The Role of Minerals in the Optimal Functioning of the Immune System

Comparative transcriptome analysis of slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles in Kazakh horses

This study conducted a thorough analysis of the myofiber type composition in the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and soleus muscle (SOL) of Kazakh horses, across different genders (male and female). The results showed significant differences in myofiber type composition between EDL and SOL, with a higher proportion of Type I fibers in SOL muscles and a greater prevalence of Type II fibers in EDL muscles. Additionally, the myofiber diameter in Kazakh horses was relatively small, potentially related to the tenderness and edible quality of their muscles. Using high-throughput sequencing technology, we constructed 32 cDNA sequencing libraries and obtained high-quality read data. Gene expression analysis revealed 278 and 372 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in EDL and SOL muscles, respectively, including genes related to muscle contraction, metabolism, and development. Intersection analysis of DEGs between genders showed that 60 DEGs were significantly different in both male and female horses. GO annotation and KEGG analysis further elucidated the roles of these DEGs in muscle structure, function, and cellular signaling. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and identification of hub genes provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle growth and development. Finally, the reliability of the DEGs data was validated through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This study not only enhances our understanding of the biological characteristics of horse muscles but also provides potential molecular targets for improving horse muscle performance and health.

"The effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment plus zinc and magnesium supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidants enzymes in type 2 diabetes patients: a quasi-experimental study"

BACKGROUND

Periodontal Disease (PD) associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition that affects the oral cavity of people living with T2DM. The mechanisms of the interaction between type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal diseases are complex and involve multiple pathophysiological pathways related to the systemic inflammatory process and oxidative stress. Non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSTP) is considered the standard for the management of this disease; however, patients with systemic conditions such as type 2 Diabetes Mellitus do not seem to respond adequately. For this reason, the use of complementary treatments has been suggested to support non-surgical periodontal treatment to reduce the clinical consequences of the disease and improve the systemic conditions of the patient. The use of zinc gluconate and magnesium oxide as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment and its effects on periodontal clinical features and oxidative stress in patients with Periodontal diseases -type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is poorly understood.

METHODS

A quasi-experimental study was performed in patients with periodontal diseases associated with T2DM. Initially, 45 subjects who met the selection criteria were included. 19 were assigned to a control group [non-surgical periodontal treatment] and 20 to the experimental group (non-surgical periodontal treatment + 500 mg of magnesium oxide and 50 mg of zinc gluconate for oral supplementation for 30 days) and the data of 6 patients were eliminated. Sociodemographic characteristics, physiological factors, biochemical parameters, and clinical features of periodontal diseases were assessed.

RESULTS

In this research a change in periodontal clinical characteristics was observed, which has been associated with disease remission. Additionally, a shift in MDA levels was presented for both groups. Furthermore, the supplementation group showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes when compared to the group that only received NSPT.

CONCLUSION

The use of Zinc gluconate and magnesium oxide can serve as a complementary treatment to non-surgical periodontal treatment, that supports the remission of PD as a result of regulation-reduction of oxidative biomarkers and increase in antioxidant enzymes activity.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

https://www.isrctn.com ISRCTN 14,092,381. September 13º 2023. Retrospective Registration.

The Impact of the Mediterranean Diet on Telomere Biology: Implications for Disease Management-A Narrative Review

INTRODUCTION

Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes at the ends of chromosomes that are under the control of genetic and environmental triggers. Accelerated telomere shortening is causally implicated in the increasing incidence of diseases. The Mediterranean diet has recently been identified as one that confers protection against diseases. This review aimed to identify the effect of each component of the Mediterranean diet on telomere length dynamics, highlighting the underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

PubMed was searched to identify relevant studies to extract data for conducting a narrative review.

RESULTS

The Mediterranean diet alleviates clinical manifestations in many diseases. Focusing on autoimmune diseases, the Mediterranean diet can be protective by preventing inflammation, mitochondrial malfunction, and abnormal telomerase activity. Also, each Mediterranean diet constituent seems to attenuate aging through the sustenance or elongation of telomere length, providing insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. Polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids seem to be essential in telomere homeostasis, since they inhibit inflammatory responses, DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial malfunction, and cell death and induce telomerase activation.

CONCLUSIONS

The Mediterranean diet is beneficial for maintaining telomere dynamics and alleviating age-related illnesses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cross-sectional, observational, and randomized controlled trials regarding the beneficial impact of every constituent in the Mediterranean diet on telomere length and chronic disease management.

Magnesium for disease treatment and prevention: emerging mechanisms and opportunities

Magnesium (Mg2+) is a commonly used dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of diseases. However, the efficacy and mechanisms of action of Mg2+ in most diseases have been controversial because of conflicting findings in earlier studies. Recent clinical and preclinical studies provide novel insights into the use of Mg2+ for the treatment and prevention of diseases affecting different organ systems. In this review, we provide an overview of recent clinical evidence for, and controversies over, the medical benefits of Mg2+. In addition, we critically discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of action of Mg2+, which could enable the development of novel targeted therapies.

Prevalence and prognostic value of zinc and selenium deficiency in advanced chronic liver disease

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Zinc and selenium are essential trace elements involved in important (patho)physiological processes. The prevalence and prognostic implications of zinc and selenium deficiency in patients with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) remain unknown.

METHODS

We determined serum zinc and selenium concentrations in 309 patients with ACLD undergoing hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement between 2019 and 2022. We evaluated the prevalence of zinc/selenium deficiency and assessed its association with severity of ACLD and liver-related events (LRE, i.e. first/further hepatic decompensation/liver-related death).

RESULTS

Among 309 ACLD patients (median: age: 57 [IQR: 50-64], MELD: 11 [IQR: 9-16], HVPG: 17 [IQR: 11-20]), 73% (227) and 63% (195) were deficient in zinc and selenium, respectively. Decompensated (dACLD) patients showed significantly lower serum zinc (median: 48 [IQR: 38-59] vs. compensated, cACLD: 65 [IQR: 54-78], p < 0.001) and selenium levels (median: 4.9 [IQR 4.0-6.2] vs. cACLD: 6.1 [IQR 5.1-7.3], p < 0.001). Significant correlations of zinc/selenium levels were found with MELD (zinc: ρ = -0.498, p < 0.001; selenium: ρ = -0.295, p < 0.001), HVPG (zinc: ρ = -0.400, p < 0.001; selenium: ρ = -0.157, p = 0.006) and liver disease-driving mechanisms (IL6, bile-acid homeostasis). On multivariable analysis, low zinc/selenium levels, age and MELD remained independently associated with LRE.

CONCLUSION

Zinc and selenium deficiencies are common in ACLD patients especially with higher MELD and HVPG. Low zinc and selenium levels independently predicted hepatic decompensation and liver-related death. The effect of zinc/selenium supplementation in ACLD should be investigated in future trials.

A Comparative Study of Dairy and Non-Dairy Milk Types: Development and Characterization of Customized Plant-Based Milk Options

Plant-based milk has gained considerable attention; however, its high nutritional variation highlights the need for improved formulation designs to enhance its quality. This study aimed to nutritionally compare cow milk with plant-based milk produced from hazelnuts (H), Brazil nuts (BN), cashew nuts (CN), soybeans (S), and sunflower seeds (SS), and to perform physicochemical and technological characterization. The plant-based milk produced with isolated grains showed a nutritional composition inferior to that of cow milk in almost all evaluated parameters, protein content (up to 1.1 g 100 g-1), lipids (up to 2.7 g 100 g-1), color parameters, minerals, and especially calcium (up to 62.4 mg L-1), which were originally high in cow milk (up to 1030 mg L-1). However, the plant-based milk designed using a blend composition was able to promote nutritional enhancement in terms of minerals, especially iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg), high-quality lipids (up to 3.6 g 100 g-1), and carbohydrates (3.4 g 100 g-1 using CN, BN, and S). The protein content was 1.3% compared to 5.7 in cow milk, and the caloric value of plant-based milk remained 32.8 at 52.1 kcal, similar to cow milk. Satisfactory aspects were observed regarding the shelf life, especially related to microbiological stability during the 11 d of storage at 4 °C. For the designed plant-based milk to be equivalent to cow milk, further exploration for optimizing the blends used to achieve better combinations is required. Furthermore, analyzing possible fortification and preservation methods to increase shelf life and meet the nutritional and sensory needs of the public would be interesting.

Impact of Thermosonication Treatment on Parsley Juice: Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), and Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Thermosonication (TS), also known as ultrasonic-assisted heat treatment, is gaining attention in liquid product processing due to its ability to improve quality parameters and can serve as an alternative to thermal treatments. The parsley juice (TS-PJ) was subjected to thermosonication treatment (frequency: 26 kHz; power: 200 W; amplitude 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%; temperature: 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 °C; time: 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 min) and was compared with untreated control parsley juice (C-PJ) and pasteurized treated (P-PJ) (85 °C/2 min) parsley juice samples. The objectives of the research work were to determine the effect of thermosonication on the quality attributes such as total chlorophyll and ascorbic acid of parsley juice using particle swarm algorithm (PSO), multiple linear regression (MLR), and response surface methodology (RSM). Thermosonication enhanced the bioactive compounds of parsley juice. The results showed that 15 phenolic compounds were detected in the samples. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in gallic acid contents in ultrasound-treated TS-PJ. There was no significant difference in total chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content between C-PJ and TS-PJ samples. Na and K from macro minerals and Fe and Zn from micro minerals were high in PJ samples. While K contents were increased, P contents were lower in the TS-PJ sample. RSM modeling provided superior prediction compared to MLR. PSO, on the other hand, made good predictions intuitively. Thermosonication enriched parsley juice's bioactive components and had positive health effects.

Element and Water-Soluble Vitamins Profile of Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) Grown in Different Regions

In this study, the amounts of some elements and water-soluble vitamins in Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) samples grown in different regions were analyzed by ICP-OES and HPLC, respectively. The maximum amount of Na, K, Mg, and P was determined in the sumac samples of Kadana, Sheladize, Maraş, and Derishke regions, respectively. The richest regions in terms of trace elements such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Se, Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni, and B were Charput, Derishke, Ranya, Charput, Ranya, Derishke, Elazığ, Derishke, and Kadana, respectively. The highest amount of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in sumac samples were determined in Kadana, Kadana, Trawanish, and Charput regions, respectively, while the lowest amounts were determined in Maraş, Sheladize, Elazig, and Trawanish regions sumac samples. Since target hazard coefficient (THQ) and total target hazard coefficient (TTHQ) values calculated for minor, toxic and heavy metals investigated in sumac samples are well below one; therefore, they do not pose a health risk. From the result obtained, sumac is a good food additive spice in terms of water-soluble vitamins except ascorbic acid. The amounts of ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotine amide, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin in sumac samples varied between 78.90-36.57, 173.57-61.11, 518.4-182.3, 314.0-105.6, 1292.1-788.7, 779.2-301.7, 385.8-133.4, 826.2-473.1, and 192.6-73.9 µg/g dw, respectively. Differences in the amount of elements and water-soluble vitamins among sumac samples from different regions may be due to geographical and ecological reasons.

The Blue Treasure: Comprehensive Biorefinery of Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus)

The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896), has become an invading species in the Mediterranean region, almost completely replacing native species within a few years and causing significant loss to local production. In some areas, there is an urgent need to propose new supply chains based on blue crab exploitation, where the potential valorisation routes for unsaleable blue crab and waste play an important role. The final purpose is to transform a threat into a treasure, towards a more sustainable world. In addition to applications in food industries, the considerable quantity of bioactive compounds in by-products, such as polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, carotenoids, and chitin, needs to be capitalised by means of efficacious strategies and appropriate management. Crab exoskeleton can also be exploited as a carbonaceous material with applications in several fields, including medicine. Blue crab bioactive molecules have been widely recognised for having antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Due to these functional and distinctive activities, such high-value components could be employed in various industries such as food-feed-pharma and cosmetics. Recycling and reusing these underutilised but economically valuable waste or by-products could help to reduce the environmental impacts of the whole supply chain from the perspective of the circular economy.

The Utilisation of Mushroom Leftovers, Oats, and Lactose-Free Milk Powder for the Development of Geriatric Formulation

This study aims to focus on developing a food supplement for the geriatric population using disposal mushrooms, oats, and lactose-free milk powder. Lactose intolerance is most common in older adults, raising the demand for lactose-free foods. One of the major global challenges currently faced by humankind is food waste (FW). Most of the food that is produced for human consumption has not been utilized completely (1/3rd-1/2 unutilized), resulting in agricultural food waste. Mushrooms are highly valuable in terms of their nutritional value and medicinal properties; however, a significant percentage of mushroom leftovers are produced during mushroom production that do not meet retailers' standards (deformation of caps/stalks) and are left unattended. Oats are rich in dietary fibre beta-glucan (55% water soluble; 45% water insoluble). Lactose-free milk powder, oats, and dried mushroom leftover powder were blended in different ratios. It was observed that increasing the amount of mushroom leftover powder increases the protein content while diluting calories. The product with 15% mushroom powder and 30% oat powder showed the highest sensory scores and the lowest microbial count. The GCMS and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of ergosterol and other functional groups. The results of the XRD analysis showed that the product with 15% mushroom powder and 30% oat powder had a less crystalline structure than the product with 5% mushroom powder and 40% oat powder and the product with 10% mushroom powder and 35% oat powder, resulting in more solubility. The ICP-OES analysis showed significant concentrations of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and zinc. The coliform count was nil for the products, and the bacterial count was below the limited range (3 × 102 cfu/g). The product with 15% mushroom powder and 30% oat powder showed the best results, so this developed product is recommended for older adults.

Mediterranean Diet Combined with Regular Aerobic Exercise and Hemp Protein Supplementation Modulates Plasma Circulating Amino Acids and Improves the Health Status of Overweight Individuals

Plant protein is considered a sustainable health-promoting strategy to prevent metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle changes (including dietary patterns and exercise) have been demonstrated to exert an effect on human health by modulating the biochemical status in humans. The objective of this study was to assess whether supplementation with hemp protein within a Mediterranean diet context together with exercise could help to ameliorate the metabolic statuses of patients prone to developing metabolic syndrome. For this study, 23 patients followed with Mediterranean diet and engaged in aerobic exercise according to the WHO's recommendations, while also being supplemented with hemp protein, for 12 weeks. A comparison of anthropometric, biochemical, and mineral data as well as amino acid values was made between the start and the end of the study, with the subjects acting as their own control group. Statistical analyses included a paired t-test, Wilcoxon paired test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis to evaluate significant differences and correlations among parameters. There were statistically significant changes in total cholesterol, HDL-C (+52.3%), LDL-C (-54.0%), and TAG levels (-49.8%), but not in glucose plasma levels. Following the intervention, plasma concentrations of some amino acids, including α-aminoadipic acid, phosphoethanolamine, and 1-metylhistidine, increased, whereas those of asparagine and alanine declined. Different correlations between amino acids and the other parameters evaluated were reported and discussed. A Mediterranean diet combined with regular aerobic exercise, together with protein supplementation, can highly improve the metabolic parameters and anthropometric parameters of subjects with obesity and impaired glucose levels, ameliorating their health status and likely delaying the development of metabolic syndrome.

Toenail and blood selenium mediated regulation of thyroid dysfunction through immune cells: a mediation Mendelian randomization analysis

Purpose

Specific nutrients found in food, such as minerals, antioxidants, and macronutrients, have a significant impact on immune function and human health. However, there is currently limited research exploring the relationship between specific nutrients, immune system function, and thyroid dysfunction commonly observed in autoimmune thyroid diseases, which manifest predominantly as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the connections between dietary traits and thyroid dysfunction, as well as the potential mediating role of immune cells, using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Methods

The two-step MR analysis used single-nucleotide polymorphisms as instruments, with a threshold of p < 5e-08 for nutrients and thyroid dysfunction, and p < 5e-06 for immune cells. Data from different GWAS databases and UK Biobank were combined to analyze 8 antioxidants and 7 minerals, while the data for 4 macronutrients came from a cohort of 235,000 individuals of European. The outcome data (hypothyroidism, N = 3340; hyperthyroidism, N = 1840; free thyroxin [FT4], N = 49,269; thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], N = 54,288) were source from the ThyroidOmics consortium. Immune trait data, including 731 immune phenotypes, were collected from the GWAS catalog.

Results

The results revealed that nutrient changes, such as lycopene, toenail and blood selenium, and α-tocopherol, impacted the immune system. Immune cells also affected thyroid function, with cDC cells promoting hypothyroidism and median fluorescence intensity (MFI) phenotypes correlating strongly with FT4 levels. Toenail and blood selenium reduce the relative cell counts (RCC) phenotypes of immune cells (CD62L- plasmacytoid DC %DC and transitional B cells %Lymphocyte), thereby diminishing its promoting effect on hypothyroidis. Furthermore, toenail and blood selenium mainly impacted phenotypes in three types of T cells (CD25 + ⁣ + CD8br, CD3 on CD45RA- CD4+, and CD45RA on Terminally Differentiated CD8br), reinforcing the negative regulation of FT4 levels.

Conclusion

The role of immune cells as mediators in the relationship between nutrients and thyroid dysfunction highlights their potential as diagnostic or therapeutic markers. Toenail and blood selenium levels can indirectly impact hypothyroidism by influencing the RCC levels of two types of immune cells, and can indirectly affect FT4 levels by influencing three types of T cells.

Immunostimulatory Effects of Korean Mineral-Rich Seawaters on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice

Deep seawater (DS), obtained from a depth over 200 m, has health benefits due to its rich nutrients and minerals, and intake of DS has shown diverse immunomodulatory effects in allergies and cancer. Therefore, the immunostimulatory effects of Korean mineral-rich seawaters were examined in a cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppression model. Three samples of Korean seawater, namely DS from the East Sea off the coasts of Pohang (PDS) and Uljin (UDS), and seawater from the West Sea off the coast of Boryeong (BS), were collected. The seawaters were abundant in several minerals (calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, etc.). Mice were orally administered the seawaters for 42 days, followed by CPA-induced immunosuppression. The CPA induction reduced the weight of the spleen and lymph nodes; however, the administration of seawaters increased the weight of the lymphoid organs, accompanied by stimulation of natural killer cells' activity and NF-kB-mediated cytokine production (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and IL12). The mouse-derived splenocytes showed lymphoproliferation without cytotoxicity in the seawater groups. Histopathological analysis revealed that the seawaters improved the CPA-induced atrophic changes by promoting lymphoproliferation in the spleen and lymph nodes. These results provide useful information for the use of Korean mineral-rich seawaters, particularly PDS and UDS, as alternative immunostimulants under immunosuppressive conditions.

The effects and potential mechanisms of essential metals on the associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with blood cell-based inflammation markers

BACKGROUND

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-acknowledged pro-inflammatory chemicals, but their associations with blood cell-based inflammatory biomarkers need further investigation. Moreover, the effects and mechanisms of essential metals on PAH-related inflammation remain poorly understood.

OBJECTS

To elucidate the associations of PAHs on inflammatory biomarkers, as well as the effects and mechanisms of essential metals on these associations.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1388 coke oven workers. We analyzed the modification effects of key essential metal(s) on PAHs-inflammatory biomarkers associations. To explore the possible mechanisms from an inflammation perspective, we performed a bioinformatic analysis on the genes of PAHs and essential metals obtained from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) and performed a mediation analysis.

RESULTS

We observed associations of PAHs and essential metals with lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) (P < 0.05). PAH mixtures were inversely associated with LMR (βQGC-index = -0.18, P < 0.001), with 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr) being the most prominent contributor (weight = 63.37%), whereas a positive association between essential metal mixtures and LMR was observed (βQGC-index = 0.14, P < 0.001), with tin being the most significant contributor (weight = 51.61%). An inverse association of 1-OH-Pyr with LMR was weakened by increased tin exposure (P < 0.05). The CTD database showed that PAHs and tin compounds co-regulated 22 inflammation-associated genes, but they regulated most genes in opposite directions. Further identified the involvement of oxidative stress and mediation analysis showed that the mediation effect of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) on 1-OH-Pyr-LMR association presented heterogeneity between low and high tin tertile groups (I2 = 37.84%).

CONCLUSION

1-OH-Pyr and tin were significantly associated with LMR. Modification effects indicated that the inverse association of 1-OH-Pyr with LMR was mitigated with an increase in tin. The mediation effect of 8-OHdG on the inverse association of 1-OH-Pyr with LMR may be partially dependent on tin.

Selenium and other heavy metal levels in different rice brands commonly consumed in Pretoria, South Africa

For centuries, rice has been a dietary staple food partially due to its accessibility, affordability, and nutritional content. However, it has been documented that plants can bioaccumulate trace elements from soil and store them in their tissues therefore necessitating monitoring of its nutritional quality. The current study investigated the Selenium and heavy metal contents of various brands of rice obtained from different retail stores in Pretoria, South Africa. The analysis was carried out using different rice samples and different methods/stages of cooking rice including the analysis of rinsed rice water (RW), raw rice (RR), cooked rice (CR), and cooked rice water (CW), for trace elements content using the Inductive Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The results revealed that the Se content ranged from 0.013 ± 0.01 mg/kg - 0.089 ± 0.06 mg/kg in RR, 0.013 ± 0.01 mg/kg - 0.046 ± 0.01 mg/kg in CR, 0.01 ± 0.01mg/kg- 0.028 ± 0.00 mg/kg in RW and 0.01 ± 0.01 mg/kg - 0.048 ± 0.01 mg/kg in CW. The calculated estimated dietary intake (EDI) of Se was recorded as follows; raw rice (7.06 × 10-5 mg/day), cooked rice (5.01 × 10-5 mg/day), water from cooked rice (4.54 × 10-5 mg/day) and rinsed water of raw rice (3.97 × 10-5 mg/day). The concentrations of all other heavy metals measured were within the WHO-recommended limits. The HQ for all the trace metals in all the samples did not exceed one, implying that there is no health risk from trace metals analysed in this study from the consumption of the rice brands used in this study. The results of this study demonstrated that reliance on rice alone for the supply of Se may be inadequate owing to the values obtained in our study. Constant monitoring of the nutritional contents of food products may be required to improve the overall nutritional well-being of the consumers.

Profiling the Bioactive Compounds in Broccoli Heads with Varying Organ Sizes and Growing Seasons

Broccoli is a rich source of diverse bioactive compounds, but how their contents are influenced by different growing seasons and variations in broccoli head sizes remains elusive. To address this question, we quantified sixteen known bioactive compounds and seven minerals in broccoli with varying head sizes obtained in two different growing seasons. Our results suggest that the contents of vitamin C, total phenols, carotenoids, and glucoraphanin were significantly higher in samples from the summer-autumn season, showing increases of 157.46%, 34.74%, 51.80%, and 17.78%, respectively, compared with those from the winter-spring season. Moreover, chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound with relatively high contents among the six detected, while beta-sitosterol is the sterol with relatively high contents. Further, principal component analysis was conducted to rank the comprehensive scores of the profiles of phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and minerals, demonstrating that the broccoli samples grown during the summer-autumn season achieved the highest composite scores. Our results indicate that broccoli heads from the summer-autumn season are richer in a combination of bioactive compounds and minerals than those from the winter-spring season based on the composite score. This study extends our understanding of the nutrition profiles in broccoli and also lays the foundation for breeding broccoli varieties with improved nutrition quality.

Exploring the impact of arginine-supplemented immunonutrition on length of stay in the intensive care unit: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis

BACKGROUND

Arginine-supplemented enteral immunonutrition has been designed to optimize outcomes in critical care patients. Existing formulas may be isocaloric and isoproteic, yet differ in L-arginine content, energy distribution, and in source and amount of many other specialized ingredients. The individual contributions of each may be difficult to pinpoint; however, all cumulate in the body's response to illness and injury. The study objective was to compare health outcomes between different immunonutrition formulas.

METHODS

Real-world data from October 2015 -February 2019 in the PINC AI™ Healthcare Database (formerly the Premier Healthcare Database) was reviewed for patients with an intensive care unit (ICU) stay and ≥3 days exclusive use of either higher L-arginine formula (HAF), or lower L-arginine formula (LAF). Multivariable generalized linear model regression was used to check associations between formulas and ICU length of stay.

RESULTS

3,284 patients (74.5% surgical) were included from 21 hospitals, with 2,525 receiving HAF and 759 LAF. Inpatient mortality (19.4%) and surgical site infections (6.2%) were similar across groups. Median hospital stay of 17 days (IQR: 16) did not differ by immunonutrition formula. Median ICU stay was shorter for patients receiving HAF compared to LAF (10 vs 12 days; P<0.001). After adjusting for demographics, visit, severity of illness, and other clinical characteristics, associated regression-adjusted ICU length of stay for patients in the HAF group was 11% shorter [0.89 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.94; P<0.001)] compared to patients in the LAF group. Estimated adjusted mean ICU length of stay was 9.4 days (95% CI: 8.9, 10.0 days) for the HAF group compared to 10.6 days (95% CI: 9.9, 11.3 days) for the LAF group (P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite formulas being isocaloric and isoproteic, HAF use was associated with significantly reduced ICU length of stay, compared to LAF. Higher arginine immunonutrition formula may play a role in improving health outcomes in primarily surgical critically ill patients.

Autoimmunity, New Potential Biomarkers and the Thyroid Gland-The Perspective of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Its Treatment

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organic specific illness of the thyroid gland. It may manifest as the overproduction or the decline of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Hyperthyroidism develops due to the overproduction of hormones as an answer to the presence of stimulatory antibodies against the TSH receptor. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is generally characterized by the presence of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies, with a concomitant infiltration of lymphocytes in the thyroid. Due to the progressive destruction of cells, AITD can lead to subclinical or overt hypothyroidism. Pathophysiology of AITD is extremely complicated and still not fully understood, with genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors involved in its development. Due to increasing incidence and social awareness of this pathology, there is an urgent need to expand the background concerning AITD. A growing body of evidence suggests possible ways of treatment apart from traditional approaches. Simultaneously, the role of potential new biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of AITD has been highlighted recently, too. Therefore, we decided to review therapeutic trends in the course of AITD based on its pathophysiological mechanisms, mainly focusing on HT. Another aim was to summarize the state of knowledge regarding the role of new biomarkers in this condition.

Coccomyxa subellipsoidea KJ Components Enhance the Expression of Metallothioneins and Th17 Cytokines during Human T Cell Activation

Coccomyxa subellipsoidea KJ (C-KJ) is a green alga with unique immunoregulatory characteristics. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the modification of T cell function by C-KJ components. The water-soluble extract of C-KJ was fractionated into protein (P) and sugar (S) fractions acidic (AS), basic (BS), and neutral (NS). These fractions were used for the treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Transcriptome analysis revealed that both P and AS enhanced the expression of the genes encoding metallothionein (MT) family proteins, inflammatory factors, and T helper (Th) 17 cytokine and suppressed that of those encoding Th2 cytokines in stimulated T cells. The kinetics of MT1 and MT2A gene expression showed a transient increase in MT1 and maintenance of MT2A mRNA after T cell stimulation in the presence of AS. The kinetics of Th17-related cytokine secretion in the early period were comparable to those of MT2A mRNA. Furthermore, our findings revealed that static, a STAT-3 inhibitor, significantly suppressed MT2A gene expression. These findings suggest that the expression of MTs is involved in the immune regulatory function of C-KJ components, which is partially regulated by Th17 responses, and may help develop innovative immunoregulatory drugs or functional foods.

High-Value Compounds in Papaya By-Products (Carica papaya L. var. Formosa and Aliança): Potential Sustainable Use and Exploitation

BACKGROUND

Food waste is a global and growing problem that is gaining traction due to its environmental, ethical, social, and economic repercussions. Between 2022 and 2027, the worldwide papaya market is expected to have a huge increase, meaning a growth in organic waste, including peels and seeds. Thus, this study evaluated the potential use of peels and seeds of two mature papaya fruits as a source of bioactive compounds, converting these by-products into value-added products. Proximate analysis (AOAC methods), mineral content (ICP-MS), free sugars (HPLC-ELSD), fatty acid composition (GC-FID), vitamin E profile (HPLC-DAD-FLD), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays) were evaluated.

RESULTS

Both by-products showed high total protein (20-27%), and dietary fiber (32-38%) contents. Papaya peels presented a high ash content (14-16%), indicating a potential application as a mineral source. 14 fatty acids were detected, with α-linolenic acid (30%) as the most abundant in the peels and oleic acid (74%) in the seeds. Both by-products showed high antioxidant activity.

CONCLUSION

Papaya by-products display great potential for industrial recovery and application, such as formulation of new functional food ingredients.

Protective effect of Pterospermum rubiginosum bark extract on bone mineral density and bone remodelling in estrogen deficient ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic old age disorder characterised by low bone mass content (BMC) and mineral density (BMD) with micro-architectural deterioration of the extracellular matrix, further increasing bone fragility risk. Several traditional remedies, including plant extracts and herbal formulations, are used worldwide by local healers to improve the overall bone health and metabolism as an excellent osteoregenerative agent. Pteropsermum rubiginosum is an underexplored medicinal plant used by tribal peoples of Western Ghats, India, to treat bone fractures and associated inflammation. The proposed study evaluates the elemental profiling and phytochemical characterisation of P. rubiginosum methanolic bark extract (PRME), along with detailed In vitro and In vivo biological investigation in MG-63 cells and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. AAS and ICP-MS analysis showed the presence of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium and exceptional levels of strontium, chromium, and zinc in PRME. The NMR characterisation revealed the presence of vanillic acid, Ergost-4-ene-3-one and catechin. The molecular docking studies revealed the target pockets of isolated compounds and various marker proteins in the bone remodelling cycle. In vitro studies showed a significant hike in ALP and calcium content, along with upregulated mRNA expression of the ALP and COL1, which confirmed the osteoinductive activity of PRME in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The in vivo evaluation in ovariectomised (OVX) rats showed remarkable recovery in ALP, collagen and osteocalcin protein after 3 months of PRME treatment. DEXA scanning reports in OVX rats supported the above in vitro and in vivo results, significantly enhancing the BMD and BMC. The results suggest that PRME can induce osteogenic activity and enhance bone formation with an excellent osteoprotective effect against bone loss in OVX animals due to estrogen deficiency.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03942-7.

Probiotic-driven advancement: Exploring the intricacies of mineral absorption in the human body

The interplay between probiotics and mineral absorption is a topic of growing interest due to its great potential for human well-being. Minerals are vital in various physiological processes, and deficiencies can lead to significant health problems. Probiotics, beneficial microorganisms residing in the gut, have recently gained attention for their ability to modulate mineral absorption and mitigate deficiencies. The aim of the present review is to investigate the intricate connection between probiotics and the absorption of key minerals such as calcium, selenium, zinc, magnesium, and potassium. However, variability in probiotic strains, and dosages, alongside the unique composition of individuals in gut microbiota, pose challenges in establishing universal guidelines. An improved understanding of these mechanisms will enable the development of targeted probiotic interventions to optimize mineral absorption and promote human health.

Immunomodulation through Nutrition Should Be a Key Trend in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

An organism's ability to function properly depends not solely on its diet but also on the intake of nutrients and non-nutritive bioactive compounds that exert immunomodulatory effects. This principle applies both to healthy individuals and, in particular, to those with concomitant chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. However, the current food industry and the widespread use of highly processed foods often lead to nutritional deficiencies. Numerous studies have confirmed the occurrence of immune system dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. This article elucidates the impact of specific nutrients on the immune system function, which maintains homeostasis of the organism, with a particular emphasis on type 2 diabetes. The role of macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, and selected substances, such as omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, and alpha-lipoic acid, was taken into consideration, which outlined the minimum range of tests that ought to be performed on patients in order to either directly or indirectly determine the severity of malnutrition in this group of patients.

Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Metal Mixtures and Serum C3, C4: Result from the Manganese‑exposed Workers Healthy Cohort

Exposure to metal mixtures compromises the immune system, with the complement system connecting innate and adaptive immunity. Herein, we sought to explore the relationships between blood cell metal mixtures and the third and fourth components of serum complement (C3, C4). A total of 538 participants were recruited in November 2017, and 289 participants were followed up in November 2021. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis at baseline and a longitudinal analysis over 4 years. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) was employed to identify the primary metals related to serum C3, C4; generalized linear model (GLM) was further used to evaluate the cross-sectional associations of the selected metals and serum C3, C4. Furthermore, participants were categorized into three groups according to the percentage change in metal concentrations over 4 years. GLM was performed to assess the associations between changes in metal concentrations and changes in serum C3, C4 levels. At baseline, each 1-unit increase in log10-transformed in magnesium, manganese, copper, rubidium, and lead was significantly associated with a change in serum C3 of 0.226 (95% CI: 0.146, 0.307), 0.055 (95% CI: 0.022, 0.088), 0.113 (95% CI: 0.019, 0.206), - 0.173 (95% CI: - 0.262, - 0.083), and - 0.020 (95% CI: - 0.039, - 0.001), respectively. Longitudinally, decreased copper concentrations were negatively associated with an increment in serum C3 levels, while decreased lead concentrations were positively associated with an increment in serum C3 levels. However, no metal was found to be primarily associated with serum C4 in LASSO, so we did not further explore the relationship between them. Our research indicates that copper and lead may affect complement system homeostasis by influencing serum C3 levels. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

MOF magic: zirconium-based frameworks in theranostic and bio-imaging applications

Over the past two decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered substantial scientific interest across diverse fields, spanning gas storage, catalysis, biotechnology, and more. Zirconium, abundant in nature and biologically relevant, offers an appealing combination of high content and low toxicity. Consequently, Zr-based MOFs have emerged as promising materials with significant potential in biomedical applications. These MOFs serve as effective nanocarriers for controlled drug delivery, particularly for challenging antitumor and retroviral drugs in cancer and AIDS treatment. Additionally, they exhibit prowess in bio-imaging applications. Beyond drug delivery, Zr-MOFs are notable for their mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability, making them increasingly relevant in engineering. The rising demand for stable, non-toxic Zr-MOFs facilitating facile nanoparticle formation, especially in drug delivery and imaging, is noteworthy. This review focuses on biocompatible zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) for controlled delivery in treating diseases like cancer and AIDS. These MOFs play a key role in theranostic approaches, integrating diagnostics and therapy. Additionally, their utility in bio-imaging underscores their versatility in advancing medical applications.

Current situation, trend, and prospects of research on functional components from by-products of baijiu production: A review

In the present scenario marked by energy source shortages and escalating concerns regarding carbon dioxide emissions, there is a growing emphasis on the optimal utilization of biomass resources. Baijiu, as the Chinese national spirit, boasts remarkably high sales volumes annually. However, the production of baijiu yields various by-products, including solid residues (Jiuzao), liquid wastewater (Huangshui and waste alcohol), and gaseous waste. Recent years have witnessed dedicated research aimed at exploring the composition and potential applications of these by-products, seeking sustainable development and comprehensive resource utilization. This review systematically summarizes recent research, shedding light on both the baijiu brewing process and the bioactive compounds present baijiu production by-products (BPBPs). The primary focus lies in elucidating the potential extraction methods and applications of BPBPs, offering a practical approach to comprehensive utilization of by-products in functional food, medicine, cosmetic, and packaging fields. These applications not only contribute to enhancing production efficiency and mitigating environmental pollution, but also introduce innovative concepts for the sustainable advancement of associated industries. Future research avenues may include more in-depth compositional analysis, the development of utilization technologies, and the promotion of potential industrialization.

Cuproptosis-Related Gene Signature Contributes to Prognostic Prediction and Immunosuppression in Multiple Myeloma

Cuproptosis is a type of programmed cell death triggered by accumulation of intracellular copper which was considered closely related to tumor progression. The study of cuproptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) is however limited. To determine the prognostic significance of cuproptosis-related gene signature in MM, we interrogated gene expression and overall survival with other available clinical variables from public datasets. Four cuproptosis-related genes were included to establish a prognostic survival model by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis, which showed a good performance on prognosis prediction in both training and validation cohorts. Patients with higher cuproptosis-related risk score (CRRS) exhibited worse prognosis compared with lower risk score. Survival prediction capacity and clinical benefit were elevated after integrating CRRS to existing prognostic stratification system (International Staging System, ISS or Revised International Staging System, RISS) both on 3-year and 5-year survival. Based on CRRS groups, functional enrichment analysis and immune infiltration in bone marrow microenvironment revealed correlation between CRRS and immunosuppression. In conclusion, our study found that cuproptosis-related gene signature is an independent poor prognostic factor and functions negatively on immune microenvironment, which provides another perspective on prognosis assessment and immunotherapy strategy in MM.

Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Molecules Involved in Its Imunopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Treatment

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an idiopathic chronic autoimmune disease that can affect any organ in the body, including the neurological system. Multiple factors, such as environmental (infections), genetic (many HLA alleles including DR2 and DR3, and genes including C4), and immunological influences on self-antigens, such as nuclear antigens, lead to the formation of multiple autoantibodies that cause deleterious damage to bodily tissues and organs. The production of autoantibodies, such as anti-dsDNA, anti-SS(A), anti-SS(B), anti-Smith, and anti-neuronal DNA are characteristic features of this disease. This autoimmune disease results from a failure of the mechanisms responsible for maintaining self-tolerance in T cells, B cells, or both. Immune complexes, circulating antibodies, cytokines, and autoreactive T lymphocytes are responsible for tissue injury in this autoimmune disease. The diagnosis of SLE is a rheumatological challenge despite the availability of clinical criteria. NPSLE was previously referred to as lupus cerebritis or lupus sclerosis. However, these terms are no longer recommended because there is no definitive pathological cause for the neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE. Currently, the treatment options are primarily based on symptomatic presentations. These include the use of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytic medications for the treatment of psychiatric and mood disorders. Antiepileptic drugs to treat seizures, and immunosuppressants (e.g., corticosteroids, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil), are directed against inflammatory responses along with non-pharmacological interventions.

How Can Selected Dietary Ingredients Influence the Development and Progression of Endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in ectopic locations. Since the treatment options for this disease are still limited, and the cure rate is unsatisfactory, the search for ways to treat symptoms and modify the course of the disease is of key importance in improving the quality of life of patients with endometriosis. So far, the literature has shown that nutrition can influence endometriosis through hormonal modification and altering the inflammatory or oxidative response. Since the importance of nutrition in this disease is still a subject of scientific research, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the role of dietary modifications in endometriosis. Our review showed that nutrients with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, including most vitamins and several trace elements, may influence the pathogenesis of endometriosis and can be considered as the nutrients preventing the development of endometriosis. However, despite the many discoveries described in this review, further interdisciplinary research on this topic seems to be extremely important, as in the future, it may result in the development of personalized therapies supporting the treatment of endometriosis.

Current technology and industrialization status of cell-cultivated meat

Interest and investment in cultivated meat are increasing because of the realization that it can effectively supply sufficient food resources and reduce the use of livestock. Nevertheless, accurate information on the specific technologies used for cultivated meat production and the characteristics of cultivated meat is lacking. Authorization for the use of cultivated meat is already underway in the United States, Singapore, and Israel, and other major countries are also expected to approve cultivated meat as food once the details of the intricate process of producing cultivated meat, which encompasses stages such as cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and assembly, is thoroughly established. The development and standardization of mass production processes and safety evaluations must precede the industrialization and use of cultivated meat as food. However, the technology for the industrialization of cultivated meat is still in its nascent stage, and the mass production process has not yet been established. The mass production process of cultivated meat may not be easy to disclose because it is related to the interests of several companies or research teams. However, the overall research flow shows that equipment development for mass production and cell acquisition, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as for three-dimensional production supports and bioreactors have not yet been completed. Therefore, additional research on the mass production process and safety of cultivated meat is essential. The consumer's trust in the cultivated meat products and production technologies recently disclosed by some companies should also be analyzed and considered for guiding future developments in this industry. Furthermore, close monitoring by academia and the government will be necessary to identify fraud in the cultivated meat industry.

Association between dietary antioxidant intakes and chronic respiratory diseases in adults

Background

Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) pose a significant global health burden. Antioxidant-rich diets have been associated with improved lung health, but the specific relationship with CRDs remains unclear.

Methods

This study examined the relationship between dietary antioxidant intakes and CRDs using data from the 2001-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Information on dietary antioxidant intakes, including vitamins A, C, and E, zinc, selenium, and carotenoid, were collected from the 2 24-h recall interviews to calculate composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI). CRDs were determined based on self-reported physician diagnoses. To examine the relationship between CDAI and CRDs, multivariate logistic regression was used. To study potential non-linear correlations within these associations, restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was performed.

Results

The study involved 40 557 individuals. The median CDAI was -0.09 (-2.05, 2.25). We discovered those who were in the fourth quartile of CDAI scores had a 19% lower prevalence than those in the first quartile (OR = 0.81 [0.72-0.91], Ptrend < 0.01) after adjusting for all relevant covariates. The fourth quartile of CDAI was linked with a lower prevalence of emphysema (OR = 0.57 [0.40-0.81], Ptrend < 0.01) and chronic bronchitis (OR = 0.74 [0.62-0.88], Ptrend < 0.01). RCS regression showed that CDAI was non-linearly related to the prevalence of CRDs, with inflection points of 3.20 (P for non-linearity <0.01). The stratified analysis did not identify variables that significantly affected the results.

Conclusion

Higher dietary antioxidant intakes were related with a lower prevalence of CRDs (particularly emphysema and chronic bronchitis) in general adults.

Association between serum copper-zinc ratio and respiratory tract infection in children and adolescents

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to explore the association between serum copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) ratio and the risk of respiratory tract infection in children and adolescents.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study collected the data of 1695 participants who aged 6-17 years with follow-up data on respiratory tract infection in 2011-2012, 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 cycles from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Univariate logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the covariates. Each covariate was adjusted in multivariate logistic regression analysis to explore the correlation between serum Cu-Zn ratio and respiratory tract infection. Subgroup analysis was performed to stratify the data according to age, gender and BMI. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve was plotted to identify the association between serum Cu-Zn ratio and respiratory tract infection.

RESULTS

The results of RCS curve depicted that the risk of respiratory tract infection was increased as the elevation of the serum Cu-Zn ratio. After adjusting for confounders, risk of respiratory tract infection in children and adolescents was elevated with the increase of serum copper-zinc ratio (OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.19-1.60). Compared with people with serum copper-zinc ratio <1.25, subjects who had serum copper-zinc ratio >1.52 was associated with increased risk of respiratory tract infection in children and adolescents (OR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.19-2.98). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the risk of respiratory tract infection was elevated as the increase of serum copper-zinc ratio in participants <12 years (OR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.28-2.12), ≥12 years (OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.03-1.57), males (OR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1.29-2.06), females (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.01-1.57), underweight and normal (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.11-1.65), and overweight and obese participants (OR = 1.44, 95%CI: 1.15-1.80).

CONCLUSION

Higher serum Cu-Zn ratio was associated with increased risk of respiratory tract infection in children and adolescents, which suggests the importance of Zn supplement and the balance of serum Cu-Zn ratio in children and adolescents.

Real-world experience of intravenous iron sucrose supplementation and dynamics of soluble transferrin receptor and hepcidin in a Spanish cohort of absolute iron deficient patients

The study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the generic intravenous (IV) iron treatment (Feriv®), in a Spanish cohort with absolute iron deficiency (ID) (serum ferritin <50 ng/ml, with or without anaemia) (n = 122; 91% women; median age of 44 years [IQR: 33.7-54]). Iron-related biomarkers were measured before treatment (baseline), 2 weeks after beginning the protocol (intermediate control, IC) and between 7 and 10 days after treatment completion (final time-point). Primary efficacy endpoints were ferritin levels ≥ 50 ng/ml, anaemia restoration or an increase in haemoglobin (Hb) of at least one point in patients without baseline anaemia. After treatment, iron-related biomarkers improved, including ferritin, Hb, sideremia, transferrin, transferrin saturation index, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hepcidin. Baseline ferritin concentration (13.5 ng/ml [IQR: 8-24.2]) increased at the IC and continued rising at the final time-point, reaching a median ferritin of 222 ng/ml and 97.3% of patients ≥ 50 ng/ml. At the final time-point, anaemia prevalence decreased from 26.2% to 5%, while the 34.1% without baseline anaemia showed an increase in Hb of at least one point. Headache was the only drug-adverse event recorded in 2.3% of patients. At a late time-point (27.5 median weeks after ending therapy [IQR: 22-40]), evaluated in a subgroup of 66 patients, 18% had ferritin levels < 50 ng/ml. Multivariate analysis showed that low baseline ferritin and high sTfR/hepcidin ratio tended to be independently associated with ID recurrence. Feriv® is a safe, effective first-line treatment for absolute ID, with improvement of serum ferritin and Hb. ID recurrence was associated with the baseline degree of iron stores depletion, indicated by serum ferritin, and sTfR/hepcidin ratio.

Understanding How Minerals Contribute to Optimal Immune Function

Sufficient mineral supply is vital not only for the innate immune system but also for the components of the adaptive immune defense, which encompass defense mechanisms against pathogens and the delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory regulation in the long term. Generally, a well-balanced diet is capable of providing the necessary minerals to support the immune system. Nevertheless, specific vulnerable populations should be cautious about obtaining adequate amounts of minerals such as magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, and selenium. Inadequate levels of these minerals can temporarily impair immune competence and disrupt the long-term regulation of systemic inflammation. Therefore, comprehending the mechanisms and sources of these minerals is crucial. In exceptional circumstances, mineral deficiencies may necessitate supplementation; however, excessive intake of supplements can have adverse effects on the immune system and should be avoided. Consequently, any supplementation should be approved by medical professionals and administered in recommended doses. This review emphasizes the crucial significance of minerals in promoting optimal functioning of the immune system. It investigates the indispensable minerals required for immune system function and the regulation of inflammation. Moreover, it delves into the significance of maintaining an optimized intake of minerals from a nutritional standpoint.

Identification of a novel transcriptional regulator, CorR, for copper stress response in Edwardsiella piscicida

Copper plays a vital role in the host-pathogen interface, potentially making components of the bacterial copper response suitable targets for the development of innovative antimicrobial strategies. The anti-copper arsenal of intracellular pathogens has expanded as an adaptation to survive copper toxicity in order to escape intracellular killing by the host immune system. Herein, we employed transposon insertion sequencing to investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the survival of Edwardsiella piscicida under copper stress. A novel transcriptional regulator, ETAE_2324 (named CorR), was identified to participate in the response to copper ions by controlling the expression of copA, the core component of cytoplasmic copper homeostasis. Furthermore, CorR regulated the expression of virulent determinant eseB, influencing the in vivo colonization of E. piscicida. Collectively, our results contribute to the comprehension of the underlying mechanism of the adaption of intracellular pathogens to copper stress during bacterial infections.IMPORTANCECopper ions play a pivotal role in the interaction between bacteria and the host during infection. The host's innate immune system employs copper ions for their bactericidal properties, thereby making bacterial copper tolerance a crucial determinant of virulence. Edwardsiella piscicida, a significant marine pathogen, has caused substantial losses in the global aquaculture industry. To comprehensively investigate how E. piscicida responds to copper stress, we utilized transposon insertion sequencing to explore genes associated with copper tolerance in culture media containing different concentrations of copper ions. A novel transcriptional regulator, CorR, was identified to respond to copper ions and regulates the expression of crucial components of copper homeostasis CopA, along with the essential virulence factor EseB. These findings offer valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms that govern bacterial copper tolerance and present novel perspectives for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies targeting E. piscicida.

Identification and validation of potential diagnostic signature and immune cell infiltration for NAFLD based on cuproptosis-related genes by bioinformatics analysis and machine learning

Background and aims

Cuproptosis has been identified as a key player in the development of several diseases. In this study, we investigate the potential role of cuproptosis-related genes in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Method

The gene expression profiles of NAFLD were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differential expression of cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) were determined between NAFLD and normal tissues. Protein-protein interaction, correlation, and function enrichment analyses were performed. Machine learning was used to identify hub genes. Immune infiltration was analyzed in both NAFLD patients and controls. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to validate the expression of hub genes.

Results

Four datasets containing 115 NAFLD and 106 control samples were included for bioinformatics analysis. Three hub CRGs (NFE2L2, DLD, and POLD1) were identified through the intersection of three machine learning algorithms. The receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted based on these three marker genes, and the area under the curve (AUC) value was 0.704. In the external GSE135251 dataset, the AUC value of the three key genes was as high as 0.970. Further nomogram, decision curve, calibration curve analyses also confirmed the diagnostic predictive efficacy. Gene set enrichment analysis and gene set variation analysis showed these three marker genes involved in multiple pathways that are related to the progression of NAFLD. CIBERSORT and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis indicated that their expression levels in macrophages, mast cells, NK cells, Treg cells, resting dendritic cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were higher in NAFLD compared with control liver samples. The ceRNA network demonstrated a complex regulatory relationship between the three hub genes. The mRNA level of these hub genes were further confirmed in a mouse NAFLD liver samples.

Conclusion

Our study comprehensively demonstrated the relationship between NAFLD and cuproptosis, developed a promising diagnostic model, and provided potential targets for NAFLD treatment and new insights for exploring the mechanism for NAFLD.

Chronic Exposure to Drinking Water As, Pb, and Cd at Provisional Guideline Values Reduces Weight Gain in Male Mice via Gut Microflora Alterations and Intestinal Inflammation

Few studies have investigated the long-term effect of exposure to arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) via drinking water at the provisional guideline values on gut microflora. In this study, male and female mice were exposed to water As, Pb, or Cd at 10, 10, or 5 μg L-1 for 6 months. At the end of the exposure, the net weight gain of male mice exposed to As and Pb (9.91 ± 1.35 and 11.2 ± 1.50 g) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower compared to unexposed control mice (14.1 ± 3.24 g), while this was not observed for female mice. Relative abundance of Akkermansia, a protective gut bacterium against intestinal inflammation, was reduced from 29.7% to 3.20%, 4.83%, and 17.0% after As, Pb, and Cd exposure in male mice, which likely caused chronic intestinal inflammation, as suggested by 2.81- to 9.60-fold higher mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors in ileal enterocytes of male mice. These results indicate that long-term exposure to drinking water As, Pb, and Cd at concentrations equivalent to the China provisional guideline values can cause loss of protective bacteria and lead to chronic intestinal inflammation, thereby affecting body weight gain in male mice.

Evaluation of trace elements in forages and their effect on gastrointestinal parasite burden in grazing sheep

This study was designed to evaluate the trace elements (minerals) in forages fed to sheep and their effect on gastrointestinal parasite burdens. The ultimate objective was to determine the correlation between the burden of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites and the level of trace minerals in sheep serum as a result of the forages they grazed on. A total of 384 faecal samples were collected from sheep in each of the districts (Sialkot and Multan) and examined quantitatively using the McMaster technique. Serum collected from them and plants were pre-treated, and spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentration of trace minerals (Mn, Co, Cu, and Zn). The level of these trace elements differed significantly (P < 0.05) in forages from both districts. In the district of Sialkot, the highest concentrations (mg/Kg) of Zn (38.53 ± 0.16) were found in Cichorium intybus, Cu (41.57 ± 0.07) in Cynodon dactylon, Mn (39.61 ± 0.05) in Parthenium hysterophorus, and Co (1.42 ± 0.03) in Coronopus didymus. In the district of Multan, the highest concentrations (mg/Kg) of Zn (39.43 ± 0.46) were found in Cichorium intybus, Cu (25.76 ± 0.36) in Cynodon dactylon, Mn (34.29 ± 0.53) in Launaea nudicaulis, and Co (1.74 ± 0.08) in Brachiaria raptens. The prevalence of GI parasites in sheep populations in district Sialkot was 34%, while in district Multan, it was 32%. In tehsil Sialkot of district Sialkot, Zn and Cu were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, while in tehsil Multan City of district Multan, only Cu was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with EPG. The potential mechanism behind the role of trace minerals in lowering the burdens of GI parasites requires more investigation. It is recommended that plants with high content of trace minerals should be utilized as part of comprehensive preventive and control strategies against GI parasitism in ruminant animals like sheep.

Thyroid hormones and minerals in immunocorrection of disorders in autoimmune thyroid diseases

Thyroid hormones and essential elements iodine (I), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), etc. play an important role in the work of many organs and systems of the body, including the immune system and the thyroid gland, and a violation of their supply can be the cause of pathological changes in them. In pathology, the interaction between thyroid hormones (TG), minerals and the immune system is disturbed. The review of the literature examines the immunomodulatory role of TG, minerals, their properties, and their participation in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). The study of the relationship between the excess or deficiency of minerals and AITD is described. The basis of the development of AITD - Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), Graves' disease (GD), Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is the loss of immune tolerance to thyroid antigens - thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R). Immune-mediated mechanisms - production of autoantibodies to thyroid antigens and lymphocytic thyroid infiltration - are involved in the pathogenesis of AITD. Insufficiency of regulatory T cells (Treg) and regulatory B cells (Breg), imbalance between Th17-lymphocytes and Treg-lymphocytes, abnormal production of pro-inflammatory cytokines has a significant influence on the progression of AITD. With AITD, the balance between oxidants and antioxidants is disturbed and oxidative stress (OS) occurs. The lack of modern effective pharmacological therapy of AITD prompted us to consider the mechanisms of influence, possibilities of immunocorrection of pathogenetic factors using TG, micro/macronutrients. In order to develop a more effective treatment strategy, as well as approaches to prevention, a critical analysis of the ways of immunotherapeutic use of dietary supplements of I, Se, Zn, Mg and other minerals in AITD was carried out.

How Do Minerals, Vitamins, and Intestinal Microbiota Affect the Development and Progression of Heart Disease in Adult and Pediatric Patients?

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, far ahead of cancer. Epidemiological data emphasize the participation of many risk factors that increase the incidence of CVDs, including genetic factors, age, and sex, but also lifestyle, mainly nutritional irregularities and, connected with them, overweight and obesity, as well as metabolic diseases. Despite the importance of cardiovascular problems in the whole society, the principles of prevention of CVDs are not widely disseminated, especially among the youngest. As a result, nutritional neglect, growing from childhood and adolescence, translates into the occurrence of numerous disease entities, including CVDs, in adult life. This review aimed to draw attention to the role of selected minerals and vitamins in health and the development and progression of CVDs in adults and children. Particular attention was paid to the effects of deficiency and toxicity of the analyzed compounds in the context of the cardiovascular system and to the role of intestinal microorganisms, which by interacting with nutrients, may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders. We hope this article will draw the attention of society and the medical community to emphasize promoting healthy eating and proper eating habits in children and adults, translating into increased awareness and a reduced risk of CVD.

Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review

Natural and anthropogenic sources of metals in the ecosystem are perpetually increasing; consequently, heavy metal (HM) accumulation has become a major environmental concern. Human exposure to HMs has increased dramatically due to the industrial activities of the 20th century. Mercury, arsenic lead, chrome, and cadmium have been the most prevalent HMs that have caused human toxicity. Poisonings can be acute or chronic following exposure via water, air, or food. The bioaccumulation of these HMs results in a variety of toxic effects on various tissues and organs. Comparing the mechanisms of action reveals that these metals induce toxicity via similar pathways, including the production of reactive oxygen species, the inactivation of enzymes, and oxidative stress. The conventional techniques employed for the elimination of HMs are deemed inadequate when the HM concentration is less than 100 mg/L. In addition, these methods exhibit certain limitations, including the production of secondary pollutants, a high demand for energy and chemicals, and reduced cost-effectiveness. As a result, the employment of microbial bioremediation for the purpose of HM detoxification has emerged as a viable solution, given that microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, exhibit superior biosorption and bio-accumulation capabilities. This review deals with HM uptake and toxicity mechanisms associated with HMs, and will increase our knowledge on their toxic effects on the body organs, leading to better management of metal poisoning. This review aims to enhance comprehension and offer sources for the judicious selection of microbial remediation technology for the detoxification of HMs. Microbial-based solutions that are sustainable could potentially offer crucial and cost-effective methods for reducing the toxicity of HMs.

A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants' gut microbiota

Human milk is considered the most valuable form of nutrition for infants for their growth, development and function. So far, there are still some cases where feeding human milk is not feasible. As a result, the market for infant formula is widely increasing, and formula feeding become an alternative or substitute for breastfeeding. The nutritional value of the formula can be improved by adding functional bioactive compounds like probiotics, prebiotics, human milk oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, taurine, inositol, osteopontin, lactoferrin, gangliosides, carnitine etc. For processing of infant formula, diverse thermal and non-thermal technologies have been employed. Infant formula can be either in powdered form, which requires reconstitution with water or in ready-to-feed liquid form, among which powder form is readily available, shelf-stable and vastly marketed. Infants' gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem and the nutrient composition of infant formula is recognized to have a lasting effect on it. Likewise, the gut microbiota establishment closely parallels with host immune development and growth. Therefore, it must be contemplated as an important factor for consideration while developing formulas. In this review, we have focused on the formulation and manufacturing of safe and nutritious infant formula equivalent to human milk or aligning with the infant's needs and its ultimate impact on infants' gut microbiota.

Quantitative elemental mapping of biological tissues by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using matrix recognition

The present study demonstrates the importance of converting signal intensity maps of organic tissues collected by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to elemental concentration maps and also proposes a methodology based on machine learning for its execution. The proposed methodology employs matrix-matched external calibration supported by a pixel-by-pixel automatic matrix (tissue type) recognition performed by linear discriminant analysis of the spatially resolved LIBS hyperspectral data set. On a swine (porcine) brain sample, we successfully performed this matrix recognition with an accuracy of 98% for the grey and white matter and we converted a LIBS intensity map of a tissue sample to a correct concentration map for the elements Na, K and Mg. Found concentrations in the grey and white matter agreed the element concentrations published in the literature and our reference measurements. Our results revealed that the actual concentration distribution in tissues can be quite different from what is suggested by the LIBS signal intensity map, therefore this conversion is always suggested to be performed if an accurate concentration distribution is to be assessed.

Heavy metal(loid)s contaminations in soils of Pakistan: a review for the evaluation of human and ecological risks assessment and spatial distribution

Heavy metal(loid)s (HM) contaminations in the soil poses threats to the human and ecological community due to their bioaccumulation, toxicity, and persistent nature in the ecosystem. This review was designed to know about the HM contamination in soils, ecological risk, distribution, and potential health risks. Soil HM concentrations published in the last 30 years were collected from Springer, Science Direct, Willey, Mendeley, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, etc. HM concentrations were used for the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor, as well as integrated indices such as spatial distribution of ecological risk index. Similarly, the Igeo pattern was observed in Sindh > Baluchistan > Punjab > Khyber Pakhtunkhwa > Gilgit-Baltistan > Islamabad. Moreover, the high ecological risk mean values ranged (160 < ERI < 320) due to cadmium (Cd) was exhibited in the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces and Islamabad. Non-carcinogenic risk like hazard quotient was found higher for children (1.59) of Punjab due to arsenic (As) ingestion, whereas the lower risk was observed due to Zn (2.5E-08) for adults of Punjab province via inhalation pathway. Similarly, the health index (HI) from exposure to As (1.61) in soil was higher than the rest of the HM. Moreover, cancerous risk was determined and found in the tolerable range (10^-4-10^-6). This study recommended that HM contaminants in the soil need to be monitored on regular basis, especially in Baluchistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Sindh provinces.

Proposal to Screen for Zinc and Selenium in Patients with IgA Deficiency

The increase in life expectancy can be a consequence of the world's socioeconomic, sanitary and nutritional conditions. Some studies have demonstrated that individuals with a satisfactory diet variety score present a lower risk of malnutrition and better health status. Zinc and selenium are important micronutrients that play a role in many biochemical and physiological processes of the immune system. Deficient individuals can present both innate and adaptive immunity abnormalities and increased susceptibility to infections. Primary immunodeficiency diseases, also known as inborn errors of immunity, are genetic disorders classically characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection and/or dysregulation of a specific immunologic pathway. IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary antibody deficiency. This disease is defined as serum IgA levels lower than 7 mg/dL and normal IgG and IgM levels in individuals older than four years. Although many patients are asymptomatic, selected patients suffer from different clinical complications, such as pulmonary infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and malignancy. Knowing the nutritional status as well as the risk of zinc and selenium deficiency could be helpful for the management of IgAD patients.

OBJECTIVES

to investigate the anthropometric, biochemical, and nutritional profiles and the status of zinc and selenium in patients with IgAD.

METHODS

in this descriptive study, we screened 16 IgAD patients for anthropometric and dietary data, biochemical evaluation and determination of plasma and erythrocyte levels of zinc and selenium.

RESULTS

dietary intake of zinc and selenium was adequate in 75% and 86% of the patients, respectively. These results were consistent with the plasma levels (adequate levels of zinc in all patients and selenium in 50% of children, 25% of adolescents and 100% of adults). However, erythrocyte levels were low for both micronutrients (deficiency for both in 100% of children, 75% of adolescents and 25% of adults).

CONCLUSION

our results highlight the elevated prevalence of erythrocyte zinc and selenium deficiency in patients with IgAD, and the need for investigation of these micronutrients in their follow-up.

In Vivo Acute Toxicity and Immunomodulation Assessment of a Novel Nutraceutical in Mice

Achieving and maintaining a well-balanced immune system has righteously become an insightful task for the general population and an even more fundamental goal for those affected by immune-related diseases. Since our immune functions are indispensable in defending the body against pathogens, diseases and other external attacks, while playing a vital role in maintaining health and modulating the immune response, we require an on-point grasp of their shortcoming as a foundation for the development of functional foods and novel nutraceuticals. Seeing that immunoceuticals are considered effective in improving immune functions and reducing the incidence of immunological disorders, the main focus of this study was to assess the immunomodulatory properties and possible acute toxicity of a novel nutraceutical with active substances of natural origin on C57BL/6 mice for 21 days. We evaluated the potential hazards (microbial contamination and heavy metals) of the novel nutraceutical and addressed the acute toxicity according to OECD guidelines of a 2000 mg/kg dose on mice for 21 days. The immunomodulatory effect was assessed at three concentrations (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) by determining body and organ indexes through a leukocyte analysis; flow cytometry immunophenotyping of lymphocytes populations and their subpopulations (T lymphocytes (LyCD3+), cytotoxic suppressor T lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+), helper T lymphocytes (CD3+CD4+), B lymphocytes (CD3-CD19+) and NK cells (CD3-NK1.1.+); and the expression of the CD69 activation marker. The results obtained for the novel nutraceutical referred to as ImunoBoost indicated no acute toxicity, an increased number of lymphocytes and the stimulation of lymphocyte activation and proliferation, demonstrating its immunomodulatory effect. The safe human consumption dose was established at 30 mg/day.

Dietary magnesium and calcium intake is associated with lower risk of hearing loss in older adults: A cross-sectional study of NHANES

Aim

Dietary intake as a modifiable factor has been reported to be associated with hearing loss (HL). The relationship between magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) as common dietary nutrients and HL in the elderly has rarely been reported. This study aimed to assess the association between Mg and Ca intake and HL in older adults.

Method

This cross-sectional study included participants aged ≥70 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006, 2009–2010, and 2017–2018. Outcomes were low-frequency [pure-tone averages (PTAs) at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz &gt;25 dB] and speech-frequency (PTAs at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4,000 Hz &gt;25 dB) HL. Multivariate logistic analysis was utilized to explore the association between dietary Mg and Ca intake and their combined intake (Ca/Mg, Ca*Mg) and HL, and was described as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

A total of 1,858 participants were included, of which 1,052 (55.95%) had low-frequency HL and 1,349 (72.62%) had speech-frequency HL. Dietary Ca intakes [OR = 0.86, 95%CI: (0.74–0.99)] and Mg intakes [OR = 0.81, 95%CI: (0.68–0.95)] and Ca * Mg [OR = 0.12, 95%CI: (0.02–0.87)] were associated with lower odds of low-frequency HL after adjusting for confounders. Similar, dietary Ca intakes [OR = 0.85, 95%CI: (0.77–0.95)] and Mg intakes [OR = 0.78, 95%CI: (0.68–0.90)] and Ca * Mg [OR = 0.23, 95%CI: (0.05–0.78)] were related to lower odds of speech-frequency HL. For different levels of Mg and Ca intake, the combined intake of Ca (≥1,044 mg) and Mg (≥330 mg) was related to lower odds of low-frequency HL [OR = 0.02, 95%CI: (0.00–0.27)] and speech-frequency HL [OR = 0.44, 95%CI: (0.21–0.89)].

Conclusion

Dietary intakes of Mg and Ca were associated with lower odds of HL and are a promising intervention to be further explored in older adults with HL.

Evaluation of Serum Iron Parameters among Men Performing Regular Physical Activity—A Preliminary Study

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common issues in clinical practice. It can be caused by intense physical activity, among other things. The aim of the study was to assess serum iron parameters in a group of men who engage in regular physical activity. The study group was composed of 20 men who regularly perform strength or endurance sports, whereas the control group consisted of 20 men without any sports activity. The red blood cell (RBC) parameters, platelet count (PLT), and white blood cell (WBC) count in venous blood samples were assessed with an automated hematology analyzer. The serum concentration of ferritin was determined through an immunology assay. There were no statistically significant differences between groups comparing RBC parameters and WBC. However, statistical analysis showed dissimilarity in PLT count and serum ferritin concentration comparing control and study groups (p < 0.05). It was shown that lower serum ferritin concentration concerns men with regular physical activity, whereas other blood parameters were not affected in this group.

DNA barcoding and nutritional profiling of underutilized native indigenous plant species of Karnataka, India

BACKGROUND

Locally adapted native indigenous plant species (NIPS) could restore the crop diversity in sustainable agriculture.

METHODS

Here, we report the molecular identification and nutritional profiling of some five NIPS of Karnataka; Musa paradisiaca cv. Nanjangud rasabale, Piper betle L. cv. Mysore betel leaf, Jasminum grandiflorum cv Mysore mallige, Solanum melongena L. cv. Udupi Mattu Gulla and S. melongena L. cv. Erangere badane of which the first four are Geographical Indication (GI) tagged. The samples were procured, authenticated and sequenced using two standard DNA barcodes: nuclear ITS2 and plastid rbcl.

RESULTS

The phylogenetic analysis using Neighborhood joining method revealed all the ITS2 tree topologies with higher genetic divergence than rbcl. All the rbcl tree topologies were monophyletic indicating sequence conservation. Though the concatenated ITS2 + rbcl trees had higher bootstrap support (> 98% except Solanum sp.) differences were observed because of the lack of available sequence deposition at species level. The proximate and nutritional profiling of the NIPS displayed superiority in terms of their nutritional profile and their potential application in phytopharmaceutical sector as nutritional supplements.

CONCLUSION

To our best knowledge this is the first study reporting the screening of five NIPS plant species of Karnataka for phylogeny and nutritional analysis. We also anticipate that if research towards the identification of NIPS species is accelerated, these nutritionally enhanced crops could be used as a safe and sustainable food in changing global climatic conditions.