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Stercz B, Domokos J, Dunai ZA, Makra N, Juhasz J, Ostorhazi E, Kocsis B, Szabo D. The Roles of a Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae High-Risk Clone and Its Resistance Plasmids on the Gastrointestinal Colonization and Host-Defense Effectors in the Gut. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:698. [PMID: 39199998 PMCID: PMC11350818 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The asymptomatic gastrointestinal colonization of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria can lead to difficult-to-treat infections. We investigated the role of host factors influencing colonization in an orogastrical murine infection model using a CTX-M-15- and OXA-162-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15 (MDR-KP) strain, as well as Escherichia coli J53 (EC) and E. coli transconjugants with an IncFII(K) plasmid carrying CTX-M-15 (EC-CTXM), and with an IncL plasmid carrying OXA-162 (EC-OXA) genes. The fecal bacterial count in colony-forming unit/gram stool (CFU/g) was determined by cultivation, IgA and defensin levels by ELISA, and gut microbiota by 16S rRNA analysis. The CFU was the lowest in EC, followed by EC-OXA and EC-CTXM, and the highest in the MDR-KP group. The IgA level in feces increased in MDR-KP, EC-CTXM, and EC-OXA, and did not change in EC. The beta-defensin 3 level markedly increased in all groups, with the highest values in MDR-KP and EC-CTXM. Alpha-defensin-5 increased in all groups especially in EC. In microbiota, the Bacteroidota phylum was dominant in MDR-KP, EC-CTXM, and EC-OXA, whereas Proteobacteria was dominant in EC. The Muribaculaceae family was significantly more common in the MDR-KP and EC-OXA groups, while the Lachnospiraceae family was dominant in the EC group. While fecal IgA levels positively correlated with colonizing bacterial CFU, the alpha-defensin 5 levels inversely correlated with CFUs and IgA levels. The presence of the IncFII(K) plasmid induced beta-defensin 3 production. The amounts of the Muribaculaceae family members exhibited a correlation with the IncL plasmid. The detected amounts of the Lachnospiraceae family indicated the protective role against the high-risk clone and the resistance plasmids' dissemination. Our results suggest that not only the MDR-KP clone itself but also the resistance plasmids play a primary role in the colonization rate in the gastrointestinal tract. Both the MDR-KP clone as well as the IncFII(K) and IncL resistance plasmids provide survival and colonization benefits in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Stercz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (N.M.); (J.J.); (E.O.); (B.K.)
- HUN-REN-SU Human Microbiota Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Judit Domokos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (N.M.); (J.J.); (E.O.); (B.K.)
- HUN-REN-SU Human Microbiota Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary;
| | | | - Nora Makra
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (N.M.); (J.J.); (E.O.); (B.K.)
| | - Janos Juhasz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (N.M.); (J.J.); (E.O.); (B.K.)
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Ostorhazi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (N.M.); (J.J.); (E.O.); (B.K.)
| | - Bela Kocsis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (N.M.); (J.J.); (E.O.); (B.K.)
| | - Dora Szabo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (J.D.); (N.M.); (J.J.); (E.O.); (B.K.)
- HUN-REN-SU Human Microbiota Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary;
- Neurosurgical and Neurointervention Clinic, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Salo TE, Hakola L, Niinistö S, Takkinen HM, Ahonen S, Puustinen L, Ilonen J, Toppari J, Veijola R, Hyöty H, Knip M, Virtanen SM. Gut Inflammation Markers, Diet, and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in Finnish Children - A Nested Case-Control Study. J Nutr 2024; 154:2244-2254. [PMID: 38795745 PMCID: PMC11282497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability have been reported to precede type 1 diabetes-related autoimmunity. The role of gut inflammation in autoimmunity is not understood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess whether gut inflammation markers are associated with risk of islet autoimmunity and whether diet is associated with gut inflammation markers. METHODS A nested case-control sample of 75 case children with islet autoimmunity and 88 control children was acquired from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention cohort. Diet was assessed with 3-d food records, and calprotectin and human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) were analyzed from stool samples at 6 and 12 mo of age. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used in a matched case-control setting to assess risk of autoimmunity. Analysis of variance, independent samples t test, and a general linear model were used in secondary analyses to test associations of background characteristics and dietary factors with inflammation markers. RESULTS In unadjusted analyses, calprotectin was not associated with risk of islet autoimmunity, whereas HBD-2 in the middle (odds ratio [OR]: 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 10.08) or highest tertile (OR: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.05, 8.69) in comparison to the lowest at 12 mo of age showed borderline association (P-trend = 0.063) with higher risk of islet autoimmunity. Excluding children with cow milk allergy in sensitivity analyses strengthened the association of HBD-2 with islet autoimmunity, whereas adjusting for dietary factors and maternal education weakened it. At age 12 mo, higher fat intake was associated with higher HBD-2 (β: 0.219; 95% CI: 0.110, 0.328) and higher intake of dietary fiber (β: -0.294; 95% CI: -0.510, -0.078), magnesium (β: -0.036; 95% CI: -0.059, -0.014), and potassium (β: -0.003; 95% CI: -0.005, -0.001) with lower HBD-2. CONCLUSIONS Higher HBD-2 in infancy may be associated with higher risk of islet autoimmunity. Dietary factors play a role in gut inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Ei Salo
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Leena Hakola
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sari Niinistö
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna-Mari Takkinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi Ahonen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena Puustinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, and Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland; Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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3
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Zarina KZ, Pilmane M. Characterization of Angiogenic, Matrix Remodeling, and Antimicrobial Factors in Preterm and Full-Term Human Umbilical Cords. J Dev Biol 2024; 12:13. [PMID: 38804433 PMCID: PMC11130933 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about morphogenetic changes in the umbilical cord during the maturation process. Extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, progenitor activity, and immunomodulation are represented by specific markers; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP2), CD34, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and human β-defensin 2 (HBD2) in preterm and full-term human umbilical cord tissue. METHODS Samples of umbilical cord tissue were obtained from 17 patients and divided into two groups: very preterm and moderate preterm birth umbilical cords; late preterm birth and full-term birth umbilical cords. Routine histology examination was conducted. Marker-positive cells were detected using the immunohistochemistry method. The number of positive structures was counted semi-quantitatively using microscopy. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS Statistics 29 program. RESULTS Extraembryonic mesenchyme cells are the most active cell producers, expressing MMP2, TIMP2, VEGF, and HBD2 at notable levels in preterm and full-term umbilical cord tissue. Statistically significant differences in the expression of CD34, MMP2, and TIMP2 between the two patient groups were found. The expression of VEGF was similar in both patient groups, with the highest number of VEGF-positive cells seen in the extraembryonic mesenchyme. The expression of HBD2 was the highest in the extraembryonic mesenchyme and the amniotic epithelium, where mostly moderate numbers of HBD2-positive cells were detected. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular matrix remodeling in preterm and term umbilical cords is strongly regulated, and tissue factors MMP2 and TIMP2 take part in this process. The expression of VEGF is not affected by the umbilical cord's age; however, individual patient factors can affect the production of VEGF. Numerous CD34-positive cells in the endothelium of the umbilical arteries suggest a significant role of progenitor cells in very preterm and moderate preterm birth umbilical cords. Antimicrobial activity provided by HBD2 is essential and constant in preterm and full-term umbilical cords.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia;
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So YJ, Park OJ, Kwon Y, Im J, Lee D, Yun SH, Cho K, Yun CH, Han SH. Bacillus subtilis Induces Human Beta Defensin-2 Through its Lipoproteins in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10224-4. [PMID: 38376819 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis by producing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Bacillus subtilis, a commensal bacterium, is considered a probiotic. Although its protective effects on intestinal health are widely reported, the key component of B. subtilis responsible for its beneficial effects remains elusive. In this study, we tried to identify the key molecules responsible for B. subtilis-induced AMPs and their molecular mechanisms in a human IEC line, Caco-2. B. subtilis increased human beta defensin (HBD)-2 mRNA expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Among the B. subtilis microbe-associated molecular patterns, lipoprotein (LPP) substantially increased the mRNA expression and protein production of HBD-2, whereas lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan did not show such effects. Those results were confirmed in primary human IECs. In addition, both LPP recognition and HBD-2 secretion mainly took place on the apical side of fully differentiated and polarized Caco-2 cells through Toll-like receptor 2-mediated JNK/p38 MAP kinase/AP-1 and NF-κB pathways. HBD-2 efficiently inhibited the growth of the intestinal pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Furthermore, LPPs pre-incubated with lipase or proteinase K decreased LPP-induced HBD-2 expression, suggesting that the lipid and protein moieties of LPP are crucial for HBD-2 expression. Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometry identified 35 B. subtilis LPP candidates within the LPP preparation, and most of them were ABC transporters. Taken together, these results suggest that B. subtilis promotes HBD-2 secretion in human IECs mainly with its LPPs, which might enhance the protection from intestinal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ju So
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Yun
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Cho
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Ghiselli F, Yu LE, Piva A, Grilli E, Li Y. Evaluating protective effects of botanicals under inflammation and oxidative stress in chicken apical-out enteroids. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102821. [PMID: 37343346 PMCID: PMC10404760 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Botanicals (BOTs) are well known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. They have been widely used as feed additives to reduce inflammation and improve intestinal functions in agricultural animals. However, the effects of BOTs on chicken intestinal epithelial functions are not fully understood. The 3D apical-out chicken enteroids recapitulate the intestinal tissue, and allow convenient access to the luminal surface, thus serving as a suitable model for investigating gut functions. The aim of this study was to identify the roles of BOTs in protecting the intestinal epithelium in chicken enteroids under challenging conditions. Apical-out enteroids were isolated from the small intestines of 18 days-old chicken embryos. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 µg/mL) and menadione (400 µM) challenges were performed in the media with or without BOTs. Paracellular Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4kD (FD4) permeability, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were analyzed post-BOTs and challenges treatments. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc multiple comparisons among treatments. The results showed that the LPS challenge for 24 h induced a 50% increase in FD4 permeability compared with nontreated control; thymol, thyme essential oil, and phenol-rich extract significantly (P < 0.02) reduced FD4 permeability by 25%, 41%, and 48% respectively, in comparison with LPS treatment. Moreover, the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines was upregulated, tight junction proteins and defensins were downregulated (P < 0.05) after 6 h of LPS treatment, while these BOTs treatments significantly restored the LPS-induced gene expression alterations (P < 0.05). Menadione oxidative challenge for 1 h significantly increased the ROS level compared with unchallenged control. Enteroids treated with thymol and thyme essential oils showed 30% reduced ROS levels, while the phenol-rich extract reduced them by 60%, in comparison with the challenged group (P < 0.0001). These data confirmed the role of BOTs in supporting the barrier function and reducing the disruptive effects of inflammation and oxidation in the chicken intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ghiselli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Liang-En Yu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Andrea Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy; Vetagro S.p.A. - Via Ignazio Porro, Reggio Emilia (RE), Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy; Vetagro Inc., Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Yihang Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Liu T, Sun Z, Yang Z, Qiao X. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and modulation of host-derived peptides formation: Focused on host defense peptides. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114586. [PMID: 36989711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The byproducts of bacterial fermentation known as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are chemically comprised of a carboxylic acid component and a short hydrocarbon chain. Recent investigations have demonstrated that SCFAs can affect intestinal immunity by inducing endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) and their beneficial effects on barrier integrity, gut health, energy supply, and inflammation. HDPs, which include defensins, cathelicidins, and C-type lectins, perform a significant function in innate immunity in gastrointestinal mucosal membranes. SCFAs have been demonstrated to stimulate HDP synthesis by intestinal epithelial cells via interactions with G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, and the cell growth pathways. Furthermore, SCFA butyrate has been demonstrated to enhance the number of HDPs released from macrophages. SCFAs promote monocyte-to-macrophage development and stimulate HDP synthesis in macrophages by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC). Understanding the etiology of many common disorders might be facilitated by studies into the function of microbial metabolites, such as SCFAs, in the molecular regulatory processes of immune responses (e.g., HDP production). This review will focus on the current knowledge of the role and mechanism of microbiota-derived SCFAs in influencing the synthesis of host-derived peptides, particularly HDPs.
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Pirozzi C, Opallo N, Coretti L, Lama A, Annunziata C, Comella F, Melini S, Buommino E, Mollica MP, Aviello G, Mattace Raso G, Lembo F, Meli R. Alkalihalobacillus clausii (formerly Bacillus clausii) spores lessen antibiotic-induced intestinal injury and reshape gut microbiota composition in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114860. [PMID: 37196540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic-induced intestinal injury (AIJ) is associated with diarrhoea and gastrointestinal discomfort. However, the pathological intestinal mechanisms and related side effects associated with antibiotic use/misuse may be counteracted by probiotics. This study aims to evaluate the effect and the protective mechanisms of a probiotic formulation containing Alkalihalobacillus clausii (formerly Bacillus clausii; BC) spores in an experimental model of AIJ. C57/Bl6J mice were orally challenged with a high dose of ceftriaxone for five days along with BC treatment which lasted up to the 15th day. Our results showed the beneficial effect of the probiotic in preserving colonic integrity and limiting tissue inflammation and immune cell infiltration in AIJ mice. BC increased tight junction expression and regulated the unbalanced production of colonic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, converging toward the full resolution of the intestinal damage. These findings were supported by the histological evaluation of the intestinal mucosa, suggesting a potential restoration of mucus production. Notably, BC treatment increased gene transcription of the secretory products responsible for epithelium repair and mucus synthesis and normalized the expression of antimicrobial peptides involved in immune activation. Reconstruction of complex and diverse gut microbiota in antibiotic-induced dysbiosis was recorded upon BC supplementation. Specifically, the expansion of A. clausii, Prevotella rara and Eubacterium ruminatium drove intestinal microbiota rebalance by primarily impacting Bacteroidota members. Taken together, our data indicate that BC administration alleviates AIJ by multiple converging mechanisms leading to restoring gut integrity and homeostasis and reshaping microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - N Opallo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - L Coretti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - A Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - C Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - F Comella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S Melini
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - E Buommino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M P Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - G Aviello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - G Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - F Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - R Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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8
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Scieuzo C, Giglio F, Rinaldi R, Lekka ME, Cozzolino F, Monaco V, Monti M, Salvia R, Falabella P. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of the Peptide Fractions Extracted from the Hemolymph of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050464. [PMID: 37233092 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a chemically and structurally heterogeneous family of molecules produced by a large variety of living organisms, whose expression is predominant in the sites most exposed to microbial invasion. One of the richest natural sources of AMPs is insects which, over the course of their very long evolutionary history, have adapted to numerous and different habitats by developing a powerful innate immune system that has allowed them to survive but also to assert themselves in the new environment. Recently, due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, interest in AMPs has risen. In this work, we detected AMPs in the hemolymph of Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) larvae, following infection with Escherichia coli (Gram negative) or Micrococcus flavus (Gram positive) and from uninfected larvae. Peptide component, isolated via organic solvent precipitation, was analyzed by microbiological techniques. Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to specifically identify peptides expressed in basal condition and peptides differentially expressed after bacterial challenge. We identified 33 AMPs in all the analyzed samples, of which 13 are specifically stimulated by Gram negative and/or Gram positive bacterial challenge. AMPs mostly expressed after bacterial challenge could be responsible for a more specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabiana Giglio
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Roberta Rinaldi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marilena E Lekka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Monaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Abbasi M, Behmard E, Yousefi MH, Shekarforoush SS, Mahmoodi S. Expression, purification and investigation of antibacterial activity of a novel hybrid peptide LL37/hBD-129 by applied comprehensive computational and experimental approaches. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:199. [PMID: 37069440 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens have become a great universal health concern. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small amphipathic and cationic polypeptides with high therapeutic potential against various microorganisms containing drug-resistant strains. Two major groups of these peptides, which have antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, antiviral activity, and even antifungal activity, are defensins and cathelicidins. Hybridization of various AMPs is an appropriate approach to achieving new fusion AMPs with high antibacterial activity but low cellular toxicity. In the current research, the amino-acid sequence of human cathelicidin LL-37 (2-31) and Human beta-defensin (hBD)-129 were combined, and the fusion protein was evaluated by bioinformatics tool. The designed AMP gene sequence was commercially synthesized and cloned in the pET-28a expression vector. The LL-37/hBD-129 fusion protein was expressed in E.coli BL21-gold (DE3). The expression of the recombinant protein was evaluated using the SDS-PAGE method. The LL37/hBD-129 was successfully expressed as a recombinant hybrid AMP in E.coli BL21-gold (DE3) strain. Purification of the expressed AMP was performed by Ni-NTA column affinity chromatography, and the purified AMP was validated using the Western blot technic. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the fusion AMP against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria was assessed. Based on the in silico analysis and experimental evaluations, the fusion AMP showed a significant antimicrobial effect on E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Abbasi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Esmail Behmard
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashem Yousefi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahram Shekarforoush
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirin Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Cross Protectivity Analysis of 49.8 kDa Pili Subunits of S. flexneri against Vibrio cholerae Infection. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022:3751521. [PMID: 35757682 PMCID: PMC9217611 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3751521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the AMV and AMS vaccine candidates have similar characteristics as hemagglutinin and adhesive molecules, there are differences in molecular weight. Objective The research aims to determine the immunological cross-reaction between AMS and AMV. Method Antihemagglutination test used the anti-adhesion molecular antibody AMS. Next, we examined the immune response that has to be linked with protectivity. The model of the research uses MLIL. The sample separated the mice into four groups, and each group had five mice. The first group was the negative control group. The second group was given AMV and infected with Shigella flexneri. The third group was immunized with AMV before being exposed to Shigella flexneri. The last group was infected with Vibrio cholerae. The immune response results were evaluated by calculating the weight of MLIL and counting the colony of bacteria. We also examined other AMS immune responses, namely, β-defensin and s-IgA levels. To get the data, we measured the number of Th17 immune effector cells, T-reg, and proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA, independent t-test, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney tests. Results An antihemagglutination cross immune response, intestinal weight, the number of bacterial colonies, and other findings were found to be significant (p < 0.05) for the levels of β-defensin, s-IgA, Th17, T-reg, and IL-17A. Conclusion The 49.8 kDa·MW protein subunit of the Shigella flexneri adhesion molecule could act as a candidate vaccine homologous for shigellosis and cholera in the future.
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11
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Das S, Pradhan C, Pillai D. β-Defensin: An adroit saviour in teleosts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:417-430. [PMID: 35331882 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Defensin (BD) is an important first line innate defense molecule with potent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities in fish. The signatures of β-defensins are the presence of a net cationic charge and three intramolecular disulfide bonds mediated by six conserved cysteines. It consists of three exons and two introns. The signal peptide is usually conserved and sequence divergence is mostly seen in mature peptide region. The diverse amino acid sequences of matured peptide contribute to a strong positive selection and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. It is constitutively expressed in both mucosal as well as systemic sites. Increased expression of β-defensin was mostly reported in bacterial and viral infections in fish. Its role during parasitic and fungal infections is yet to be investigated. β-Defensin isoforms such as BD-1, BD-2, BD-3, BD-4 and BD-5 can be witnessed even in early developmental days to different pathogenic exposure in fish. β-Defensins possess adjuvant properties to enhance antigen-specific immunity promoting both cellular and humoral immune response. It significantly reduces/increases bacterial colonization or viral copy numbers when overexpressed/knockdown. Based on its chemotactic and activating potentials, it can contribute to both innate and adaptive immune responses. With mediated expression, it can also control inflammation. It is potent governing resistance in early developmental days as well. Its expression in pituitary and testis suggests its participation in reproduction and endocrine regulation in fish. Overall, β-defensins is an important member of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with multifunctional role in general homeostasis and to pathogen exposure possessing tremendous therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Das
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health & Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India.
| | - Chiranjiv Pradhan
- Department of Aquaculture, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Devika Pillai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health & Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
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12
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Ornelas A, Dowdell AS, Lee JS, Colgan SP. Microbial Metabolite Regulation of Epithelial Cell-Cell Interactions and Barrier Function. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060944. [PMID: 35326394 PMCID: PMC8946845 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells that line tissues such as the intestine serve as the primary barrier to the outside world. Epithelia provide selective permeability in the presence of a large constellation of microbes, termed the microbiota. Recent studies have revealed that the symbiotic relationship between the healthy host and the microbiota includes the regulation of cell–cell interactions at the level of epithelial tight junctions. The most recent findings have identified multiple microbial-derived metabolites that influence intracellular signaling pathways which elicit activities at the epithelial apical junction complex. Here, we review recent findings that place microbiota-derived metabolites as primary regulators of epithelial cell–cell interactions and ultimately mucosal permeability in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ornelas
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Mailstop B146, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.O.); (A.S.D.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Alexander S. Dowdell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Mailstop B146, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.O.); (A.S.D.); (J.S.L.)
| | - J. Scott Lee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Mailstop B146, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.O.); (A.S.D.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Mailstop B146, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.O.); (A.S.D.); (J.S.L.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1700 N. Wheeling St., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence:
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Anam K, Endharti AT, Poeranto S, Sujuti H, Hidayati DYN, Prawiro SR. Shigella flexneri vaccine development: Oral administration of peptides derived from the 49.8 kDa pili protein subunit activates the intestinal immune response in mice. Vet World 2022; 15:281-287. [PMID: 35400957 PMCID: PMC8980390 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.281-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The morbidity and mortality of Shigella infections remain a global challenge. Epitope-based vaccine development is an emerging strategy to prevent bacterial invasion. This study aimed to identify the ability of the 49.8 kDa pili subunit adhesin protein epitope of Shigella flexneri to induce an intestinal immune response in mice. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male Balb/c mice were divided into a control group, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) group, CTB+QSSTGTNSQSDLDS (pep_1) group, CTB+DTTITKAETKTVTKNQVVDTPVTTDAAK (pep_2) group, and CTB+ ATLGATLNRLDFNVNNK (pep_3). We performed immunization by orally administering 50 μg of antigen and 50 μl of adjuvant once a week over 4 weeks. We assessed the cellular immune response by quantifying T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 using flow cytometry. In addition, we assessed the humoral immune response by quantifying interleukin (IL-4), IL-17, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and β-defensin using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: Peptide oral immunization increases the cellular immune response as reflected by the increase of Th2 (p=0.019) and Th17 (p=0.004) cell counts, particularly in the CTB_pep_1 group. Humoral immune response activation was demonstrated by increased IL-4 levels, especially in the CTB+pep_3 group (p=0.000). The IL-17 level was increased significantly in the CTB+pep_1 group (p=0.042). The mucosal immune response was demonstrated by the sIgA levels increase in the CTB+pep_3 group (p=0.042) and the β-defensin protein levels (p=0.000). Conclusion: All selected peptides activated the cellular and humoral immune responses in the intestine of mice. Further studies are necessary to optimize antigen delivery and evaluate whether the neutralizing properties of these peptides allow them to prevent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoirul Anam
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Study Program of Medical Laboratory Technology, Institute of Health and Science Technology Wiyata Husada, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Agustina Tri Endharti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Sri Poeranto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Hidayat Sujuti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Yuni Nur Hidayati
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Sumarno Reto Prawiro
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
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14
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Yu L, Li K, Zhang J, Jin H, Saleem A, Song Q, Jia Q, Li P. Antimicrobial Peptides and Macromolecules for Combating Microbial Infections: From Agents to Interfaces. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:366-393. [PMID: 35072444 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance caused by the overuse of antibiotics and the shelter of biofilms has evolved into a global health crisis, which drives researchers to continuously explore antimicrobial molecules and strategies to fight against drug-resistant bacteria and biofilm-associated infections. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be a category of potential alternative for antibiotics owing to their excellent bactericidal potency and lesser likelihood of inducing drug resistance through their distinctive antimicrobial mechanisms. In this review, the hitherto reported plentiful action modes of AMPs are systematically classified into 15 types and three categories (membrane destructive, nondestructive membrane disturbance, and intracellular targeting mechanisms). Besides natural AMPs, cationic polypeptides, synthetic polymers, and biopolymers enable to achieve tunable antimicrobial properties by optimizing their structures. Subsequently, the applications of these cationic antimicrobial agents at the biointerface as contact-active surface coatings and multifunctional wound dressings are also emphasized here. At last, we provide our perspectives on the development of clinically significant cationic antimicrobials and related challenges in the translation of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luofeng Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Haoyu Jin
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Atif Saleem
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qing Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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15
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Wang L, Wei X, Duan C, Yang J, Xiao S, Liu H, Sun J. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheets with high expression of hBD3 and CTGF promote periodontal regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 133:112657. [PMID: 35034825 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The multi-bacterial environment of the oral cavity makes it hard for periodontal regeneration. As a class of antimicrobial peptide, beta defensin has been found to show broad-spectrum antibacterial ability. In addition, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is demonstrated to play a great role in multi-physiological events such as angiogenesis, wound healing and, more importantly, fibrogenesis. In this study, human β defensin 3 (hBD3) and CTGF were co-transfected into bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for preparing cell sheets. The transfection efficiency was detected through fluorescence of eGFP and western blot assay. Our results showed that the hBD3 and CTGF proteins were highly and stably expressed in the BMSCs after transfection. The results of RT-PCR and induced differentiation indicated that hBD3 promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, while CTGF significantly increased fibrogenic differentiation even in the presence of hBD3. The BMSCs acquired stronger capacity in terms of promoting M2 polarization of RAW 264.7 macrophages fulfilled by the transfection and secretion of hBD3 and CTGF. To further evaluate the periodontal remodeling performance of cell sheets, a coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA)-chitosan based hydrogel-human tooth system was designed to simulate the natural periodontal environment. The results showed that dense extracellular matrix, oriented fiber arrangement, and abundant collagen deposition appeared in the area of BMSCs sheets after subcutaneous transplantation. Altogether, our data showed that the lentivirus transfected BMSCs sheets had a promising application prospect for periodontal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xinbo Wei
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Cuimi Duan
- Tissue Engineering Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Xisihuan Middle Road 100, Fengtai District, Beijing 100036, PR China
| | - Shengzhao Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Xisihuan Middle Road 100, Fengtai District, Beijing 100036, PR China.
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16
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Kamilova AT, Azizova GK, Umarnazarova ZE, Abdullaeva DA, Geller SI. The Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides in Pediatric Celiac Disease. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:873793. [PMID: 35733815 PMCID: PMC9208658 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.873793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder of the gut in which innate and adaptive responses are involved. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute an arsenal of innate immunity regulators of paramount importance in the gut. However, the role of AMPs in CD is unclear. AIMS To evaluate the levels of fecal β-defensin-2, fecal calprotectin (FC), and antibodies against bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) in the serum of children with active CD and to compare them with those of healthy controls (HCs). METHODS We examined 76 children with recently diagnosed CD between the age of 2-10 years (average age: 6.1 ± 1.2 years) and 32 HC (average age: 6.2 ± 3.8 years) in this study. We evaluated the level of fecal β-defensin-2 and FC levels in coprofiltrates, and the level of anti-BPI antibodies in blood serum. Correlation relationships between the parameters were assessed according to Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS Fecal β-defensin-2 concentration was greater in the CD group than in HC group, amounting to 99.6 ± 15.5 ng/mL and 64.0 ± 2.4 ng/mL, respectively (p < 0.02). The level of FC in the CD children was 35.4 ± 8.1 μg/g, while that in the control group was 19.1 ± 1.1 μg/g, (p < 0.05), representing a slightly increase. The concentration of anti-BPI antibodies in the CD and HC groups was 35.9 ± 10.1 U/mL and 5.2 ± 3.2 U/mL, respectively (p < 0.002). There was a strong and direct correlation between fecal β-defensin-2 and FC (r = 0.69), as well as a direct but weak relationship between fecal β-defensin-2 and anti-BPI antibodies (r = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS Our data reinforce that fecal β-defensin-2 and anti-BPI antibodies are greatly increased in patients with active CD. These biomarkers may be components of epithelial innate immunity in the intestine, with each having a distinct functional role in intestinal6 mucosal defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altinoy T Kamilova
- Gastroenterology Department of Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics Ministry of Health of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Gulnoza K Azizova
- Gastroenterology Department of Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics Ministry of Health of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Zulkhumar E Umarnazarova
- Gastroenterology Department of Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics Ministry of Health of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Dilrabo A Abdullaeva
- Gastroenterology Department of Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics Ministry of Health of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Svetlana I Geller
- Gastroenterology Department of Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics Ministry of Health of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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Roy S, Sarkhel S, Bisht D, Hanumantharao SN, Rao S, Jaiswal A. Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Biomaterials: From Macro to Nano. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4392-4423. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming the global concern of antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest challenge faced by scientists today and the key to tackle this issue of emerging infectious diseases is the...
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18
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Liu XC, Li LQ, Ling KR, Guo L, Hu XY, Li C. Fecal HBD-2 and Claudin-3 may be potential biomarkers to predict the deterioration of necrotizing enterocolitis: A prospective study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1062798. [PMID: 36582510 PMCID: PMC9794018 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1062798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a critical gastrointestinal disease. We aim to explore the value of fecal human β-defensin 2 (HBD-2), Claudin-3, high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1), and resistin-like molecule β (Relmβ) as well as some laboratory metrics to predict the deterioration of NEC. METHODS Infants diagnosed with NEC at Stage II were enrolled in our study. Those who progressed to Stage III were included in the Stage III group and the rest were included in the Stage II group. Clinical data and laboratory metrics of the infants were collected. Fecal samples of HBD2, HMGB-1, Claudin-3, and Relmβ collected during their enrollment were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Student's t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, the chi-square test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS Sixty infants diagnosed with NEC at Stage II were enrolled in our study, with 27 in the Stage III group (n = 27) and 33 in the Stage II group (n = 33). Although many of these NEC cases were late preterm and term infants, the infants in the Stage III group had a lower gestational age (P < 0.05). The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus, peritonitis, intestinal adhesion, and sepsis was higher and more infants in the Stage III group underwent surgeries (P < 0.05). The levels of HBD-2 and Claudin-3 were higher and neutrophil count was lower in the Stage III group than in the Stage II Group, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.754, 0,755, and 0.666, respectively (P < 0.05). HBD-2 ≥ 1649.02 ng/g and Claudin-3 ≥ 2488.71 pg/g were included in the multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis (P < 0.05), and the AUC of the model was 0.805 (95% CI: 0.688-0.922). CONCLUSION Fecal HBD-2 and Claudin-3 may be potential biomarkers to predict the deterioration of NEC from Stage II to Stage III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chen Liu
- Neonatal Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu-Quan Li
- Neonatal Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke-Ran Ling
- Neonatal Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Guo
- Neonatal Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hu
- Neonatal Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Neonatal Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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19
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Cieślik M, Bagińska N, Górski A, Jończyk-Matysiak E. Human β-Defensin 2 and Its Postulated Role in Modulation of the Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112991. [PMID: 34831214 PMCID: PMC8616480 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies described so far suggest that human β-defensin 2 is an important protein of innate immune response which provides protection for the human organism against invading pathogens of bacterial, viral, fungal, as well as parasitical origin. Its pivotal role in enhancing immunity was proved in infants. It may also be considered a marker of inflammation. Its therapeutic administration has been suggested for maintenance of the balance of systemic homeostasis based on the appropriate composition of the microbiota. It has been suggested that it may be an important therapeutic tool for modulating the response of the immune system in many inflammatory diseases, offering new treatment modalities. For this reason, its properties and role in the human body discussed in this review should be studied in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Cieślik
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (N.B.); (E.J.-M.)
| | - Natalia Bagińska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (N.B.); (E.J.-M.)
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (N.B.); (E.J.-M.)
- Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Infant Jesus Hospital, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (N.B.); (E.J.-M.)
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20
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Siljander H, Jason E, Ruohtula T, Selvenius J, Koivusaari K, Salonen M, Ahonen S, Honkanen J, Ilonen J, Vaarala O, Virtanen SM, Lähdeaho ML, Knip M. Effect of Early Feeding on Intestinal Permeability and Inflammation Markers in Infants with Genetic Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Pediatr 2021; 238:305-311.e3. [PMID: 34293372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether weaning to an extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) decreases gut permeability and/or markers of intestinal inflammation in infants with HLA-conferred diabetes susceptibility, when compared with conventional formula. STUDY DESIGN By analyzing 1468 expecting biological parent pairs for HLA-conferred susceptibility for type 1 diabetes, 465 couples (32 %) potentially eligible for the study were identified. After further parental consent, 332 babies to be born were randomized at 35th gestational week. HLA genotyping was performed at birth in 309 infants. Out of 87 eligible children, 73 infants participated in the intervention study: 33 in the EHF group and 40 in the control group. Clinical visits took place at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. The infants were provided either EHF or conventional formula whenever breastfeeding was not available or additional feeding was required over the first 9 months of life. The main outcome was the lactulose to mannitol ratio (L/M ratio) at 9 months. The secondary outcomes were L/M ratio at 3, 6, and 12 months of age, and fecal calprotectin and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) levels at each visit. RESULTS Compared with controls, the median L/M ratio was lower in the EHF group at 9 months (.006 vs .028; P = .005). Otherwise, the levels of intestinal permeability, fecal calprotectin, and HBD-2 were comparable between the two groups, although slight differences in the age-related dynamics of these markers were observed. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to decrease intestinal permeability in infancy through weaning to an extensively hydrolyzed formula. This may reduce the early exposure to dietary antigens. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01735123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Siljander
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Jason
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terhi Ruohtula
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Selvenius
- Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katariina Koivusaari
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Salonen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Ahonen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jarno Honkanen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University of Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marja-Leena Lähdeaho
- Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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21
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Sakamoto K, Jin SP, Goel S, Jo JH, Voisin B, Kim D, Nadella V, Liang H, Kobayashi T, Huang X, Deming C, Horiuchi K, Segre JA, Kong HH, Nagao K. Disruption of the endopeptidase ADAM10-Notch signaling axis leads to skin dysbiosis and innate lymphoid cell-mediated hair follicle destruction. Immunity 2021; 54:2321-2337.e10. [PMID: 34582748 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) function as hubs for stem cells, immune cells, and commensal microbes, which must be tightly regulated during homeostasis and transient inflammation. Here we found that transmembrane endopeptidase ADAM10 expression in upper HFs was crucial for regulating the skin microbiota and protecting HFs and their stem cell niche from inflammatory destruction. Ablation of the ADAM10-Notch signaling axis impaired the innate epithelial barrier and enabled Corynebacterium species to predominate the microbiome. Dysbiosis triggered group 2 innate lymphoid cell-mediated inflammation in an interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor-, S1P receptor 1-, and CCR6-dependent manner, leading to pyroptotic cell death of HFs and irreversible alopecia. Double-stranded RNA-induced ablation models indicated that the ADAM10-Notch signaling axis bolsters epithelial innate immunity by promoting β-defensin-6 expression downstream of type I interferon responses. Thus, ADAM10-Notch signaling axis-mediated regulation of host-microbial symbiosis crucially protects HFs from inflammatory destruction, which has implications for strategies to sustain tissue integrity during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sakamoto
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seon-Pil Jin
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shubham Goel
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jay-Hyun Jo
- Cutaneous Microbiome and Inflammation Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Voisin
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Doyoung Kim
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vinod Nadella
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hai Liang
- Cutaneous Microbiome and Inflammation Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clay Deming
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Cutaneous Microbiome and Inflammation Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keisuke Nagao
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Silva-Carvalho AÉ, Cardoso MH, Alencar-Silva T, Bogéa GMR, Carvalho JL, Franco OL, Saldanha-Araujo F. Dissecting the relationship between antimicrobial peptides and mesenchymal stem cells. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108021. [PMID: 34637839 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the various biological properties presented by Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), their ability to control the immune response and fight pathogen infection through the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been the subject of intense research in recent years. AMPs secreted by MSCs exhibit activity against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and viruses. The main AMPs produced by these cells are hepcidin, cathelicidin LL-37, and β-defensin-2. In addition to acting against pathogens, those AMPs have also been shown to interact with MSCs to modulate MSC proliferation, migration, and regeneration, indicating that such peptides exert a more diverse biological effect than initially thought. In the present review, we discuss the production of AMPs by MSCs, revise the multiple functions of these peptides, including their influence over MSCs, and present an overview of clinical situations in which the antimicrobial properties of MSCs may be explored for therapy. Finally, we discuss possibilities of combining MSCs and AMPs to generate improved therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandda Évelin Silva-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Thuany Alencar-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Muller Reche Bogéa
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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da Silva E, Santos J, Morey A, Yamauchi L, Bracarense AL. Phytic acid modulates the morphology, immunological response of cytokines and β-defensins in porcine intestine exposed to deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of mycotoxins in agricultural products represents a risk for human and animal health. Therefore, there is a requirement of strategies to mitigate their harmful impacts. This study investigated the effects of phytic acid (IP6) on the immunological response of pro-(interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and 2 (pBD-2) in porcine jejunal explants exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The explants were exposed to the following treatments: control, DON (10 μM), DON plus IP6 2.5 mM or 5 mM, FB1 (70 μM), FB1 IP6 plus 2.5 or 5 mM. The expression levels of the cytokines were measured by RT-qPCR. The exposure to FB1 and DON induced intestinal lesions. The presence of 2.5 and 5 mM IP6 inhibited the morphological changes induced by the mycotoxins. The explants exposed to DON showed an increase in the expression of IL-1β and IL-8 and a decrease in the levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-10 and pBD-2. IP6 (5 mM) decreased the expression of IL-8 and increased the expression in pBD-1 and 2 compared to DON alone. FB1 induced a significant decrease in the levels of most of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and pBD-1, and an increase in IL-1β expression. The addition of IP6 5 mM induced significant increase in TNF-α expression compared to FB1. Taken together, the results suggest IP6 modulates immunological changes induced by DON and FB1 on intestinal mucosa resulting in beneficial effects that contribute to intestinal homeostasis and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.O. da Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J.P. Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A.T. Morey
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Canoas, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L.M. Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A.P.F.R. Loureiro Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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24
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The Host Cellular Immune Response to Infection by Campylobacter Spp. and Its Role in Disease. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0011621. [PMID: 34031129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00116-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of bacterium-derived gastroenteritis worldwide, impacting 96 million individuals annually. Unlike other bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract, Campylobacter spp. lack many of the classical virulence factors that are often associated with the ability to induce disease in humans, including an array of canonical secretion systems and toxins. Consequently, the clinical manifestations of human campylobacteriosis and its resulting gastrointestinal pathology are believed to be primarily due to the host immune response toward the bacterium. Further, while gastrointestinal infection is usually self-limiting, numerous postinfectious disorders can occur, including the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Because gastrointestinal disease likely results from the host immune response, the development of these postinfectious disorders may be due to dysregulation or misdirection of the same inflammatory response. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important to the Campylobacter field, and human health, that the cellular immune responses toward Campylobacter be better understood, including which immunological events are critical to the development of disease and the postinfectious disorders mentioned above. In this review, we collectively cover the cellular immune responses across susceptible hosts to Campylobacter jejuni infection, along with the tissue pathology and postinfectious disorders which may develop.
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25
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Shah T, Baloch Z, Shah Z, Cui X, Xia X. The Intestinal Microbiota: Impacts of Antibiotics Therapy, Colonization Resistance, and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126597. [PMID: 34202945 PMCID: PMC8235228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trillions of microbes exist in the human body, particularly the gastrointestinal tract, coevolved with the host in a mutually beneficial relationship. The main role of the intestinal microbiome is the fermentation of non-digestible substrates and increased growth of beneficial microbes that produce key antimicrobial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, etc., to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes besides other functions. Intestinal microbiota can prevent pathogen colonization through the mechanism of colonization resistance. A wide range of resistomes are present in both beneficial and pathogenic microbes. Giving antibiotic exposure to the intestinal microbiome (both beneficial and hostile) can trigger a resistome response, affecting colonization resistance. The following review provides a mechanistic overview of the intestinal microbiome and the impacts of antibiotic therapy on pathogen colonization and diseases. Further, we also discuss the epidemiology of immunocompromised patients who are at high risk for nosocomial infections, colonization and decolonization of multi-drug resistant organisms in the intestine, and the direct and indirect mechanisms that govern colonization resistance to the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taif Shah
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (X.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Zahir Shah
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (X.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (X.C.); (X.X.)
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26
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Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium SPI-1 and SPI-2 Shape the Global Transcriptional Landscape in a Human Intestinal Organoid Model System. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00399-21. [PMID: 34006652 PMCID: PMC8262845 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00399-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a primary interface for engagement of the host response by foodborne pathogens, like Salmonella enterica Typhimurium. While the interaction of S Typhimurium with the mammalian host has been well studied in transformed epithelial cell lines or in the complex intestinal environment in vivo, few tractable models recapitulate key features of the intestine. Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) contain a polarized epithelium with functionally differentiated cell subtypes, including enterocytes and goblet cells and a supporting mesenchymal cell layer. HIOs contain luminal space that supports bacterial replication, are more amenable to experimental manipulation than animals and are more reflective of physiological host responses. Here, we use the HIO model to define host transcriptional responses to S Typhimurium infection, also determining host pathways dependent on Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1)- and -2 (SPI-2)-encoded type 3 secretion systems (T3SS). Consistent with prior findings, we find that S Typhimurium strongly stimulates proinflammatory gene expression. Infection-induced cytokine gene expression was rapid, transient, and largely independent of SPI-1 T3SS-mediated invasion, likely due to continued luminal stimulation. Notably, S Typhimurium infection led to significant downregulation of host genes associated with cell cycle and DNA repair, leading to a reduction in cellular proliferation, dependent on SPI-1 and SPI-2 T3SS. The transcriptional profile of cell cycle-associated target genes implicates multiple miRNAs as mediators of S Typhimurium-dependent cell cycle suppression. These findings from Salmonella-infected HIOs delineate common and distinct contributions of SPI-1 and SPI-2 T3SSs in inducing early host responses during enteric infection and reinforce host cell proliferation as a process targeted by Salmonella IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium) causes a significant health burden worldwide, yet host responses to initial stages of intestinal infection remain poorly understood. Due to differences in infection outcome between mice and humans, physiological human host responses driven by major virulence determinants of Salmonella have been more challenging to evaluate. Here, we use the three-dimensional human intestinal organoid model to define early responses to infection with wild-type S Typhimurium and mutants defective in the SPI-1 or SPI-2 type-3 secretion systems. While both secretion system mutants show defects in mouse models of oral Salmonella infection, the specific contributions of each secretion system are less well understood. We show that S Typhimurium upregulates proinflammatory pathways independently of either secretion system, while the downregulation of the host cell cycle pathways relies on both SPI-1 and SPI-2. These findings lay the groundwork for future studies investigating how SPI-1- and SPI-2-driven host responses affect infection outcome and show the potential of this model to study host-pathogen interactions with other serovars to understand how initial interactions with the intestinal epithelium may affect pathogenesis.
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Ribeiro FM, Petriz B, Marques G, Kamilla LH, Franco OL. Is There an Exercise-Intensity Threshold Capable of Avoiding the Leaky Gut? Front Nutr 2021; 8:627289. [PMID: 33763441 PMCID: PMC7982409 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.627289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance-sport athletes have a high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, compromising performance and impacting overall health status. An increase in several proinflammatory cytokines and proteins (LPS, I-FABP, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, C-reactive protein) has been observed in ultramarathoners and triathlon athletes. One of the most common effects of this type of physical activity is the increase in intestinal permeability, known as leaky gut. The intestinal mucosa's degradation can be identified and analyzed by a series of molecular biomarkers, including the lactulose/rhamnose ratio, occludin and claudin (tight junctions), lipopolysaccharides, and I-FABP. Identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of leaky gut by physical exercise can assist in the determination of safe exercise thresholds for the preservation of the gastrointestinal tract. It was recently shown that 60 min of vigorous endurance training at 70% of the maximum work capacity led to the characteristic responses of leaky gut. It is believed that other factors may contribute to this effect, such as altitude, environmental temperature, fluid restriction, age and trainability. On the other hand, moderate physical training and dietary interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics can improve intestinal health and gut microbiota composition. This review seeks to discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the intestinal mucosa's adaptation and response to exercise and discuss the role of the intestinal microbiota in mitigating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M Ribeiro
- Post-graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca (Unifran), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lima H Kamilla
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Post-graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, Brazil
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28
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Zong X, Fu J, Xu B, Wang Y, Jin M. Interplay between gut microbiota and antimicrobial peptides. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:389-396. [PMID: 33364454 PMCID: PMC7750803 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is comprised of a diverse array of microorganisms that interact with immune system and exert crucial roles for the health. Changes in the gut microbiota composition and functionality are associated with multiple diseases. As such, mobilizing a rapid and appropriate antimicrobial response depending on the nature of each stimulus is crucial for maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation in the gut. Major players in this scenario are antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which belong to an ancient defense system found in all organisms and participate in a preservative co-evolution with a complex microbiome. Particularly increasing interactions between AMP and microbiota have been found in the gut. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which AMP help to maintain a balanced microbiota and advancing our understanding of the circumstances of such balanced interactions between gut microbiota and host AMP. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the interplay of diverse antimicrobial responses with enteric pathogens and the gut microbiota, which should have therapeutic implications for different intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bocheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Panwar H, Rokana N, Aparna SV, Kaur J, Singh A, Singh J, Singh KS, Chaudhary V, Puniya AK. Gastrointestinal stress as innate defence against microbial attack. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1035-1061. [PMID: 32869386 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been bestowed with the most difficult task of protecting the underlying biological compartments from the resident commensal flora and the potential pathogens in transit through the GI tract. It has a unique environment in which several defence tactics are at play while maintaining homeostasis and health. The GI tract shows myriad number of environmental extremes, which includes pH variations, anaerobic conditions, nutrient limitations, elevated osmolarity etc., which puts a check to colonization and growth of nonfriendly microbial strains. The GI tract acts as a highly selective barrier/platform for ingested food and is the primary playground for balance between the resident and uninvited organisms. This review focuses on antimicrobial defense mechanisms of different sections of human GI tract. In addition, the protective mechanisms used by microbes to combat the human GI defence systems are also discussed. The ability to survive this innate defence mechanism determines the capability of probiotic or pathogen strains to confer health benefits or induce clinical events respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - N Rokana
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - S V Aparna
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, India
| | - J Kaur
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - A Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - K S Singh
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - V Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - A K Puniya
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Protective action of Bacillus clausii probiotic strains in an in vitro model of Rotavirus infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12636. [PMID: 32724066 PMCID: PMC7387476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children. Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) is a spore-forming probiotic that is able to colonize the gut. A mixture of four B. clausii strains (O/C, T, SIN and N/R) is commonly used for the treatment of AGE, and it has been demonstrated that it can reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea in children with AGE. Few studies have sought to characterize the mechanisms responsible for such beneficial effects. Intestinal effects of probiotics are likely to be strain-specific. We conducted a series of in vitro experiments investigating the activities of this mixture of B. clausii strains on biomarkers of mucosal barrier integrity and immune function in a cellular model of Rotavirus infection. B. clausii protected enterocytes against Rotavirus-induced decrease in trans-epithelial electrical resistance, and up-regulated expression of mucin 5AC and tight junction proteins (occludin and zonula occludens-1), all of which are important for effective mucosal barrier function. B. clausii also inhibited reactive oxygen species production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8 and interferon-β) in Rotavirus-infected cells, and down-regulated pro-inflammatory Toll-like receptor 3 pathway gene expression. Such mechanisms likely contributed to the observed protective effects of B. clausii against reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in Rotavirus-infected enterocytes.
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Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Kheyrolahzadeh K, Barzegari A, Rahbar Saadat Y, Zununi Vahed S. Medicinal signaling cells: A potential antimicrobial drug store. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7731-7746. [PMID: 32352173 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal signaling cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells derived from mammalian bone marrow and periosteum that can be extended in culture. They can keep their ability in vitro to form a variety of mesodermal phenotypes and tissues. Over recent years, there has been great attention over MSCs since they can impact the organ transplantation as well as autoimmune and bacterial diseases. MSCs can secrete different bioactive factors such as growth factors, antimicrobial peptides/proteins and cytokines that can suppress the immune system and prevent infection via direct and indirect mechanisms. Moreover, MSCs are able to increase bacterial clearance in sepsis models by producing antimicrobial peptides such as defensins, cathelicidins, lipocalin and hepcidin. It is the aim of the present review to focus on the antibacterial effector functions of MSCs and their mechanisms of action against the pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keyvan Kheyrolahzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yalda Rahbar Saadat
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Keely SJ, Steer CJ, Lajczak-McGinley NK. Ursodeoxycholic acid: a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel diseases? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G872-G881. [PMID: 31509435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00163.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has long been known to have medicinal properties. As the therapeutically active component of bear bile, it has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a range of conditions, while manufactured UDCA has been used for decades in Western medicine to treat cholestatic liver diseases. The beneficial qualities of UDCA are thought to be due to its well-established cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions. In addition to its established role in treating liver diseases, UDCA is now under investigation for numerous conditions associated with inflammation and apoptosis, including neurological, ocular, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we review the growing evidence base from in vitro and in vivo models to suggest that UDCA may also have a role to play in the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Natalia K Lajczak-McGinley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Batra V, Maheshwarappa A, Dagar K, Kumar S, Soni A, Kumaresan A, Kumar R, Datta TK. Unusual interplay of contrasting selective pressures on β-defensin genes implicated in male fertility of the Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:214. [PMID: 31771505 PMCID: PMC6878701 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The buffalo, despite its superior milk-producing ability, suffers from reproductive limitations that constrain its lifetime productivity. Male sub-fertility, manifested as low conception rates (CRs), is a major concern in buffaloes. The epididymal sperm surface-binding proteins which participate in the sperm surface remodelling (SSR) events affect the survival and performance of the spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract (FRT). A mutation in an epididymal secreted protein, beta-defensin 126 (DEFB-126/BD-126), a class-A beta-defensin (CA-BD), resulted in decreased CRs in human cohorts across the globe. To better understand the role of CA-BDs in buffalo reproduction, this study aimed to identify the BD genes for characterization of the selection pressure(s) acting on them, and to identify the most abundant CA-BD transcript in the buffalo male reproductive tract (MRT) for predicting its reproductive functional significance. RESULTS Despite the low protein sequence homology with their orthologs, the CA-BDs have maintained the molecular framework and the structural core vital to their biological functions. Their coding-sequences in ruminants revealed evidence of pervasive purifying and episodic diversifying selection pressures. The buffalo CA-BD genes were expressed in the major reproductive and non-reproductive tissues exhibiting spatial variations. The Buffalo BD-129 (BuBD-129) was the most abundant and the longest CA-BD in the distal-MRT segments and was predicted to be heavily O-glycosylated. CONCLUSIONS The maintenance of the structural core, despite the sequence divergence, indicated the conservation of the molecular functions of the CA-BDs. The expression of the buffalo CA-BDs in both the distal-MRT segments and non-reproductive tissues indicate the retention the primordial microbicidal activity, which was also predicted by in silico sequence analyses. However, the observed spatial variations in their expression across the MRT hint at their region-specific roles. Their comparison across mammalian species revealed a pattern in which the various CA-BDs appeared to follow dissimilar evolutionary paths. This pattern appears to maintain only the highly efficacious CA-BD alleles and diversify their functional repertoire in the ruminants. Our preliminary results and analyses indicated that BuBD-129 could be the functional ortholog of the primate DEFB-126. Further studies are warranted to assess its molecular functions to elucidate its role in immunity, reproduction and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Batra
- Animal Genomics Lab, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | | | - Komal Dagar
- Animal Genomics Lab, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Animal Genomics Lab, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Apoorva Soni
- Animal Genomics Lab, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - A Kumaresan
- Theriogenology Lab, SRS of NDRI, Bengaluru, 560030, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Animal Genomics Lab, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - T K Datta
- Animal Genomics Lab, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India.
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Morris FC, Dexter C, Kostoulias X, Uddin MI, Peleg AY. The Mechanisms of Disease Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1601. [PMID: 31379771 PMCID: PMC6650576 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram negative opportunistic pathogen that has demonstrated a significant insurgence in the prevalence of infections over recent decades. With only a limited number of “traditional” virulence factors, the mechanisms underlying the success of this pathogen remain of great interest. Major advances have been made in the tools, reagents, and models to study A. baumannii pathogenesis, and this has resulted in a substantial increase in knowledge. This article provides a comprehensive review of the bacterial virulence factors, the host immune responses, and animal models applicable for the study of this important human pathogen. Collating the most recent evidence characterizing bacterial virulence factors, their cellular targets and genetic regulation, we have encompassed numerous aspects important to the success of this pathogen, including membrane proteins and cell surface adaptations promoting immune evasion, mechanisms for nutrient acquisition and community interactions. The role of innate and adaptive immune responses is reviewed and areas of paucity in our understanding are highlighted. Finally, with the vast expansion of available animal models over recent years, we have evaluated those suitable for use in the study of Acinetobacter disease, discussing their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye C Morris
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carina Dexter
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xenia Kostoulias
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Muhammad Ikhtear Uddin
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, alone or in combination, efficiently counteract induced bladder cell damage and inflammation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218475. [PMID: 31237905 PMCID: PMC6592599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis and/or bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) are characterized by discomfort, abdominal pain, and pelvic pain, and they are often associated with chronic diseases. Pathological conditions related to IC/BPS can occur due to a defect in the integrity of the bladder lining. This defect has been ascribed to damage to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer of the urinary epithelium. In addition, the incipient cascade of inflammation events might prompt extracellular matrix degradation. Several medical devices based on GAG instillation were proposed to re-establish epithelial integrity by GAGs binding to proteoglycans or interacting with structural urothelium. However, to date, only in vitro studies have investigated the GAG, hyaluronic acid (HA). In the present study, TNFα treatment was used to mimic IC/BPS-induced damage in bladder cells in an in vitro model. Highly purified fermentative HA and pharmaceutical grade bovine chondroitin sulfate (CSb), alone or in combination, were evaluated for the ability to counteract bladder cell damage. We evaluated NF-κB with western blots, and we analyzed interleukin 6 and 8 expression at the transcriptional and protein levels with quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, and ELISA. We also evaluated the expression of an antibacterial peptide, human β-defensin-2. We confirmed our results in a 3D bladder epithelium model. Our results demonstrated that inflammatory status was reduced in the presence of HA, CSb, and the combination of both (HA/CSb 1.6%/2% w/v). This result suggested that these GAGs might be suitable for treating IC/BPS. All the assayed biomarkers showed that HA/CSb treatment modulated cells towards a more physiological status. Finally, we compared two commercial products suggested for the IC/BPS treatments and found that the product with more Ca++, showed enhanced anti-inflammatory activity and provided superior mucoadhesivity.
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Amerikova M, Pencheva El-Tibi I, Maslarska V, Bozhanov S, Tachkov K. Antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action, and methods for stabilisation of defensins as new therapeutic agents. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1611385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meri Amerikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Pencheva El-Tibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vania Maslarska
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stanislav Bozhanov
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Konstantin Tachkov
- Department of Social Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Aresti Sanz J, El Aidy S. Microbiota and gut neuropeptides: a dual action of antimicrobial activity and neuroimmune response. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1597-1609. [PMID: 30997526 PMCID: PMC6598950 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is comprised of a vast variety of microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and exert crucial roles for the host health. These microorganisms, partially via their breakdown of dietary components, are able to modulate immune response, mood, and behavior, establishing a chemical dialogue in the microbiota-gut-brain interphase. Changes in the gut microbiota composition and functionality are associated with multiple diseases, in which altered levels of gut-associated neuropeptides are also detected. Gut neuropeptides are strong neuroimmune modulators; they mediate the communication between the gut microbiota and the host (including gut-brain axis) and have also recently been found to exert antimicrobial properties. This highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between gut neuropeptides and microbiota and their implications on host health. Here, we will discuss how gut neuropeptides help to maintain a balanced microbiota and we will point at the missing gaps that need to be further investigated in order to elucidate whether these molecules are related to neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often associated with gut dysbiosis and altered gut neuropeptide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Aresti Sanz
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kumar V, Torben W, Mansfield J, Alvarez X, Vande Stouwe C, Li J, Byrareddy SN, Didier PJ, Pahar B, Molina PE, Mohan M. Cannabinoid Attenuation of Intestinal Inflammation in Chronic SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques Involves T Cell Modulation and Differential Expression of Micro-RNAs and Pro-inflammatory Genes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:914. [PMID: 31114576 PMCID: PMC6503054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use is frequent in HIV-infected individuals for its appetite stimulation and anti-inflammatory effects. To identify the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with these effects, we simultaneously profiled micro-RNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression in the colon of chronically simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques administered either vehicle (VEH/SIV; n = 9) or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC; THC/SIV; n = 8). Pro-inflammatory miR-130a, miR-222, and miR-29b, lipopolysaccharide-responsive miR-146b-5p and SIV-induced miR-190b were significantly upregulated in VEH/SIV rhesus macaques. Compared to VEH/SIV rhesus macaques, 10 miRNAs were significantly upregulated in THC/SIV rhesus macaques, among which miR-204 was confirmed to directly target MMP8, an extracellular matrix-degrading collagenase that was significantly downregulated in THC/SIV rhesus macaques. Moreover, THC/SIV rhesus macaques failed to upregulate pro-inflammatory miR-21, miR-141 and miR-222, and alpha/beta-defensins, suggesting attenuated intestinal inflammation. Further, THC/SIV rhesus macaques showed higher expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-3), anti-inflammatory MUC13, keratin-8 (stress protection), PROM1 (epithelial proliferation), and anti-HIV CCL5. Gomori one-step trichrome staining detected significant collagen deposition (fibrosis) in the paracortex and B cell follicular zones of axillary lymph nodes from all VEH/SIV but not in THC/SIV rhesus macaques, thus demonstrating the ability of Δ9-THC to prevent lymph node fibrosis, a serious irreversible consequence of HIV induced chronic inflammation. Furthermore, using flow cytometry, we showed that Δ9-THC suppressed intestinal T cell proliferation/activation (Ki67/HLA-DR) and PD-1 expression and increased the percentages of anti-inflammatory CD163+ macrophages. Finally, while Δ9-THC did not affect the levels of CD4+ T cells, it significantly reduced absolute CD8+ T cell numbers in peripheral blood at 14 and 150 days post-SIV infection. These translational findings strongly support a role for differential miRNA/gene induction and T cell activation in Δ9-THC-mediated suppression of intestinal inflammation in HIV/SIV and potentially other chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Nektar Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Workineh Torben
- Department of Biological Sciences, LSU, Alexandria, LA, United States
| | - Joshua Mansfield
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | | | - Jian Li
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Peter J Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA, United States.,LSUHSC Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
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Corebima BI, Rohsiswatmo R, Gayatri P, Patole S. Fecal human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) levels and gut microbiota patterns in preterm neonates with different feeding patterns. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 11:151-159. [PMID: 31341570 PMCID: PMC6635308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) is an essential antibacterial peptide involved in innate immunity and is expressed in breast milk and intestinal mucosa. The aim of this study was to investigate fecal hBD-2 levels and gut microbiota in preterm neonates with different feeding patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was cross-sectionally designed and included 44 preterm neonates categorized into four groups as follows: breast milk only, breast milk predominant, formula milk predominant, formula milk only. The study was conducted at the Neonatology Ward, National Center Hospital Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta from November 2016 to April 2017. hBD-2 levels were measured by ELISA. Intestinal bacteria were quantified by qPCR. RESULTS hBD-2 levels were significantly different between groups (one-way ANOVA, p=0.004) and the highest value of hBD-2 was found in the formula milk predominant group (344.87±61.2 ng/mL). hBD-2 levels were positively correlated with feeding pattern (Spearman correlation test, p=0.009, r=0.391). There were no significant differences in the total number of specific intestinal microbiota (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Klebsiella) among groups (one-way ANOVA, p>0.05). Interestingly, the formula milk only group had the highest amount of Klebsiella compared with other groups. hBD-2 levels were not correlated with the quantity of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Klebsiella (Pearson correlation test, p>0.05). CONCLUSION hBD-2 levels were significantly higher in the formula milk predominant group compared with the breast milk only group. Gut microbiota patterns showed that Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were higher in the breast milk only group, while Klebsiella was higher in formula milk group, although this difference was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta I.R.V. Corebima
- Department of Neonatology, Child Health Division, Faculty of Medicine Brawijaya University, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia,Corresponding author: Brigitta I.R.V. Corebima, MD, Department of Neonatology, Child Health Division, Faculty of Medicine Brawijaya University, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia. Tel: +6282140562689,
| | - Rinawati Rohsiswatmo
- Department of Neonatology, Child Health Division, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pramita Gayatri
- Department of Gastrohepatology, Child Health Division, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sanjay Patole
- Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, Australia
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Meade KG, O'Farrelly C. β-Defensins: Farming the Microbiome for Homeostasis and Health. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3072. [PMID: 30761155 PMCID: PMC6362941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse commensal populations are now regarded as key to physiological homeostasis and protection against disease. Although bacteria are the most abundant component of microbiomes, and the most intensively studied, the microbiome also consists of viral, fungal, archael, and protozoan communities, about which comparatively little is known. Host-defense peptides (HDPs), originally described as antimicrobial, now have renewed significance as curators of the pervasive microbial loads required to maintain homeostasis and manage microbiome diversity. Harnessing HDP biology to transition away from non-selective, antibiotic-mediated treatments for clearance of microbes is a new paradigm, particularly in veterinary medicine. One family of evolutionarily conserved HDPs, β-defensins which are produced in diverse combinations by epithelial and immune cell populations, are multifunctional cationic peptides which manage the cross-talk between host and microbes and maintain a healthy yet dynamic equilibrium across mucosal systems. They are therefore key gatekeepers to the oral, respiratory, reproductive and enteric tissues, preventing pathogen-associated inflammation and disease and maintaining physiological normality. Expansions in the number of genes encoding these natural antibiotics have been described in the genomes of some species, the functional significance of which has only recently being appreciated. β-defensin expression has been documented pre-birth and disruptions in their regulation may play a role in maladaptive neonatal immune programming, thereby contributing to subsequent disease susceptibility. Here we review recent evidence supporting a critical role for β-defensins as farmers of the pervasive and complex prokaryotic ecosystems that occupy all body surfaces and cavities. We also share some new perspectives on the role of β-defensins as sensors of homeostasis and the immune vanguard particularly at sites of immunological privilege where inflammation is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G. Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Up-Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptides Gallerimycin and Galiomicin in Galleria mellonella Infected with Candida Yeasts Displaying Different Virulence Traits. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:935-940. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lantos I, Virok DP, Mosolygó T, Rázga Z, Burián K, Endrész V. Growth characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4939475. [PMID: 29635314 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium causing infections of the eyes, urogenital and respiratory tracts. Asymptomatic, repeat and chronic infections with C. trachomatis are common in the urogenital tract potentially causing severe reproductive pathology. Animal models of infection and epidemiological studies suggested the gastrointestinal tract as a reservoir of chlamydiae and as a source of repeat urogenital infections. Thus, we investigated the growth characteristics of C. trachomatis in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and the infection-induced defensin production. Immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of chlamydial inclusions in the cells. Chlamydial DNA and viable C. trachomatis were recovered from Caco-2 cells in similar quantity compared to that detected in the usual in vitro host cell of this bacterium. The kinetics of expression of selected C. trachomatis genes in Caco-2 cells indicated prolonged replication with persisting high expression level of late genes and of heat shock protein gene groEL. Replication of C. trachomatis induced moderate level of β-defensin-2 production by Caco-2 cells, which might contribute to avoidance of immune recognition in the intestine. According to our results, Caco-2 cells support C. trachomatis replication, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract is a site of residence for these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Lantos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Dóm Sq. 10, Hungary
| | - Dezso P Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Dóm Sq. 10, Hungary
| | - Tímea Mosolygó
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Dóm Sq. 10, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Rázga
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Állomás Str. 2, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Dóm Sq. 10, Hungary
| | - Valéria Endrész
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Dóm Sq. 10, Hungary
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Ueno A, Jeffery L, Kobayashi T, Hibi T, Ghosh S, Jijon H. Th17 plasticity and its relevance to inflammatory bowel disease. J Autoimmun 2018; 87:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gassler N. Paneth cells in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:150-160. [PMID: 29184701 PMCID: PMC5696613 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i4.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal mucosa is characterised by villus forming connective tissues with highly specialised surface lining epithelial cells essentially contributing to the establishment of the intestinal border. In order to perform these diverse functions, spatially distinct compartments of epithelial differentiation are found along the crypt-villus axis, including Paneth cells as a highly specialised cell type. Paneth cells locate in crypts and assist undifferentiated columnar cells, called crypt base columnar cells, and rapidly amplifying cells in the regeneration of absorptive and secretory cell types. There is some evidence that Paneth cells are involved in the configuration and function of the stem cell zone as well as intestinal morphogenesis and crypt fission. However, the flow of Paneth cells to crypt bottoms requires strong Wnt signalling guided by EphB3 and partially antagonised by Notch. In addition, mature Paneth cells are essential for the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides including α-defensins/cryptdins. These antimicrobials are physiologically involved in shaping the composition of the microbiome. The autophagy related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) is a genetic risk factor and is involved in the exocytosis pathway of Paneth cells as well as a linker molecule to PPAR signalling and lipid metabolism. There is evidence that injuries of Paneth cells are involved in the etiopathogenesis of different intestinal diseases. The review provides an overview of the key points of Paneth cell activities in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Braunschweig 38114, Germany
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Cyclic Peptides as Novel Therapeutic Microbicides: Engineering of Human Defensin Mimetics. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071217. [PMID: 28726740 PMCID: PMC6152268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are receiving significant attention thanks to their antimicrobial activity and high serum stability, which is useful to develop and design novel antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides appear to be key components of innate defences against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Among the others, defensins possess a strong microbicidial activity. Defensins are cationic and amphipathic peptides with six cysteine residues connected by three disulfide bonds found in plants, insects, and mammals; they are divided in three families: α-, β-, and θ-defensins. α-Defensins are contained in the primary granules of human neutrophils; β-defensins are expressed in human epithelia; and θ-defensins are pseudo-cyclic defensins not found in humans, but in rhesus macaques. The structural diversities among the three families are reflected in a different antimicrobial action as well as in serum stability. The engineering of these peptides is an exciting opportunity to obtain more functional antimicrobial molecules highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents. The present review reports the most recent advances in the field of cyclic peptides with a specific regard to defensin analogs.
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Lajczak NK, Saint-Criq V, O'Dwyer AM, Perino A, Adorini L, Schoonjans K, Keely SJ. Bile acids deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid differentially regulate human β-defensin-1 and -2 secretion by colonic epithelial cells. FASEB J 2017; 31:3848-3857. [PMID: 28487283 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601365r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids and epithelial-derived human β-defensins (HβDs) are known to be important factors in the regulation of colonic mucosal barrier function and inflammation. We hypothesized that bile acids regulate colonic HβD expression and aimed to test this by investigating the effects of deoxycholic acid (DCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid on the expression and release of HβD1 and HβD2 from colonic epithelial cells and mucosal tissues. DCA (10-150 µM) stimulated the release of both HβD1 and HβD2 from epithelial cell monolayers and human colonic mucosal tissue in vitro In contrast, ursodeoxycholic acid (50-200 µM) inhibited both basal and DCA-induced defensin release. Effects of DCA were mimicked by the Takeda GPCR 5 agonist, INT-777 (50 μM), but not by the farnesoid X receptor agonist, GW4064 (10 μM). INT-777 also stimulated colonic HβD1 and HβD2 release from wild-type, but not Takeda GPCR 5-/-, mice. DCA stimulated phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB, an effect that was attenuated by ursodeoxycholic acid, whereas an NF-κB inhibitor, BMS-345541 (25 μM), inhibited DCA-induced HβD2, but not HβD1, release. We conclude that bile acids can differentially regulate colonic epithelial HβD expression and secretion and discuss the implications of our findings for intestinal health and disease.-Lajczak, N. K., Saint-Criq, V., O'Dwyer, A. M., Perino, A., Adorini, L., Schoonjans, K., Keely, S. J. Bile acids deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid differentially regulate human β-defensin-1 and -2 secretion by colonic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia K Lajczak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vinciane Saint-Criq
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife M O'Dwyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessia Perino
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland;
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β-Defensins in the Fight against Helicobacter pylori. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030424. [PMID: 28272373 PMCID: PMC6155297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a pivotal role in the innate immune responses to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in humans. β-Defensins, a class of cationic arginine-rich AMPs, are small peptides secreted by immune cells and epithelial cells that exert antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. During Hp infections, AMP expression is able to eradicate the bacteria, thereby preventing Hp infections in gastrointestinal tract. It is likely that gastric β-defensins expression is increased during Hp infection. The aim of this review is to focus on increased knowledge of the role of β-defensins in response to Hp infection. We also briefly discuss the potential use of AMPs, either alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics, for the treatment of Hp infection.
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Yu H, Wang H, Liu X, Feng L, Qiao X, Cai S, Shi N, Wang Y. Identification, eukaryotic expression and structure & function characterizations of β-defensin like homologues from Pelodiscus sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:108-117. [PMID: 27890597 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are a group of host defense peptides that play a central role in host innate immune responses. Here, 26 genes encoding β-defensin-like peptides have been identified for the first time in Pelodiscus sinensis using database mining approach. Phylogenetic study confirmed that β-defensins are fast evolving genes with high rates of sequence substitutions. The expression level of several selected genes in different tissues was examined by RT-PCR. Ps-BDs mainly adopt β-strands and/or α-helix conformations homology modeled by Rosetta program. Further, Ps-BD2 was expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified using Ni-NTA column and RT-HPLC. As expected, the rPs-BD2 showed strong antimicrobial activity, but displayed a negligible hemolytic and cytotoxic activity on human erythrocytes and Raw 264.7 murine macrophage cells, respectively. Our results suggested that the Ps-BD2 was produced efficiently in P. pastoris expression system, which makes the large-scale use of rPs-BDs possible in the future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Yu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xuelian Liu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Lan Feng
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Shasha Cai
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Nannan Shi
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China.
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Beaumont M, Andriamihaja M, Armand L, Grauso M, Jaffrézic F, Laloë D, Moroldo M, Davila AM, Tomé D, Blachier F, Lan A. Epithelial response to a high-protein diet in rat colon. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:116. [PMID: 28137254 PMCID: PMC5282643 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-protein diets (HPD) alter the large intestine microbiota composition in association with a metabolic shift towards protein degradation. Some amino acid-derived metabolites produced by the colon bacteria are beneficial for the mucosa while others are deleterious at high concentrations. The aim of the present work was to define the colonic epithelial response to an HPD. Transcriptome profiling was performed on colonocytes of rats fed an HPD or an isocaloric normal-protein diet (NPD) for 2 weeks. Results The HPD downregulated the expression of genes notably implicated in pathways related to cellular metabolism, NF-κB signaling, DNA repair, glutathione metabolism and cellular adhesion in colonocytes. In contrast, the HPD upregulated the expression of genes related to cell proliferation and chemical barrier function. These changes at the mRNA level in colonocytes were not associated with detrimental effects of the HPD on DNA integrity (comet assay), epithelium renewal (quantification of proliferation and apoptosis markers by immunohistochemistry and western blot) and colonic barrier integrity (Ussing chamber experiments). Conclusion The modifications of the luminal environment after an HPD were associated with maintenance of the colonic homeostasis that might be the result of adaptive processes in the epithelium related to the observed transcriptional regulations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3514-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Andriamihaja
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Armand
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marta Grauso
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Florence Jaffrézic
- UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - François Blachier
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Annaïg Lan
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France.
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50
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Beghini J, Giraldo PC, Eleutério J, Amaral RLD, Polpeta NC, Gonçalves AK. Vaginal Inflammation: Association between Leukocyte Concentration and Levels of Immune Mediators. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:126-33. [PMID: 26773532 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM A wide variety of mediators are involved in inflammatory processes. However, the identity of those participating in vaginal immune responses has not been established. We correlated extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), hyaluronan (HA), hyaluronidase-1 (Hyal-1), human β-defensin-2 (hBD2), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations with the extent of leukocyte infiltration into the vagina and suggest their participation in vaginal inflammation. METHODS OF STUDY Vaginal fluid was obtained from 233 women seen at the outpatient clinic in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Campinas University, Brazil. The magnitude of vaginal inflammation was determined by the leukocyte count on vaginal smears and categorized as no inflammation (0 leukocytes/field), moderate inflammation (1-4 leukocytes/field), and intense inflammation (>4 leukocytes/field). Concentrations of EMMPRIN, MMP-8, HA, Hyal-1, hBD2, and NGAL were determined in vaginal fluid by ELISA. RESULTS EMMPRIN, MMP-8, HA, hBD2, and NGAL concentration increased with elevated leukocyte numbers (P < 0.05), while Hyal-1 did not. EMMPRIN concentrations were correlated with HA and MMP-8 levels. CONCLUSION EMMPRIN, MMP-8, HA, β-defensin, and NGAL are elevated in women with vaginal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joziani Beghini
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Giraldo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Eleutério
- Department of Motherhood and Child, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rose Luce do Amaral
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nádia C Polpeta
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Katherine Gonçalves
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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