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Laker G, Nankunda J, Melvis BM, Kajoba D, Nduwimana M, Kimera J, Odong RJ, Edyedu I. Prevalence and factors associated with rotavirus diarrhea among children aged 3-24 months after the introduction of the vaccine at a referral hospital in Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:358. [PMID: 38778329 PMCID: PMC11112855 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus has a significant morbidity and mortality in children under two years. The burden of rotavirus diarrhea 4 years post introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Uganda is not well established. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, severity of dehydration and factors associated with rotavirus diarrhea among children aged 3 to 24 months after the introduction of the vaccine at Fort Portal Regional Referral hospital. METHODS This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study in which children with acute watery diarrhea were included. A rectal tube was used to collect a stool sample for those unable to provide samples. Stool was tested for rotavirus using rapid immunochromatographic assay. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22 with logistic regression done to determine the factors. RESULTS Out of 268 children with acute watery diarrhea, 133 (49.6%) were females. Rotavirus test was positive in 42 (15.7%), majority of whom had some dehydration 28(66.7%). The factors that were independently associated with rotavirus diarrhea were; age < 12 months (AOR = 8.87, P = 0.014), male gender (AOR = 0.08, P = 0.001), coming from a home with another person with diarrhea (AOR = 17.82, P = 0.001) or a home where the water source was a well (AOR = 50.17, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea was three times less in the post rotavirus vaccination period compared to pre-rota vaccination period. Majority of the participants with rotavirus diarrhea had some dehydration. There is need for provision of safe water sources to all homes. Surveillance to determine the cause of the non rota diarrhea should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goretty Laker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Jolly Nankunda
- Mulago specialised Women and Neonatal Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernis Maren Melvis
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dickson Kajoba
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martin Nduwimana
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joel Kimera
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Justine Odong
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Isaac Edyedu
- Department of Surgery, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
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Carter LJ, Dennis S, Allen K, McKenna P, Chen X, Daniell TJ, Evans B, Guest JS, Guo H, Kirk S, Zhu YG, Anik AR, Zuhra N, Banwart SA. Mitigating Contaminant-Driven Risks for the Safe Expansion of the Agricultural-Sanitation Circular Economy in an Urbanizing World. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1166-1176. [PMID: 38633372 PMCID: PMC11019536 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of an agricultural circular economy requires the recovery of resources such as water, organic matter, and nutrients from livestock manure and sanitation. While this approach offers many benefits, we argue this is not without potential risks to human and environmental health that largely stem from the presence of contaminants in the recycled resources (e.g., pharmaceuticals, pathogens). We discuss context specific challenges and solutions across the three themes: (1) contaminant monitoring; (2) collection transport and treatment; and (3) regulation and policy. We advocate for the redesign of sanitary and agricultural management practices to enable safe resource reuse in a proportionate and effective way. In populous urban regions with access to sanitation provision, processes can be optimized using emergent technologies to maximize removal of contaminant from excreta prior to reuse. Comparatively, in regions with limited existing capacity for conveyance of excreta to centralized treatment facilities, we suggest efforts should focus on creation of collection facilities (e.g., pit latrines) and decentralized treatment options such as composting systems. Overall, circular economy approaches to sanitation and resource management offer a potential solution to a pressing challenge; however, to ensure this is done in a safe manner, contaminant risks must be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Carter
- School of
Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Global Food
and Environment Institute, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sarah Dennis
- Global Food
and Environment Institute, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School of
Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Katie Allen
- Global Food
and Environment Institute, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School of
Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Patrick McKenna
- Global Food
and Environment Institute, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School of
Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of
Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Tim J. Daniell
- Molecular
Microbiology: Biochemistry to Disease, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Barbara Evans
- School of
Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Jeremy S. Guest
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State
Key
Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the
Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Stuart Kirk
- The Schumacher
Institute, The Create Centre, Bristol BS1 6XN, U.K.
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Research
Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Asif Reza Anik
- Department
of Agricultural Economics, Bangabandhu Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Naqshe Zuhra
- Institute
of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University
of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Steven A. Banwart
- Global Food
and Environment Institute, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School of
Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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3
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Sundha P, Basak N, Rai AK, Chandra P, Bedwal S, Yadav G, Yadav RK, Sharma PC. Characterization and ecotoxicological risk assessment of sewage sludge from industrial and non-industrial cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:116567-116583. [PMID: 35779215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study highlights the occurrence and the temporal variations of physicochemical properties, and heavy metals in the sludge from sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in industrial (two sites) and non-industrial (one site) cities of Haryana, India. The sludge was acidic (5.59) to neutral (7.21) with a mean EC of 7.4 dS m-1. Prominent heavy metals present in the sewage sludge from industrial sites were Cd, Ni, and Cr with maximum values of 2.83, 1449.0, and 3918.5 mg kg-1, respectively. The contamination and enrichment factor better explained the buildup of Ni, Cr, and Cu in the sewage sludge from industrial sites. The pH, total carbon, phosphorus, and other water-soluble anions, viz. SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, and PO43-, were the most important attributes of sludge controlling the binding and removal of the metals with particulate matters during the phase separation in STPs. These attributes explained about 90% of the variation in Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn content of the sludge from different STPs. Sludge from the non-industrial site had a low potential ecological risk index of 74.0 compared to a very high-risk index of 2186.5 associated with the industrial sites. This study concludes that besides the concentration of the heavy metals, the enrichment factor coupled with geo-accumulation or ecological risk index can effectively categorize the sludge. However, these indices need to be linked with bioaccumulation, bioaccessibility, and biomass quality under different agroecologies for guiding the safer use of sewage sludge in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Sundha
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - Nirmalendu Basak
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India.
| | - Arvind Kumar Rai
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Chandra
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Bedwal
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - Gajender Yadav
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
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Berendes DM, Omore R, Prentice-Mott G, Fagerli K, Kim S, Nasrin D, Powell H, Jahangir Hossain M, Sow SO, Doh S, Jones JCM, Ochieng JB, Juma J, Awuor AO, Ogwel B, Verani JR, Widdowson MA, Kasumba IN, Tennant SM, Roose A, Zaman SMA, Liu J, Sugerman CE, Platts-Mills JA, Houpt ER, Kotloff KL, Mintz ED. Exploring Survey-Based Water, Sanitation, and Animal Associations With Enteric Pathogen Carriage: Comparing Results in a Cohort of Cases With Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea to Those in Controls in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015-2018. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:S140-S152. [PMID: 37074442 PMCID: PMC10116566 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnitude of pediatric enteric pathogen exposures in low-income settings necessitates substantive water and sanitation interventions, including animal feces management. We assessed associations between pediatric enteric pathogen detection and survey-based water, sanitation, and animal characteristics within the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa case-control study. METHODS In The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali, we assessed enteric pathogens in stool of children aged <5 years with moderate-to-severe diarrhea and their matched controls (diarrhea-free in prior 7 days) via the TaqMan Array Card and surveyed caregivers about household drinking water and sanitation conditions and animals living in the compound. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using modified Poisson regression models, stratified for cases and controls and adjusted for age, sex, site, and demographics. RESULTS Bacterial (cases, 93%; controls, 72%), viral (63%, 56%), and protozoal (50%, 38%) pathogens were commonly detected (cycle threshold <35) in the 4840 cases and 6213 controls. In cases, unimproved sanitation (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.12-2.17), as well as cows (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.16-2.24) and sheep (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.11-1.96) living in the compound, were associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. In controls, fowl (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.47) were associated with Campylobacter spp. In controls, surface water sources were associated with Cryptosporidium spp., Shigella spp., heat-stable toxin-producing enterotoxigenic E. coli, and Giardia spp. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the importance of enteric pathogen exposure risks from animals alongside more broadly recognized water and sanitation risk factors in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Berendes
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Graeme Prentice-Mott
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kirsten Fagerli
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sunkyung Kim
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dilruba Nasrin
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen Powell
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - M Jahangir Hossain
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Samba O Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali
| | - Sanogo Doh
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali
| | - Joquina Chiquita M Jones
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Banjul, The Gambia
| | - John B Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jane Juma
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Alex O Awuor
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Billy Ogwel
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jennifer R Verani
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene N Kasumba
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Roose
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Syed M A Zaman
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- School of Public Health at Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ciara E Sugerman
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric D Mintz
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Woolf AD, Stierman BD, Barnett ED, Byron LG. Drinking Water From Private Wells and Risks to Children. Pediatrics 2023; 151:190542. [PMID: 36995188 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drinking water for approximately 23 million US households is obtained from private wells. These wells can become contaminated by pollutant chemicals or pathogenic organisms, leading to significant illness. Although the US Environmental Protection Agency and all states offer guidance for construction, maintenance, and testing of private wells, most states only regulate the construction of new private water wells. With a few exceptions, there is little regulation after construction. Well owners are responsible for their own wells. Children may also drink well water at child care or when traveling. Illness resulting from children’s ingestion of contaminated water can be severe. This report reviews relevant aspects of groundwater and wells; describes the common chemical and microbiologic contaminants; gives an algorithm with recommendations for inspection, testing, and remediation for wells providing drinking water for children; and provides references and Internet resources for more information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Woolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan D Stierman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth D Barnett
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lori G Byron
- Indian Health Service (retired), SCL Health, Billings, Montana
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6
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Musaazi IG, McLoughlin S, Murphy HM, Rose JB, Hofstra N, Tumwebaze IK, Verbyla ME. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pathogen reduction in onsite sanitation systems. WATER RESEARCH X 2023; 18:100171. [PMID: 37250291 PMCID: PMC10214292 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The safe management of fecal sludge from the 3.4 billion people worldwide that use onsite sanitation systems can greatly reduce the global infectious disease burden. However, there is limited knowledge about the role of design, operational, and environmental factors on pathogen survival in pit latrines, urine diverting desiccation toilets, and other types of onsite toilets. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to characterize pathogen reduction rates in fecal sludge, feces, and human excreta with respect to pH, temperature, moisture content, and the use of additives for desiccation, alkalinization, or disinfection. A meta-analysis of 1,382 data points extracted from 243 experiments described in 26 articles revealed significant differences between the decay rates and T99 values of pathogens and indicators from different microbial groups. The overall median T99 values were 4.8 days, 29 days, >341 days, and 429 days for bacteria, viruses, protozoan (oo)cysts, and Ascaris eggs, respectively. As expected, higher pH values, higher temperatures, and the application of lime all significantly predicted greater pathogen reduction rates but the use of lime by itself was more effective for bacteria and viruses than for Ascaris eggs, unless urea was also added. In multiple lab-scale experiments, the application of urea with enough lime or ash to reach a pH of 10 - 12 and a sustained concentration of 2,000 - 6,000 mg/L of non-protonated NH3-N reduced Ascaris eggs more rapidly than without urea. In general, the storage of fecal sludge for 6 months adequately controls hazards from viruses and bacteria, but much longer storage times or alkaline treatment with urea and low moisture or heat is needed to control hazards from protozoa and helminths. More research is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of lime, ash, and urea in the field. More studies of protozoan pathogens are also needed, as very few qualifying experiments were found for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G. Musaazi
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Shane McLoughlin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Heather M. Murphy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joan B. Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Innocent K. Tumwebaze
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew E. Verbyla
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
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7
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Liu G, Qu J, Rose J, Medema G. Roadmap for Managing SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in the Water Environment for Public Health. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 12:139-144. [PMID: 33654547 PMCID: PMC7909608 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The water sector needs to address viral-related public health issues, because water is a virus carrier, which not only spreads viruses (e.g., via drinking water), but also provides information about the circulation of viruses in the community (e.g., via sewage). It has been widely reported that waterborne viral pathogens are abundant, diverse, complex, and threatening the public health in both developed and developing countries. Meanwhile, there is great potential for viral monitoring that can indicate biosafety, treatment performance and community health. New developments in technology have been rising to meet the emerging challenges over the past decades. Under the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the world's attention is directed to the urgent need to tackle the most challenging public health issues related to waterborne viruses. Based on critical analysis of the water viral knowledge progresses and gaps, this article offers a roadmap for managing COVID-19 and other viruses in the water environments for ensuring public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Joan Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein 3433 PE, Netherlands
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CN, Netherlands
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8
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Opere WM, John M, Ombori O, Kiulia NM. Identification of enteroviruses along Lake Victoria shoreline - a potential indicator of sewage pollution. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000334. [PMID: 35812714 PMCID: PMC9260088 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are mainly transmitted by the faecal-oral route and have been linked to several diseases including gastroenteritis and respiratory infections. Their presence in surface waters has been exacerbated by pollution from a variety of point sources such as sewage discharge. We studied the occurrence of enteroviruses in water samples from Lake Victoriain Kenya to investigate if there was a link between sewage pollution and detection of enteroviruses (EVs) to build a baseline for an enteric viruses monitoring platform for this region. We analysed 216 samples collected over 6 months from six different locations along the Homa Bay Pier. The six sampling locations comprised of three sites (P3, P5, P6) located <500 m from a local sewage treatment plant and pit latrines while three other sites (P1, P2, P4) were located at approximately 0.5 to 3 Km. EVs were concentrated using glass wool adsorption elution protocol and identified using the nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The odds ratio was performed to determine whether the location of the sources of sewage pollution near the lake was associated with the EVs contamination. Five out of 108 (5 %) samples collected from the sites (P3, P5 and P6 were EV positive, while 2 % (2/108) of samples from P1, P2 and P4 were EV positive. The presence of the EVs was associated with the distance from the possible sources of faecal contamination (odds ratio 20.28 and 4.86, confidence interval 2.42, and 0.95) for pit latrines and the sewage treatment plant respectively. The result from this study indicates that sewage discharge at the shoreline of Lake Victoria may have been the source of EVs contamination. Data from this study could significantly contribute to informing risk management on sewage pollution in Lake Victoria and it is important to continue monitoring this lake for potentially pathogenic enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasonga M. Opere
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maingi John
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omwoyo Ombori
- Department of Plant Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas M. Kiulia
- Enteric pathogens & Water Research Laboratory, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Nairobi, Kenya
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9
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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:380-399. [PMID: 35174845 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, waterborne gastroenteritis attributable to rotaviruses is on the increase due to the rapid increase in population growth, poor socioeconomic conditions, and drastic changes in climatic conditions. The burden of diarrhea is quite alarming in developing nations where the majority of the populations still rely on untreated surface water that is usually polluted for their immediate water needs. Humans and animals of all ages are affected by rotaviruses. In humans, the preponderance of cases occurs in children under 5 years. Global efforts in advancing water/wastewater treatment technologies have not yet realized the objective of complete viral removal from wastewater. Most times, surface waters are impacted heavily by inadequately treated wastewater run-offs thereby exposing people or animals to preventable health risks. The relative stability of rotaviruses in aquatic matrices during wastewater treatment, poor correlation of bacteriological indicators with the presence of rotaviruses, and their infectiousness at a low dose informed the proposal for inclusion in the routine microbiological water screening panel. Environmental monitoring data have been shown to provide early warnings that can complement clinical data used to monitor the impact of current rotavirus vaccination in a community. This review was therefore undertaken to critically appraise rotavirus excretion and emission pathways, and the existence, viability and persistence in the receiving aquatic milieu. The efficiency of the current wastewater treatment modality for rotavirus removal, correlation of the current bacteriological water quality assessment strategy, public health risks and current laboratory methods for an epidemiological study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
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10
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Tuholske C, Halpern BS, Blasco G, Villasenor JC, Frazier M, Caylor K. Mapping global inputs and impacts from of human sewage in coastal ecosystems. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258898. [PMID: 34758036 PMCID: PMC8580218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal marine ecosystems face a host of pressures from both offshore and land-based human activity. Research on terrestrial threats to coastal ecosystems has primarily focused on agricultural runoff, specifically showcasing how fertilizers and livestock waste create coastal eutrophication, harmful algae blooms, or hypoxic or anoxic zones. These impacts not only harm coastal species and ecosystems but also impact human health and economic activities. Few studies have assessed impacts of human wastewater on coastal ecosystems and community health. As such, we lack a comprehensive, fine-resolution, global assessment of human sewage inputs that captures both pathogens and nutrient flows to coastal waters and the potential impacts on coastal ecosystems. To address this gap, we use a new high-resolution geospatial model to measure and map nitrogen (N) and pathogen-fecal indicator organisms (FIO)-inputs from human sewage for ~135,000 watersheds globally. Because solutions depend on the source, we separate nitrogen and pathogen inputs from sewer, septic, and direct inputs. Our model indicates that wastewater adds 6.2Tg nitrogen into coastal waters, which is approximately 40% of total nitrogen from agriculture. Of total wastewater N, 63% (3.9Tg N) comes from sewered systems, 5% (0.3Tg N) from septic, and 32% (2.0Tg N) from direct input. We find that just 25 watersheds contribute nearly half of all wastewater N, but wastewater impacts most coastlines globally, with sewered, septic, and untreated wastewater inputs varying greatly across watersheds and by country. Importantly, model results find that 58% of coral and 88% of seagrass beds are exposed to wastewater N input. Across watersheds, N and FIO inputs are generally correlated. However, our model identifies important fine-grained spatial heterogeneity that highlight potential tradeoffs and synergies essential for management actions. Reducing impacts of nitrogen and pathogens on coastal ecosystems requires a greater focus on where wastewater inputs vary across the planet. Researchers and practitioners can also overlay these global, high resolution, wastewater input maps with maps describing the distribution of habitats and species, including humans, to determine the where the impacts of wastewater pressures are highest. This will help prioritize conservation efforts.Without such information, coastal ecosystems and the human communities that depend on them will remain imperiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cascade Tuholske
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Center for International for International Earth Science Information Network, the Columbia Climate School and its Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Gordon Blasco
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos Villasenor
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Kelly Caylor
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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11
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Okaali DA, Kroeze C, Medema G, Burek P, Murphy H, Tumwebaze IK, Rose JB, Verbyla ME, Sewagudde S, Hofstra N. Modelling rotavirus concentrations in rivers: Assessing Uganda's present and future microbial water quality. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117615. [PMID: 34492362 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Faecal pathogens can be introduced into surface water through open defecation, illegal disposal and inadequate treatment of faecal sludge and wastewater. Despite sanitation improvements, poor countries are progressing slowly towards the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 6 by 2030. Sanitation-associated pathogenic contamination of surface waters impacted by future population growth, urbanization and climate change receive limited attention. Therefore, a model simulating human rotavirus river inputs and concentrations was developed combining population density, sanitation coverage, rotavirus incidence, wastewater treatment and environmental survival data, and applied to Uganda. Complementary surface runoff and river discharge data were used to produce spatially explicit rotavirus outputs for the year 2015 and for two scenarios in 2050. Urban open defecation contributed 87%, sewers 9% and illegal faecal sludge disposal 3% to the annual 15.6 log10 rotavirus river inputs in 2015. Monthly concentrations fell between -3.7 (Q5) and 2.6 (Q95) log10 particles per litre, with 1.0 and 2.0 median and mean log10 particles per litre, respectively. Spatially explicit outputs on 0.0833 × 0.0833° grids revealed hotspots as densely populated urban areas. Future population growth, urbanization and poor sanitation were stronger drivers of rotavirus concentrations in rivers than climate change. The model and scenario analysis can be applied to other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Okaali
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Carolien Kroeze
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Burek
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Heather Murphy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Innocent K Tumwebaze
- School of Architecture, Building & Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matthew E Verbyla
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sowed Sewagudde
- Directorate of Water Resources Management, Ministry of Water and Environment, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Atabakhsh P, Kargar M, Doosti A. Detection and evaluation of rotavirus surveillance methods as viral indicator in the aquatic environments. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:811-820. [PMID: 33599964 PMCID: PMC8105488 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) have been introduced as the most important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in the young children. One of every 260 children born globally will die due to rotavirus (RV) before 5 years old. The RV is widely known as a viral indicator for health (fecal contamination) because this pathogen has a high treatment resistance nature, which has been listed as a relevant waterborne pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, monitoring of environmental is important, and RV is one of the best-known indicators for monitoring. It has been proved that common standards for microbiological water quality do not guarantee the absence of viruses. On the other hand, in order to recover and determine RV quantity within water, standard methods are scarce. Therefore, dependable prediction of RV quantities in water sample is crucial to be able to improve supervision efficiency of the treatment procedure, precise quantitative evaluation of the microbial risks as well as microbiological water safety. Hence, this study aimed to introduce approaches to detecting and controlling RV in environmental waters, and discussed the challenges faced to enable a clear perception on the ubiquity of the RV within different types of water across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh Atabakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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13
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Kiulia NM, Gonzalez R, Thompson H, Aw TG, Rose JB. Quantification and Trends of Rotavirus and Enterovirus in Untreated Sewage Using Reverse Transcription Droplet Digital PCR. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:154-169. [PMID: 33591485 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quantification and trends in concentrations for naturally occurring rotaviruses (RV) and enteroviruses (EV) in untreated sewage in various wastewater systems have not often been compared. There is now greater interest in monitoring the infections in the community including live vaccine efficacy by evaluating untreated sewage. The goals of this study were to 1) survey the concentrations of naturally occurring RV and EV in untreated sewage using a reverse transcription-droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR) and 2) investigate the use of a new adsorption elution (bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) using ViroCap filters) against more traditional polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation for virus concentration. Sewage samples were collected from lagoons in Kenya and Michigan (MI), the United States (USA) and from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the USA. RVs were detected at geometric mean concentrations in various locations, California (CA) 1.31 × 105 genome copies/L (gc/L), Kenya (KE) 2.71 × 104 gc/L and Virginia (VA) 1.48 × 105 gc/L, and EVs geometric means were 3.72 × 106 gc/L (CA), 1.18 × 104 gc/L (Kenya), and 6.18 × 103 gc/L (VA). The mean RV concentrations using BMFS-ViroCap in split samples compared to PEG precipitation methods demonstrated that the levels were only 9% (#s BMFS/PEG) in the Michigan lagoons which was significantly different (p < 0.01). This suggests that RV concentrations in Kenya are around 1.69 × 106 gc/L. Overall, there was no difference in concentrations for the other sampling locations across the methods of virus recovery (i.e., PEG precipitation and HA filters) using one-way ANOVA (F = 1.7, p = 0.2739) or Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparisons (p > 0.05). This study provides useful data on RV and EV concentrations in untreated sewage in Kenya and the USA. It also highlights on the usefulness of the RT-ddPCR for absolute quantification of RV and EV in sewage samples. The BMFS using ViroCap filters while less efficient compared to the more traditional PEG precipitation method was able to recover RVs and EVs in untreated sewage and may be useful in poor resource settings while underestimating viruses by 1 to 1.5 logs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kiulia
- The Water Quality, Environmental and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Enteric Pathogens and Water Research Laboratory, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 1434 Air Rail Avenue, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, USA
| | - Hannah Thompson
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 1434 Air Rail Avenue, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, USA
| | - Tiong Gim Aw
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joan B Rose
- The Water Quality, Environmental and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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14
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Huang Q, Yang L, Li B, Du H, Zhao F, Han L, Wang Q, Deng Y, Xiao G, Wang D. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis emissions from humans and animals in the Three Gorges Reservoir in Chongqing, China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9985. [PMID: 33194374 PMCID: PMC7646300 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are two waterborne protozoan parasites that can cause diarrhea. Human and animal feces in surface water are a major source of these pathogens. This paper presents a GloWPa-TGR-Crypto model that estimates Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis emissions from human and animal feces in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), and uses scenario analysis to predict the effects of sanitation, urbanization, and population growth on oocyst and cyst emissions for 2050. Our model estimated annual emissions of 1.6 × 1015 oocysts and 2.1 × 1015 cysts from human and animal feces, respectively. Humans were the largest contributors of oocysts and cysts, followed by pigs and poultry. Cities were hot-spots for human emissions, while districts with high livestock populations accounted for the highest animal emissions. Our model was the most sensitive to oocyst excretion rates. The results indicated that 74% and 87% of total emissions came from urban areas and humans, respectively, and 86% of total human emissions were produced by the urban population. The scenario analysis showed a potential decrease in oocyst and cyst emissions with improvements in urbanization, sanitation, wastewater treatment, and manure management, regardless of population increase. Our model can further contribute to the understanding of environmental pathways, the risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia pollution, and effective prevention and control strategies that can reduce the outbreak of waterborne diseases in the TGR and other similar watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Huihui Du
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Biological Resources in Northeast Chongqing, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Han
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Biological Resources in Northeast Chongqing, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunjia Deng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Biological Resources in Northeast Chongqing, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Elmahdy EM, Shaheen MNF, Rizk NM, Saad-Hussein A. Quantitative Detection of Human Adenovirus and Human Rotavirus Group A in Wastewater and El-Rahawy Drainage Canal Influencing River Nile in the North of Giza, Egypt. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:218-225. [PMID: 32388732 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring is critical in a developing country like Egypt where there is an insufficient framework for recording and tracking outbreaks. In this study, the prevalence of human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus group A (RVA) was determined in urban sewage, activated sludge, drainage water, drainage sediment, Nile water, and Nile sediment, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. HAdV was detected in 50% of urban sewage with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 genome copies/liter (GC/L), 33% of activated sludge with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/kilogram (GC/kg), 95% of drainage water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 75% of drainage sediment with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 50% of Nile water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, and 45% of Nile sediment with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/kg. RVA was detected in 50% of urban sewage with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 75% of activated sludge with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 58% of drainage water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 50% of drainage sediment with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, and 45% of Nile water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/kg. In conclusion, Abu-Rawash WWTP acts as a source of HAdV and RVA, releasing them into El-Rahawy drain then to the River Nile Rosetta branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Neveen M Rizk
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Amal Saad-Hussein
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Occurrence of Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and the Relationship with Changes in Season and Physical Water Quality Dynamics. Adv Virol 2020; 2020:9062041. [PMID: 32695168 PMCID: PMC7354635 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9062041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental water quality issues have dominated global discourse and studies over the past five decades. Significant parameters of environmental water quality include changes in biological and physical parameters. Some of the biological parameters of significance include occurrence of enteric viruses. Enteric viruses can affect both human and animal's health by causing diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. In this study, the relationship between the occurrence of enteric viruses with reference to adenoviruses and enteroviruses and the physical water quality characteristics was assessed from water samples collected from Lake Victoria (LV) in Kenya. In order to understand the dynamics of season driven enteric viruses' contamination of the lake waters, we additionally analysed seasonal behavior of the lake's catchment area in terms of rainfall effects. Physical quality parameters were measured on-site while viral analysis was carried out by molecular methods using the nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). From 216 samples that were analysed for viral contamination, enteric viral genomes were discovered in 18 (8.3%) of the samples. Out of half of the samples (108) collected during the rainy season, enteric viral genomes were detected in 9.26% (10) while 8 (7.41%) samples tested positive from the other half of the samples (108) collected during the dry season. There was, however, no significant correlation noted between the physical water quality characteristics and the enteric viruses' occurrence. Neither wet season nor dry season was significantly associated with the prevalence of the viruses. In Lake Victoria waters, most of the samples had an average of physical water quality parameters that were within the range accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for surface waters with exemption of turbidity which was above the recommended 5 NTU as recorded from some sampling sites. Continuous and long-term surveillance of the lake water to accurately monitor the contaminants and possible correlation between chemical, physical, and biological characteristics is recommended. This would be important in continuous understanding of the hydrological characteristics changes of the lake for proper management of its quality with reference to the WHO standards. A multiple varied-sampling approach in different geographical regions during different seasons is recommended to establish the geographical distribution and relatedness to seasonal distribution patterns of the viruses. The data generated from this study will be useful in providing a basis for assessment of seasonally driven fecal pollution load of the lake and enteric virus contamination for proper management of the sanitary situation around the lake.
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17
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Islam MMM, Islam MA. Quantifying public health risks from exposure to waterborne pathogens during river bathing as a basis for reduction of disease burden. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:292-305. [PMID: 32589616 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) technique was applied to assess the public health risk from exposure to infectious microorganisms at bathing areas of three rivers in Bangladesh. The QMRA assessed the probability of illness due to the accidental ingestion of river water impacted by untreated sewage. The simplified QMRA was based on average concentrations of four reference pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, Cryptosporidium spp, norovirus and rotavirus relative to indicator bacterium E. coli. Public health risk was estimated as the probability of infection and illness from a single exposure of bathers. The risks of illness were ranged from 7 to 10% for E. coli O157:H7, 13 to 19% for Cryptosporidium, 7 to 10% for norovirus and 12 to 17% for rotavirus. The overall risk of illness at the rivers was slightly higher in children (9-19%) compared to adults (7-16%). The risks of illness in individuals exposed to the river bathing were unacceptably high, exceeding the USEPA acceptable risk of 3-6 illnesses per hundred bathing events. This study gives a basis for reducing the burden of disease in the population by applying appropriate risk management. Findings and methods of this study will be helpful for other countries with similar socio-economic and geographic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Majedul Islam
- Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail:
| | - Md Atikul Islam
- Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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19
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Bortagaray V, Girardi V, Pou S, Lizasoain A, Tort LFL, Spilki FR, Colina R, Victoria M. Detection, Quantification, and Microbial Risk Assessment of Group A Rotavirus in Rivers from Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:89-98. [PMID: 31792742 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect, quantify, and assess the risk of infection and illness for Group A Rotavirus (RVA) in the watersheds of the Santa Lucia and Uruguay rivers in Uruguay. Monthly sampling was carried out for one year in six sites in the watershed of the Santa Lucía River and four in the Uruguay River. All the collection sites are used for recreational activities. Viral concentration was performed with the adsorption-elution method, and detection and quantification of RVA was carried out by TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR). Quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to estimate the daily and annual risk of RVA infection, as well as the daily risk of illness considering direct exposure through recreational activity. RVA was detected in 42% (20/48) of the analyzed samples in the Uruguay River and 40% (29/72) in the Santa Lucía River. The virus was present in all the analyzed points in both watersheds. A pattern of seasonality, characterized by a higher detection frequency of the virus during coldest month of the year, was observed in both basins. The mean concentration for RVA was 1.3 × 105 genomic copies/L. The microbiological risk assessment shows that Santa Lucía watershed presented the highest daily risk of infection (6.41E-01) and illness (3.20E-01) estimated for the point downstream of Florida City; meanwhile for Uruguay River, the highest probabilities of infection (6.82E-01) and illness (3.41E-01) were estimated for the collection site for drinking water intake in Salto city. These results suggest that RVA contamination of these important rivers negatively impact on their microbiological quality since they are used for recreation and drinking water intake, demonstrating that the disposal of waste from cities located in their riverside confers a constant threat of infection for the general population, especially for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bortagaray
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Pou
- Institute of Research in Health Sciences (INICSA), Faculty of Medical Sciences, CONICET and Biostatistics Unit, School of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical SciencesNational University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Lizasoain
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Luis Fernando López Tort
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matias Victoria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay.
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Naqvi SS, Javed S, Naseem S, Sadiq A, Khan N, Sattar S, Shah NA, Bostan N. G3 and G9 Rotavirus genotypes in waste water circulation from two major metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8665. [PMID: 32457481 PMCID: PMC7251132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is a diarrheal pathogen affecting children under age five, particularly in developing and underdeveloped regions of the world due to malnutrition, poor healthcare and hygienic conditions. Water and food contamination are found to be major sources of diarrheal outbreaks. Pakistan is one of the countries with high RVA related diarrhea burden but with insufficient surveillance system. The aim of this study was to gauge the RVA contamination of major open sewerage collecting streams and household water supplies in two major metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Three concentration methods were compared using RNA purity and concentration as parameters, and detection efficiency of the selected method was estimated. Water samples were collected from 21 sites in Islamabad and Rawalpindi in two phases during the year 2014-2015. Meteorological conditions were recorded for each sampling day and site from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD). Nested PCR was used to detect the presence of RVA in samples targeting the VP7 gene. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association of weather conditions with RVA persistence in water bodies. Statistical analysis hinted at a temporal and seasonal pattern of RVA detection in water. Phylogenetic analysis of selected isolates showed a close association of environmental strains with clinical RVA isolates from hospitalized children with acute diarrhea during the same period. This is the first scientific report cataloging the circulating RVA strains in environmental samples from the region. The study highlights the hazards of releasing untreated sewerage containing potentially infectious viral particles into collecting streams, which could become a reservoir of multiple pathogens and a risk to exposed communities. Moreover, routine testing of these water bodies can present an effective surveillance system of circulating viral strains in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sundus Javed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Naseem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Netasha Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sattar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naseer Ali Shah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Fuzawa M, Smith RL, Ku KM, Shisler JL, Feng H, Juvik JA, Nguyen TH. Roles of Vegetable Surface Properties and Sanitizer Type on Annual Disease Burden of Rotavirus Illness by Consumption of Rotavirus-Contaminated Fresh Vegetables: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:741-757. [PMID: 31742761 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are often detected in water used for crop irrigation. One concern is foodborne viral disease via the consumption of fresh produce irrigated with virus-contaminated water. Although the food industry routinely uses chemical sanitizers to disinfect post-harvest fresh produce, it remains unknown how sanitizer and fresh produce properties affect the risk of viral illness through fresh produce consumption. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model was conducted to estimate (i) the health risks associated with consumption of rotavirus (RV)-contaminated fresh produce with different surface properties (endive and kale) and (ii) how risks changed when using peracetic acid (PAA) or a surfactant-based sanitizer. The modeling results showed that the annual disease burden depended on the combination of sanitizer and vegetable type when vegetables were irrigated with RV-contaminated water. Global sensitivity analyses revealed that the most influential factors in the disease burden were RV concentration in irrigation water and postharvest disinfection efficacy. A postharvest disinfection efficacy of higher than 99% (2-log10 ) was needed to decrease the disease burden below the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold, even in scenarios with low RV concentrations in irrigation water (i.e., river water). All scenarios tested here with at least 99.9% (3-log10 ) disinfection efficacy had a disease burden lower than the WHO threshold, except for the endive treated with PAA. The disinfection efficacy for the endive treated with PAA was only about 80%, leading to a disease burden 100 times higher than the WHO threshold. These findings should be considered and incorporated into future models for estimating foodborne viral illness risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Fuzawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca Lee Smith
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61886, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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22
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Atabakhsh P, Kargar M, Doosti A. Molecular surveillance of human rotaviruses in drinking water and investigation of the efficiency of their removal in Isfahan water treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:759. [PMID: 31741059 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses, especially human rotaviruses present in aquatic environments, are microbial criteria in quality assessment of water resources. The present research aimed to investigate molecular monitoring of human rotavirus and efficacy evaluation of Isfahan water treatment plant (WTP) in the elimination of viruses. In total, 60 water samples were collected from different units of WTP. Zeta plus electropositive Virosorb cartridge filter and elution buffer was used for concentrating water samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting rotavirus antigen. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) with SYBR Green I fluorescent dye was performed for molecular detection of rotavirus. Multiplex nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for rotavirus G genotyping. Total coliform count varies from 102-103 CFU/mL in the raw water resources. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 17 samples (28.33%) by ELISA, and 13 samples (21.67%) were found positive by RT-PCR. These included 41.18% (7 cases) of raw water influent, 29.41% (5 cases) after sedimentation, 23.52% (4 cases) after ozonation, and 5.88% (1 case) after filtration in ELISA method. The highest number of rotaviruses was detected by qRT-PCR in autumn (46.15% (6 cases)). The commonest circulating G type in the sampling points was the mixed types, which was identified in 6 samples (46.15%), followed by non-typeable (23.07%), G3 (15.38%), G1 (7.69%), and G8 (7.69%), respectively. Despite the presence of rotavirus in raw water, after clarification and ozonation, filtration and treated water did not show the presence of rotavirus. The results of this study showed that multi-stage treatment has a positive effect on virus removal in WTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh Atabakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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23
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Fuzawa M, Araud E, Li J, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. Free Chlorine Disinfection Mechanisms of Rotaviruses and Human Norovirus Surrogate Tulane Virus Attached to Fresh Produce Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11999-12006. [PMID: 31517478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To fill the knowledge gap on how effective free chlorine is against viral-contaminated produce, we inoculated the surfaces of outdoor- or greenhouse-grown kale and mustard with Rotavirus (RV) or a human norovirus surrogate (Tulane virus, TV) and then disinfected the leaves with free chlorine. Disinfection efficacies for RV strain OSU and Wa were approximately 1-log10 higher when attached to mustard than to kale. Similar disinfection efficacies were observed for TV attached to mustard or kale. When examining TV and RV OSU in suspension (not attached to leaf surfaces), TV was more resistant to free chlorine than RV OSU. Inactivation efficacies were higher for these viruses in suspension versus viruses attached to produce the surface. We also found that free chlorine damaged viral capsids, allowing free chlorine access to viral RNA to damage viral genomes. Exposure to free chlorine at 1.7 ppm over 1 min caused VP8* of RV OSU to lose its ability to bind to its host receptors. TV lost its ability to bind to its receptor only after exposure to free chlorine at 29 ppm over 1 min. Thus, to reduce foodborne viral infections, it is important to consider the differences in virus' reactivity and inactivation mechanisms with free chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences , The Ohio State University , Columbus 43210 , Ohio , United States
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24
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Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040170. [PMID: 31574994 PMCID: PMC6963801 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis viruses in wastewater reclamation systems can pose a major threat to public health. In this study, multiple gastroenteritis viruses were detected from wastewater to estimate the viral contamination sources in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system installed in a suburb of Xi'an city, China. Reverse transcription plus nested or semi-nested PCR, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, were used for detection and genotyping of noroviruses and rotaviruses. As a result, 91.7% (22/24) of raw sewage samples, 70.8% (17/24) of the wastewater samples treated by anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) process and 62.5% (15/24) of lake water samples were positive for at least one of target gastroenteritis viruses while all samples collected from membrane bioreactor effluent after free chlorine disinfection were negative. Sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed that epidemiologically minor strains of norovirus GI (GI/14) and GII (GII/13) were frequently detected in the system. Considering virus concentration in the disinfected MBR effluent which is used as the source of lake water is below the detection limit, these results indicate that artificial lake may be contaminated from sources other than the wastewater reclamation system, which may include aerosols, and there is a possible norovirus infection risk by exposure through reclaimed water usage and by onshore winds transporting aerosols containing norovirus.
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Prado T, de Castro Bruni A, Barbosa MRF, Garcia SC, de Jesus Melo AM, Sato MIZ. Performance of wastewater reclamation systems in enteric virus removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:33-42. [PMID: 31075600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of virus removal by tertiary or advanced sewage treatment processes is an emerging topic due to importance of reusing water on a global level. This study aimed to monitor important human viral pathogens: the human adenovirus (HAdV), JC polyomavirus (JCV) and Species A rotaviruses (RVA) in urban sewage, secondary effluents and reclaimed water from metropolitan São Paulo (MSP), Brazil. Four large wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in MSP were sampled monthly during a one-year period (April 2015 to March 2016). The viruses were quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and HAdV viability was tested by the integrated cell culture (ICC)-qPCR assay. WWTPs are composed of activated sludge processes and different tertiary treatments (coagulation/sedimentation, sand-anthracite filters, membrane bioreactors (MBRs)/reverse osmosis (RO) and disinfection by chlorination). Physicochemical parameters were also evaluated to verify association with density of viruses detected in different treatment stages. HAdV, JCV and RVA were consistently detected (100%) in the sewage influent samples (range: 106-108 genome copies GC/L). In the secondary effluent, HAdV was detected in 100% (48/48) of the analysed samples, JCV in 85.4% and RVA in 97.9% (range: 104-107 GC/L for all viruses tested). HAdV was the most frequently detected virus in the tertiary effluent (62.2%) (28/45), exhibiting a viability between 0 and 44% of the tested samples in the wastewater reclamation systems. The MBR/RO systems demonstrated better virus removal efficiencies (range: 2.3-2.9 log10). Temperature, pH, turbidity and total organic carbon presented association with the viral density in the reclaimed water samples. Presence of viruses in treated effluents can indicates health risks depending on uses of recovery water. Further risk assessment studies should be conducted to better assess health risks under different exposure scenarios for water recovery in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Prado
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil.
| | - Antônio de Castro Bruni
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Mikaela Renata Funada Barbosa
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Suzi Cristina Garcia
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Adalgisa Maria de Jesus Melo
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Zanoli Sato
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil
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26
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Molecular detection and genotyping of group A rotavirus in two wastewater treatment plants, Iran. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:197-203. [PMID: 31407291 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In different countries especially developing countries, treatment of urban wastewater might be ineffective removal of pathogens such as group A rotavirus. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of rotavirus removal in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Isfahan, Iran. To meet the study objectives, 96 sewage samples from influent (n = 48) and final effluents (n = 48) were collected by grab sampling. Two different concentration methods included pellet and two-phase used for concentrating sewage samples. The presence of rotavirus antigens in all concentrated sewage samples was screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent method. To analyze the study samples, real-time PCR technique with SYBR Green I fluorescent dye and nested multiplex PCR for rotavirus genotyping were utilized respectively. Result indicated positive rotavirus percentage in two methods of ELISA and real-time PCR was equal to 61.45% (59 cases) and 44.79% (43 cases). In addition, analyzing seasonal distribution of rotavirus shows different distributions as below: in spring (18.64%), summer (20.33%), autumn (35.60%), and winter (25.42%). Finally, rotaviruses illustrate significantly higher frequency in cold seasons. G10 and G1 types are considered the most, among common genotypes which identified in 11 (25.58%) and 5 (11.62%), out of the 43 positive samples in WWTPs, followed by non-typeable genotypes (13.95%) and mix genotypes (11.62%); and different genotypes including G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, and G12 were equal to 2.33, 9.30, 9.30, 2.33, 7, and 7% in the WWTPs, respectively. Such high prevalence underlines the significance of environmental surveillance. Also, to eliminate potential pathogens especially enteric viruses from sewage, the improvement of treatment systems is essential.
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VinodhKumar OR, Sircar S, Pruthvishree BS, Nirupama KR, Singh BR, Sinha DK, Rupner R, Karthikeyan A, Karthikeyan R, Dubal ZB, Malik YS. Cross-sectional study on rotavirus A (RVA) infection and assessment of risk factors in pre- and post-weaning piglets in India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:445-452. [PMID: 31313018 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) infections are known to retard the piglets' growth and minimize the profit to the pig farming community. Between August 2014 and July 2017, in a cross-sectional study, we surveyed 13 organized pig farms located in the eight states of India representing northern, north-eastern and southern regions, to identify the risk factors associated with RVA infection in pre- and post-weaning piglets. Faecal samples (n = 411) comprising of non-diarrhoeic (n = 320) and diarrhoeic (n = 91) were collected and screened for RVA infection using VP6 gene-based RT-PCR. RVA positivity of 52.5% (168/320) in non-diarrhoeic and 59.3% (54/91) in diarrhoeic piglets was noticed. Further, 53.3% (120/225) and 54.8% (102/186) of the samples from pre- and post-weaned samples were positive for RVA, respectively. To note, no statistically significant association was noticed between RVA infection, health and weaning status. Additionally, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted to identify the risk factors for RVA infections in piglets. The analysis revealed that good ventilation (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.15-0.39), use of deep well water (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.13-0.43) and feeding of commercial feed (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.18-0.41) were associated with reduced risk of RVA infection compared with poor ventilation, use of shallow well water and feeding of own milled feed, respectively. Contrarily, mixed farms (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.26-3.37), use of heater or cooler (OR 5.9, 95% CI 3.74-9.30), sheds in different elevation (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.20-5.01) and weekly and occasional use of disinfectant for surface cleaning (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.12-2.96) were associated with higher RVA infection. Mitigating the risk factors might help in better health management of piglets and increase the economic return to pig farming community in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- O R VinodhKumar
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, India.
| | - S Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - B S Pruthvishree
- Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Gadag, Karnataka, 582101, India
| | - K R Nirupama
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - B R Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - D K Sinha
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Ramkumar Rupner
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - A Karthikeyan
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - R Karthikeyan
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Z B Dubal
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Y S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
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28
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Limaheluw J, Medema G, Hofstra N. An exploration of the disease burden due to Cryptosporidium in consumed surface water for sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:856-863. [PMID: 31003881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrhoeal disease, but in many contexts its burden remains uncertain. The Global Waterborne Pathogen model for Cryptosporidium (GloWPa-Crypto) predicts oocyst concentrations in surface water at 0.5 by 0.5° (longitude by latitude) resolution, allowing us to assess the burden specifically associated with the consumption of contaminated surface water at a large scale. In this study, data produced by the GloWPa-Crypto model were used in a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for sub-Saharan Africa, one of the regions most severely affected by diarrhoeal disease. We first estimated the number of people consuming surface water in this region and assessed both direct consumption and consumption from a piped (treated) supply. The disease burden was expressed in disability adjusted life years (DALYs). We estimate an annual number of 4.3 × 107 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 7.4 × 106-5.4 × 107) cases which represent 1.6 × 106 (95% UI 3.2 × 105-2.3 × 106) DALYs. Relative disease burden (DALYs per 100,000 persons) varies widely, ranging between 1.3 (95% UI 0.1-5.7) for Senegal and 1.0 × 103 (95% UI 4.2 × 102-1.4 × 103) for Eswatini. Countries that carry the highest relative disease burden are primarily located in south and south-east sub-Saharan Africa and are characterised by a relatively high HIV/AIDS prevalence. Direct surface water consumption accounts for the vast majority of cases, but the results also point towards the importance of stable drinking water treatment performance. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to utilise modelled data on pathogen concentrations in a large scale QMRA. It demonstrates the potential value of such data in epidemiological research, particularly regarding disease aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Limaheluw
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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29
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Pang X, Qiu Y, Gao T, Zurawell R, Neumann NF, Craik S, Lee BE. Prevalence, levels and seasonal variations of human enteric viruses in six major rivers in Alberta, Canada. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 153:349-356. [PMID: 30743085 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and seasonal variation of 7 viruses in 6 major rivers in Alberta were assessed using a combination of qPCR, cell culture and integrated cell culture with qPCR (ICC-qPCR). Water samples were collected monthly from rivers at different sites upstream and downstream of major urban centers. Seven viruses including rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, JC virus and enterovirus, were detected in at least one of the water samples at each site using qPCR. Rotavirus was most common with concentration ranging from 2.3 to 4.5 log10 genomic equivalent (GE) copies/L. Norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, adenoviruses and JC virus peaked during the winter (November to March). Viruses were most prevalent at the Bow River sampling site downstream of the City of Calgary, followed by the North Saskatchewan River site downstream of the City of Edmonton and the Red Deer River site downstream of the City of Red Deer. The detection rates and quantity of viruses had significant difference in the sampling sites between upstream and downstream of major urban centers (p < 0.001). 14% of the samples tested positive using viral culture indicating the presence of infectious viruses in river. Sequencing analysis identified human rotavirus in 75% of the samples collected from downstream versus 37% of the samples collected from upstream sites (p < 0.02). Multivariate binary regression showed that human activity in watersheds is a significant determinant of viruses in Alberta's Rivers. The discharge from wastewater treatment plants may be the possible sources of viral contamination. Seasonal coincidence of acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks and monthly peak occurrence of enteric viruses in river water implies potential impact of waterborne viruses on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, 8440-112st, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada.
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tiejun Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ron Zurawell
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB, T5J 5C6, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 1405-87 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Stephen Craik
- EPCOR Water, 9469 Rossdale Rd NW, Edmonton, AB, T5K 2E9, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, 1405-87 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
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30
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van Zyl WB, A Zhou N, Wolfaardt M, Matsapola PN, Ngwana FB, Symonds EM, Fagnant-Sperati CS, Shirai JH, Kossik AL, Beck NK, Komen E, Mwangi B, Nyangao J, Boyle DS, Borus P, Taylor MB, Meschke JS. Detection of potentially pathogenic enteric viruses in environmental samples from Kenya using the bag-mediated filtration system. WATER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, WATER SUPPLY 2019; 19:1668-1676. [PMID: 33584163 PMCID: PMC7797634 DOI: 10.2166/ws.2019.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enteric virus environmental surveillance via a highly sensitive method is critical, as many enteric viruses have low infectious doses and can persist in the environment for extended periods. This study determined the potential of the novel bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) to recover human enteric viruses and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) from wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface waters, examined PMMoV use as a fecal contamination indicator in Kenya, and identified potential BMFS process controls. From April 2015 to April 2016, BMFS samples were collected from seven sites in Kenya (n = 59). Enteroviruses and PMMoV were detected in 100% of samples, and human adenovirus, human astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, sapovirus, and human rotavirus were detected in the majority of samples. The consistent detection of enteroviruses and PMMoV suggests that these viruses could be used as indicators in similarly fecally contaminated sites and BMFS process controls. As contamination of surface water sources remains a global issue, enteric virus environmental surveillance is necessary. This study demonstrates an effective way to sample large volumes of wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface waters for the detection of multiple enteric viruses simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walda B van Zyl
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Nicolette A Zhou
- (corresponding author) Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Marianne Wolfaardt
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Peter N Matsapola
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Fhatuwani B Ngwana
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 830 1st St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Christine S Fagnant-Sperati
- (corresponding author) Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jeffry H Shirai
- (corresponding author) Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Alexandra L Kossik
- (corresponding author) Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Nicola K Beck
- (corresponding author) Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Evans Komen
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Benlick Mwangi
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - James Nyangao
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Peter Borus
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Maureen B Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
- (corresponding author) Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 830 1st St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - J Scott Meschke
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
- (corresponding author) Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 830 1st St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
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Wang Y, Araud E, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH, Yuan B. Influence of algal organic matter on MS2 bacteriophage inactivation by ultraviolet irradiation at 220 nm and 254 nm. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:195-202. [PMID: 30265926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We determined the potential interference of extracellular algal organic matter (EAOM) and intracellular algal organic matter (IAOM) extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa on MS2 bacteriophage inactivation under UV irradiation at two wavelengths (220 and 254 nm). UV irradiation at 220 nm doubled the inactivation rate of MS2 in water containing EAOM than in organic-free phosphate buffered solution. In contrast, EAOM did not change MS2 inactivation by exposure to UV 254 nm. The presence of IAOM did not significantly influence MS2 inactivation by exposure to either UV 254 or UV 220 nm. To achieve 3 log10 inactivation of MS2, UV254 nm required more than double the dose of UV220 nm (45 mJ/cm2 vs. 20 mJ/cm2). Linear correlations between the reduction in infectivity and the reduction in genome copies detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction suggested that genomic damage is the main mechanism responsible for MS2 inactivation in water containing algal organic matter (AOM) by exposure to UV irradiation. These findings suggest that the presence of AOM did not negatively influence MS2 inactivation by either 220 or 254 nm irradiation, and that a lower UV dose of 220 nm irradiation can be used to achieve the same level of inactivation in water containing AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Elbashir Araud
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China.
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Okaali DA, Hofstra N. Present and Future Human Emissions of Rotavirus and Escherichia coli to Uganda's Surface Waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1130-1138. [PMID: 30272777 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.12.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and diarrheagenic are waterborne pathogens commonly causing diarrhea in children below five years old worldwide. Our study is a first step toward a loads-concentrations-risk modeling and scenario analysis framework. We analyzed current and future human RV and indicator (EC) emissions from sanitation facilities to surface waters in Uganda using two process-based models. Emissions were estimated for the baseline year 2015 and for three scenarios in 2030 using population, excretion rates, sanitation types, and wastewater treatment. The first model is a downscaled GloWPa-Rota H1 version, producing emissions at a 1-km resolution. The second model is newly developed for Kampala and adds emissions from pit latrines and septic tanks excluded in the first model. The scenarios Business as Usual, Industrious, and Low Emissions reflect government prospects in sanitation coverage and wastewater treatment. For the first model, 6.14 × 10 RV particles d and 1.31 × 10 EC colony-forming units (CFU) d are emitted to surface waters in 2015. The RV emissions are expected to increase in 2030 by 75% for Business as Usual and 212% for Industrious and decrease by 58% in Low Emissions. Emissions from the second model are higher for Kampala than in the first model, at 3.74 × 10 vs. 5.95 × 10 RV particles d and 8.18 × 10 vs. 1.75 × 10 EC CFU d in 2015, most of which come from the onsite-not-contained category. Simulated emissions for Kampala show the importance of including onsite sanitation in our modeling. Our study is replicable in other locations and helps identify key emission sources, their hotspots, and the importance of wastewater treatment. The scenarios can guide future sanitation safety planning.
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Boué G, Wasiewska L, Cummins E, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B, Guillou S, Membré JM. Development of a Cryptosporidium-arsenic multi-risk assessment model for infant formula prepared with tap water in France. Food Res Int 2018; 108:558-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Assis ASF, Fumian TM, Miagostovich MP, Drumond BP, da Rosa E Silva ML. Adenovirus and rotavirus recovery from a treated effluent through an optimized skimmed-milk flocculation method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17025-17032. [PMID: 29633189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment may be insufficient for the complete removal of enteric viruses, such as human adenoviruses (HAdV) and group A rotavirus (RVA). The differences in the efficiency of the treatment methodologies used may interfere with the detection of these viruses. The objective of this study was to optimize a skimmed-milk flocculation technique for the recovery of HAdV and RVA in the samples of treated effluent. The treated effluent collected at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was processed via four protocols including modifications in the initial centrifugation step and the final concentration of skimmed-milk. The viral load and recovery rate were determined by quantitative PCR TaqMan® System. The highest recovery rates of HAdV, RVA, and bacteriophage PP7 (internal control process) were obtained when the concentration of skimmed-milk was doubled and no centrifugation step was used for the sample clarification. The optimized protocol was assessed in a field study conducted with 24 treated effluent samples collected bi-monthly during 2015. HAdV and RVA were detected in 50.0% (12/24) and 33.3% (08/24) of the samples tested, respectively, throughout the year, without seasonal variation (p > 0.05). This study corroborates the use of the organic flocculation method for virus recovery in environmental samples with the adaptation of the protocols to different aquatic matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrêssa Silvino Ferreira Assis
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Virus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luzia da Rosa E Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kitajima M, Rachmadi AT, Iker BC, Haramoto E, Gerba CP. Temporal variations in genotype distribution of human sapoviruses and Aichi virus 1 in wastewater in Southern Arizona, United States. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1324-1332. [PMID: 29377502 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the molecular epidemiology, especially temporal variations in genotype distribution, of sapoviruses and Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1) in Arizona, United States, by examining wastewater. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 26 wastewater samples (13 influent and 13 effluent) were collected monthly from a wastewater treatment plant and viral strains were identified through nested reverse transcription-PCR followed by cloning and sequencing analysis. Identified sapovirus strains were classified into seven genotypes belonging to three genogroups (GI, GII, and GV): GI.1, GI.2, GI.3, GII.1, GII.2, GII.8 and GV.1, with a clear temporal shift. The majority of AiV-1 strains identified from the wastewater samples were classified into genotype B, and genotype A strains were identified in only two samples. CONCLUSIONS We identified a number of sapovirus and AiV-1 strains belonging to multiple genotypes in wastewater samples collected over a 13-month period. Our results suggested a temporal shift in prevalent genotypes in the community. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study elucidating the genotype distribution of human sapoviruses and AiV-1 in wastewater in the United States. Wastewater surveillance is especially useful for understanding molecular epidemiology of viruses that are less commonly tested in clinical diagnosis, including sapoviruses and AiV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - A T Rachmadi
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - B C Iker
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - C P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Villamizar-Gallardo RA, Osma JF, Ortíz OO. New technique for direct fluoroimmunomagnetic detection of rotavirus in water samples. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:932-941. [PMID: 29215357 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new rapid, sensitive and selective method for rotavirus detection in water samples is described in this paper. Amino pink magnetic microparticles were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies and used to capture, concentrate, separate and detect infectious rotavirus particles in distilled and drinking water samples. The fluorescence of the microparticles was used to determine the presumptive presence of rotaviruses by using confocal microscopy. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the presence of the anti-rotavirus antibodies attached to the surface of the magnetic microparticles as well as that of viruses attached through the antibody. In addition, RNA extraction, quantification and amplification were carried out to validate the microscopic observations. The selectivity of the microparticles was tested in a sample containing a mix of enteric viruses. It was concluded that functionalizing fluoromagnetic microparticles with anti-rotavirus monoclonal antibodies constituted a fast, simple and reliable technique for detecting as low as 10 Rotavirus particles in 1 L of artificial or real water in just 2 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Villamizar-Gallardo
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Pamplona, Km 1 via Bucaramanga Edificio Simón Bolívar 2do. Piso, Pamplona, Norte de Santander 0975, Colombia E-mail:
| | - Johann F Osma
- CMUA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota,Colombia
| | - Oscar Orlando Ortíz
- Departmento of Industrial Engineering, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
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La Rosa G, Sanseverino I, Della Libera S, Iaconelli M, Ferrero V, Barra Caracciolo A, Lettieri T. The impact of anthropogenic pressure on the virological quality of water from the Tiber River, Italy. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 65:298-305. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - I. Sanseverino
- European Commission; DG Joint Research Centre; Directorate Sustainable Resources; Ispra Italy
| | - S. Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - M. Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | | | | | - T. Lettieri
- European Commission; DG Joint Research Centre; Directorate Sustainable Resources; Ispra Italy
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38
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Jovanović Galović A, Bijelović S, Milošević V, Hrnjaković Cvjetkovic I, Popović M, Kovačević G, Radovanov J, Dragić N, Petrović V. Testing for viral material in water of public bathing areas of the Danube during summer, Vojvodina, Serbia, 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30196. [PMID: 27105473 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.15.30196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
From August to September 2014 a water quality study was conducted on five popular public Danube beaches in Vojvodina, Serbia. To assess the safety of Danube water for bathing, physical, chemical, bacteriological tests were performed. While many parameters for monitoring the quality of water are regulated by law, there are neither national nor international legislations addressing the presence of viruses in recreational waters. In this study, we performed analyses that surpassed national requirements, and investigated if adenovirus, enterovirus or rotavirus genetic material was present in samples of recreational water collected for quality monitoring. Of 90 water samples obtained during the study, enterovirus material was not found in any sample, but adenovirus and rotavirus genetic materials were respectively detected in 60 and 31 samples. Statistical analyses showed a significant correlation between adenovirus DNA and total coliforms in the water. Even when water samples were adequate for recreational use, adenoviruses were detected in 75% (57/76) of such samples. Our results indicate that implementation of viral indicators in recreational water might be helpful to better assess public health safety. This might be particularly relevant in areas where urban wastewater treatment is insufficient and surface waters affected by wastewater are used for recreation.
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Arredondo-Hernandez LJR, Diaz-Avalos C, Lopez-Vidal Y, Castillo-Rojas G, Mazari-Hiriart M. FRNA Bacteriophages as Viral Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Mexican Tropical Aquatic Systems. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170399. [PMID: 28114378 PMCID: PMC5256921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A particular challenge to water safety in populous intertropical regions is the lack of reliable faecal indicators to detect microbiological contamination of water, while the numerical relationships of specific viral indicators remain largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the numerical relationships of FRNA-bacteriophage genotypes, adenovirus 41, and human adenoviruses (HADV) in Mexican surface water systems to assess sewage contamination. We studied the presence of HADV, HADV41 and FRNA bacteriophage genotypes in water samples and quantified by qPCR and RT-qPCR. Virus and water quality indicator variances, as analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squared regression, followed along the major percentiles of water faecal enterococci. FRNA bacteriophages adequately deciphered viral and point source water contamination. The strongest correlation for HADV was with FRNA bacteriophage type II, in water samples higher than the 50th percentiles of faecal enterococci, thus indicating urban pollution. FRNA bacteriophage genotypes I and III virus indicator performances were assisted by their associations with electrical conductivity and faecal enterococci. In combination, our methods are useful for inferring water quality degradation caused by sewage contamination. The methods used have potential for determining source contamination in water and, specifically, the presence of enteric viruses where clean and contaminated water have mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jose Rene Arredondo-Hernandez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlos Diaz-Avalos
- Departamento de Probabilidad y Estadística, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Lopez-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisa Mazari-Hiriart
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Hofstra N, Vermeulen LC. Impacts of population growth, urbanisation and sanitation changes on global human Cryptosporidium emissions to surface water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:599-605. [PMID: 27358259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a pathogenic protozoan parasite and is a leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. The concentration of Cryptosporidium in the surface water is a determinant for probability of exposure and the risk of disease. Surface water concentrations are expected to change with population growth, urbanisation and changes in sanitation. The objective of this paper is to assess the importance of future changes in population, urbanisation and sanitation on global human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface water. The GloWPa-Crypto H1 (the Global Waterborne Pathogen model for Human Cryptosporidium emissions version 1) model is presented and run for 2010 and with scenarios for 2050. The new scenarios are based on the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) developed for the climate community. The scenarios comprise assumptions on sanitation changes in line with the storylines and population and urbanisation changes from the SSPs. In SSP1 population growth is limited, urbanisation large and sanitation and waste water treatment strongly improve. SSP1* is the same as SSP1, but waste water treatment does not improve. SSP3 sees large population growth, moderate urbanisation and sanitation and waste water treatment fractions that are the same as in 2010. Total global Cryptosporidium emissions to surface water for 2010 are estimated to be 1.6×1017 oocysts per year, with hotspots in the most urbanised parts of the world. In 2050 emissions are expected to decrease by 24% or increase by 52% and 70% for SSP1, SSP3 and SSP1* respectively. The emissions increase in all scenarios for countries in the Middle East and Africa (MAF) region, while emissions in large parts in Europe decrease in scenarios SSP1 and SSP3. Improving sanitation by connecting the population to sewers, should be combined with waste water treatment, otherwise (SSP1*) emissions in 2050 are expected to be much larger than in a situation with strong population growth and slow development of safe water and improved sanitation (SSP3). The results show that population increase, urbanisation and changes in sanitation should be considered when water quality and resulting health risks are estimated by water managers or public health specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Hofstra
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucie C Vermeulen
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Kiulia NM, Hofstra N, Vermeulen LC, Obara MA, Medema G, Rose JB. Correction: Global Occurrence and Emission of Rotaviruses to Surface Waters. Pathogens 2015, 4, 229-255. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010026. [PMID: 26938565 PMCID: PMC4810147 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kiulia
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Enteric Viruses Research Group, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, 00502 Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucie C Vermeulen
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maureen A Obara
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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42
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Rose JB, Jakubowski W. Sanitation and disease-updates are overdue. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:11-13. [PMID: 26404668 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Qiu Y, Lee B, Neumann N, Ashbolt N, Craik S, Maal-Bared R, Pang X. Assessment of human virus removal during municipal wastewater treatment in Edmonton, Canada. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1729-39. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - B.E. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - N. Neumann
- School of Public health; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - N. Ashbolt
- School of Public health; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | | | - X.L. Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health; Edmonton AB Canada
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Hassine-Zaafrane M, Kaplon J, Ben Salem I, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Sakly N, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Detection and genotyping of group A rotaviruses isolated from sewage samples in Monastir, Tunisia between April 2007 and April 2010. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1443-53. [PMID: 26248601 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To ascertain the viral load, the distribution of G and P types of group A rotaviruses (RV-A) in sewage samples and to compare strains in clinical, animal and environmental samples. METHODS AND RESULTS During our study from April 2007 to April 2010, 518 samples of raw and treated sewage were collected from two biological sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in the Monastir region, Tunisia. RV-A was detected by real-time RT-PCR in 375 (72·4%) sewage samples. According to the quantification results of RV-A, it appears that the viral load in raw and treated sewage of the two STPs was quite similar (P = 0·735). The genotyping of RV-A strains detected in sewage samples showed a great diversity with 10 G types and 8 P types. Most of them were described as common in humans, but we also detected genotypes commonly found in animals. All the genotypes detected in two previous studies performed in our laboratory on clinical and bovine samples were also found in environmental samples. However, some genotypes commonly found in animal were only found in sewage samples. CONCLUSION The comparison of environmental, clinical and animal data suggests that STPs may convey not only human sewage but also animal wastes, both of them contaminated with numerous RV-A strains which are not efficiently eliminated by the sewage treatment process and may spread to surface waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work demonstrates the potential release of human and animal RV-A into water sources, representing a public health risk, by inducing gastroenteritis in population, but also by increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission and formation of reassortant viruses which could get a higher infectious potential. Our findings also suggest that monitoring of sewage may provide an additional tool to determine the epidemiology of RV-A circulating in a given community.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hassine-Zaafrane
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - J Kaplon
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - I Ben Salem
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - K Sdiri-Loulizi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - N Sakly
- Laboratory of Immunology, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - P Pothier
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - M Aouni
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - K Ambert-Balay
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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