment options for obesity may include a multicomponent approach, involving dietary changes to reduce calorie intake, an increase in physical activity, behavioral modification, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. The purpose for these recommendations is to develop a management plan and standards of care that are relevant to the Iraqi population and that can prevent/manage obesity and obesity-related complications, for the promotion of a healthy community.

The effectiveness of a web-based Dutch parenting program to prevent overweight in children 9-13 years of age: Results of a two-armed cluster randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Although parental support is an important component in programs designed to prevent overweight in children, current programs pay remarkably little attention to the role of parenting. We therefore developed a web-based parenting program entitled "Making a healthy deal with your child". This e-learning program can be incorporated into existing overweight prevention programs. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of this e-learning program.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effectiveness was examined in a two-armed cluster randomized controlled trial. The participants were 475 parent-child dyads of children 9-13 years of age in the Netherlands who participated in an existing schoolclass-based overweight prevention program. At the school grade level, parents were randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control condition. Measurements were taken from both parents and children at baseline, and 5 and 12 months after baseline. Primary outcomes included the child's dietary and sedentary behavior, and level of physical activity. Secondary outcomes included general parenting style, specific parenting practices, and parental self-efficacy. Linear mixed effects models and generalized linear mixed effects models were conducted in R.

RESULTS

Intention-to-treat analyses and completers only revealed no significant effects between the intervention and control condition on energy balance-related behaviors of the child and parenting skills after correction for multiple testing. The parents' mean satisfaction with the e-learning program (on a 10-point scale) was 7.0±1.1.

CONCLUSIONS

Although parents were generally satisfied with the parenting program, following this program had no significant beneficial effects regarding the children's energy balance-related behaviors or the parenting skills compared to the control condition. This program may be more beneficial if used by high-risk groups (e.g. parents of children with unhealthy energy balance-related behaviors and/or with overweight) compared to the general population, warranting further study.

Association of the "Weekend Warrior" and Other Physical Activity Patterns with Metabolic Syndrome in the South Korean Population

These days, it is not common for people to have time to do physical activities regularly because of their own work. So, they perform physical activities all at once, which is often called the "weekend warrior". Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association of the "weekend warrior" and other physical activity patterns with metabolic syndrome. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used, and 27,788 participants were included. The participants were divided into inactive, weekend warriors, and regularly active based on physical activity patterns. The risk of metabolic syndrome in each group was analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The inactive and weekend warrior groups showed a higher likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome than the regularly active groups (weekend warrior: odds ratio (OR) 1.29, confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.65; inactive: OR 1.38, CI 1.25-1.53). According to the physical activity patterns, the weekend warrior group showed a dose-response relationship compared to the regularly active group (only moderate: OR 1.85, CI 1.25-2.72; only vigorous: OR 1.41, CI 0.93-2.14; both: OR 0.84, CI 0.56-1.27). This study found increasing the amount of physical activity and performing vigorous-intensity physical activity helped manage metabolic syndrome in the weekend warrior group.

Family Food Environments and Their Association with Primary and Secondary Students' Food Consumption in Beijing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Family is the most fundamental and proximal context for children, and children’s eating behavior occurs mostly in the home or together with family members. With this study, we aimed to evaluate the distribution of family food environment dimensions and their relationship with healthy and unhealthy food consumption in primary and secondary students in order to provide evidence in the Chinese context and explore environmental solutions for improved child nutrition. Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey among students in Beijing, China, from September 2020 to June 2021. Family food environment (FFE) was measured by the validated Family Food Environment Questionnaire for Chinese School-age Children, which was self-administered by the children’s caregivers. The students were asked to answer questions about food consumption frequencies in the past 7 days. Binary logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationships between food consumption frequency and FFE, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for independent variables. Among the study population, 9686 students in grades 3−12 and their caregivers completed the survey. The mean score of FFE was 65.7 (±8.4) out of a total possible score of 100, with 76.6% of students categorized as relatively healthier according to their FFE score (≥ 60). Compared with the reference group, students in primary schools and those cared for principally by parents were more likely to be in a healthy FFE category (p < 0.05). Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported by 62.6% and 71.6% of students, respectively, and weekly sugared soft drink consumption was reported by 70.9% of the students. Students with a healthier FFE score (≥60) were more likely to consume fruits (OR = 1.578, 95% CI: 1.428~1.744) and vegetables (OR = 1.402, 95% CI: 1.263~1.556) but less likely to consume sugared soft drinks (OR = 0.592, 95% CI: 0.526~0.667). Family food availability (β = 0.137), caregivers’ nutritional literacy (β = 0.093), meal practices (β = 0.079) and food rules (β = 0.050) were positively correlated with food consumption behavior (p < 0.05). The students with healthier FFE scores (OR = 1.130, 95% CI: 1.014~1.258) and whose caregiver was obese (OR = 2.278, 95% CI: 1.973~2.631) were more likely to be overweight. The family food environment plays an important role in shaping food consumption in children. Provision of healthy foods instead of unhealthy foods, positive meal practices and food rules, and nutrition education for parents can promote healthy eating in children.

A multi-component tailored intervention in family childcare homes improves diet quality and sedentary behavior of preschool children compared to an attention control: results from the Healthy Start-Comienzos Sanos cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND

Childcare settings are important environments for influencing child eating and physical activity (PA). Family childcare homes (FCCH) care for many children of low-income and diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds who are at greater risk for poor diet quality, low PA, and obesity, but few interventions have targeted this setting. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a multicomponent intervention conducted in FCCH on the diet quality and PA of 2-5 year old children in their care.

TRIAL DESIGN

Cluster randomized trial.

METHODS

The cluster-randomized trial, Healthy Start/Comienzos Sanos (2015-2019) evaluated an 8-month nutrition and PA intervention that included four components: (1) monthly telephone calls from a support coach using brief motivational interviewing, (2) tailored reports, newsletters and videos, (3) group support meetings, and (4) active play toys. After completing baseline measurement, FCCH were randomized into intervention or comparison groups in matched pairs. Both groups received the same intervention components but on different topics (intervention: nutrition/PA vs. comparison: reading readiness/literacy). Evaluation staff were blinded to group assignment. Child primary outcome measures collected at baseline and 8-months included: 1) Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) scores calculated from diet observation, and 2) accelerometer measurement of PA. Process measures were collected from field data and provider surveys. Generalized Estimating Equation Models assessed changes in HEI-2015 scores and PA over time by experimental condition.

RESULTS

Ethnically diverse FCCH providers (n = 119) and 2-to-5-year-old children in their care (n = 377) were included in the final analysis. Process evaluation showed high participation in all intervention components except for group meetings. Compared to children in comparison group FCCH, children in intervention FCCH increased total HEI-2015 scores by 7.2 points (p < .001) including improvement in component scores for vegetables (0.84 points, p = .025) and added sugar (0.94 points, p = .025). For PA, compared to children in the comparison group, children in intervention FCCH decreased sedentary time by 5.7% (p = .021).

CONCLUSIONS

The multicomponent Healthy Start intervention was effective in improving diet quality and sedentary behavior of children in FCCH, which demonstrates the promise of obesity prevention interventions in this setting. Future research could include enhancing the Healthy Start intervention to strengthen the PA component, considering virtual peer support, and determining how to best translate and disseminate the intervention into FCCH nationally.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

National Institutes of Health, NCT02452645 . Registered 5 May 2015.