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Lerin LA, Botti G, Dalpiaz A, Bianchi A, Ferraro L, Chaibi C, Zappaterra F, Meola D, Giovannini PP, Pavan B. Characterization and Hydrolysis Studies of a Prodrug Obtained as Ester Conjugate of Geraniol and Ferulic Acid by Enzymatic Way. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6263. [PMID: 38892454 PMCID: PMC11172460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (Fer) and geraniol (Ger) are natural compounds whose antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity confer beneficial properties, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. However, the short half-lives of these compounds impair their therapeutic activities after conventional administration. We propose, therefore, a new prodrug (Fer-Ger) obtained by a bio-catalyzed ester conjugation of Fer and Ger to enhance the loading of solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) designed as Fer-Ger delivery and targeting systems. SLMs were obtained by hot emulsion techniques without organic solvents. HPLC-UV analysis evidenced that Fer-Ger is hydrolyzed in human or rat whole blood and rat liver homogenates, with half-lives of 193.64 ± 20.93, 20.15 ± 0.75, and 3.94 ± 0.33 min, respectively, but not in rat brain homogenates. Studies on neuronal-differentiated mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells incubated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inductor H2O2 evidenced the Fer-Ger ability to prevent oxidative injury, despite the fact that it appears ROS-promoting. The amounts of Fer-Ger encapsulated in tristearin SLMs, obtained in the absence or presence of glucose, were 1.5 ± 0.1%, allowing the control of the prodrug release (glucose absence) or to sensibly enhance its water dissolution rate (glucose presence). These new "green" carriers can potentially prolong the beneficial effects of Fer and Ger or induce neuroprotection as nasal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC@UniFe), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Chaimae Chaibi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Federico Zappaterra
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Domenico Meola
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.A.L.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (F.Z.); (D.M.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC@UniFe), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation—Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Cai M, Chen Z, Zhang M, Xia W, Dai W, Zhao M, Xie R, Ji Z, Han L, Peng D. The Tao Hong Si Wu Decoction ameliorates diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting the formation of amyloid plaques. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 39:e6076. [PMID: 38488826 DOI: 10.1002/gps.6076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The herbs in Tao Hong Si Wu Decoction (THSWD) are beneficial in the treatment of cognitive impairment. However, the underlying mechanisms of THSWD in treating diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction (DACD) are not entirely explored. This study is aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of THSWD in DACD model rats and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Ultra-high-phase liquid chromatography was employed to identify the main compounds contained in the THSWD extract. DACD rat model was induced by feeding with a high-sugar and high-fat diet and injecting streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). DACD rats were gavaged with THSWD for 1 week. The learning and memory abilities of the rats were measured by using the Morris water maze. Western blotting was used to detect the changes in DACD rat targets. Statistical methods were used to evaluate the correlation between proteins. RESULTS The results show that THSWD effectively reduced the escape latency, hippocampal neuron damage, glycosylated hemoglobin, type A1C, and blood lipid levels in DACD rats. Furthermore, DACD rats showed significantly increased amyloid precursor protein, β-secretase, Aβ1-40 , Aβ1-42 , Tau phosphorylation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) expression. However, THSWD treatment can reverse this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS THSWD can improve the learning and memory abilities of DACD rats by inhibiting the expression of AEGs-AGE receptors pathway, which provides an experimental basis for the clinical application of THSWD. In addition, the experiment combines pharmacological and statistical methods, which offers a new perspective for the study of Chinese herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula Research, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengling Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula Research, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenwen Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Lu'an City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lu'an, Anhui, China
| | - Wentao Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula Research, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengdie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula Research, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruonan Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhaojie Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula Research, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula Research, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula Research, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Kunnummal SP, Khan M. Diet-gut microbiome interaction and ferulic acid bioavailability: implications on neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:51-66. [PMID: 37747555 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Ferulic acid (FA), which occurs naturally as the feruloylated sugar ester in grains, fruits, and vegetables, is critical for combating oxidative stress and alleviating neurodegenerative diseases resulting from free radical-generated protein aggregates in brain cells. However, FA cannot be absorbed in conjugated form. Therefore, strategies to improve the bioavailability of FA are gaining more importance. Ferulic acid esterases (FAE) of the gut microbiota are critical enzymes that facilitate FA release from feruloylated sugar ester conjugates and influence systemic health. This review provides insight into a nutrition-based approach to preventing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's by altering the diversity of FAE-producing gut microbiota. RECENT FINDINGS The human gut is a niche for a highly dense microbial population. Nutrient components and the quality of food shape the gut microbiota. Microbiota-diet-host interaction primarily involves an array of enzymes that hydrolyse complex polysaccharides and release covalently attached moieties, thereby increasing their bio-accessibility. Moreover, genes encoding polysaccharide degrading enzymes are substrate inducible, giving selective microorganisms a competitive advantage in scavenging nutrients. Nutraceutical therapy using specific food components holds promise as a prophylactic agent and as an adjunctive treatment strategy in neurotherapeutics, as it results in upregulation of polysaccharide utilisation loci containing fae genes in the gut microbiota, thereby increasing the release of FA and other antioxidant molecules and combat neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saarika Pothuvan Kunnummal
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India
- CSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mahejibin Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India.
- CSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Yin J, Cheng L, Hong Y, Li Z, Li C, Ban X, Zhu L, Gu Z. A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of Glycemic Carbohydrates on the Neurocognitive Functions Based on Gut Microenvironment Regulation and Glycemic Fluctuation Control. Nutrients 2023; 15:5080. [PMID: 38140339 PMCID: PMC10745758 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Improper glycemic carbohydrates (GCs) consumption can be a potential risk factor for metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, which may lead to cognitive impairment. Although several potential mechanisms have been studied, the biological relationship between carbohydrate consumption and neurocognitive impairment is still uncertain. In this review, the main effects and mechanisms of GCs' digestive characteristics on cognitive functions are comprehensively elucidated. Additionally, healthier carbohydrate selection, a reliable research model, and future directions are discussed. Individuals in their early and late lives and patients with metabolic diseases are highly susceptible to dietary-induced cognitive impairment. It is well known that gut function is closely related to dietary patterns. Unhealthy carbohydrate diet-induced gut microenvironment disorders negatively impact cognitive functions through the gut-brain axis. Moreover, severe glycemic fluctuations, due to rapidly digestible carbohydrate consumption or metabolic diseases, can impair neurocognitive functions by disrupting glucose metabolism, dysregulating calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and accumulating advanced glycation end products. Unstable glycemic status can lead to more severe neurological impairment than persistent hyperglycemia. Slow-digested or resistant carbohydrates might contribute to better neurocognitive functions due to stable glycemic response and healthier gut functions than fully gelatinized starch and nutritive sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Maiti S, Banik A. Strategies to fortify the nutritional values of polished rice by implanting selective traits from brown rice: A nutrigenomics-based approach. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113271. [PMID: 37803581 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Whole-grain cereals are important components of a healthy diet. It reduces the risk of many deadly diseases like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, etc. Brown rice is an example of whole grain food, which is highly nutritious due to the presence of various bioactive compounds (flavonoids, phenolics, vitamins, phytosterols, oils, etc.) associated with the rice bran layer of brown rice. White rice is devoid of the nutritious rice bran layer and thus lacks the bioactive compounds which are the major attractants of brown rice. Therefore, to confer health benefits to the public at large, the nutrigenomic potential of white rice may be improved by integrating the phytochemicals associated with the rice bran layer of brown rice into it via biofortification processes like conventional breeding, agronomic practices, metabolic engineering, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and RNAi techniques. Thus, this review article focuses on improving the nutritional qualities of white/polished rice through biofortification processes, utilizing new breeding technologies (NBTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somdatta Maiti
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Avishek Banik
- Laboratory of Microbial Interaction, Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Preciado S, Martínez-Villaluenga C, Rico D, Muntión S, García-Macías MC, Navarro-Bailón A, Martín-Diana AB, Sánchez-Guijo F. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with a Ferulic Acid-Rich Bioactive Component of Wheat Bran in a Murine Model of Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:4582. [PMID: 37960235 PMCID: PMC10648738 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a common and severe complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Its prevention and treatment is a major challenge. Ferulic acid (FA) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that could be attractive in this setting. Our aim was to evaluate a bioactive ingredient derived from wheat bran (WB), selected for its high concentration of FA, in a murine model of GvHD. The ingredient was obtained via a bioprocess involving hydrolysis and spray-drying. GvHD was induced via HSCT between MHC-mismatched mouse strains. FA treatment was administered orally. Survival and disease scores (weight loss, hunching, activity, fur texture, and skin integrity, each scored between 0 and 2 depending on disease severity) were recorded daily, histological evaluation was performed at the end of the experiment, and serum inflammatory cytokines were analyzed on days 9 and 28. Treatment with FA did not protect GvHD mice from death, nor did it diminish GvHD scores. However, histological analysis showed that ulcers with large areas of inflammatory cells, vessels, and keratin were less common in skin samples from FA-treated mice. Areas of intense inflammatory response were also seen in fewer small intestine samples from treated mice. In addition, a slight decrease in INF-γ and TNF-α expression was observed in the serum of treated mice on day 28. The results showed some local effect of the ingredient intervention, but that the dose used may not be sufficient to control or reduce the inflammatory response at the systemic level in mice with GvHD. Higher dosages of FA may have an impact when evaluating the immunomodulatory capabilities of the hydrolyzed WB ingredient. Thus, further experiments and the use of technological strategies that enrich the ingredients in soluble ferulic acid to improve its efficacy in this setting are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preciado
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.); (A.N.-B.); (F.S.-G.)
- RICORS TERAV, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Rico
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL), Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas, 47071 Valladolid, Spain; (D.R.); (A.B.M.-D.)
| | - Sandra Muntión
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.); (A.N.-B.); (F.S.-G.)
- RICORS TERAV, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Almudena Navarro-Bailón
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.); (A.N.-B.); (F.S.-G.)
- RICORS TERAV, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Martín-Diana
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL), Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas, 47071 Valladolid, Spain; (D.R.); (A.B.M.-D.)
| | - Fermín Sánchez-Guijo
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.); (A.N.-B.); (F.S.-G.)
- RICORS TERAV, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Hu Z, Wang X, Hu Q, Chen X. Exploring the protective effects of herbal monomers against diabetic retinopathy based on the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35541. [PMID: 37904448 PMCID: PMC10615407 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become one of the top 3 blinding eye diseases in the world. In spite of recent therapeutic breakthroughs, it is not yet possible to cure DR through pharmacotherapy. Cell death is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of DR. Moderate modulation of cellular autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis have been identified as effective targets for the treatment of DR. Numerous phytochemicals have emerged as potential new drugs for the treatment of DR. We collected basic DR research on herbal monomers through keywords such as autophagy and apoptosis, and conducted a systematic search for relevant research articles published in the PubMed database. This review provides the effects and reports of herbal monomers on various DR cellular and animal models in vivo and in vitro in the available literature, and emphasizes the importance of cellular autophagy and apoptosis as current DR therapeutic targets. Based on our review, we believe that herbal monomers that modulate autophagy and inhibit apoptosis may be potentially effective candidates for the development of new drugs in the treatment of DR. It provides a strategy for further development and application of herbal medicines for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Hu
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Graduate School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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Li W, Rang Y, Liu H, Liu C. Update on new trends and progress of natural active ingredients in the intervention of Alzheimer's disease, based on understanding of traditional Chinese and Western relevant theories: A review. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3744-3764. [PMID: 37380605 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurological disorders causing death in the elderly worldwide. As a neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to prevent and cure, the pathogenesis of AD is complex and there is no effective cure. A variety of natural products derived from plants have been reported to have promising anti-AD activities, including flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic acids and alkaloids, which can effectively relieve the symptoms of AD in a variety of ways. This paper mainly reviews the pharmacological activity and mechanisms of natural products against AD. Although the clinical efficacy of these plants still needs to be determined by further high-quality studies, it may also provide a basis for future researchers to study anti-AD in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Rang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Di Sotto A, Di Giacomo S. Plant Polyphenols and Human Health: Novel Findings for Future Therapeutic Developments. Nutrients 2023; 15:3764. [PMID: 37686796 PMCID: PMC10489806 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a large class of plant secondary metabolites that are biosynthetically derived from the shikimate pathway and characterized by aromatic rings with one or more hydroxyl groups [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Yang L, Nao J, Dong X. The Therapeutic Potential of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on In Vivo Research Advancements. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37432913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCDs) are polyphenols that are abundant in cereals, coffee, tea, wine, fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. To aid in the clinical prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), we evaluated in vivo investigations of the pharmacological properties of HCDs relevant to PD, and their pharmacokinetic and safety aspects. An extensive search of published journals was conducted using several literature databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science. The search terms included "hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives," "ferulic acid," "caffeic acid," "sinapic acid," "p-coumaric acid," "Parkinson's disease," and combinations of these keywords. As of April 2023, 455 preclinical studies were retrieved, of which 364 were in vivo studies; we included 17 of these articles on the pharmaceutics of HCDs in PD. Available evidence supports the protective effects of HCDs in PD due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, as well as antiapoptotic physiological activities. Studies have identified possible molecular targets and pathways for the protective actions of HCDs in PD. However, the paucity of studies on these compounds in PD, and the risk of toxicity induced with high-dose applications, limits their use. Thus, multifaceted studies of HCDs in vitro and in vivo are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
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Park J, Lee C, Kim YT. Effects of Natural Product-Derived Compounds on Inflammatory Pain via Regulation of Microglial Activation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:941. [PMID: 37513853 PMCID: PMC10386117 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory pain is a type of pain caused by tissue damage associated with inflammation and is characterized by hypersensitivity to pain and neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. Neuroinflammation is significantly increased by various neurotransmitters and cytokines that are expressed in activated primary afferent neurons, and it plays a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory pain. The activation of microglia and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are the hallmark features of neuroinflammation. During the development of neuroinflammation, various intracellular signaling pathways are activated or inhibited in microglia, leading to the regulation of inflammatory proteins and cytokines. Numerous attempts have been conducted to alleviate inflammatory pain by inhibiting microglial activation. Natural products and their compounds have gained attention as potential candidates for suppressing inflammatory pain due to verified safety through centuries of use. Many studies have also shown that natural product-derived compounds have the potential to suppress microglial activation and alleviate inflammatory pain. Herein, we review the literature on inflammatory mediators and intracellular signaling involved in microglial activation in inflammatory pain, as well as natural product-derived compounds that have been found to suppress microglial activation. This review suggests that natural product-derived compounds have the potential to alleviate inflammatory pain through the suppression of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Park
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Changho Lee
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Tai Kim
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Serini S, Trombino S, Curcio F, Sole R, Cassano R, Calviello G. Hyaluronic Acid-Mediated Phenolic Compound Nanodelivery for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1751. [PMID: 37376199 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are bioactive phytochemicals showing a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects. Moreover, they are associated with fewer side effects compared to most currently used antitumor drugs. Combinations of phenolic compounds with commonly used drugs have been largely studied as an approach aimed at enhancing the efficacy of anticancer drugs and reducing their deleterious systemic effects. In addition, some of these compounds are reported to reduce tumor cell drug resistance by modulating different signaling pathways. However, often, their application is limited due to their chemical instability, low water solubility, or scarce bioavailability. Nanoformulations, including polyphenols in combination or not with anticancer drugs, represent a suitable strategy to enhance their stability and bioavailability and, thus, improve their therapeutic activity. In recent years, the development of hyaluronic acid-based systems for specific drug delivery to cancer cells has represented a pursued therapeutic strategy. This is related to the fact that this natural polysaccharide binds to the CD44 receptor that is overexpressed in most solid cancers, thus allowing its efficient internalization in tumor cells. Moreover, it is characterized by high biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Here, we will focus on and critically analyze the results obtained in recent studies regarding the use of hyaluronic acid for the targeted delivery of bioactive phenolic compounds to cancer cells of different origins, alone or in combination with drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo F. Vito, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Trombino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Federica Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Roberta Sole
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Roberta Cassano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Gabriella Calviello
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo F. Vito, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Guzmán-López EG, Reina M, Hernández-Ayala LF, Galano A. Rational Design of Multifunctional Ferulic Acid Derivatives Aimed for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1256. [PMID: 37371986 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid has numerous beneficial effects on human health, which are frequently attributed to its antioxidant behavior. In this report, many of them are reviewed, and 185 new ferulic acid derivatives are computationally designed using the CADMA-Chem protocol. Consequently, their chemical space was sampled and evaluated. To that purpose, selection and elimination scores were used, which are built from a set of descriptors accounting for ADME properties, toxicity, and synthetic accessibility. After the first screening, 12 derivatives were selected and further investigated. Their potential role as antioxidants was predicted from reactivity indexes directly related to the formal hydrogen atom transfer and the single electron transfer mechanisms. The best performing molecules were identified by comparisons with the parent molecule and two references: Trolox and α-tocopherol. Their potential as polygenic neuroprotectors was investigated through the interactions with enzymes directly related to the etiologies of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. These enzymes are acetylcholinesterase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and monoamine oxidase B. Based on the obtained results, the most promising candidates (FA-26, FA-118, and FA-138) are proposed as multifunctional antioxidants with potential neuroprotective effects. The findings derived from this investigation are encouraging and might promote further investigations on these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gabriel Guzmán-López
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
| | - Miguel Reina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Hernández-Ayala
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
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Hu J, Li P, Han H, Ji P, Zhao X, Li Z. Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling reveals the effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction on Parkinson's disease in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 114:154755. [PMID: 36948142 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, complex, and chronic neurodegenerative disorder involved in multi-system. At present, medicine for PD has many limitations. Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD), a famous traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) formulae, is used in the treatment of PD clinically in China. However, the therapeutic mechanism is still unknown. PURPOSE We aimed to explore the pharmacological mechanism of BHD alleviating PD through an integrated liver metabolome and brain transcriptome analysis. METHODS The mice with PD were induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Behavioral tests and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of BHD. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis was conducted to profile differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the liver using a UHPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS method. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the brain were investigated by transcriptomic analysis on an Illumina sequencing platform. The correlations of DAMs and DEGs were investigated using an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approach. RESULTS The results of behavioral tests and immunohistochemistry proved the alleviated effects of BHD on PD symptoms. A total of 14 and 36 DAMs were detected in the groups treated with low- (L group) and high-dose (H group) BHD respectively under the positive ion mode. Compared with the PD model group (M group), three enriched pathways including metabolic pathways, ABC transporters, and biosynthesis of amino acids were common in the L and H group. Transcriptomic analysis proved that BHD could regulate the expression of numerous genes, some of which were targeted by Ben-Ldopa such as Creb5, Gm45623, Ccer2, Cd180, Fosl2, Crip3, and Noxred1. Based on the integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, 7 metabolite-gene pairs were found in four comparisons, including C vs M, M vs P, M vs L, and M vs H, and 6 enriched pathways containing purine metabolism, glycine/serine/threonine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, thiamine metabolism, and ABC transporters were overlapped. CONCLUSIONS Though the underlying pharmacological mechanism of BHD is still lacking, we provided evidence that BHD could improve dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-induced PD mice by regulating liver metabolism and brain transcriptome. The correlation between the liver and the brain was preliminarily revealed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianran Hu
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Hongyan Han
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Pengyu Ji
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Rassu G, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Pavan B, Ferraro L, Gavini E, Bonferoni MC, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Conjugation, Prodrug, and Co-Administration Strategies in Support of Nanotechnologies to Improve the Therapeutic Efficacy of Phytochemicals in the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1578. [PMID: 37376027 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals, produced as secondary plant metabolites, have shown interesting potential therapeutic activities against neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Unfortunately, poor bioavailability and rapid metabolic processes compromise their therapeutic use, and several strategies are currently proposed for overcoming these issues. The present review summarises strategies for enhancing the central nervous system's phytochemical efficacy. Particular attention has been paid to the use of phytochemicals in combination with other drugs (co-administrations) or administration of phytochemicals as prodrugs or conjugates, particularly when these approaches are supported by nanotechnologies exploiting conjugation strategies with appropriate targeting molecules. These aspects are described for polyphenols and essential oil components, which can improve their loading as prodrugs in nanocarriers, or be part of nanocarriers designed for targeted co-delivery to achieve synergistic anti-glioma or anti-neurodegenerative effects. The use of in vitro models, able to simulate the blood-brain barrier, neurodegeneration or glioma, and useful for optimizing innovative formulations before their in vivo administration via intravenous, oral, or nasal routes, is also summarised. Among the described compounds, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, ferulic acid, geraniol, and cinnamaldehyde can be efficaciously formulated to attain brain-targeting characteristics, and may therefore be therapeutically useful against glioma or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation-Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Gravina C, Formato M, Piccolella S, Fiorentino M, Stinca A, Pacifico S, Esposito A. Lavandula austroapennina (Lamiaceae): Getting Insights into Bioactive Polyphenols of a Rare Italian Endemic Vascular Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098038. [PMID: 37175744 PMCID: PMC10178519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lavandula austroapennina N.G. Passal., Tundis and Upon has recently been described as a new species endemic to the southern Apennines (Italy). Locally, this species has a long ethnobotanical tradition of use for curative and decoration purposes and has been the protagonist of a flourishing essential oil production chain. Currently, while this tradition has long since ended, attention to the species is necessary, with a view to enhancing marginal and rural areas, as a recovery of a precious resource to (i) get insights into its (poly)phenolic fraction and (ii) address new and innovative uses of all its organs in various application fields (e.g., cosmeceutical sector). Therefore, after field sampling and dissection of its organs (i.e., corolla, calyx, leaf, stem and root), the latter, previously deterpenated and defatted, were subjected to accelerated ultrasound extraction and the related alcoholic extracts were obtained. Chemical composition, explored by UHPLC-QqTOF-MS/MS, and the following multivariate data analysis showed that the hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives are abundant in the leaf, stem and root, while flavonoids are more present in corolla and calyx. In particular, coumaroyl flavonoids with glyconic portion containing also hexuronyl moieties differentiated corolla organ, while yunnaneic acid D isomers and esculin distinguished root. When antiradical and reducing properties were evaluated (by means of ABTS, DPPH and PFRAP tests), a similar clustering of organs was achieved and the marked antioxidant efficacy of leaf, stem and root extracts was found. Thus, following cytotoxicity screening by MTT test on HaCaT keratinocytes, the protective effects of the organ extracts were assessed by wound closure observed after the scratch test. In addition, the extracts from corolla, leaf and stem were particularly active at low doses inducing rapid wound closure on HaCaT cells at a concentration of 1 μg/mL. The diversity in (poly)phenols of each organ and the promising bioactivity preliminarily assessed suggest further investigation to be carried out to fully recover and valorize this precious endemic vascular plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gravina
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Formato
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Simona Piccolella
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marika Fiorentino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Adriano Stinca
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Assunta Esposito
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Martínková L, Grulich M, Pátek M, Křístková B, Winkler M. Bio-Based Valorization of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050717. [PMID: 37238587 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignins are the most abundant biopolymers that consist of aromatic units. Lignins are obtained by fractionation of lignocellulose in the form of "technical lignins". The depolymerization (conversion) of lignin and the treatment of depolymerized lignin are challenging processes due to the complexity and resistance of lignins. Progress toward mild work-up of lignins has been discussed in numerous reviews. The next step in the valorization of lignin is the conversion of lignin-based monomers, which are limited in number, into a wider range of bulk and fine chemicals. These reactions may need chemicals, catalysts, solvents, or energy from fossil resources. This is counterintuitive to green, sustainable chemistry. Therefore, in this review, we focus on biocatalyzed reactions of lignin monomers, e.g., vanillin, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde, guaiacols, (iso)eugenol, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and alkylphenols. For each monomer, its production from lignin or lignocellulose is summarized, and, mainly, its biotransformations that provide useful chemicals are discussed. The technological maturity of these processes is characterized based on, e.g., scale, volumetric productivities, or isolated yields. The biocatalyzed reactions are compared with their chemically catalyzed counterparts if the latter are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Grulich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
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