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Liu T, Beket G, Li Q, Zhang Q, Jeong SY, Yang CY, Huang JD, Li Y, Stoeckel MA, Xiong M, van der Pol TPA, Bergqvist J, Woo HY, Gao F, Fahlman M, Österberg T, Fabiano S. A Polymeric Two-in-One Electron Transport Layer and Transparent Electrode for Efficient Indoor All-Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405676. [PMID: 39207046 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Transparent electrodes (TEs) are vital in optoelectronic devices, enabling the interaction of light and charges. While indium tin oxide (ITO) has traditionally served as a benchmark TE, its high cost prompts the exploration of alternatives to optimize electrode characteristics and improve device efficiencies. Conducting polymers, which combine polymer advantages with metal-like conductivity, emerge as a promising solution for TEs. This work introduces a two-in-one electron transport layer (ETL) and TE based on films of polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE)-modified poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO). These PEIE-modified PBFDO layers exhibit a unique combination of properties, including low sheet resistance (130 Ω sq-1), low work function (4.2 eV), and high optical transparency (>85% in the UV-vis-NIR range). In contrast to commonly used poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the doping level of PBFDO remains unaffected by the PEIE treatment, as verified through UV-vis-NIR absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. When employed as a two-in-one ETL/TE in organic solar cells, the PEIE-modified PBFDO electrode exhibits performance comparable to conventional ITO electrodes. Moreover, this work demonstrates all-organic solar cells with record-high power conversion efficiencies of >15.1% under indoor lighting conditions. These findings hold promise for the development of fully printed, all-organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Gulzada Beket
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
- Epishine AB, Attorpsgatan 2, Linköping, SE-58273, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Qilun Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Miao Xiong
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Tom P A van der Pol
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | | | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Gao
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | | | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
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Jorge SM, Santos LF, Ferreira MJ, Marto-Costa C, Serro AP, Galvão AM, Morgado J, Charas A. Free-Standing, Water-Resistant, and Conductivity-Enhanced PEDOT:PSS Films from In Situ Polymerization of 3-Hydroxymethyl-3-Methyl-Oxetane. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2292. [PMID: 39204512 PMCID: PMC11360818 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Free-standing films based on conducting polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), offer many benefits over traditional metal electrodes for applications in flexible electronics. However, to ensure structural integrity when contacting aqueous environments and high levels of electrical conductivity, solution-processed polymers require additives that act as crosslinking agents and conductivity enhancers. In this work, a new approach is presented to fabricate water-resistant free-standing films of PEDOT:PSS and simultaneously increase their conductivity, using an oxetane compound as an additive. It is shown that at moderate temperatures, oxetane polymerizes within the PEDOT:PSS acidic medium, forming hydroxymethyl-substituted polyether compounds that form a network upon crosslinking with PSS. The polymer composite films show self-sustainability, structural stability in aqueous environments, and enhanced conductivity. Finally, the potential of the free-standing films as health-monitoring electrodes, specifically for human electrocardiography, is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Jorge
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís F. Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ferreira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Marto-Costa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Serro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Adelino M. Galvão
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Morgado
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Charas
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Valluvar Oli A, Ivaturi A. Indoor Light Harvesting Perovskite Solar Cells on Conducting Oxide-Free Ultrathin Deformable Substrates. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2024; 7:6096-6104. [PMID: 39148697 PMCID: PMC11322909 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are receiving renewed interest since they have reached high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and show potential for application not only on rigid and flexible substrates but also on mechanically deformable substrates for integration on nonplanar curvilinear surfaces. Here we demonstrate PSCs fabricated on transparent conducting oxide-free ultrathin polyethylene terephthalate substrates capable of efficiently harvesting indoor light even under compressive strain. Interface engineering with poly(bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine) improved the shunt resistance and band alignment at the perovskite-hole transport layer interface, which resulted in enhanced charge extraction, leading to 114% improvement in PCE from 5.57 to 11.91% under 500 lx indoor white LED (4000 K) illumination. The champion device exhibited a PCE of 18.37% under 250 lx cool white LED (4000 K) light. The maximum power output (P max) of the devices varied from 13.78 to 25.38 μW/cm2 by changing the indoor light illumination from 250 to 1000 lx, respectively. Moreover, the devices showed impressive performance even after mechanical deformation and retained 83 and 76% for 1 sun and indoor light, respectively, under 30% compressive strain. Our approach paves the way for fabrication of efficient indoor light harvesting PSCs on mechanically deformable substrates for integration on nonplanar surfaces prone to compressive strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivazhagan Valluvar Oli
- Smart Materials Research
and Device Technology Group, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Aruna Ivaturi
- Smart Materials Research
and Device Technology Group, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
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4
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Yang G, Zhang D, Wang R, Wu M, Yu J. Flexible Broadband Organic Photodetectors with Ternary Planar-Mixed Heterojunction Semiconductors and Solution-Processed Polymeric Electrode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38659248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Flexible organic photodetectors (OPDs) hold immense promise in health monitoring sensors, flexible imaging sensors, and portable optical communication. Nevertheless, the actualization of high-performance flexible electronics has been hindered by rigid electrodes such as metals or metal oxides. In this work, we constructed a flexible broadband organic photodetector using a solution-processed polymeric electrode, which exhibits flexibility surpassing that of conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. Additionally, we employed a planar-mixed heterojunction (PMHJ) through a sequential deposition method and introduced PC71BM as the third constituent into the PM6/Y6 binary active layer, resulting in enhanced photodetection performance and a broadend spectral range. The optimized OPDs demonstrated remarkable detectivity (D*) exceeding 1012 Jones in brodband from 300 to 900 nm, with a champion D* of 6.31 × 1012 Jones at 790 nm. Furthermore, after undergoing 500 cycles of bending, the D* retained approximately 78% of its original performance, highlighting the outstanding mechanical stability. This work presents a promising pathway toward the development of flexible broadband OPDs using a straightforward method, offering enhanced compatibility in diverse application scenarios and propelling the frontier of flexible optoelectronic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengge Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
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5
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Ma X, Li T, Song G, He Z, Cao Y. Chemisorption-Induced Robust and Homogeneous Tungsten Disulfide Interlayer Enables Stable PEDOT-Free Organic Solar Cells with Over 19% Efficiency. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3051-3058. [PMID: 38427970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Construction of a high-quality charge transport layer (CTL) with intimate contact with the substrate via tailored interface engineering is crucial to increase the overall charge transfer kinetics and stability for a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cell (OSC). Here, we demonstrate a surface chemistry strategy to achieve a homogeneous composite hole transport layer (C-HTL) with robust substrate contact by self-assembling two-dimensional tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets on a thin molybdenum oxide (MoO3) film-evaporated indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. It is found that over such a well-defined C-HTL, WS2 is homogeneously tethered on the ITO/MoO3 substrate stemming from the strong electronic coupling interaction between the building blocks, which enables a favorable interfacial configuration in terms of uniformity. As a result, the D18:L8-BO-based OSC with C-HTL exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.23%, an 11% improvement over the WS2-based control device, and the highest efficiency among single-junction PEDOT-free binary BHJ OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Song
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicai He
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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6
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Xu Z, Meitzner R, Anand A, Djoumessi AS, Stumpf S, Neumann C, Turchanin A, Müller FA, Schubert US, Hoppe H. Dual-Use Self-Assembled Monolayer Controlling Charge Carrier Extraction in Organic Solar Cells. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2301451. [PMID: 38161249 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The development and use of interface materials are essential to the continued advancement of organic solar cells (OSCs) performance. Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) materials have drawn attention because of their simple structure and affordable price. Due to their unique properties, they may be used in inverted devices as a modification layer for modifying ZnO or as a hole transport layer (HTL) in place of typical poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) in conventional devices. In this work, zinc oxide (ZnO) is modified using five structurally similar SAM materials. This resulted in a smoother surface, a decrease in work function, a suppression of charge recombination, and an increase in device efficiency and photostability. In addition, they can introduced asfor hole extraction layer between the active layer and MoO3 , enabling the use of the same material at several functional layers in the same device. Through systematic orthogonal evaluation, it is shown that some SAM/active layer/SAM combinations still offered device efficiencies comparable to ZnO/SAM, but with improved device' photostability. This study may provide recommendations for future SAM material's design and development as well as a strategy for boosting device performance by using the same material across both sides of the photoactive layer in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xu
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rico Meitzner
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Center Berlin for Materials and Energy GmbH, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aman Anand
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Aurelien Sokeng Djoumessi
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffi Stumpf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 6, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 6, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank A Müller
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Otto-Schott-Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Harald Hoppe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Zhu Y, Ravishekar R, Tang T, Gogoi B, Gockley C, Venu S, Alford TL, Li X. Characterization of PEDOT:PSS Nanofilms Printed via Electrically Assisted Direct Ink Deposition with Ultrasonic Vibrations. Molecules 2023; 28:7109. [PMID: 37894588 PMCID: PMC10609184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has emerged as a promising conductive polymer for constructing efficient hole-transport layers (HTLs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, conventional fabrication methods, such as spin coating, spray coating, and slot-die coating, have resulted in PEDOT:PSS nanofilms with limited performance, characterized by a low density and non-uniform nanostructures. We introduce a novel 3D-printing approach called electrically assisted direct ink deposition with ultrasonic vibrations (EF-DID-UV) to overcome these challenges. This innovative printing method combines programmable acoustic field modulation with electrohydrodynamic spraying, providing a powerful tool for controlling the PEDOT:PSS nanofilm's morphology precisely. The experimental findings indicate that when PEDOT:PSS nanofilms are crafted using horizontal ultrasonic vibrations, they demonstrate a uniform dispersion of PEDOT:PSS nanoparticles, setting them apart from instances involving vertical ultrasonic vibrations, both prior to and after the printing process. In particular, when horizontal ultrasonic vibrations are applied at a low amplitude (0.15 A) during printing, these nanofilms showcase exceptional wettability performance, with a contact angle of 16.24°, and impressive electrical conductivity of 2092 Ω/square. Given its ability to yield high-performance PEDOT:PSS nanofilms with precisely controlled nanostructures, this approach holds great promise for a wide range of nanotechnological applications, including the production of solar cells, wearable sensors, and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Zhu
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (Y.Z.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (S.V.)
| | - Rohan Ravishekar
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (Y.Z.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (S.V.)
| | - Tengteng Tang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (Y.Z.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (S.V.)
| | - Banashree Gogoi
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Carson Gockley
- School for Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Sushmitha Venu
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (Y.Z.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (S.V.)
| | - Terry L. Alford
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (Y.Z.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (S.V.)
| | - Xiangjia Li
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (Y.Z.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (S.V.)
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8
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Oechsle AL, Schöner T, Deville L, Xiao T, Tian T, Vagias A, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. Ionic Liquid-Induced Inversion of the Humidity-Dependent Conductivity of Thin PEDOT:PSS Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47682-47691. [PMID: 37756141 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The humidity influence on the electronic and ionic resistance properties of thin post-treated poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films is investigated. In particular, the resistance of these PEDOT:PSS films post-treated with three different concentrations (0, 0.05, and 0.35 M) of ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA) is measured while being exposed to a defined humidity protocol. A resistance increase upon elevated humidity is observed for the 0 M reference sample, while the EMIM DCA post-treated samples demonstrate a reverse behavior. Simultaneously performed in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements evidence changes in the film morphology upon varying the humidity, namely, an increase in the PEDOT domain distances. This leads to a detriment in the interdomain hole transport, which causes a rise in the resistance, as observed for the 0 M reference sample. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements at different humidities reveal additional contributions of ionic charge carriers in the EMIM DCA post-treated PEDOT:PSS films. Therefrom, a model is proposed, which describes the hole and cation transport in different post-treated PEDOT:PSS films dependent on the ambient humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Oechsle
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Schöner
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lewin Deville
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tianxiao Xiao
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ting Tian
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Apostolos Vagias
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 Km 163.5, AREA Science Park, Basovizza 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, James Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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9
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Zappia S, Alloisio M, Valdivia JC, Arias E, Moggio I, Scavia G, Destri S. Silver Nanoparticle-PEDOT:PSS Composites as Water-Processable Anodes: Correlation between the Synthetic Parameters and the Optical/Morphological Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3675. [PMID: 37765528 PMCID: PMC10536234 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological, spectroscopic and rheological properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized in situ within commercial PEDOT:PSS formulations, labeled PP@NPs, were systematically investigated by varying different synthetic parameters (NaBH4/AgNO3 molar ratio, PEDOT:PSS formulation and silver and PEDOT:PSS concentration in the reaction medium), revealing that only the reagent ratio affected the properties of the resulting nanoparticles. Combining the results obtained from the field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis and UV-Vis characterization, it could be assumed that PP@NPs' stabilization occurs by means of PSS chains, preferably outside of the PEDOT:PSS domains with low silver content. Conversely, with high silver content, the particles also formed in PEDOT-rich domains with the consequent perturbation of the polaron absorption features of the conjugated polymer. Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the films deposited on glass from the particle-containing PEDOT:PSS suspensions. The film with an optimized morphology, obtained from the suspension sample characterized by the lowest silver and NaBH4 content, was used to fabricate a very initial prototype of a water-processable anode in a solar cell prepared with an active layer constituted by the benchmark blend poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and a low-temperature, not-evaporated cathode (Field's metal).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zappia
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Alloisio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale (DCCI), Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Julio Cesar Valdivia
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Ivana Moggio
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Guido Scavia
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Destri
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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10
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Huang D, Li Z, Wang K, Zhou H, Zhao X, Peng X, Zhang R, Wu J, Liang J, Zhao L. Probing the Effect of Photovoltaic Material on V oc in Ternary Polymer Solar Cells with Non-Fullerene Acceptors by Machine Learning. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2954. [PMID: 37447599 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ternary polymer solar cells (PSCs) with non-fullerene has a phenomenal increase in recent years. However, improving the open circuit voltage (Voc) of ternary PSCs with non-fullerene still remains a challenge. Therefore, in this work, machine learning (ML) algorithms are employed, including eXtreme gradient boosting, K-nearest neighbor and random forest, to quantitatively analyze the impact mechanism of Voc in ternary PSCs with the double acceptors from the two aspects of photovoltaic materials. In one aspect of photovoltaic materials, the doping concentration has the greatest impact on Voc in ternary PSCs. Furthermore, the addition of the third component affects the energy offset between the donor and acceptor for increasing Voc in ternary PSCs. More importantly, to obtain the maximum Voc in ternary PSCs with the double acceptors, the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the third component should be around (-5.7 ± 0.1) eV and (-3.6 ± 0.1) eV, respectively. In the other aspect of molecular descriptors and molecular fingerprints in the third component of ternary PSCs with the double acceptors, the hydrogen bond strength and aromatic ring structure of the third component have high impact on the Voc of ternary PSCs. In partial dependence plot, it is clear that when the number of methyl groups is four and the number of carbonyl groups is two in the third component of acceptor, the Voc of ternary PSCs with the double acceptors can be maximized. All of these findings provide valuable insights into the development of materials with high Voc in ternary PSCs for saving time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- College of Railway Transportation, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
| | - Zhennan Li
- College of Railway Transportation, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
| | - Kuo Wang
- College of Railway Transportation, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
| | - Haixin Zhou
- College of Railway Transportation, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhao
- College of Railway Transportation, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
| | - Xinyu Peng
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Railway Transportation, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
| | - Jipeng Wu
- College of Railway Transportation, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liang
- College of Railway Transportation, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Qinghai Minzu University, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shandong Provinical Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
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11
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Monfared Dehbali M, Farahmandpour M, Hamedi S, Kordrostami Z. Development of a portable smart Glucometer with two electrode bio-electronic test strip patch based on Cu/Au/rGO/PEDOT:PSS. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9505. [PMID: 37308612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, the importance of blood sugar monitoring in diabetic patients has created a global need to develop new glucometers. This article presents the fabrication of a portable smart glucometer for monitoring blood glucose with high sensitivity. The glucometer employs a bio-electronic test strip patch fabricated by the structure of Cu/Au/rGO/PEDOT: PSS on interdigitated electrodes. We demonstrate that this structure based on two-electrode can be superior to the three-electrode electrochemical test strips available in the market. It has good electro-catalytic properties that indicate high-performance sensing of blood glucose. The proposed bio-electronic glucometer can surpass the commercial electrochemical test strips in terms of response time, detection range, and limit of detection. Electronic modules used for the fabrication of smart glucometers, such as a power supply, analog to digital converter, OLED screen, and, wireless transmission module, are integrated onto a printed circuit board and packaged as a bio-electronics glucometer, enabling the comfortable handling of this blood glucose monitoring. The characteristics of active layers biosensors were investigated by SEM, and AFM. The glucometer can monitor glucose in the wide detection range of 0-100 mM, the limit of detection (1 µM) with a sensitivity of 5.65 mA mM-1 and excellent sensing performance such as high selectivity, high reproducibility, and good stability of fabricated test strips. With 11 human blood and serum samples, the glucometer demonstrated high clinical accuracy with the best value of RSD of 0.012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Monfared Dehbali
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center for Design and Fabrication of Advanced Electronic Devices, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Farahmandpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center for Design and Fabrication of Advanced Electronic Devices, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hamedi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran.
- Research Center for Design and Fabrication of Advanced Electronic Devices, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Zoheir Kordrostami
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center for Design and Fabrication of Advanced Electronic Devices, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Baruah RK, Yoo H, Lee EK. Interconnection Technologies for Flexible Electronics: Materials, Fabrications, and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1131. [PMID: 37374716 PMCID: PMC10305052 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic devices require metal interconnects to facilitate the flow of electrical signals among the device components, ensuring its proper functionality. There are multiple factors to consider when designing metal interconnects for flexible electronics, including their conductivity, flexibility, reliability, and cost. This article provides an overview of recent endeavors to create flexible electronic devices through different metal interconnect approaches, with a focus on materials and structural aspects. Additionally, the article discusses emerging flexible applications, such as e-textiles and flexible batteries, as essential considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Kumar Baruah
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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13
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Nie S, Qin F, Liu Y, Qiu C, Jin Y, Wang H, Liu L, Hu L, Su Z, Song J, Yin X, Xu Z, Yao Y, Wang H, Zhou Y, Li Z. High Conductivity, Semiconducting, and Metallic PEDOT:PSS Electrode for All-Plastic Solar Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062836. [PMID: 36985806 PMCID: PMC10059736 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic electrodes are desirable for the rapid development of flexible organic electronics. In this article, a plastic electrode has been prepared by employing traditional conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and plastic substrate polyethersulfone (PES). The completed electrode (Denote as HC-PEDOT:PSS) treated by 80% concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) possesses a high electrical conductivity of over 2673 S/cm and a high transmittance of over 90% at 550 nm. The high conductivity is attributed to the regular arrangement of PEDOT molecules, which has been proved by the X-ray diffraction characterization. Temperature-dependent conductivity measurement reveals that the HC-PEDOT:PSS possesses both semiconducting and metallic properties. The binding force and effects between the PEDOT and PEI are investigated in detail. All plastic solar cells with a classical device structure of PES/HC-PEDOT:PSS/PEI/P3HT:ICBA/EG-PEDOT:PSS show a PCE of 4.05%. The ITO-free device with a structure of Glass/HC-PEDOT:PSS/Al4083/PM6:Y6/PDINO/Ag delivers an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.81 V, short-circuit current (JSC ) of 23.5 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) of 0.67 and a moderate power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.8%. The above results demonstrate the HC-PEDOT:PSS electrode is a promising candidate for all-plastic solar cells and ITO-free organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisong Nie
- National Engineering Lab of Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Chufeng Qiu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yingzhi Jin
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Lichun Liu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Lin Hu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Zhen Su
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jiaxing Song
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Xinxing Yin
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Zhiguang Xu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yuyuan Yao
- National Engineering Lab of Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hao Wang
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zaifang Li
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
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14
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UV and aging effect on the degradation of PEDOT:PSS/nSi films for Hybrid Silicon solar cells. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Consecutive Ink Writing of Conducting Polymer and Graphene Composite Electrodes for Foldable Electronics-Related Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235294. [PMID: 36501688 PMCID: PMC9736600 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For foldable electronic devices of the future, most components should have very good flexibility and reliability to maintain electrical properties even under repeated deformation. In this study, two types of inks for conducting polymer and graphene were simultaneously printed on flexible plastic substrates via the newly developed consecutive ink writing (CIW) process for the formation of composite electrodes of foldable electronic devices. To consecutively print conducting polymer ink and graphene ink, a conventional three-dimensional (3D) printer was modified by installing two needles in the printer head, and the two inks were printed through the nozzle in the same route with a time interval. By adjusting several printing conditions (ink concentration, printing parameters, printing time intervals between the two inks, etc.), various structures of composite electrodes, such as layered or fused 2D or 3D structures were developed on the glass substrate. Furthermore, by changing the printing order of the two inks and 3D printer bed temperature, the composite electrodes with a higher printing resolution were successfully printed on the flexible polyimide substrate. The printed composite electrodes via CIW process exhibit the lowest surface electrical resistance of 0.9 kΩ and high flexibility, and stable resistance values were maintained after 1000 cycles of the folding test. Consequently, the CIW process developed in this study applies to the production of the electrical parts and components for various flexible devices, such as foldable and wearable electronics.
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16
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Ghaffari A, Saki Z, Taghavinia N, Byranvand MM, Saliba M. Lamination methods for the fabrication of perovskite and organic photovoltaics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2473-2495. [PMID: 35920327 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown rapid progress in a decade of extensive research and development, aiming now towards commercialization. However, the development of more facile, reliable, and reproducible manufacturing techniques will be essential for industrial production. Many lamination methods have been initially designed for organic photovoltaics (OPVs), which are conceptually similar to PSCs. Lamination could provide a low-cost and adaptable technique for the roll-to-roll production of solar cells. This review presents an overview of lamination methods for the fabrication of PSCs and OPVs. The lamination of different electrodes consisting of various materials such as metal back contacts, photoactive layers, hole transport layers (HTLs), and electron transport layers (ETLs) is discussed. The efficiency and stability of the laminated devices are also presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of laminated solar cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Ghaffari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155 Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Saki
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Taghavinia
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 Tehran, Iran.
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Malekshahi Byranvand
- Institute for Photovoltaics (ipv), University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group FRONTRUNNER, IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Saliba
- Institute for Photovoltaics (ipv), University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group FRONTRUNNER, IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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17
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Moorthy VM, Srivastava VM. Device Modeling of Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Traditional and Inverted Cells Using s-SWCNT:C 60 as Active Layer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12162844. [PMID: 36014708 PMCID: PMC9412363 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This research work presents a thorough analysis of Traditional Organic Solar Cell (TOSC) and novel designed Inverted OSC (IOSC) using Bulk Hetero-Junction (BHJ) structure. Herein, 2D photovoltaic device models were used to observe the results of the semiconducting Single Wall Carbon Nanotube (s-SWCNT):C60-based organic photovoltaic. This work has improved the BHJ photodiodes by varying the active layer thickness. The analysis has been performed at various active layer thicknesses from 50 to 300 nm using the active material s-SWCNT:C60. An analysis with various parameters to determine the most effective parameters for organic photovoltaic performance has been conducted. As a result, it has been established that IOSC has the maximum efficiency of 10.4%, which is higher than the efficiency of TOSC (9.5%). In addition, the active layer with the highest efficacy has been recorded using this material for both TOSC and IOSC Nano Photodiodes (NPDs). Furthermore, the diode structure and geometrical parameters have been optimized and compared to maximize the performance of photodiodes.
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18
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Brooke R, Lay M, Jain K, Francon H, Say MG, Belaineh D, Wang X, Håkansson KMO, Wågberg L, Engquist I, Edberg J, Berggren M. Nanocellulose and PEDOT:PSS composites and their applications. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2106491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brooke
- Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Bio- and Organic Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Makara Lay
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- INM- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karishma Jain
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Francon
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehmet Girayhan Say
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Dagmawi Belaineh
- Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Bio- and Organic Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Wang
- Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Bio- and Organic Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jesper Edberg
- Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Bio- and Organic Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
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19
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Pei S, Xiong X, Zhong W, Xue X, Zhang M, Hao T, Zhang Y, Liu F, Zhu L. Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells Enabled by the Incorporation of a Sulfonated Graphene Doped PEDOT:PSS Interlayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34814-34821. [PMID: 35876251 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An interface modification layer plays an important role in improving the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). The structure design or doping of electrode interlayer materials can effectively inhibit interfacial carrier recombination and improve ohmic contact between the active layer and the electrodes, which is desirable for realizing high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been extensively used as a hole-transport layer (HTL) in OSCs. Here, a modification of PEDOT:PSS is proposed using sulfonated graphene (SG) as a secondary dopant for improving the surface morphology and conductivity. The incorporation of the SG-doped PEDOT:PSS as the HTLs in OSCs leads to the increased charge extraction and shows the best PCEs of 17.48% for PM6:Y6 devices and 18.56% for PM6:L8-BO devices. The significant improvement in device performance suggests that SG-PEDOT:PSS is a promising interfacial layer for efficient charge transport and extraction toward high-efficiency OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supeng Pei
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Xia Xiong
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhong
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Xue
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Hao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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20
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Lee DH, Lee EK, Kim CH, Yun HJ, Kim YJ, Yoo H. Blended Polymer Dry Electrodes for Reliable Electrocardiogram and Electromyogram Measurements and Their Eco-Friendly Disposal Led by Degradability in Hot Water. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132586. [PMID: 35808632 PMCID: PMC9269162 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To increase the human lifespan, healthcare monitoring devices that diagnose diseases and check body conditions have attracted considerable interest. Commercial AgCl-based wet electrodes with the advantages of high conductivity and strong adaptability to human skin are considered the most frequently used electrode material for healthcare monitoring. However, commercial AgCl-based wet electrodes, when exposed for a long period, cause an evaporation of organic solvents, which could reduce the signal-to-noise ratio of biosignals and stimulate human skin. In this context, we demonstrate a dry electrode for a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based blended polymer electrode using a combination of PEDOT:PSS, waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and ethylene glycol (EG) that could be reused for a long period of time to detect electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG). Both ECG and EMG are reliably detected by the wireless real-time monitoring system. In particular, the proposed dry electrode detects biosignals without deterioration for over 2 weeks. Additionally, a double layer of a polyimide (PI) substrate and fluorinated polymer CYTOP induces the strong waterproof characteristics of external liquids for the proposed dry electrodes, having a low surface energy of 14.49 mN/m. In addition, the proposed electrode has excellent degradability in water; it dissolves in hot water at 60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.H.L.); (C.H.K.)
| | - Eun Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University (PKNU), Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Chae Hyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.H.L.); (C.H.K.)
| | - Hyung Joong Yun
- Advance Nano Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 34126, Korea;
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.H.L.); (C.H.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.K.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.H.L.); (C.H.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.K.); (H.Y.)
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21
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Li Y, Zhou X, Sarkar B, Gagnon-Lafrenais N, Cicoira F. Recent Progress on Self-Healable Conducting Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108932. [PMID: 35043469 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials able to regenerate after damage have been the object of investigation since the ancient times. For instance, self-healing concretes, able to resist earthquakes, aging, weather, and seawater have been known since the times of ancient Rome and are still the object of research. During the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in self-healing electronic materials, for applications in electronic skin (E-skin) for health monitoring, wearable and stretchable sensors, actuators, transistors, energy harvesting, and storage devices. Self-healing materials based on conducting polymers are particularly attractive due to their tunable high conductivity, good stability, intrinsic flexibility, excellent processability and biocompatibility. Here recent developments are reviewed in the field of self-healing electronic materials based on conducting polymers, such as poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PANI). The different types of healing, the strategies adopted to optimize electrical and mechanical properties, and the various possible healing mechanisms are introduced. Finally, the main challenges and perspectives in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Biporjoy Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Noémy Gagnon-Lafrenais
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
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22
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Han Y, Hu Z, Zha W, Chen X, Yin L, Guo J, Li Z, Luo Q, Su W, Ma CQ. 12.42% Monolithic 25.42 cm 2 Flexible Organic Solar Cells Enabled by an Amorphous ITO-Modified Metal Grid Electrode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110276. [PMID: 35243697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Printed metal nanogrid electrode exhibits superior characteristics for use in flexible organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the high surface roughness and inhomogeneity between grid and blank region is adverse for performance improvement. In this work, a thin amorphous indium tin oxide (ITO) film (α-ITO) is introduced to fill the blank and to improve the charge transporting. The introduction of α-ITO significantly improves the comprehensive properties of metal grid electrode, which exhibits excellent bending resistance and long-term stability under double 85 condition (under 85 °C and 85% relative humidity) for 200 h. Both experimental and simulation results reveal α-ITO with a sheet resistance of 20 000 Ω □-1 is sufficient to improve the charge transporting within the adjacent grids, leading to a remarkable efficiency of 16.54% for 1 cm2 flexible devices. With area increased to 4.00, 9.00, and 25.42 cm2 , the devices still display a performance of 16.22%, 14.69%, and 12.42%, respectively, showing less efficiency loss during upscaling. And the 25.42 cm2 monolithic flexible device exhibits a certificated efficiency of 12.03%. Moreover, the device shows significantly improved air stability relative to conventional high-conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate-modified device. All these make the α-ITO-modified Ag/Cu electrode promise to achieve high-efficient and long-term stable large-area flexible OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Han
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Zishou Hu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Center & Nano-Device and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Nano Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wusong Zha
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolian Chen
- Printable Electronics Research Center & Nano-Device and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Nano Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Li Yin
- School of Science, School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Guo
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyun Li
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qun Luo
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Wenming Su
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
- Printable Electronics Research Center & Nano-Device and Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Nano Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Qi Ma
- Printable Electronics Research Center & i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
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23
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Ke QB, Wu JR, Lin CC, Chang SH. Understanding the PEDOT:PSS, PTAA and P3CT-X Hole-Transport-Layer-Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:823. [PMID: 35215736 PMCID: PMC8963032 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of metal-oxide-based regular perovskite solar cells have been higher than 25% for more than 2 years. Up to now, the PCEs of polymer-based inverted perovskite solar cells are widely lower than 23%. PEDOT:PSS thin films, modified PTAA thin films and P3CT thin films are widely used as the hole transport layer or hole modification layer of the highlyefficient inverted perovskite solar cells. Compared with regular perovskite solar cells, polymer-based inverted perovskite solar cells can be fabricated under relatively low temperatures. However, the intrinsic characteristics of carrier transportation in the two types of solar cells are different, which limits the photovoltaic performance of inverted perovskite solar cells. Thanks to the low activation energies for the formation of high-quality perovskite crystalline thin films, it is possible to manipulate the optoelectronic properties by controlling the crystal orientation with the different polymer-modified ITO/glass substrates. To achieve the higher PCE, the effects of polymer-modified ITO/glass substrates on the optoelectronic properties and the formation of perovskite crystalline thin films have to be completely understood simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bin Ke
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (Q.B.K.); (J.-R.W.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Jia-Ren Wu
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (Q.B.K.); (J.-R.W.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Chia-Chen Lin
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (Q.B.K.); (J.-R.W.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Sheng Hsiung Chang
- Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (Q.B.K.); (J.-R.W.); (C.-C.L.)
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Center for Nano Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
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24
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Mdluli SB, Ramoroka ME, Yussuf ST, Modibane KD, John-Denk VS, Iwuoha EI. π-Conjugated Polymers and Their Application in Organic and Hybrid Organic-Silicon Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:716. [PMID: 35215629 PMCID: PMC8877693 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution and emergence of organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells have been deemed as promising sustainable future technologies, owing to the use of π-conjugated polymers. In this regard, the scope of this review article presents a comprehensive summary of the applications of π-conjugated polymers as hole transporting layers (HTLs) or emitters in both organic solar cells and organic-silicon hybrid heterojunction solar cells. The different techniques used to synthesize these polymers are discussed in detail, including their electronic band structure and doping mechanisms. The general architecture and principle of operating heterojunction solar cells is addressed. In both discussed solar cell types, incorporation of π-conjugated polymers as HTLs have seen a dramatic increase in efficiencies attained by these devices, owing to the high transmittance in the visible to near-infrared region, reduced carrier recombination, high conductivity, and high hole mobilities possessed by the p-type polymeric materials. However, these cells suffer from long-term stability due to photo-oxidation and parasitic absorptions at the anode interface that results in total degradation of the polymeric p-type materials. Although great progress has been seen in the incorporation of conjugated polymers in the various solar cell types, there is still a long way to go for cells incorporating polymeric materials to realize commercialization and large-scale industrial production due to the shortcomings in the stability of the polymers. This review therefore discusses the progress in using polymeric materials as HTLs in organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells with the intention to provide insight on the quest of producing highly efficient but less expensive solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyabonga B. Mdluli
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
| | - Morongwa E. Ramoroka
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
| | - Sodiq T. Yussuf
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
| | - Kwena D. Modibane
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mineral Science, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Polokwane 0727, South Africa;
| | - Vivian S. John-Denk
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
| | - Emmanuel I. Iwuoha
- Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.T.Y.); (V.S.J.-D.)
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25
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Negash A, Demeku AM, Molloro LH. Application of reduced graphene oxide as the hole transport layer in organic solar cells synthesized from waste dry cells using the electrochemical exfoliation method. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01974d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hole transport layer (HTL) plays an important role in improving the efficiency and stability of organic solar cells (OSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfaw Negash
- College of Natural and computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, POBOX 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Aknachew M. Demeku
- College of Natural and computational Sciences, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Debre Berhan University, POBOX 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Liboro Hundito Molloro
- College of Natural and computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, POBOX 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology (WUT), No. 122, Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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26
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Alikhaidarova E, Afanasyev D, Ibrayev N, Nuraje N. Plasmonic enhanced polymer solar cell with inclusion of Ag@SiO
2
core‐shell nanostructures. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Alikhaidarova
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics Buketov Karaganda University Karaganda Kazakhstan
| | - Dmitriy Afanasyev
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics Buketov Karaganda University Karaganda Kazakhstan
- Institute of Applied Mathematics Karaganda Kazakhstan
| | - Niyazbek Ibrayev
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics Buketov Karaganda University Karaganda Kazakhstan
| | - Nurxat Nuraje
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering School of Engineering and Digital Science, Nazarbayev University Nur‐Sultan Kazakhstan
- Advanced Solar Energy Materials & Systems Lab National Laboratory Astana Nur‐Sultan Kazakhstan
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27
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Sumdani MG, Islam MR, Yahaya ANA, Safie SI. Recent advancements in synthesis, properties, and applications of conductive polymers for electrochemical energy storage devices: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Gulam Sumdani
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bio‐engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Remanul Islam
- Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Naim A. Yahaya
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Wilayah Persekutuan Malaysia
| | - Sairul Izwan Safie
- Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Johor Bahru Malaysia
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28
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Lazauskas A, Jucius D, Abakevičienė B, Guobienė A, Andrulevičius M. Trilayer Composite System Based on SiO 2, Thiol-Ene, and PEDOT:PSS. Focus on Stability after Thermal Treatment and Solar Irradiance. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193439. [PMID: 34641254 PMCID: PMC8512558 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The trilayer composite was fabricated by combining functional layers of fumed SiO2, thiol-ene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS). Optical, scratch-healing, non-wetting, and electrical stability was investigated at different instances of time after thermal and solar irradiance treatment. The trilayer composite was found to be optically stable and highly transparent for visible light after thermal and irradiance treatment for 25 h. Both treatment processes had a minor effect on the shape-memory assisted scratch-healing performance of the trilayer composite. Thermal treatment and solar irradiance did not affect the superhydrophobic properties (contact angle 170 ± 1°) of the trilayer composite. The sheet resistance increased from 90 ± 3 Ω/square (initial) to 109 ± 3 Ω/square (thermal) and 149 ± 3 Ω/square (irradiance) after 25 h of treatment, which was considered as not significant change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Lazauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-671-73375
| | - Dalius Jucius
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Brigita Abakevičienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų Str. 50, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Asta Guobienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Mindaugas Andrulevičius
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.J.); (B.A.); (A.G.); (M.A.)
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Oechsle AL, Heger JE, Li N, Yin S, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. Correlation of Thermoelectric Performance, Domain Morphology and Doping Level in PEDOT:PSS Thin Films Post-Treated with Ionic Liquids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100397. [PMID: 34491602 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) post-treatment of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA), allyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (AMIM DCA), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate (EMIM TCB) is compared. Doping level modifications of PEDOT are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and directly correlate with the observed Seebeck coefficient enhancement. With conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) the authors investigate changes in the topographic-current features of the PEDOT:PSS thin film surface due to IL treatment. Grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) demonstrates the morphological rearrangement towards an optimized PEDOT domain distribution upon IL post-treatment, directly facilitating the interconductivity and causing an increased film conductivity. Based on these improvements in Seebeck coefficient and conductivity, the power factor is increased up to 236 µW m-1 K- 2 . Subsequently, a model is developed indicating that ILs, which contain small, sterically unhindered ions with a strong localized charge, appear beneficial to boost the thermoelectric performance of post-treated PEDOT:PSS films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Oechsle
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Julian E Heger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Nian Li
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149, Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany.,Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
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30
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Exploration of 2D Ti 3C 2 MXene for all solution processed piezoelectric nanogenerator applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17432. [PMID: 34465806 PMCID: PMC8408174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A new 2D titanium carbide (Ti3C2), a low dimensional material of the MXene family has attracted remarkable interest in several electronic applications, but its unique structure and novel properties are still less explored in piezoelectric energy harvesters. Herein, a systematic study has been conducted to examine the role of Ti3C2 multilayers when it is incorporated in the piezoelectric polymer host. The 0.03 g/L of Ti3C2 has been identified as the most appropriate concentration to ensure the optimum performance of the fabricated device with a generated output voltage of about 6.0 V. The probable reasons might be due to the uniformity of nanofiller distribution in the polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and the incorporation of Ti3C2 in a polymer matrix is found to enhance the β-phase of PVDF and diminish the undesired α-phase configuration. Low tapping frequency and force were demonstrated to scavenge electrical energy from abundant mechanical energy resources particularly human motion and environmental stimuli. The fabricated device attained a power density of 14 µW.cm-2 at 10.8 MΩ of load resistor which is considerably high among 2D material-based piezoelectric nanogenerators. The device has also shown stable electrical performance for up to 4 weeks and is practically able to store energy in a capacitor and light up a LED. Hence, the Ti3C2-based piezoelectric nanogenerator suggests the potential to realize the energy harvesting application for low-power electronic devices.
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31
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Raji IO, Wen S, Li Y, Huang D, Shi X, Saparbaev A, Gu C, Yang C, Bao X. Benzo bis(Thiazole)-Based Conjugated Polymer with Varying Alkylthio Side-Chain Positions for Efficient Fullerene-Free Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36071-36079. [PMID: 34283560 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkylthio groups can be used to modulate energy levels and molecular packing of organic semiconductors, which makes it important in the design of materials for organic solar cell. However, its effect has not been sufficiently exploited as most of the studies report introducing an alkylthio group to the donor unit and seldom to the acceptor unit of donor-acceptor conjugated polymers. In this report, two alkylthio-substituted polymers, namely, PBB-TSA and PBB-TSD, with benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis(thiazole) (BBT) as the acceptor unit and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) as the donor unit, were rationally designed, synthesized, and applied in organic photovoltaics. An alkylthio side chain was substituted on the BBT-accepting unit for PBB-TSA, while for PBB-TSD, the alkylthio side chain was substituted on the BDT donor unit. PBB-TSA and PBB-TSD show upshifted and downshifted energy levels, respectively, compared to the nonsulfur-substituted material. Both polymers exhibit dominate face-on orientation, while PBB-TSD exhibits higher crystallinity compared to PBB-TSA. With the contribution of lower energy level and beneficial film morphology, the device based on PBB-TSD/IT-4F has much higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.6%, whereas the PBB-TSA blend had a lower PCE of 10.7%. 1,8-Diiodooctane can effectively optimize the blend film morphology, and the effect on device performance has also been demonstrated in detail. This result indicates that introducing an alkylthio side chain into the donor or acceptor moieties would result in materials with different energy levels and thus would be utilized to match with various acceptors, achieving optimized performance in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Oladayo Raji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuguang Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Functional Laboratory of Solar Energy, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yonghai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Functional Laboratory of Solar Energy, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Da Huang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- College of Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Aziz Saparbaev
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuantao Gu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Chunming Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Xichang Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Functional Laboratory of Solar Energy, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Electrochemically Obtained Polysulfonates Doped Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Films-Effects of the Dopant's Chain Flexibility and Molecular Weight Studied by Electrochemical, Microgravimetric and XPS Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152438. [PMID: 34372041 PMCID: PMC8348764 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemically synthesized poly(3,4,-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films obtained in the presence of eight different polysulfonate dopants are comparatively studied by means of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Differences with respect to oxidation and doping levels (OL and DL), polymerization efficiency and redox behavior are revealed based on the interplay of three factors: the type of the dopant (acid or salt form), flexibility of the polysulfonate chains and molecular weight of the polysulfonate species. For the rigid- and semi-rigid-chain dopants, use of the salt form results in higher OL and DL values and substantial involvement of solvent molecules in the course of polymerization and redox transitions whereas in the presence of their acid form compact PEDOT films with minor ionic-solvent fluxes upon redox transitions are formed. In contrast, use of the salt form of the flexible chain polysulfonates results in PEDOT with lower OL and DL in comparison to the corresponding acid form. Significant effects are observed when comparing flexible chain dopants with different molecular weights. From a practical point of view the present investigations demonstrate the large scope of possibilities to influence some basic properties of PEDOT (Ol and DL, intensity and type of the ionic and solvent fluxes upon redox transition) depending on the used polysulfonate dopants.
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Design of Silicon Nanowire Array for PEDOT:PSS-Silicon Nanowire-Based Hybrid Solar Cell. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13153797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among various photovoltaic devices, the poly 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly styrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based hybrid solar cell is getting momentum for the next generation solar cell. Although, the power-conversion efficiency of the PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell has already been reported above 13% by many researchers, it is still at a primitive stage and requires comprehensive research and developments. When SiNWs interact with conjugate polymer PEDOT:PSS, the various aspects of SiNW array are required to optimize for high efficiency hybrid solar cell. Therefore, the designing of silicon nanowire (SiNW) array is a crucial aspect for an efficient PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell, where PEDOT:PSS plays a role as a conductor with an transparent optical window just-like as metal-semiconductor Schottky solar cell. This short review mainly focuses on the current research trends for the general, electrical, optical and photovoltaic design issues associated with SiNW array for PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cells. The foremost features including the morphology, surface traps, doping of SiNW, which limit the efficiency of the PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell, will be addressed and reviewed. Finally, the SiNW design issues for boosting up the fill-factor, short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage will be highlighted and discussed.
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High-Conductivity, Flexible and Transparent PEDOT:PSS Electrodes for High Performance Semi-Transparent Supercapacitors. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020450. [PMID: 32075032 PMCID: PMC7077632 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a flexible high-conductivity transparent electrode (denoted as S-PH1000), based on conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and itsapplication to flexible semi-transparentsupercapacitors. A high conductivity of 2673 S/cm was achieved for the S-PH1000 electrode on flexible plastic substrates via a H2SO4 treatment with an optimized concentration of 80 wt.%. This is among the top electrical conductivities of PEDOT:PSS films processed on flexible substrates. As for the electrochemical properties,a high specific capacitance of 161F/g was obtained from the S-PH1000 electrode at a current density of 1 A/g. Excitingly, a specific capacitance of 121 F/g was retained even when the current density increased to 100 A/g, which demonstrates the high-rate property of this electrode. Flexible semi-transparent supercapacitors based on these electrodes demonstrate high transparency, over 60%, at 550 nm. A high power density value, over 19,200 W/kg,and energy density, over 3.40 Wh/kg, was achieved. The semi-transparent flexible supercapacitor was successfully applied topower a light-emitting diode.
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Vázquez-López A, Yaseen A, Maestre D, Ramírez-Castellanos J, Marstein ES, Karazhanov SZ, Cremades A. Synergetic Improvement of Stability and Conductivity of Hybrid Composites formed by PEDOT:PSS and SnO Nanoparticles. Molecules 2020; 25:E695. [PMID: 32041230 PMCID: PMC7036770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, layered hybrid composites formed by tin oxide (SnO) nanoparticles synthesized by hydrolysis and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) have been analyzed. Prior to the composite study, both SnO and PEDOT:PSS counterparts were characterized by diverse techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL), atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical absorption and Hall effect measurements. Special attention was given to the study of the stability of the polymer under laser illumination, as well as the analysis of the SnO to SnO2 oxidation assisted by laser irradiation, for which different laser sources and neutral filters were employed. Synergetic effects were observed in the hybrid composite, as the addition of SnO nanoparticles improves the stability and electrical conductivity of the polymer, while the polymeric matrix in which the nanoparticles are embedded hinders formation of SnO2. Finally, the Si passivation behavior of the hybrid composites was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Anisa Yaseen
- Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Oslo, Norway; (A.Y.); (E.S.M.)
| | - David Maestre
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Julio Ramírez-Castellanos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Erik S. Marstein
- Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Oslo, Norway; (A.Y.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Smagul Zh. Karazhanov
- Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Oslo, Norway; (A.Y.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Ana Cremades
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.-L.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
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Ding WL, Sun ZZ, Peng XL, Wang CL, Zhang YQ, He HY, Zhang SJ. Boosting the hole transport of conductive polymers by regulating the ion ratio in ionic liquid additives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9796-9807. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has aroused great interest in organic electrics because of its high electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lu Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhu-Zhu Sun
- Energy-Saving Building Materials Innovative Collaboration Center of Henan Province
- Xinyang Normal University
- Xinyang
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Liang Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Lu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ya-Qin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hong-Yan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Suo-Jiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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