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Pinto S, Viegas J, Cristelo C, Pacheco C, Barros S, Buckley ST, Garousi J, Gräslund T, Santos HA, Sarmento B. Bioengineered Nanomedicines Targeting the Intestinal Fc Receptor Achieve the Improved Glucoregulatory Effect of Semaglutide in a Type 2 Diabetic Mice Model. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39356547 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c11172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
The oral administration of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, semaglutide, remains a hurdle due to its limited bioavailability. Herein, neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) were designed to enhance the oral delivery of semaglutide. The nanocarriers were covalently linked to the FcRn-binding peptide FcBP or the affibody molecule ZFcRn that specifically binds to the human FcRn (hFcRn) in a pH-dependent manner. These FcRn-targeted ligands were selected over the endogenous ligands of the receptor (albumin and IgG) due to their smaller size and simpler structure, which could facilitate the transport of functionalized NPs through the tissues. The capacity of FcRn-targeted semaglutide-NPs in controlling the blood glucose levels was evaluated in an hFcRn transgenic mice model, where type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced via intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide followed by streptozotocin. The encapsulation of semaglutide into FcRn-targeted NPs was translated in an improved glucoregulatory effect in T2DM-induced mice when compared to the oral free semaglutide or nontargeted NP groups, after daily oral administrations for 7 days. Notably, a similar glucose-lowering response was observed between both FcRn-targeted NPs and the subcutaneous semaglutide groups. An increase in insulin pancreatic content and a recovery in β cell mass were visualized in the mice treated with FcRn-targeted semaglutide-NPs. The biodistribution of fluorescently labeled NPs through the gastrointestinal tract demonstrated that the nanosystems targeting the hFcRn are retained longer in the ileum and colorectum, where the expression of FcRn is more prevalent, than nontargeted NPs. Therefore, FcRn-targeted nanocarriers proved to be an effective platform for improving the pharmacological effect of semaglutide in a T2DM-induced mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Pinto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Juliana Viegas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Cecília Cristelo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS-CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Sofia Barros
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Stephen T Buckley
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park 1, Måløv 2760, Denmark
| | - Javad Garousi
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm 114 17, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Gräslund
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm 114 17, Sweden
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, AV Groningen 9713, the Netherlands
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS-CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal
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Zhang LZ, Du RJ, Wang D, Qin J, Yu C, Zhang L, Zhu HD. Enteral Route Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:9889-9919. [PMID: 39351000 PMCID: PMC11439897 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s482329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
With the in-depth knowledge of the pathological and physiological characteristics of the intestinal barrier-portal vein/intestinal lymphatic vessels-systemic circulation axis, oral targeted drug delivery is frequently being renewed. With many advantages, such as high safety, convenient administration, and good patient compliance, many researchers have begun to explore targeted drug delivery from intravenous injections to oral administration. Over the past few decades, the fields of materials science and nanomedicine have produced various drug delivery platforms that hold great potential in overcoming the multiple barriers associated with oral drug delivery. However, the oral transport of particles into the systemic circulation is extremely difficult due to immune rejection and biochemical invasion in the intestine, which limits absorption and entry into the bloodstream. The feasibility of the oral delivery of targeted drugs to sites outside the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is unknown. This article reviews the biological barriers to drug absorption, the in vivo fate and transport mechanisms of drug carriers, the theoretical basis for oral administration, and the impact of carrier structural evolution on oral administration to achieve this goal. Finally, this article reviews the characteristics of different nano-delivery systems that can enhance the bioavailability of oral therapeutics and highlights their applications in the efficient creation of oral anticancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Zhu Zhang
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging & Interventional Radiology (Southeast University), Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Jie Du
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging & Interventional Radiology (Southeast University), Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Wang
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging & Interventional Radiology (Southeast University), Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Qin
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging & Interventional Radiology (Southeast University), Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging & Interventional Radiology (Southeast University), Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging & Interventional Radiology (Southeast University), Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Dong Zhu
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging & Interventional Radiology (Southeast University), Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Morita T, Yoshida H, Tomita N, Sato Y. Comparison of in vitro screening methods for evaluating the effects of pharmaceutical excipients on membrane permeability. Int J Pharm 2024:124727. [PMID: 39293580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
The effects of pharmaceutical excipients on intestinal drug absorption have been highlighted and careful excipient selection is required to develop biologically equivalent formulations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of excipients on drug permeability and compare the characteristics of in vitro screening methods. Three in vitro models, the commercial precoated parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), PermeaPadTM, and Caco-2 monolayer, were used to evaluate the effects of 14 excipients on the permeability of several drugs with different biopharmaceutical classification system classes. Concentration-dependent effects were analyzed to distinguish non-specific effects. The permeability of low-permeability drugs was increased by excipients such as hydroxypropyl cellulose and povidone K30 in the precoated PAMPA model, whereas PermeaPadTM maintained membrane integrity at higher concentrations. Conversely, croscarmellose sodium and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) decreased the permeability of highly permeable drugs in both precoated PAMPA and PermeaPadTM assays in a concentration-dependent manner. In Caco-2 monolayer assays, most excipients showed minimal effects on drug permeability. However, SLS significantly reduces the permeability of highly permeable drugs at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration, thereby compromising the integrity of the cell monolayer. Our results suggested that most of excipients, except SLS, did not affect the membrane permeation of drugs at clinically used concentrations. The pre-coated PAMPA model demonstrated high sensitivity to excipient effects, making it suitable for conservative evaluation. The PermeaPadTM and Caco-2 models allowed assessment at higher excipient concentrations, with PermeaPadTM being particularly useful for excipients that cause toxicity in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Morita
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Naomi Tomita
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoji Sato
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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Ren A, Hu J, Qin C, Xia N, Yu M, Xu X, Yang H, Han M, Zhang L, Ma L. Oral administration microrobots for drug delivery. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:163-190. [PMID: 38808156 PMCID: PMC11130999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral administration is the most simple, noninvasive, convenient treatment. With the increasing demands on the targeted drug delivery, the traditional oral treatment now is facing some challenges: 1) biologics how to implement the oral treatment and ensure the bioavailability is not lower than the subcutaneous injections; 2) How to achieve targeted therapy of some drugs in the gastrointestinal tract? Based on these two issues, drug delivery microrobots have shown great application prospect in oral drug delivery due to their characteristics of flexible locomotion or driven ability. Therefore, this paper summarizes various drug delivery microrobots developed in recent years and divides them into four categories according to different driving modes: magnetic-controlled drug delivery microrobots, anchored drug delivery microrobots, self-propelled drug delivery microrobots and biohybrid drug delivery microrobots. As oral drug delivery microrobots involve disciplines such as materials science, mechanical engineering, medicine, and control systems, this paper begins by introducing the gastrointestinal barriers that oral drug delivery must overcome. Subsequently, it provides an overview of typical materials involved in the design process of oral drug delivery microrobots. To enhance readers' understanding of the working principles and design process of oral drug delivery microrobots, we present a guideline for designing such microrobots. Furthermore, the current development status of various types of oral drug delivery microrobots is reviewed, summarizing their respective advantages and limitations. Finally, considering the significant concerns regarding safety and clinical translation, we discuss the challenges and prospections of clinical translation for various oral drug delivery microrobots presented in this paper, providing corresponding suggestions for addressing some existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiarui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changwei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804 China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Liu X, Zhang L, Lai B, Li J, Zang J, Ma L. Harnessing Protein Hydrolysates and Peptides for Hyperuricemia Management: Insights into Sources, Mechanisms, Techniques, and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18758-18773. [PMID: 39161084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an imbalance in uric acid production and excretion, frequently leading to gout and various chronic conditions. Novel bioactive compounds offer effective alternatives for managing HUA, reducing side effects of traditional medications. Recent studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of protein hydrolysates and peptides in managing HUA. This review focuses on preparing and applying protein hydrolysates to treat HUA and explores peptides for xanthine oxidase inhibition. Particularly, we discuss their origins, enzymatic approaches, and mechanisms of action in detail. The review provides an updated understanding of HUA pathogenesis, current pharmacological interventions, and methodologies for the preparation, purification, identification, and assessment of these compounds. Furthermore, to explore the application of protein hydrolysates and peptides in the food industry, we also address challenges and propose solutions related to the safety, bitterness, oral delivery, and the integration of artificial intelligence in peptide discovery. Bridging traditional pharmacological approaches and innovative dietary interventions, this study paves the way for future research and development in HUA management, contributing to the utilization of proteins from different food sources. In conclusion, protein hydrolysates and peptides show significant promise as safe agents and dietary interventions for preventing and treating HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Boyin Lai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingming Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liyan Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Shapira-Furman T, Bar-Hai A, Hoffman A, Domb AJ. The Synthesis of SNAC Phenolate Salts and the Effect on Oral Bioavailability of Semaglutide. Molecules 2024; 29:3909. [PMID: 39202988 PMCID: PMC11356839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate (SNAC) is a well-known penetration enhancer widely used in commercial applications. This study aims to broaden its properties through a novel strategy of converting it into its phenolate salts. The objective is to investigate the synthesis of SNAC phenolate salts, specifically SNAC-choline (SNAC-CH), SNAC-sodium (SNAC-Na), and SNAC-phosphatidylcholine (SNAC-PC), and to explore their potential application in improving the oral absorption of semaglutide. METHODS The synthesis of SNAC phenolate salts was confirmed through 1H-NMR, FTIR, and an elemental analysis of C, H, N, and O. In vivo testing was conducted to assess the oral delivery of semaglutide using these synthesized SNAC phenolate salts. Pharmacokinetic (PK) values were measured to evaluate the impact on drug absorption. RESULTS The synthesis of SNAC phenolate salts (SNAC-CH, SNAC-Na, and SNAC-PC) was successfully achieved under appropriate conditions, and their structures were confirmed using analytical techniques such as IR, NMR, and CHN elemental analysis. The paradigm of their use was evaluated through an oral pharmacokinetic (PK) in vivo study using SNAC phenolate salts, which did not impair the original SNAC PK values. This suggests that this strategy holds promise as a potential new effective enhancer for oral absorption. CONCLUSIONS The utilization of SNAC phenolate salts presents a novel and promising strategy for extending the verity of penetration enhancers' molecules and properties. Synthesizing phenolate salts represents a new chemical strategy that may open new avenues in molecular development. This approach holds future potential to enhance the oral delivery of peptide drugs like semaglutide without compromising therapeutic efficacy. Overall, it offers significant advancements in the field by providing a potential alternative to injectable peptides through oral delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abraham J. Domb
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (T.S.-F.); (A.B.-H.); (A.H.)
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McCartney F, Caisse P, Dumont C, Brayden DJ. Labrafac TM MC60 is an efficacious intestinal permeation enhancer for macromolecules: Comparisons with Labrasol® ALF in ex vivo and in vivo rat studies. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124353. [PMID: 38909926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Labrafac™ MC60 (glycerol monocaprylocaprate) is a lipid-based excipient used in oral formulations as a solubiliser. Due to the high proportions of established permeability enhancers, caprylate (C8) and caprate (C10), in Labrafac™ MC60, we hypothesised that it might behave as an intestinal permeation enhancer. We therefore evaluated this using two paracellular markers (ex vivo) and insulin (in vivo) as model molecules. Ex vivo studies were conducted in isolated muscle-stripped rat colonic mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers. Apical addition of Labrafac™ MC60 (8, 12, and 16 mg/ml) enhanced the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of [14C] mannitol and FITC-dextran 4 kDa (FD4) across colonic mucosae. Similar effects were observed in isolated jejunal mucosae, but at higher concentrations (40 mg/ml). The enhancing capacity of Labrafac™ MC60 was transient due to reversibility of reductions in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) upon wash-out and effects on fluxes were molecular weight-dependent (MW) as suggested by fluxes of a set of high MW FITC-dextrans. The permeability enhancing effects of Labrafac™ MC60 ex vivo were maintained in the presence of simulated intestinal fluids, FaSSIF and FaSSCoF, in both jejunal and colonic mucosae, respectively. Following intra-intestinal regional instillations to rats, the relative bioavailability of 50 IU/kg insulin ad-mixed with Labrafac™ MC60 was 5 % in jejunum (40 mg/ml) and 6 % in colon (8 mg/ml). When Labrafac™ MC60 was combined with PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil (1 % v/v), this further increased the bioavailability of insulin to 8 % in jejunum. Absorption enhancement was also maintained in the presence of FaSSIF in jejunal instillations. Histology after 120 min exposure to Labrafac™ MC60 in vivo for both jejunum and colon was similar to untreated control. Labrafac™ MC60 therefore acts as a non-damaging intestinal permeation enhancer for macromolecules and can be considered as another excipient in screening programmes to develop orally administered macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McCartney
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | - Camille Dumont
- Gattefossé SAS, 36, Chemin de Genas, Saint-Priest, France
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Gleeson JP, Zhang SY, Subelzu N, Ling J, Nissley B, Ong W, Nofsinger R, Kesisoglou F. Head-to-Head Comparison of Caco-2 Transwell and Gut-on-a-Chip Models for Assessing Oral Peptide Formulations. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3880-3888. [PMID: 38941485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Oral delivery of potent peptide drugs provides key formulation challenges in the pharmaceutical industry: stability, solubility, and permeability. Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) can overcome the low oral bioavailability by improving the drug permeability. Conventional in vitro and ex vivo models for assessing PEs fail to predict efficacy in vivo. Here, we compared Caco-2 cells cultured in the conventional static Transwell model to a commercially available continuous flow microfluidic Gut-on-a-Chip model. We determined baseline permeability of FITC-Dextan 3 kDa (FD3) in Transwell (5.3 ± 0.8 × 10-8 cm/s) vs Chip (3.2 ± 1.8 × 10-7 cm/s). We screened the concentration impact of two established PEs sodium caprate and sucrose monolaurate and indicated a requirement for higher enhancer concentration in the Chip model to elicit equivalent efficacy e.g., 10 mM sodium caprate in Transwells vs 25 mM in Chips. Fasted and fed state simulated intestinal fluids (FaSSIF/FeSSIF) were introduced into the Chip and increased basal FD3 permeability by 3-fold and 20-fold, respectively, compared to 4-fold and 4000-fold in Transwells. We assessed the utility of this model to peptides (Insulin and Octreotide) with PEs and observed much more modest permeability enhancement in the Chip model in line with observations in ex vivo and in vivo preclinical models. These data indicate that microfluidic Chip models are well suited to bridge the gap between conventional in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Gleeson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephanie Y Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Natalia Subelzu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jing Ling
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Becky Nissley
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Whitney Ong
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rebecca Nofsinger
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
- Current: Eli Lilly and Company, Drug Disposition, Indianapolis, Indiana 46284, United States
| | - Filippos Kesisoglou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Alfawaz S, Burzangi A, Esmat A. Mechanisms of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Beneficial Effects of Semaglutide: A Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e67080. [PMID: 39286709 PMCID: PMC11404706 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease stands as the predominant cause of chronic liver disease, with its prevalence and morbidity expected to escalate significantly, leading to substantial healthcare costs and diminished health-related quality of life. It comprises a range of disease manifestations that commence with basic steatosis, involving the accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes, a distinctive histological feature. If left untreated, it often advances to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, marked by inflammatory and/or fibrotic hepatic changes, leading to the eventual development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of the liver's vital role in body metabolism, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is considered both a consequence and a contributor to the metabolic abnormalities observed in the metabolic syndrome. As of date, there are no authorized pharmacological agents for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Semaglutide, with its glycemic and weight loss advantages, could potentially offer benefits for individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review aims to investigate the impact of semaglutide on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alfawaz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Abdulhadi Burzangi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
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Chiang Yu Y, Lu D, Rege B, Polli JE. Lack of Effect of Antioxidants on Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class III Drug Permeability. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2215-2222. [PMID: 38484875 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
The addition of antioxidants to pharmaceutical products is a potential approach to inhibit nitrosamine formation, particularly in solid oral dosage forms like tablets and capsules. The objective was to assess the effect of ten antioxidants on the permeability of four Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class III drugs. Bi-directional drug permeability studies in the absence and presence of antioxidants were performed in vitro across MDCK-II monolayers. No antioxidant increased drug permeability, while the positive control sodium lauryl sulfate always increased drug permeability. Results support that any of the ten antioxidants, up to at least 10 mg, can be added to a solid oral dosage form without modulating passive drug intestinal permeability. Additional considerations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuly Chiang Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Dongmei Lu
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Bhagwant Rege
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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11
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Yagi H, Tomono T, Abe K, Tsutsumi Y, Makabe M, Mitsuhashi H, Kimura T, Kobayashi H, Miyata K, Shigeno K, Sakuma S. Validation of the Absorption-Enhancing Ability of Oligoarginines Grafted onto a Backbone of Hyaluronic Acid through Animal Studies from Rodents to Primates. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3485-3501. [PMID: 38804275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of our research is to develop functional additives that enhance mucosal absorption of biologics, such as peptide/protein and antibody drugs, to provide their non-to-poor invasive dosage forms self-managed by patients. Our previous in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that the intranasal absorption of biologics in mice was significantly improved when coadministered with oligoarginines anchored chemically to hyaluronic acid via a glycine spacer, presumably through syndecan-4-mediated macropinocytosis under activation by oligoarginines. The present mouse experiments first revealed that diglycine-L-tetraarginine-linked hyaluronic acid significantly enhanced the intranasal absorption of sulpiride, which is a poor-absorptive organic compound with a low molecular weight. However, similar enhancement was not observed for levofloxacin, which has a similarly low molecular weight but is a well-absorptive organic compound, probably because its absorption was mostly dominated by passive diffusion. The subsequent monkey experiments revealed that there was no species difference in the absorption-enhancing ability of diglycine-L-tetraarginine-linked hyaluronic acid for not only organic compounds but also biologics. This was presumably because the expression levels of endocytosis-associated membrane proteins on the nasal mucosa in monkeys were almost equivalent to those in mice, and poorly membrane-permeable/membrane-impermeable drugs were mainly absorbed via syndecan-4-mediated macropinocytosis, regardless of animal species. Drug concentrations in the brain assessed in mice and monkeys and those in the cerebral spinal fluids (CSFs) assessed in monkeys indicated that drugs would be delivered from the systemic circulation to the central nervous system by crossing the blood-brain and the blood-CSF barriers under coadministration with the hyaluronic acid derivative. In line with our original hypothesis, this new set of data supported that our oligoarginine-linked hyaluronic acid would locally perform on the mucosal surface and enhance the membrane permeation of drugs under its colocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruya Yagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1, Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Takumi Tomono
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1, Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsutsumi
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Muneyoshi Makabe
- Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mitsuhashi
- Translational Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kimura
- Translational Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Hideo Kobayashi
- Research Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyata
- Life Science Materials Laboratory, ADEKA Co., 7-2-34, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8553, Japan
| | - Koichi Shigeno
- Life Science Materials Laboratory, ADEKA Co., 7-2-34, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8553, Japan
| | - Shinji Sakuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1, Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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12
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Yu M, Qin J, Liu X, Ramsden D, Williams B, Zlatev I, Guenther D, Matsuda S, Tymon R, Darcy J, Wong C, Tsung J, Zawaneh P, Chong S, Theile C, Taneja N, Rogers A, Liu J, Castellanos-Rizaldos E, Bond S, So K, Denoncourt J, Castoreno A, Manoharan M, Wu JT, Fitzgerald K, Maier MA, Jadhav V, Nair J. Evaluating the oral delivery of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs in rodents and non-human primates. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5423-5437. [PMID: 38742636 PMCID: PMC11162796 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery is the most widely used and convenient route of administration of medicine. However, oral administration of hydrophilic macromolecules is commonly limited by low intestinal permeability and pre-systemic degradation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Overcoming some of these challenges allowed emergence of oral dosage forms of peptide-based drugs in clinical settings. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have also been investigated for oral administration but despite the recent progress, the bioavailability remains low. Given the advancement with highly potent and durable trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) via subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, we explored their activities after oral administration. We report robust RNA interference (RNAi) activity of orally administrated GalNAc-siRNAs co-formulated with permeation enhancers (PEs) in rodents and non-human primates (NHPs). The relative bioavailability calculated from NHP liver exposure was <2.0% despite minimal enzymatic degradation in the GI. To investigate the impact of oligonucleotide size on oral delivery, highly specific GalNAc-conjugated single-stranded oligonucleotides known as REVERSIRs with different lengths were employed and their activities for reversal of RNAi effect were monitored. Our data suggests that intestinal permeability is highly influenced by the size of oligonucleotides. Further improvements in the potency of siRNA and PE could make oral delivery of GalNAc-siRNAs as a practical solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Yu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - June Qin
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xiumin Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Diane Ramsden
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Ivan Zlatev
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dale Guenther
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Roxanne Tymon
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Justin Darcy
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Catrina Wong
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jamie Tsung
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Peter Zawaneh
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Saeho Chong
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Nathan Taneja
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Arlin Rogers
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ju Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Sarah Bond
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kawai So
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Vasant Jadhav
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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13
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Vazquez-Uribe R, Hedin KA, Licht TR, Nieuwdorp M, Sommer MOA. Advanced microbiome therapeutics as a novel modality for oral delivery of peptides to manage metabolic diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00115-2. [PMID: 38782649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of metabolic diseases calls for innovative treatments. Peptide-based drugs have transformed the management of conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Yet, challenges persist in oral delivery of these peptides. This review explores the potential of 'advanced microbiome therapeutics' (AMTs), which involve engineered microbes for delivery of peptides in situ, thereby enhancing their bioavailability. Preclinical work on AMTs has shown promise in treating animal models of metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Outstanding challenges toward realizing the potential of AMTs involve improving peptide expression, ensuring predictable colonization control, enhancing stability, and managing safety and biocontainment concerns. Still, AMTs have potential for revolutionizing the treatment of metabolic diseases, potentially offering dynamic and personalized novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vazquez-Uribe
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl Alex Hedin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Departments of Internal and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Morten O A Sommer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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14
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Larsen NW, Kostrikov S, Hansen MB, Hjørringgaard CU, Larsen NB, Andresen TL, Kristensen K. Interactions of oral permeation enhancers with lipid membranes in simulated intestinal environments. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123957. [PMID: 38430950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The oral bioavailability of therapeutic peptides is generally low. To increase peptide transport across the gastrointestinal barrier, permeation enhancers are often used. Despite their widespread use, mechanistic knowledge of permeation enhancers is limited. To address this, we here investigate the interactions of six commonly used permeation enhancers with lipid membranes in simulated intestinal environments. Specifically, we study the interactions of the permeation enhancers sodium caprate, dodecyl maltoside, sodium cholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, melittin, and penetratin with epithelial cell-like model membranes. To mimic the molecular composition of the real intestinal environment, the experiments are performed with two peptide drugs, salmon calcitonin and desB30 insulin, in fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid. Besides providing a comparison of the membrane interactions of the studied permeation enhancers, our results demonstrate that peptide drugs as well as intestinal-fluid components may substantially change the membrane activity of permeation enhancers. This highlights the importance of testing permeation enhancement in realistic physiological environments and carefully choosing a permeation enhancer for each individual peptide drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Wichmann Larsen
- DTU Health Tech, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Serhii Kostrikov
- DTU Health Tech, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Borre Hansen
- DTU Health Tech, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claudia Ulrich Hjørringgaard
- DTU Health Tech, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Bent Larsen
- DTU Health Tech, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- DTU Health Tech, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- DTU Health Tech, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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15
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Pinto SFT, Santos HA, Sarmento BFCC. New insights into nanomedicines for oral delivery of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1952. [PMID: 38500351 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that arises when the body cannot respond fully to insulin, leading to impaired glucose tolerance. Currently, the treatment embraces non-pharmacological actions (e.g., diet and exercise) co-associated with the administration of antidiabetic drugs. Metformin is the first-line treatment for T2DM; nevertheless, alternative therapeutic strategies involving glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs have been explored for managing the disease. GLP-1 analogs trigger insulin secretion and suppress glucagon release in a glucose-dependent manner thereby, reducing the risk of hyperglycemia. Additionally, GLP-1 analogs have an extended plasma half-life compared to the endogenous peptide due to their high resistance to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4. However, GLP-1 analogs are mainly administered via subcutaneous route, which can be inconvenient for the patients. Even considering an oral delivery approach, GLP-1 analogs are exposed to the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the intestinal barriers (mucus and epithelium). Hereupon, there is an unmet need to develop non-invasive oral transmucosal drug delivery strategies, such as the incorporation of GLP-1 analogs into nanoplatforms, to overcome the GIT barriers. Nanotechnology has the potential to shield antidiabetic peptides against the acidic pH and enzymatic activity of the stomach. In addition, the nanoparticles can be coated and/or surface-conjugated with mucodiffusive polymers and target intestinal ligands to improve their transport through the intestinal mucus and epithelium. This review focuses on the main hurdles associated with the oral administration of GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs, and the nanosystems developed to improve the oral bioavailability of the antidiabetic peptides. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Filipa Tavares Pinto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Almeida Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Filipe Carmelino Cardoso Sarmento
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
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16
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Kang C, Bernaldez M, Stamatis SD, Rose JP, Sun R. Interaction between Permeation Enhancers and Lipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1668-1679. [PMID: 38232311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Permeation enhancers (PEs) are a class of molecules that interact with the epithelial membrane and transiently increase its transcellular permeability. Although there have been few clinical trials of PE coformulated drugs, the mechanism of action of PEs remains elusive. In this paper, the interaction between two archetypes of PEs [salcaprozate sodium (SNAC) and sodium caprate (C10)] and membranes is investigated with extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations show that (1) the association between the neutral PEs and membranes is favored in free energy, (2) the propensity of neutral PE aggregation is larger in aqueous solution than in lipid bilayers, (3) the equilibrium distribution of neutral PEs in membranes is fast, e.g., accessible with unbiased MD simulations, and (4) the micelle of neutral PEs formed in aqueous solution does not rupture the membranes (e.g., not forming pores or breaking up the membrane) under simulation conditions. All results combined, this study indicates that PEs insert into the membranes in an equilibrium or near equilibrium process. This study lays the foundation for future investigations of how PEs impact the free energy of permeation for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Mabel Bernaldez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Stephen D Stamatis
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John P Rose
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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17
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Kida R, Tsugane M, Suzuki H. Horizontal and vertical microchamber platforms for evaluation of the paracellular permeability of an epithelial cell monolayer. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:572-583. [PMID: 38175144 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cells serve as a barrier by tightly adhering to each other and contribute to the homeostasis of living organisms by controlling substance permeation. Therefore, evaluation of the barrier function is important in pharmaceutical development processes. However, the widely used Transwell-based assays require the development of the defect-free epithelial cell monolayer above several tens of mm2, often resulting in low reproducibility and requiring a long incubation time. In addition, the culture surface of cells is far from the bottom of the well plate, making it difficult to observe the cell morphology using an optical microscope. Herein, we propose simple polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices for evaluating the barrier function of an epithelial monolayer using a microchamber array. After the formation of the epithelial monolayer over microchambers, the permeation of the marker molecules introduced above resulted in increased fluorescence intensity in microchambers, which was monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy. We show that using this technique, alteration of the paracellular permeability induced by sodium caprate (C10) and cytochalasin-D, permeation enhancing factors, can be elucidated. Furthermore, by tilting the microchamber device 90 degrees, the vertical cell section and microchambers were imaged in the same focal plane, allowing for live visualization of the passage of fluorescent substances across the cell monolayer. This technique is expected to be useful for investigating the relationship between paracellular permeability and cell morphology, which is unattainable through conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuya Kida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Mamiko Tsugane
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Japan.
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18
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Tran H, Dogra M, Huang S, Aihara E, ElSayed M, Aburub A. Development and evaluation of C10 and SNAC erodible tablets for gastric delivery of a GIP/GLP1 peptide in monkeys. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123680. [PMID: 38070657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The permeation enhancers (PEs) sodium caprate (C10) and sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate (SNAC) have been utilized for the intestinal and gastric delivery of macromolecules, respectively. However, the potential of C10 for the gastric delivery of a peptide and the ability of SNAC to deliver other peptides to the stomach beyond semaglutide have not been investigated. In this study, we have developed and evaluated C10 and SNAC-containing erodible tablets for the gastricdelivery of a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GIP/GLP1) dual agonist peptide (LY) in cynomolgus monkeys. We also evaluated the impact of release rates on the in vivo performance of C10 and SNAC. Furthermore, we compared the oral exposure of the LY peptide and semaglutide with different proteolytic stabilities using a SNAC erodible tablet. Additionally, we investigated the mechanism of action of SNAC for improving gastric absorption of the LY peptide via tissue distribution in monkey. C10 and SNAC tablets released the peptide and PE by erosion from the tablet surface with 100 % release within 60 min at pH 6.8. Following a single oral administration to monkeys, C10 and SNAC erodible tablets at 300 mg exhibited similar LY mean absolute oral bioavailability of 5.7 % and 4.2 %, respectively. The C10 immediate release capsule (500 mg) with faster dissolution profile (10 min) showed a decrease in the LY oral bioavailability; however, a faster dissolution profile (15 min) with erodible SNAC tablet resulted in a relatively higher LY oral bioavailability compared to the slow-release erodible tablets (60 min). Using SNAC as the PE, the combination of slow-release tablet design and LY peptide with higher pepsin stability resulted in about 4-fold higher mean oral bioavailability in the monkeys than semaglutide (4.2 % vs 1.2 %, respectively). In the monkey gastric tissue, SNAC was found to reduce tight junction protein levels and increase the peptide uptake into the gastric epithelium suggesting its permeation enhancing mechanism via both paracellular and transcellular pathways. Taking these data altogether, the enhanced proteolytic stability of the LY peptide combined with the optimal erodible tablets enabled the gastric delivery of the LY peptide with a higher oral bioavailability than semaglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Tran
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Mridula Dogra
- Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development (,) Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Eitaro Aihara
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Mohamed ElSayed
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Aktham Aburub
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development (,) Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285.
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19
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Nicze M, Borówka M, Dec A, Niemiec A, Bułdak Ł, Okopień B. The Current and Promising Oral Delivery Methods for Protein- and Peptide-Based Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:815. [PMID: 38255888 PMCID: PMC10815890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Drugs based on peptides and proteins (PPs) have been widely used in medicine, beginning with insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus over a century ago. Although the oral route of drug administration is the preferred one by the vast majority of patients and improves compliance, medications of this kind due to their specific chemical structure are typically delivered parenterally, which ensures optimal bioavailability. In order to overcome issues connected with oral absorption of PPs such as their instability depending on digestive enzymes and pH changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) system on the one hand, but also their limited permeability across physiological barriers (mucus and epithelium) on the other hand, scientists have been strenuously searching for novel delivery methods enabling peptide and protein drugs (PPDs) to be administered enterally. These include utilization of different nanoparticles, transport channels, substances enhancing permeation, chemical modifications, hydrogels, microneedles, microemulsion, proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, and cell-penetrating peptides, all of which are extensively discussed in this review. Furthermore, this article highlights oral PP therapeutics both previously used in therapy and currently available on the medical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Nicze
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland (B.O.)
| | | | | | | | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland (B.O.)
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20
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Shahid N, Erum A, Hanif S, Malik NS, Tulain UR, Syed MA. Nanocomposite Hydrogels-A Promising Approach towards Enhanced Bioavailability and Controlled Drug Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:48-62. [PMID: 38155469 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128283466231219071151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as the eminent focus of today's research to overcome challenges related to conventional drug delivery systems. A wide spectrum of novel delivery systems has been investigated to improve the therapeutic outcomes of drugs. The polymer-based nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs) that have evolved as efficient carriers for controlled drug delivery are of particular interest in this regard. Nanocomposites amalgamate the properties of both nanoparticles (NPs) as well as hydrogels, exhibiting superior functionalities over conventional hydrogels. This multiple functionality is based upon advanced mechanical, electrical, optical as well as magnetic properties. Here is a brief overview of the various types of nanocomposites, such as NCHs based on Carbon-bearing nanomaterials, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and metal and metal-oxide NPs. Accordingly, this article will review numerous ways of preparing these NCHs with particular emphasis on the vast biomedical applications displayed by them in numerous fields such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, bioprinting, biosensing, imaging and gene silencing, cancer therapy, antibacterial therapy, etc. Moreover, various features can be tuned, based on the final application, by controlling the chemical composition of hydrogel network, which may also influence the released conduct. Subsequently, the recent work and future prospects of this newly emerging class of drug delivery system have been enlisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Shahid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alia Erum
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Sana Hanif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Shamshad Malik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ali Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry & Life Sciences, GC University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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21
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Emeh P, Breitholtz K, Berg S, Vedin C, Englund M, Uggla T, Antonsson M, Nunes F, Hilgendorf C, Bergström CAS, Davies N. Experiences and Translatability of In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Evaluate Caprate as a Permeation Enhancer. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:313-324. [PMID: 38054599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient permeation enhancers (PEs) have been widely used to improve the oral absorption of macromolecules. During pharmaceutical development, the correct selection of the macromolecule, PE, and the combination needs to be made to maximize oral bioavailability and ensure successful clinical development. Various in vitro and in vivo methods have been investigated to optimize this selection. In vitro methods are generally preferred by the pharmaceutical industry to reduce the use of animals according to the "replacement, reduction, and refinement" principle commonly termed "3Rs," and in vitro methods typically have a higher throughput. This paper compares two in vitro methods that are commonly used within the pharmaceutical industry, being Caco-2 and an Ussing chamber, to two in vivo models, being in situ intestinal instillation to rats and in vivo administration via an endoscope to pigs. All studies use solution formulation of sodium caprate, which has been widely used as a PE, and two macromolecules, being FITC-dextran 4000 Da and MEDI7219, a GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide. The paper shares our experiences of using these models and the challenges with the in vitro models in mimicking the processes occurring in vivo. The paper highlights the need to consider these differences when translating data generated using these in vitro models for evaluating macromolecules, PE, and combinations thereof for enabling oral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Emeh
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Katarina Breitholtz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Staffan Berg
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Vedin
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Maria Englund
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Teresia Uggla
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Malin Antonsson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Filipe Nunes
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Constanze Hilgendorf
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
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22
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Schlosser CS, Williams GR, Dziemidowicz K. Advanced Formulation Approaches for Proteins. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:69-91. [PMID: 37059912 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteins and peptides are highly desirable as therapeutic agents, being highly potent and specific. However, there are myriad challenges with processing them into patient-friendly formulations: they are often unstable and have a tendency to aggregate or degrade upon storage. As a result, the vast majority of protein actives are delivered parenterally as solutions, which has a number of disadvantages in terms of cost, accessibility, and patient experience. Much work has been undertaken to develop new delivery systems for biologics, but to date this has led to relatively few products on the market. In this chapter, we review the challenges faced when developing biologic formulations, discuss the technologies that have been explored to try to overcome these, and consider the different delivery routes that can be applied. We further present an overview of the currently marketed products and assess the likely direction of travel in the next decade.
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23
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Yang X, Li W, Li S, Chen S, Hu Z, He Z, Zhu X, Niu X, Zhou X, Li H, Xiao Y, Liu J, Sui X, Chen G, Gao Y. Fish oil-based microemulsion can efficiently deliver oral peptide blocking PD-1/PD-L1 and simultaneously induce ferroptosis for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2024; 365:654-667. [PMID: 38030081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Peptide immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy have attracted great attention recently, but oral delivery of these peptides remains a huge challenge due to the harsh gastrointestinal environment, large molecular size, high hydrophilic, and poor transmembrane permeability. Here, for the first time, a fish oil-based microemulsion was developed for oral delivery of programmed death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blocking model peptide, OPBP-1. The delivery system was characterized, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate its overall implication. As a result, this nutraceutical microemulsion was easily formed without the need of co-surfactants, and it appeared light yellow, transparent, good flowability with a particle size of 152 ± 0.73 nm, with a sustained drug release manner of 56.45 ± 0.36% over 24 h and a great stability within the harsh intestinal environment. It enhanced intestinal drug uptake and transportation over human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, and drastically elevated the oral peptide bioavailability of 4.1-fold higher than that of OPBP-1 solution. Meanwhile, the mechanism of these dietary droplets permeated over the intestinal enterocytic membrane was found via clathrin and caveolae-mediated endocytic pathways. From the in vivo studies, the microemulsion facilitated the infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes in tumors, with increased interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion. Thus, it manifested a promising immune anti-tumor effect and significantly inhibited the growth of murine colonic carcinoma (CT26). Furthermore, it was found that the fish oil could induce ferroptosis in tumor cells and exhibited synergistic effect with OPBP-1 for cancer immunotherapy. In conclusion, this fish oil-based formulation demonstrated great potential for oral delivery of peptides with its natural property in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related ferroptosis of tumor cells, which provides a great platform for functional green oral delivery system in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Wanqiong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shaomeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhuoying He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xueqin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiuman Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Huihao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Youmei Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xinghua Sui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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24
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Wang J, Chen L, Qin S, Xie M, Luo SZ, Li W. Advances in biosynthesis of peptide drugs: Technology and industrialization. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300256. [PMID: 37884278 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Peptide drugs are developed from endogenous or synthetic peptides with specific biological activities. They have advantages of strong target specificity, high efficacy and low toxicity, thus showing great promise in the treatment of many diseases such as cancer, infections, and diabetes. Although an increasing number of peptide drugs have entered market in recent years, the preparation of peptide drug substances is yet a bottleneck problem for their industrial production. Comparing to the chemical synthesis method, peptide biosynthesis has advantages of simple synthesis, low cost, and low contamination. Therefore, the biosynthesis technology of peptide drugs has been widely used for manufacturing. Herein, we reviewed the development of peptide drugs and recent advances in peptide biosynthesis technology, in order to shed a light to the prospect of industrial production of peptide drugs based on biosynthesis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Long Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
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25
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Asano D, Takakusa H, Nakai D. Oral Absorption of Middle-to-Large Molecules and Its Improvement, with a Focus on New Modality Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 38258058 PMCID: PMC10820198 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
To meet unmet medical needs, middle-to-large molecules, including peptides and oligonucleotides, have emerged as new therapeutic modalities. Owing to their middle-to-large molecular sizes, middle-to-large molecules are not suitable for oral absorption, but there are high expectations around orally bioavailable macromolecular drugs, since oral administration is the most convenient dosing route. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made to create bioavailable middle-to-large molecules or develop absorption enhancement technology, from which some successes have recently been reported. For example, Rybelsus® tablets and Mycapssa® capsules, both of which contain absorption enhancers, were approved as oral medications for type 2 diabetes and acromegaly, respectively. The oral administration of Rybelsus and Mycapssa exposes their pharmacologically active peptides with molecular weights greater than 1000, namely, semaglutide and octreotide, respectively, into systemic circulation. Although these two medications represent major achievements in the development of orally absorbable peptide formulations, the oral bioavailability of peptides after taking Rybelsus and Mycapssa is still only around 1%. In this article, we review the approaches and recent advances of orally bioavailable middle-to-large molecules and discuss challenges for improving their oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Asano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan; (H.T.); (D.N.)
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26
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Holmfred E, Hirschberg C, Rantanen J. Compaction Properties of Particulate Proteins in Binary Powder Mixtures with Common Excipients. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:19. [PMID: 38258030 PMCID: PMC10819481 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in protein- and peptide-based oral pharmaceuticals has culminated in the first protein-based products for oral delivery becoming commercially available. This study investigates the compaction properties of proteins in binary mixtures with common excipients up to 30% (w/w) of particulate protein. Two model proteins, lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, were compacted with either microcrystalline cellulose, spray-dried lactose monohydrate, or calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate at two different compaction pressures. Compared to the compacted pure materials, a significant increase in the tensile strength of the compacts was observed for the binary blends containing lysozyme together with the brittle excipients. This could be attributed to the increased bonding forces between the particles in the blend compared to the pure materials. The use of bovine serum albumin with a larger particle size resulted in a decrease in tensile strength for all the compacts. The change in the tensile strength with an increasing protein content was non-linear for both proteins. This work highlights the importance of considering the particulate properties of protein powders and that protein-based compacts can be designed with similar principles as small-molecules in terms of their mechanical tablet properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Fathy Elhabal S, El-Nabarawi MA, Abdelaal N, Elrefai MFM, Ghaffar SA, Khalifa MM, Mohie PM, Waggas DS, Hamdan AME, Alshawwa SZ, Saied EM, Elzohairy NA, Elnawawy T, Gad RA, Elfar N, Mohammed H, Khasawneh MA. Development of canagliflozin nanocrystals sublingual tablets in the presence of sodium caprate permeability enhancer: formulation optimization, characterization, in-vitro, in silico, and in-vivo study. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2241665. [PMID: 37537858 PMCID: PMC10946264 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2241665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canagliflozin (CFZ) is a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2) that lowers albuminuria in type-2 diabetic patients, cardiovascular, kidney, and liver disease. CFZ is classified as class IV in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) and is characterized by low permeability, solubility, and bioavailability, most likely attributed to hepatic first-pass metabolism. Nanocrystal-based sublingual formulations were developed in the presence of sodium caprate, as a wetting agent, and as a permeability enhancer. This formulation is suitable for children and adults and could enhance solubility, permeability, and avoid enterohepatic circulation due to absorption through the sublingual mucosa. In the present study, formulations containing various surfactants (P237, P338, PVA, and PVP K30) were prepared by the Sono-homo-assisted precipitation ion technique. The optimized formula prepared with PVP-K30 showed the smallest particle size (157 ± 0.32 nm), Zeta-potential (-18 ± 0.01), and morphology by TEM analysis. The optimized formula was subsequently formulated into a sublingual tablet containing Pharma burst-V® with a shorter disintegration time (51s) for the in-vivo study. The selected sublingual tablet improved histological and biochemical markers (blood glucose, liver, and kidney function), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein kinase B (AKT) pathway compared to the market formula, increased CFZ's antidiabetic potency in diabetic rabbits, boosted bioavailability by five-fold, and produced faster onset of action. These findings suggest successful treatment of diabetes with CFZ nanocrystal-sublingual tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammar Fathy Elhabal
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Nabarawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Abdelaal
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mohamed Fathi Mohamed Elrefai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shrouk A. Ghaffar
- Medical Affairs Department, Caduceus Lane Healthcare, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mansour Khalifa
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dania S. Waggas
- Department of Pathological Science, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Samar Zuhair Alshawwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa M. Saied
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nahla A. Elzohairy
- Air Force Specialized Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tayseer Elnawawy
- Department of pharmaceutics, Egyptian Drug Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A. Gad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef (NUB), Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Nehal Elfar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Mohammed
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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28
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Chen C, Beloqui A, Xu Y. Oral nanomedicine biointeractions in the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115117. [PMID: 37898337 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration is the preferred route of administration based on the convenience for and compliance of the patient. Oral nanomedicines have been developed to overcome the limitations of free drugs and overcome gastrointestinal (GI) barriers, which are heterogeneous across healthy and diseased populations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview and comparison of the oral nanomedicine biointeractions in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in health and disease (GI and extra-GI diseases) and highlight emerging strategies that exploit these differences for oral nanomedicine-based treatment. We introduce the key GI barriers related to oral delivery and summarize their pathological changes in various diseases. We discuss nanomedicine biointeractions in the GIT in health by describing the general biointeractions based on the type of oral nanomedicine and advanced biointeractions facilitated by advanced strategies applied in this field. We then discuss nanomedicine biointeractions in different diseases and explore how pathological characteristics have been harnessed to advance the development of oral nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Beloqui
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; WEL Research Institute, avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.
| | - Yining Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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29
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Davoudi S, Raemdonck K, Braeckmans K, Ghysels A. Capric Acid and Myristic Acid Permeability Enhancers in Curved Liposome Membranes. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6789-6806. [PMID: 37917127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are considered as advanced drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. A generation of pH-sensitive liposomes is being developed that use fatty acids (FAs) as a trigger for drug release in tumor tissues. However, FAs are also known to enhance permeability, and it is unclear whether FAs in liposomes may cause drug leakage or premature drug release. The passive permeability of the drug through the membrane of the liposome is thus a crucial factor for timely drug delivery. To investigate how the curvature and lipid composition of liposomes affect their passive permeability, coarse-grained molecular dynamics were performed. The permeability was determined with a counting method. Flat bilayers and three liposomes with varying diameters were studied, which had varying lipid compositions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and deprotonated or neutral saturated FAs. The investigated permeants were water and two other small permeants, which have different free energy profiles (solubility) across the membrane. First, for the curvature effect, our results showed that curvature increases the water permeability by reducing the membrane thickness. The permeability increase for water is about a factor of 1.7 for the most curved membranes. However, a high curvature decreases permeability for permeants with free energy profiles that are a mix of wells and barriers in the headgroup region of the membrane. Importantly, the type of experimental setup is expected to play a dominant role in the permeability value, i.e., whether permeants are escaping or entering the liposomes. Second, for the composition effect, FAs decrease both the area per lipid (APL) and the membrane thickness, resulting in permeability increases of up to 55%. Cholesterol has a similar effect on the APL but has the opposite impact on membrane thickness and permeability. Therefore, FAs and cholesterol have opposing effects on permeability, with cholesterol's effect being slightly stronger in our simulated bilayers. As all permeability values were well within a factor of 2, and with liposomes usually being larger and less curved in experimental applications, it can be concluded that the passive drug release from a pH-sensitive liposome does not seem to be significantly affected by the presence of FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Davoudi
- IBiTech─BioMMedA Group, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Block B-Entrance 36, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Bio-Photonic Imaging Group, Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - An Ghysels
- IBiTech─BioMMedA Group, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Block B-Entrance 36, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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30
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Yoshida T, Kojima H. Oral Drug Delivery Systems Applied to Launched Products: Value for the Patients and Industrial Considerations. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5312-5331. [PMID: 37856863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) control the amount, rate, and site of administration of drug substances in the body as well as their release and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). Among the various types of DDS, amount-controlled DDS for solubilization and absorption increase the bioavailability. Time- and amount-controlled DDS are controlled release formulations classified as (1) membrane-type, (2) matrix-type, (3) osmotic-type, and (4) ion-exchange type. Timed-release formulations also control the time and amount of release and the absorption of drugs. Site- and amount-controlled DDS are characterized by colonic delivery and intestinal lymph-targeting to improve release and ADME of drug substances. Finally, site-, time-, and amount-controlled DDS are gastroretentive formulations and local delivery in the oral cavity to improve site retention, release, and ADME of drugs. DDS can enhance efficacy, reduce adverse effects, and optimize the dosing frequency of various drug products to increase patient value. This review focuses on patient value and industrial considerations of launched oral DDS. We provide a technological overview of candidate and marketed DDS, as well as the pros/cons of the technologies for industrialization with consideration to excipients, manufacturing, and storage stability. Moreover, to demonstrate the usefulness of the technology and support the selection and development of the best technologies for patients, we also describe patient value from clinical studies and analyses, particularly with regard to increased new medical options, higher efficacy, reduced adverse effects, reduced number of doses and clinic visits, easier administration, higher quality of life, greater adherence, and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc, 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc, 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072, Japan
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31
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Akinbote OE, Verana G, Dandekar AA, Tijani AO, Mishra D, Puri A, Dinh S. Effects of Sodium Salts of Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives on Skin Permeation of Cromolyn Sodium. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:221. [PMID: 37919402 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder with rising prevalence. The safety concerns over usually used steroids are driving the need for developing an effective atopic dermatitis treatment. The use of therapeutic agents such as cromolyn sodium (CS) is suggested. However, due to its physicochemical properties, CS permeation across the skin is a challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium salts of fatty acids or their derivatives with varied carbon chain lengths as potential enhancers on the skin permeation of CS. These included sodium caprylate, salcaprozate sodium, sodium decanoate, sodium palmitate, and sodium oleate dissolved in propylene glycol along with CS (4% w/w). In vitro permeation of the formulations across the dermatomed porcine ear skin was investigated over 24 h using Franz Diffusion cells. The amount of CS permeation from propylene glycol was 5.54 ± 1.06 µg/cm2 after 24 h. Initial screening of enhancers (enhancer: drug::1:1) showed enhancement in permeation of CS using sodium oleate and sodium caprylate, which were then investigated in higher ratio of drug: enhancer (1:2). Among all the formulations tested, sodium oleate (enhancer: drug::1:2) was observed to significantly (p < 0.05) enhance the permeation of CS with the highest total delivery of 359.79 ± 78.92 µg/cm2 across skin in 24 h and higher drug retention in the skin layers (153.0 ± 24.93 µg/cm2) as well. Overall, sodium oleate was found to be the most effective enhancer followed by sodium caprylate for improving the topical delivery of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olasunkanmi Evelyn Akinbote
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gabrielle Verana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amruta A Dandekar
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Dhruv Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Ashana Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Steven Dinh
- College of Arts, Sciences, and Education, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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Cai J, Shi J, Chen C, He M, Wang Z, Liu Y. Structural-Activity Relationship-Inspired the Discovery of Saturated Fatty Acids as Novel Colistin Enhancers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302182. [PMID: 37552809 PMCID: PMC10582468 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and prevalence of mobile colistin resistance gene mcr have dramatically compromised the clinical efficacy of colistin, a cyclopeptide antibiotic considered to be the last option for treating different-to-treat infections. The combination strategy provides a productive and cost-effective strategy to expand the lifespan of existing antibiotics. Structural-activity relationship analysis of polymyxins indicates that the fatty acyl chain plays an indispensable role in their antibacterial activity. Herein, it is revealed that three saturated fatty acids (SFAs), especially sodium caprate (SC), substantially potentiate the antibacterial activity of colistin against mcr-positive bacteria. The combination of SFAs and colistin effectively inhibits biofilm formation and eliminates matured biofilms, and is capable of preventing the emergence and spread of mobile colistin resistance. Mechanistically, the addition of SFAs reduces lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification by simultaneously promoting LPS biosynthesis and inhibiting the activity of MCR enzyme, enhance bacterial membrane damage, and impair the proton motive force-dependent efflux pump, thereby boosting the action of colistin. In three animal models of infection by mcr-positive pathogens, SC combined with colistin exhibit an excellent therapeutic effect. These findings indicate the therapeutic potential of SFAs as novel antibiotic adjuvants for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria in combination with colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Cai
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Jingru Shi
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Mengping He
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safetythe Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safetythe Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009China
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Kweon S, Lee JH, Yang SB, Park SJ, Subedi L, Shim JH, Cho SS, Choi JU, Byun Y, Park J, Park JW. Design of chimeric GLP-1A using oligomeric bile acids to utilize transporter-mediated endocytosis for oral delivery. Biomater Res 2023; 27:83. [PMID: 37660070 PMCID: PMC10474648 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist (GLP-1A) in the treatment of diabetes, its large molecular weight and high hydrophilicity result in poor cellular permeability, thus limiting its oral bioavailability. To address this, we developed a chimeric GLP-1A that targets transporter-mediated endocytosis to enhance cellular permeability to GLP-1A by utilizing the transporters available in the intestine, particularly the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT). METHODS In silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the binding interactions of mono-, bis-, and tetra-deoxycholic acid (DOCA) (monoDOCA, bisDOCA, and tetraDOCA) with ASBT. After synthesizing the chimeric GLP-1A-conjugated oligomeric DOCAs (mD-G1A, bD-G1A, and tD-G1A) using a maleimide reaction, in vitro cellular permeability and insulinotropic effects were assessed. Furthermore, in vivo oral absorption in rats and hypoglycemic effect on diabetic db/db mice model were evaluated. RESULTS In silico results showed that tetraDOCA had the lowest interaction energy, indicating high binding affinity to ASBT. Insulinotropic effects of GLP-1A-conjugated oligomeric DOCAs were not different from those of GLP-1A-Cys or exenatide. Moreover, bD-G1A and tD-G1A exhibited improved in vitro Caco-2 cellular permeability and showed higher in vivo bioavailability (7.58% and 8.63%) after oral administration. Regarding hypoglycemic effects on db/db mice, tD-G1A (50 μg/kg) lowered the glucose level more than bD-G1A (50 μg/kg) compared with the control (35.5% vs. 26.4%). CONCLUSION GLP-1A was conjugated with oligomeric DOCAs, and the resulting chimeric compound showed the potential not only for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist activity but also for oral delivery. These findings suggest that oligomeric DOCAs can be used as effective carriers for oral delivery of GLP-1A, offering a promising solution for enhancing its oral bioavailability and improving diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seho Kweon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Biomedicine Cutting Edge Formulation Technology Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyuck Lee
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Bin Yang
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Laxman Subedi
- Biomedicine Cutting Edge Formulation Technology Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Biomedicine Cutting Edge Formulation Technology Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Uk Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooho Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Biomedicine Cutting Edge Formulation Technology Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea.
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea.
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Yang W, Lipert M, Nofsinger R. Current screening, design, and delivery approaches to address low permeability of chemically synthesized modalities in drug discovery and early clinical development. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103685. [PMID: 37356613 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
A drug's permeability across biological membranes is a key property associated with the successful development of an orally absorbed drug candidate. Although a variety of methods are available for predicting and assessing permeability, some are more preferred than others at specific stages of drug discovery and development across the pharmaceutical industry. Permeability measurements may be interpreted differently depending on the chosen method. Herein, we present a refreshed perspective on the screening approaches and philosophy in permeability evaluation, from early drug discovery to early clinical development. Additionally, we review and discuss chemical design and drug delivery technologies that can be leveraged to overcome permeability challenges, which are increasingly being used with emerging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhan Yang
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA.
| | - Maya Lipert
- Molecular Profiling and Drug Delivery, Small Molecule CMC Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
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Solis-Herrera C, Kane MP, Triplitt C. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clin Diabetes 2023; 42:74-86. [PMID: 38230324 PMCID: PMC10788673 DOI: 10.2337/cd22-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Oral administration of peptide therapeutics faces challenges because of the distinct environment of the gastrointestinal tract. An oral formulation of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019 as a peptide therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Oral semaglutide uses sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC) technology to enhance the absorption of semaglutide in the stomach and protect it from degradation by gastric enzymes. This article presents a summary of studies investigating SNAC technology as an absorption enhancer for a number of molecules and, in particular, explores how SNAC, once coformulated with oral semaglutide, facilitates increased absorption and bioavailability. Practical advice and dispensing information for pharmacists is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Solis-Herrera
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Michael P. Kane
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY
| | - Curtis Triplitt
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
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Ramirez-Velez I, Belardi B. Storming the gate: New approaches for targeting the dynamic tight junction for improved drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114905. [PMID: 37271282 PMCID: PMC10999255 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As biologics used in the clinic outpace the number of new small molecule drugs, an important challenge for their efficacy and widespread use has emerged, namely tissue penetrance. Macromolecular drugs - bulky, high-molecular weight, hydrophilic agents - exhibit low permeability across biological barriers. Epithelial and endothelial layers, for example within the gastrointestinal tract or at the blood-brain barrier, present the most significant obstacle to drug transport. Within epithelium, two subcellular structures are responsible for limiting absorption: cell membranes and intercellular tight junctions. Previously considered impenetrable to macromolecular drugs, tight junctions control paracellular flux and dictate drug transport between cells. Recent work, however, has shown tight junctions to be dynamic, anisotropic structures that can be targeted for delivery. This review aims to summarize new approaches for targeting tight junctions, both directly and indirectly, and to highlight how manipulation of tight junction interactions may help usher in a new era of precision drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Ramirez-Velez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Sviridov D, Dasseux A, Reimund M, Pryor M, Drake SK, Jarin Z, Wolska A, Pastor RW, Remaley AT. Short hydrocarbon stapled ApoC2-mimetic peptides activate lipoprotein lipase and lower plasma triglycerides in mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1223920. [PMID: 37547254 PMCID: PMC10403075 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1223920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Defects in lipolysis can lead to hypertriglyceridemia, which can trigger acute pancreatitis and is also associated with cardiovascular disease. Decreasing plasma triglycerides (TGs) by activating lipoprotein lipase (LPL) with ApoC2 mimetic peptides is a new treatment strategy for hypertriglyceridemia. We recently described a dual ApoC2 mimetic/ApoC3 antagonist peptide called D6PV that effectively lowered TG in several mouse models but has limitations in terms of drug development. The aim of this study was to create the next generation of ApoC2 mimetic peptides. Methods We employed hydrocarbon staples, as well as select amino acid substitutions, to make short single helical mimetic peptides based on the last helix of ApoC2. Peptides were first tested for their ability to activate LPL and then in hypertriglyceridemia mouse models. All-atom simulations of peptides were performed in a lipid-trilayer model of TG-rich lipoproteins to discern their possible mechanism of action. Results We designed a single stapled peptide called SP1 (21 residues), and a double stapled (stitched) peptide called SP2 (21 residues) and its N-terminal acylated analogue, SP2a. The hydrocarbon staples increased the amphipathicity of the peptides and their ability to bind lipids without interfering with LPL activation. Indeed, from all-atom simulations, the conformations of SP1 and SP2a are restrained by the staples and maintains the proper orientation of the LPL activation motif, while still allowing their deeper insertion into the lipid-trilayer model. Intraperitoneal injection of stapled peptides (1-5 umoles/kg) into ApoC2-hypomorphic mice or human ApoC3-transgenic resulted in an 80%-90% reduction in plasma TG within 3 h, similar to the much longer D6PV peptide (41 residues). Other modifications (replacement L-Glu20, L-Glu21 with their D-isomers, N-methylation of Gly19, Met2NorLeu and Ala1alpha-methylAla substitutions, N-terminal octanoylation) were introduced into the SP2a peptide. These changes made SP2a highly resistant to proteolysis against trypsin, pepsin, and Proteinase K, while maintaining similar efficacy in lowering plasma TG in mice. Conclusion We describe a new generation of ApoC2 mimetic peptides based on hydron carbon stapling that are at least equally potent to earlier peptides but are much shorter and resistant to proteolysis and could be further developed into a new therapy for hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Sviridov
- Laboratory of Lipoprotein Metabolism, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amaury Dasseux
- Laboratory of Lipoprotein Metabolism, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mart Reimund
- Laboratory of Lipoprotein Metabolism, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Milton Pryor
- Laboratory of Lipoprotein Metabolism, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven K. Drake
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zack Jarin
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anna Wolska
- Laboratory of Lipoprotein Metabolism, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Richard W. Pastor
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Laboratory of Lipoprotein Metabolism, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Mehta M, Polli JE, Seo P, Bhoopathy S, Berginc K, Kristan K, Cook J, Dressman JB, Mandula H, Munshi U, Shanker R, Volpe DA, Gordon J, Veerasingham S, Welink J, Almeida S, Gonzalez P, Painter D, Tsang YC, Vaidyanathan J, Velagapudi R. Drug Permeability - Best Practices for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS)-Based Biowaivers: A workshop Summary Report. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1749-1762. [PMID: 37142122 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The workshop "Drug Permeability - Best Practices for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Based Biowaivers" was held virtually on December 6, 2021, organized by the University of Maryland Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (M-CERSI), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The workshop focused on the industrial, academic, and regulatory experiences in generating and evaluating permeability data, with the aim to further facilitate implementation of the BCS and efficient development of high-quality drug products globally. As the first international permeability workshop since the BCS based biowaivers was finalized as the ICH M9 guideline, the workshop included lectures, panel discussions, and breakout sessions. Lecture and panel discussion topics covered case studies at IND, NDA, and ANDA stages, typical deficiencies relating to permeability assessment supporting BCS biowaiver, types of evidence that are available to demonstrate high permeability, method suitability of a permeability assay, impact of excipients, importance of global acceptance of permeability methods, opportunities to expand the use of biowaivers (e.g. non-Caco-2 cell lines, totality-of-evidence approach to demonstrate high permeability) and future of permeability testing. Breakout sessions focused on 1) in vitro and in silico intestinal permeability methods; 2) potential excipient effects on permeability and; 3) use of label and literature data to designate permeability class.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mehta
- US Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - J E Polli
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Seo
- US Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - J Cook
- Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - J B Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - H Mandula
- US Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - U Munshi
- US Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - D A Volpe
- US Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - J Gordon
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - J Welink
- European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Almeida
- Medicines for Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Gonzalez
- Biopharmaceutical Evaluation Center, Santiago, Chile
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Liu S, Wen X, Zhang X, Mao S. Oral delivery of biomacromolecules by overcoming biological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract: an update. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1333-1347. [PMID: 37439101 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2231343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomacromolecules have proven to be an attractive choice for treating diseases due to their properties of strong specificity, high efficiency, and low toxicity. Besides greatly improving the patient's complaint, oral delivery of macromolecules also complies with hormone physiological secretion, which has become one of the most innovative fields of research in recent years. AREAS COVERED Oral delivery biological barriers for biomacromolecule, transport mechanisms, and various administration strategies were discussed in this review, including absorption enhancers, targeting nanoparticles, mucoadhesion nanoparticles, mucus penetration nanoparticles, and intelligent bionic drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION The oral delivery of biomacromolecules has important clinical implications; however, these are still facing the challenges of low bioavailability due to certain barriers. Various promising technologies have been developed to overcome the barriers and improve the therapeutic effect of oral biomacromolecules. By considering safety and efficacy comprehensively, the development of intelligent nanoparticles based on the GIT environment has demonstrated some promise in overcoming these barriers; however, a more comprehensive understanding of the oral fate of oral biomacromolecules is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangce Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Хамнуева ЛЮ, Андреева ЛС. [Efficacy of treatment with glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists-1 in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 69:38-46. [PMID: 37448270 PMCID: PMC10204790 DOI: 10.14341/probl13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The projected 68% increase in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in the upcoming decades and the specific pathophysiological course of the disease are critical factors for the development of optimal disease management tactics in the Asian population. It is now known that β-cell dysfunction is dominant in the pathogenesis of T2D in Asians. In a number of Asian countries, incretin therapy is the leading therapy. AIM To review literature on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and clinical trial results of GLP-1 receptor agonist class (GLP-1RA) drugs as well as to evaluate their effectiveness in Asian population with T2D. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of studies on pathophysiological aspects of GLP-1 secretion and evaluation of the efficacy of therapy with GLP-1RA preparations registered and used in clinical practice in Asian regions. RESULTS Several studies in Asian countries have shown that intact GLP-1 levels were significantly lower in both T2D patients and healthy Japanese volunteers; as well as in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. It is suggested that either impaired secretion of GLP-1 in the gut, accelerated processing by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, or a combination of both are responsible for the decrease in GLP-1. The greater efficacy of GLP-1RA treatment in achieving glycemic control in Asian T2D patients was presented by Kim Y.G. et al. in a meta-analysis of 15 randomised controlled trials, the reduction in HbA1c on GLP-1RA treatment averaged -1.16% in Asian-dominated studies and -0.83% in non-Asian-dominated studies. In the PIONEER 9 clinical programme, similar results were obtained, with oral semaglutide having a more pronounced effect on glycaemic control in Japanese patients. Thus, the mean change in HbA 1c was -1.1%, 7 mg -1.5%, and 14 mg -1.7% at the 3 mg dose; whereas in the PIONEER 1 study in the global population, the mean change in HbA1c was -0.6%, -0.9% and -1.1% for 3, 7, 14 mg semaglutide, respectively. The PIONEER 10 study concluded that oral semaglutide was well tolerated by Japanese patients with T2D. Oral semaglutide reduced HbA1c (14 mg dose) and body weight (7 and 14 mg doses) more significantly compared to dulaglutide at 0.75 mg dose. Results of a pooled analysis of long-acting GLP-1RA showed a more significant reduction in cardiovascular event risk in the Asian subpopulation. CONCLUSION The presented review describes benefits in glycemic control as well as in the reduction of relative cardiovascular event risks with GLP-1RA treatment in the Asian population, which requires further in-depth research and implies optimal management tactics in patients with T2DM.
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Masloh S, Culot M, Gosselet F, Chevrel A, Scapozza L, Zeisser Labouebe M. Challenges and Opportunities in the Oral Delivery of Recombinant Biologics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051415. [PMID: 37242657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant biological molecules are at the cutting-edge of biomedical research thanks to the significant progress made in biotechnology and a better understanding of subcellular processes implicated in several diseases. Given their ability to induce a potent response, these molecules are becoming the drugs of choice for multiple pathologies. However, unlike conventional drugs which are mostly ingested, the majority of biologics are currently administered parenterally. Therefore, to improve their limited bioavailability when delivered orally, the scientific community has devoted tremendous efforts to develop accurate cell- and tissue-based models that allow for the determination of their capacity to cross the intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, several promising approaches have been imagined to enhance the intestinal permeability and stability of recombinant biological molecules. This review summarizes the main physiological barriers to the oral delivery of biologics. Several preclinical in vitro and ex vivo models currently used to assess permeability are also presented. Finally, the multiple strategies explored to address the challenges of administering biotherapeutics orally are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solene Masloh
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
- Affilogic, 24 Rue de la Rainière, 44300 Nantes, France
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Culot
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
| | - Anne Chevrel
- Affilogic, 24 Rue de la Rainière, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magali Zeisser Labouebe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
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Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N. Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: Part 2. Development of oral dosage formulations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:139-148. [PMID: 37060323 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2203858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Berberine (BBR) possesses a wide variety of pharmacological activities. However, the oral bioavailability of BBR is low due to extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450s (CYPs), insufficient absorption due to low solubility and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux transport, and hepatic first-pass metabolism in rats. AREAS COVERED Various dosage formulations were developed to increase the oral bioavailability of BBR by overcoming the reducing factors. This article provides the developing strategy of oral dosage formulations of BBR based on the physicochemical (low solubility, formation of salts/ion-pair complex) and pharmacokinetic properties (substrate of P-gp/CYPs, extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism). Literature was searched by using PubMed. EXPERT OPINION Here, formulations increasing the dissolution rates/solubility; formulations containing a P-gp inhibitor; formulations containing solubilizer exhibiting P-gp and/or CYPs inhibitors; formulations containing absorption enhancers; gastro/duodenal retentive formulations; lipid-based formulations; formulations targeting lymphatic transport; and physicochemical modifications increasing lipophilicity were reviewed. Among these formulations, formulations that can reduce intestinal first-pass metabolisms such as formulations containing CYPs inhibitor(s) and formulations containing absorption enhancer(s) significantly increased the oral bioavailability of BBR. Further studies on other dosing routes that can avoid first-pass metabolism such as the rectal route would also be important to increase the bioavailability of BBR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories Inc, Miami, Florida33137, USA
| | - Nicholas Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories Inc, Miami, Florida33137, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, USA
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Naranjani B, Sinko PD, Bergström CAS, Gogoll A, Hossain S, Larsson P. Numerical simulation of peristalsis to study co-localization and intestinal distribution of a macromolecular drug and permeation enhancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124388. [PMID: 37059282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, simulations of intestinal peristalsis are performed to investigate the intraluminal transport of macromolecules (MMs) and permeation enhancers (PEs). Properties of insulin and sodium caprate (C10) are used to represent the general class of MM and PE molecules. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to obtain the diffusivity of C10, and coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to estimate the concentration-dependent diffusivity of C10. A segment of the small intestine with the length of 29.75 cm was modeled. Peristaltic speed, pocket size, release location, and occlusion ratio of the peristaltic wave were varied to study the effect on drug transport. It was observed that the maximum concentration at the epithelial surface for the PE and the MM increased by 397 % and 380 %, respectively, when the peristaltic wave speed was decreased from 1.5 to 0.5 cm s-1. At this wave speed, physiologically relevant concentrations of PE were found at the epithelial surface. However, when the occlusion ratio is increased from 0.3 to 0.7, the concentration approaches zero. These results suggest that a slower-moving and more contracted peristaltic wave leads to higher efficiency in transporting mass to the epithelial wall during the peristalsis phases of the migrating motor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyamin Naranjani
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Patrick D Sinko
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adolf Gogoll
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shakhawath Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kommineni N, Sainaga Jyothi VGS, Butreddy A, Raju S, Shapira T, Khan W, Angsantikul P, Domb AJ. SNAC for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability: An Updated Review. Pharm Res 2023; 40:633-650. [PMID: 36539668 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of proteins and peptides via an oral route poses numerous challenges to improve the oral bioavailability and patient compliance. To overcome these challenges, as well as to improve the permeation of proteins and peptides via intestinal mucosa, several chemicals have been studied such as surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, pH modifiers, and chelating agents, amongst these medium chain fatty acid like C10 (sodium caprate) and Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate (SNAC) and its derivatives that have been well studied from a clinical perspective. This current review enumerates the challenges involved in protein and peptide delivery via the oral route, i.e., non-invasive routes of protein and peptide administration. This review also covers the chemistry behind SNAC and toxicity as well as mechanisms to enhance the oral delivery of clinically proven molecules like simaglutide and other small molecules under clinical development, as well as other permeation enhancers for efficient delivery of proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagavendra Kommineni
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Vaskuri G S Sainaga Jyothi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Saka Raju
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Tovi Shapira
- School of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein Kerem Campus, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Natco Research Centre, NATCO Pharma Limited, Hyderabad, 500018, India
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Abraham J Domb
- School of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein Kerem Campus, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Elsayed A, Al-Remawi M, Jaber N, Abu-Salah KM. Advances in buccal and oral delivery of insulin. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122623. [PMID: 36681204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic endocrine disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances in metabolic processes, such as those related to carbohydrates, fat, and protein. There are two main types of this disease: type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Insulin therapy is pivotal to the management of diabetes. Over the last two decades, many routes of administration, including nasal, pulmonary, rectal, transdermal, buccal, and ocular, have been investigated. Nevertheless, subcutaneous parenteral administration is still the most common route for insulin therapy. To overcome poor bioavailability and the barriers to oral insulin absorption, novel approaches in the field of oral drug delivery and administration have been brought about by the coalescence of different branches of nanoscience and nanotechnology, such as nanomedicine, nano-biochemistry, and nano-pharmacy. Novel drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, nano-platforms, and nanocarriers, have been suggested. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the various promising approaches that have been explored and evaluated for the safe and efficient oral and buccal administration of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Elsayed
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Nisrein Jaber
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Khalid M Abu-Salah
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences/ King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Nanomedicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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46
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Roh E, Choi KM. Hormonal Gut-Brain Signaling for the Treatment of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043384. [PMID: 36834794 PMCID: PMC9959457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain, particularly the hypothalamus and brainstem, monitors and integrates circulating metabolic signals, including gut hormones. Gut-brain communication is also mediated by the vagus nerve, which transmits various gut-derived signals. Recent advances in our understanding of molecular gut-brain communication promote the development of next-generation anti-obesity medications that can safely achieve substantial and lasting weight loss comparable to metabolic surgery. Herein, we comprehensively review the current knowledge about the central regulation of energy homeostasis, gut hormones involved in the regulation of food intake, and clinical data on how these hormones have been applied to the development of anti-obesity drugs. Insight into and understanding of the gut-brain axis may provide new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Roh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or
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Verboni M, Perinelli DR, Qiu CY, Tiboni M, Aluigi A, Lucarini S, Lam JKW, Duranti A. Synthesis and Properties of Sucrose- and Lactose-Based Aromatic Ester Surfactants as Potential Drugs Permeability Enhancers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:223. [PMID: 37259370 PMCID: PMC9964938 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutics across biological membranes (e.g., mucosal barriers) by avoiding invasive routes (e.g., injection) remains a challenge in the pharmaceutical field. As such, there is the need to discover new compounds that act as drug permeability enhancers with a favorable toxicological profile. A valid alternative is represented by the class of sugar-based ester surfactants. In this study, sucrose and lactose alkyl aromatic and aromatic ester derivatives have been synthesized with the aim to characterize them in terms of their physicochemical properties, structure-property relationship, and cytotoxicity, and to test their ability as permeability enhancer agents across Calu-3 cells. All of the tested surfactants showed no remarkable cytotoxic effect on Calu-3 cells when applied both below and above their critical micelle concentration. Among the explored molecules, lactose p-biphenyl benzoate (URB1420) and sucrose p-phenyl benzoate (URB1481) cause a reversible ~30% decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) with the respect to the basal value. The obtained result matches with the increased in vitro permeability coefficients (Papp) calculated for FTIC-dextran across Calu-3 cells in the presence of 4 mM solutions of these surfactants. Overall, this study proposes sucrose- and lactose-based alkyl aromatic and aromatic ester surfactants as novel potential and safe permeation enhancers for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Verboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Diego Romano Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Carol Yingshan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mattia Tiboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Annalisa Aluigi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Simone Lucarini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Jenny K. W. Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
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Bao X, Qian K, Xu M, Chen Y, Wang H, Pan T, Wang Z, Yao P, Lin L. Intestinal epithelium penetration of liraglutide via cholic acid pre-complexation and zein/rhamnolipids nanocomposite delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:16. [PMID: 36647125 PMCID: PMC9843898 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral administration offered a painless way and improved compliance for diabetics. However, the emerging GLP-1 analog peptide drugs for diabetes primarily rely on the injection route, and the development of oral dosage forms was hampered by the low oral bioavailability due to the structural vulnerability to digestive enzymes and molecule impermeability in the gastrointestinal tract. RESULTS In this study, the non-covalent interaction between cholic acid (CA) and liraglutide (LIRA) was found and theoretically explained by molecular docking simulation. Formation of this physical complex of liraglutide and cholic acid (LIRA/CA Complex) reduced the self-aggregation of LIRA and accelerated intestinal epithelium penetration. By the anti-solvent method, LIRA/CA Complex was loaded into zein/rhamnolipids nanoparticles (LIRA/CA@Zein/RLs) with a loading efficiency of 76.8%. LIRA was protected from fast enzymatic degradation by the hydrophobic zein component. Meanwhile, Rhamnolipids, a glycolipid with surface activity, promoted endocytosis while also stabilizing the nanoparticles. The two components worked synergistically to ensure the delivery of LIRA/CA Complex to intestinal villi and improved oral absorption without disrupting tight junctions. LIRA/CA@Zein/RLs demonstrated a considerable intestinal epithelium absorption in mouse gastrointestinal section and a retention in vivo over 24 h, resulting in a significant and long-lasting hypoglycemic effect in Type 2 diabetes mice. CONCLUSION This study provided a promising oral delivery approach for LIRA and exhibited the potential for further translation into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Bao
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Gaojiao Zone, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Kang Qian
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Gaojiao Zone, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Yi Chen
- grid.413458.f0000 0000 9330 9891State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014 China
| | - Hao Wang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Gaojiao Zone, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Ting Pan
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Gaojiao Zone, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Gaojiao Zone, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Ping Yao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Li Lin
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Gaojiao Zone, Wenzhou, 325035 China
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Abstract
The pentapeptide L-R5 has previously been shown to transiently increase the permeability of nasal epithelial cell layers in vitro, allowing paracellular transport of molecules of up to 4 kDa. Protein kinase C zeta (PKC ζ), a member of a family of serine/threonine kinases was shown to be involved in tight junction modulation induced by L-R5. We show here that the ability of L-R5 to modulate tight junctions is comparable to other permeability enhancers such as bilobalide, latrunculin A or C10. Interaction of the peptide with the target protein occurs via electrostatic interaction, with the presence of positive charges being essential for its functionality. L-R5 is myristoylated to allow quick cell entry and onset of activity. While no epithelial cytotoxicity was detected, the hydrophobic myristoyl rest was shown to cause haemolysis. Taken together, these data show that a structural optimization of L-R5 may be possible, both from a toxicological and an efficacy point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland,CONTACT Gerrit Borchard Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Fantini A, Giulio L, Delledonne A, Pescina S, Sissa C, Nicoli S, Santi P, Padula C. Buccal Permeation of Polysaccharide High Molecular Weight Compounds: Effect of Chemical Permeation Enhancers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010129. [PMID: 36678758 PMCID: PMC9864332 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The greatest achievement in the advanced drug delivery field should be the optimization of non-invasive formulations for the delivery of high molecular weight compounds. Peptides, proteins, and other macromolecules can have poor membrane permeation, principally due to their large molecular weight. The aim of this work was to explore the possibility of administering fluorescently labeled dextrans (molecular weight 4-150 kDa) across the buccal mucosa. Permeation experiments across pig esophageal mucosa were carried out using fatty acids and bile salts as penetration enhancers. The data obtained show that it is possible to increase or promote the mucosa permeation of high molecular weight dextrans by using caprylic acid or sodium taurocholate as the chemical enhancers. With these enhancers, dextrans with molecular weight of 70 and 150 kDa, that in passive conditions did not permeate, could cross the mucosa in detectable amounts. FD-70 and FD-150 showed comparable permeability values, despite the molecular weight difference. The results obtained in the present work suggest that the buccal administration of high molecular weight compounds is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fantini
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Giulio
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Delledonne
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Pescina
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Sissa
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Nicoli
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Santi
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Padula
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-905078
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