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Sun T, Liu J, Chen CJ. Calibration algorithms for continuous glucose monitoring systems based on interstitial fluid sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 260:116450. [PMID: 38843770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is of great importance to the treatment and prevention of diabetes. As a proven commercial technology, electrochemical glucose sensor based on interstitial fluid (ISF) sensing has high sensitivity and wide detection range. Therefore, it has good promotion prospects in noninvasive or minimally-invasive CGM system. However, since there are concentration differences and time lag between glucose in plasma and ISF, the accuracy of this type of sensors are still limited. Typical calibration algorithms rely on simple linear regression which do not account for the variability of the sensitivity of sensors. To enhance the accuracy and stability of CGM based on ISF, optimization of calibration algorithm for sensors is indispensable. While there have been considerable researches on improving calibration algorithms for CGM, they have still received less attention. This article reviews the problem of typical calibration and presents the outstanding calibration algorithms in recent years. Finally, combined with existing research and emerging sensing technologies, this paper makes an outlook on the future calibration algorithms for CGM sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Sun
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jentsai Liu
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ching Jung Chen
- 3 Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Gale JT, Haszard JJ, Peddie MC. Improved glycaemic control induced by evening activity breaks does not persist overnight amongst healthy adults: A randomized crossover trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:2732-2740. [PMID: 38572593 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the effects of 4 hours of laboratory-based regular activity breaks (RABs) and prolonged sitting (SIT) on subsequent 48-h free-living interstitial glucose levels in a group of healthy adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized crossover trial, participants completed two 4-h laboratory-based interventions commencing at ~5:00 pm: (1) SIT and (2) SIT interrupted with 3 min of body weight resistance exercise activity breaks every 30 min (RABs). Continuous glucose monitoring was performed during the intervention and for 48-h after, during which time participants returned to a free-living setting. RESULTS Twenty-eight adults (female n = 20, mean ± SD age 25.5 ± 5.6 years, body mass index 29.2 ± 6.9 kg/m2) provided data for this analysis. During the intervention period, RABs lowered mean interstitial glucose by 8.3% (-0.47 mmol/L/4 h, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.74 to -0.20; p = 0.001) and area under the curve (AUC) by 8.9% (-2.01 mmol/L/4 h, 95% CI -3.05 to -0.97; p < 0.001) compared to SIT. Measures of glycaemic variability were not significantly different during the intervention. There were no significant differences in mean glucose and AUC between conditions during the first nocturnal period and 24-h post intervention. When compared to SIT, RABs increased continuous overall net action of glucose at 1 h and SD glucose by 22% (0.18 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.29; p = 0.018) and 26% (95% CI 4.9 to 42.7; p = 0.019) in the first nocturnal period and by 10% (0.09 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.01, 0.17; p = 0.025) and 15% (95% CI 6.6 to 22.4; p = 0.001) in the 24-h post intervention period, respectively. CONCLUSION Performing activity breaks in the evening results in acute reductions in interstitial glucose concentrations; however, the magnitude of these changes is not maintained overnight or into the following 48 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Gale
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Meredith C Peddie
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Mennickent D, Romero-Albornoz L, Gutiérrez-Vega S, Aguayo C, Marini F, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Araya J. Simple and Fast Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Based on Machine Learning and Near-Infrared Spectra of Serum: A Proof of Concept Study at Different Stages of Pregnancy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1142. [PMID: 38927349 PMCID: PMC11200648 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a hyperglycemic state that is typically diagnosed by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which is unpleasant, time-consuming, has low reproducibility, and results are tardy. The machine learning (ML) predictive models that have been proposed to improve GDM diagnosis are usually based on instrumental methods that take hours to produce a result. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a simple, fast, and low-cost analytical technique that has never been assessed for the prediction of GDM. This study aims to develop ML predictive models for GDM based on NIR spectroscopy, and to evaluate their potential as early detection or alternative screening tools according to their predictive power and duration of analysis. Serum samples from the first trimester (before GDM diagnosis) and the second trimester (at the time of GDM diagnosis) of pregnancy were analyzed by NIR spectroscopy. Four spectral ranges were considered, and 80 mathematical pretreatments were tested for each. NIR data-based models were built with single- and multi-block ML techniques. Every model was subjected to double cross-validation. The best models for first and second trimester achieved areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.5768 ± 0.0635 and 0.8836 ± 0.0259, respectively. This is the first study reporting NIR-spectroscopy-based methods for the prediction of GDM. The developed methods allow for prediction of GDM from 10 µL of serum in only 32 min. They are simple, fast, and have a great potential for application in clinical practice, especially as alternative screening tools to the OGTT for GDM diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mennickent
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, 4090541 Concepción, Chile;
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile;
| | - Lucas Romero-Albornoz
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Gutiérrez-Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile; (S.G.-V.); (C.A.)
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile; (S.G.-V.); (C.A.)
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile; (S.G.-V.); (C.A.)
| | - Juan Araya
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile;
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Huang XS, Huang S, Zheng ST, Liang BM, Zhang T, Yue W, Liu FM, Shi P, Xie X, Chen HJ. Fabrication of Multiple-Channel Electrochemical Microneedle Electrode Array via Separated Functionalization and Assembly Method. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:243. [PMID: 38785717 PMCID: PMC11118220 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of physiological indicators inside the body is pivotal for contemporary diagnostics and treatments. Implantable electrodes can not only track specific biomarkers but also facilitate therapeutic interventions. By modifying biometric components, implantable electrodes enable in situ metabolite detection in living tissues, notably beneficial in invasive glucose monitoring, which effectively alleviates the self-blood-glucose-managing burden for patients. However, the development of implantable electrochemical electrodes, especially multi-channel sensing devices, still faces challenges: (1) The complexity of direct preparation hinders functionalized or multi-parameter sensing on a small scale. (2) The fine structure of individual electrodes results in low spatial resolution for sensor functionalization. (3) There is limited conductivity due to simple device structures and weakly conductive electrode materials (such as silicon or polymers). To address these challenges, we developed multiple-channel electrochemical microneedle electrode arrays (MCEMEAs) via a separated functionalization and assembly process. Two-dimensional microneedle (2dMN)-based and one-dimensional microneedle (1dMN)-based electrodes were prepared by laser patterning, which were then modified as sensing electrodes by electrochemical deposition and glucose oxidase decoration to achieve separated functionalization and reduce mutual interference. The electrodes were then assembled into 2dMN- and 1dMN-based multi-channel electrochemical arrays (MCEAs), respectively, to avoid damaging functionalized coatings. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the as-prepared MCEAs exhibit excellent transdermal capability, detection sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility, which was capable of real-time, in situ glucose concentration monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China (S.H.); (S.-T.Z.); (B.-M.L.)
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China (S.H.); (S.-T.Z.); (B.-M.L.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Shan-Tao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China (S.H.); (S.-T.Z.); (B.-M.L.)
| | - Bao-Ming Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China (S.H.); (S.-T.Z.); (B.-M.L.)
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Wan Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Fan-Mao Liu
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation and Vascular Diseases (Sun Yat-sen University), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China (S.H.); (S.-T.Z.); (B.-M.L.)
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China (S.H.); (S.-T.Z.); (B.-M.L.)
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Fan L, Jiang Y, Deng R, Zhu H, Dai X, Liang H, Li N, Qian Z. Mechanical Robustness Enhanced Flexible Antennas Using Ti 3C 2 MXene and Nanocellulose Composites for Noninvasive Glucose Sensing. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1866-1876. [PMID: 38499997 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Electromagnetic sensors with flexible antennas as sensing elements have attracted increasing attention in noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring for diabetic patients. The significant radiation performance loss of flexible antennas during mechanical deformation impairs the reliability of glucose monitoring. Here, we present flexible ultrawideband monopole antennas composed of Ti3C2 MXene and cellulose nanofibril (CNF) composite films for continuous glucose monitoring. The flexible MXene/CNF antenna with 20% CNF content can obtain a gain of up to 3.33 dBi and a radiation efficiency of up to 65.40% at a frequency range from 2.3 to 6.0 GHz. Compared with the pure MXene antenna, this antenna offers a comparable radiation performance and a lower performance loss in mechanical bending deformation. Moreover, the MXene/CNF antenna shows a stable response to fetal bovine serum/glucose, with a correlation of >0.9 at the reference glucose levels, and responds sensitively to the variations in blood glucose levels during human trials. The proposed strategy enhancing the mechanical robustness of MXene-based flexible antennas makes metallic two-dimensional nanomaterials more promising in wearable electromagnetic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ruihua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiangyu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (Shenzhen), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Zhengfang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Rajeswari SVKR, Vijayakumar P. Development of sensor system and data analytic framework for non-invasive blood glucose prediction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9206. [PMID: 38649731 PMCID: PMC11035575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodic quantification of blood glucose levels is performed using painful, invasive methods. The proposed work presents the development of a noninvasive glucose-monitoring device with two sensors, i.e., finger and wrist bands. The sensor system was designed with a near-infrared (NIR) wavelength of 940 nm emitter and a 900-1700 nm detector. This study included 101 diabetic and non-diabetic volunteers. The obtained dataset was subjected to pre-processing, exploratory data analysis (EDA), data visualization, and integration methods. Ambiguities such as the effects of skin color, ambient light, and finger pressure on the sensor were overcome in the proposed 'niGLUC-2.0v'. niGLUC-2.0v was validated with performance metrics where accuracy of 99.02%, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.15, mean square error (MSE) of 0.22 for finger, and accuracy of 99.96%, MAE of 0.06, MSE of 0.006 for wrist prototype with ridge regression (RR) were achieved. Bland-Altman analysis was performed, where 98% of the data points were within ± 1.96 standard deviation (SD), 100% were under zone A of the Clarke Error Grid (CEG), and statistical analysis showed p < 0.05 on evaluated accuracy. Thus, niGLUC-2.0v is suitable in the medical and personal care fields for continuous real-time blood glucose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V K R Rajeswari
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - P Vijayakumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
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Kil HJ, Kim JH, Lee K, Kang TU, Yoo JH, Lee YH, Park JW. A self-powered and supercapacitive microneedle continuous glucose monitoring system with a wide range of glucose detection capabilities. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 257:116297. [PMID: 38677020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Continuous detection of sudden changes in blood glucose is essential for individuals with diabetes who have difficulty in maintaining optimal control of their blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemic shock or a hyperglycemic crisis are likely to occurs in patients with diabetes and poses a significant threat to their lives. Currently, commercial continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has limits in the glucose concentration detection range, which is 40-500 mg/dL, making it difficult to prevent the risk of hyperglycemic shock. In addition, current CGMs are invasive, cause pain and irritation during usage, and expensive. In this research, we overcome these limitations by introducing a novel mechanism to detect glucose concentration using supercapacitors. The developed CGM, which is self-powered and minimally invasive due to the use of microneedles, can detect a wider range of glucose concentrations than commercial sensors. In addition, efficacy and stability were proven through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Thus, this self-powered, microneedle and supercapacitive-type CGM can potentially prevent both hypoglycemic and complications of hyperglycemia without pain and with less power consumption than current commercial sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jun Kil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Uk Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Naresh M, Nagaraju VS, Kollem S, Kumar J, Peddakrishna S. Non-invasive glucose prediction and classification using NIR technology with machine learning. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28720. [PMID: 38601525 PMCID: PMC11004754 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a dual wavelength short near-infrared system is described for the detection of glucose levels. The system aims to improve the accuracy of blood glucose detection in a cost-effective and non-invasive way. The accuracy of the method is evaluated using real-time samples collected with the reference finger prick glucose device. A feed forward neural network (FFNN) regression method is employed to predict glucose levels based on the input data obtained from NIR technology. The system calculates glucose evaluation metrics and performs Surveillance error grid (SEG) analysis. The coefficient of determination R 2 and mean absolute error are observed 0.99 and 2.49 mg/dl, respectively. Additionally, the system determines the root mean square error (RMSE) as 3.02 mg/dl. It also shows that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 1.94% and mean squared error (MSE) is 9.16 ( m g / d l ) 2 for FFNN. The SEG analysis shows that the glucose values measured by the system fall within the clinically acceptable range when compared to the reference method. Finally, the system uses the multi-class classification method of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier to classify glucose levels with an accuracy of 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Naresh
- School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravti, Guntur, 522241, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V. Siva Nagaraju
- Department of ECE, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal, Hyderabad, 500043, Telangana, India
| | - Sreedhar Kollem
- Department of ECE, School of Engineering, SR University, Warangal, 506371, Telangana, India
| | - Jayendra Kumar
- School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravti, Guntur, 522241, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Samineni Peddakrishna
- School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravti, Guntur, 522241, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Bercea M, Lupu A. Recent Insights into Glucose-Responsive Concanavalin A-Based Smart Hydrogels for Controlled Insulin Delivery. Gels 2024; 10:260. [PMID: 38667679 PMCID: PMC11048858 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many efforts are continuously undertaken to develop glucose-sensitive biomaterials able of controlling glucose levels in the body and self-regulating insulin delivery. Hydrogels that swell or shrink as a function of the environmental free glucose content are suitable systems for monitoring blood glucose, delivering insulin doses adapted to the glucose concentration. In this context, the development of sensors based on reversible binding to glucose molecules represents a continuous challenge. Concanavalin A (Con A) is a bioactive protein isolated from sword bean plants (Canavalia ensiformis) and contains four sugar-binding sites. The high affinity for reversibly and specifically binding glucose and mannose makes Con A as a suitable natural receptor for the development of smart glucose-responsive materials. During the last few years, Con A was used to develop smart materials, such as hydrogels, microgels, nanoparticles and films, for producing glucose biosensors or drug delivery devices. This review is focused on Con A-based materials suitable in the diagnosis and therapeutics of diabetes. A brief outlook on glucose-derived theranostics of cancer is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bercea
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Lupu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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Moustakli E, Zikopoulos A, Skentou C, Bouba I, Dafopoulos K, Georgiou I. Evolution of Minimally Invasive and Non-Invasive Preimplantation Genetic Testing: An Overview. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2160. [PMID: 38673433 PMCID: PMC11050362 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) has become a common supplementary diagnοstic/testing tοol for in vitro fertilization (ΙVF) cycles due to a significant increase in cases of PGT fοr mοnogenic cοnditions (ΡGT-M) and de novο aneuplοidies (ΡGT-A) over the last ten years. This tendency is mostly attributable to the advancement and application of novel cytogenetic and molecular techniques in clinical practice that are capable of providing an efficient evaluation of the embryonic chromosomal complement and leading to better IVF/ICSI results. Although PGT is widely used, it requires invasive biopsy of the blastocyst, which may harm the embryo. Non-invasive approaches, like cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing, have lower risks but have drawbacks in consistency and sensitivity. This review discusses new developments and opportunities in the field of preimplantation genetic testing, enhancing the overall effectiveness and accessibility of preimplantation testing in the framework of developments in genomic sequencing, bioinformatics, and the integration of artificial intelligence in the interpretation of genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Moustakli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Athanasios Zikopoulos
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital Barrack Rd, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK;
| | - Charikleia Skentou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School of Ioannina, University General Hospital, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Bouba
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Konstantinos Dafopoulos
- IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Georgiou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.M.); (I.B.)
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Wangamnuayporn S, Kinoshita M, Kawai T, Matsumori N. Gold nanoparticle-powered screening of membrane protein-specific lipids from complex lipid mixtures. Anal Biochem 2024; 687:115447. [PMID: 38141800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins (MPs) are affected by binding of specific lipids. We previously developed a methodology for systematically analyzing MP-lipid interactions leveraging surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In this method, the gold sensor chip surface was modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM), which allowed for a larger amount of MP-immobilization. However, the laborious lipid purification step remained a bottleneck. To address this issue, a new strategy has been developed utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) instead of the gold sensor chip. AuNPs were coated with SAM, on which MP was covalently anchored. The MP-immobilized AuNPs were mixed with a lipid mixture, and the recovered lipids were quantified by LC-MS. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) was used as an MP to demonstrate this concept. We optimized immobilization conditions and confirmed the efficient immobilization of bR by dynamic light scattering and electron micrographs. Washing conditions for pulldown experiments were optimized to efficiently remove non-specific lipids. A new binding index was introduced to qualitatively reproduce the known affinity of lipids for bR. Consequently, the low-abundant and least-studied lipid S-TeGD was identified as a candidate for bR-specific lipids. This technique can skip the laborious lipid purification process, accelerating the screening of MP-specific lipids from complex lipid mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supakorn Wangamnuayporn
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanao Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Uluç N, Glasl S, Gasparin F, Yuan T, He H, Jüstel D, Pleitez MA, Ntziachristos V. Non-invasive measurements of blood glucose levels by time-gating mid-infrared optoacoustic signals. Nat Metab 2024; 6:678-686. [PMID: 38538980 PMCID: PMC11052715 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Non-invasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) represents an attractive alternative to finger pricking for blood glucose assessment and management of diabetes. Nevertheless, current NIGM techniques do not measure glucose concentrations in blood but rely on indirect bulk measurement of glucose in interstitial fluid, where glucose is diluted and glucose dynamics are different from those in the blood, which impairs NIGM accuracy. Here we introduce a new biosensor, termed depth-gated mid-infrared optoacoustic sensor (DIROS), which allows, for the first time, non-invasive glucose detection in blood-rich volumes in the skin. DIROS minimizes interference caused by the stratum corneum and other superficial skin layers by time-gating mid-infrared optoacoustic signals to enable depth-selective localization of glucose readings in skin. In measurements on the ears of (female) mice, DIROS displays improved accuracy over bulk-tissue glucose measurements. Our work demonstrates how signal localization can improve NIGM accuracy and positions DIROS as a holistic approach, with high translational potential, that addresses a key limitation of current NIGM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasire Uluç
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Glasl
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Gasparin
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tao Yuan
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hailong He
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Jüstel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miguel A Pleitez
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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13
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El Saftawy E, Farag MF, Gebreil HH, Abdelfatah M, Aboulhoda BE, Alghamdi M, Albadawi EA, Abd Elkhalek MA. Malaria: biochemical, physiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic updates. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17084. [PMID: 38529311 PMCID: PMC10962339 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria has been appraised as a significant vector-borne parasitic disease with grave morbidity and high-rate mortality. Several challenges have been confronting the efficient diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Method Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) were all used to gather articles. Results Diverse biochemical and physiological indices can mirror complicated malaria e.g., hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, elevated renal and hepatic functions in addition to the lower antioxidant capacity that does not only destroy the parasite but also induces endothelial damage. Multiple trials have been conducted to improve recent points of care in malaria involving biosensors, lap on-chip, and microdevices technology. Regarding recent therapeutic trials, chemical falcipain inhibitors and plant extracts with anti-plasmodial activities are presented. Moreover, antimalaria nano-medicine and the emergence of nanocarrier (either active or passive) in drug transportation are promising. The combination therapeutic trials e.g., amodiaquine + artemether + lumefantrine are presented to safely counterbalance the emerging drug resistance in addition to the Tafenoquine as a new anti-relapse therapy. Conclusion Recognizing the pathophysiology indices potentiate diagnosis of malaria. The new points of care can smartly manipulate the biochemical and hematological alterations for a more sensitive and specific diagnosis of malaria. Nano-medicine appeared promising. Chemical and plant extracts remain points of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas El Saftawy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Farag
- Department of Medical Physiology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hossam H. Gebreil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelfatah
- Department of Medical Physiology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mansour Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad A. Albadawi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Ali Abd Elkhalek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Huang X, Yao C, Huang S, Zheng S, Liu Z, Liu J, Wang J, Chen HJ, Xie X. Technological Advances of Wearable Device for Continuous Monitoring of In Vivo Glucose. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1065-1088. [PMID: 38427378 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Managing diabetes is a chronic challenge today, requiring monitoring and timely insulin injections to maintain stable blood glucose levels. Traditional clinical testing relies on fingertip or venous blood collection, which has facilitated the emergence of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology to address data limitations. Continuous glucose monitoring technology is recognized for tracking long-term blood glucose fluctuations, and its development, particularly in wearable devices, has given rise to compact and portable continuous glucose monitoring devices, which facilitates the measurement of blood glucose and adjustment of medication. This review introduces the development of wearable CGM-based technologies, including noninvasive methods using body fluids and invasive methods using implantable electrodes. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed as well as the use of microneedle arrays in minimally invasive CGM. Microneedle arrays allow for painless transdermal puncture and are expected to facilitate the development of wearable CGM devices. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities and look forward to the biomedical applications and future directions of wearable CGM-based technologies in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ji Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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15
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Medanki S, Dommati N, Bodapati HH, Katru VNSK, Moses G, Komaraju A, Donepudi NS, Yalamanchili D, Sateesh J, Turimerla P. Artificial intelligence powered glucose monitoring and controlling system: Pumping module. World J Exp Med 2024; 14:87916. [PMID: 38590308 PMCID: PMC10999070 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i1.87916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes, a globally escalating health concern, necessitates innovative solutions for efficient detection and management. Blood glucose control is an essential aspect of managing diabetes and finding the most effective ways to control it. The latest findings suggest that a basal insulin administration rate and a single, high-concentration injection before a meal may not be sufficient to maintain healthy blood glucose levels. While the basal insulin rate treatment can stabilize blood glucose levels over the long term, it may not be enough to bring the levels below the post-meal limit after 60 min. The short-term impacts of meals can be greatly reduced by high-concentration injections, which can help stabilize blood glucose levels. Unfortunately, they cannot provide long-term stability to satisfy the post-meal or pre-meal restrictions. However, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control with basal dose maintains the blood glucose levels within the range for a longer period. AIM To develop a closed-loop electronic system to pump required insulin into the patient's body automatically in synchronization with glucose sensor readings. METHODS The proposed system integrates a glucose sensor, decision unit, and pumping module to specifically address the pumping of insulin and enhance system effectiveness. Serving as the intelligence hub, the decision unit analyzes data from the glucose sensor to determine the optimal insulin dosage, guided by a pre-existing glucose and insulin level table. The artificial intelligence detection block processes this information, providing decision instructions to the pumping module. Equipped with communication antennas, the glucose sensor and micropump operate in a feedback loop, creating a closed-loop system that eliminates the need for manual intervention. RESULTS The incorporation of a PID controller to assess and regulate blood glucose and insulin levels in individuals with diabetes introduces a sophisticated and dynamic element to diabetes management. The simulation not only allows visualization of how the body responds to different inputs but also offers a valuable tool for predicting and testing the effects of various interventions over time. The PID controller's role in adjusting insulin dosage based on the discrepancy between desired setpoints and actual measurements showcases a proactive strategy for maintaining blood glucose levels within a healthy range. This dynamic feedback loop not only delays the onset of steady-state conditions but also effectively counteracts post-meal spikes in blood glucose. CONCLUSION The WiFi-controlled voltage controller and the PID controller simulation collectively underscore the ongoing efforts to enhance efficiency, safety, and personalized care within the realm of diabetes management. These technological advancements not only contribute to the optimization of insulin delivery systems but also have the potential to reshape our understanding of glucose and insulin dynamics, fostering a new era of precision medicine in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Medanki
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada 520007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nikhil Dommati
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada 520007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Hema Harshitha Bodapati
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada 520007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Venkata Naga Sai Kowsik Katru
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada 520007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gollapalli Moses
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada 520007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Nanda Sai Donepudi
- Department of General Medicine, Siddhartha Government Medical College, Vijayawada 520008, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Dhanya Yalamanchili
- Department of General Medicine, Siddhartha Government Medical College, Vijayawada 520008, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Jasti Sateesh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada 520007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pratap Turimerla
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada 520007, Andhra Pradesh, India
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16
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Zhang S, Staples AE. Microfluidic-based systems for the management of diabetes. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01569-y. [PMID: 38509342 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes currently affects approximately 500 million people worldwide and is one of the most common causes of mortality in the United States. To diagnose and monitor diabetes, finger-prick blood glucose testing has long been used as the clinical gold standard. For diabetes treatment, insulin is typically delivered subcutaneously through cannula-based syringes, pens, or pumps in almost all type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients and some type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. These painful, invasive approaches can cause non-adherence to glucose testing and insulin therapy. To address these problems, researchers have developed miniaturized blood glucose testing devices as well as microfluidic platforms for non-invasive glucose testing through other body fluids. In addition, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin levels, and cellular biomechanics-related metrics have also been considered for microfluidic-based diabetes diagnosis. For the treatment of diabetes, insulin has been delivered transdermally through microdevices, mostly through microneedle array-based, minimally invasive injections. Researchers have also developed microfluidic platforms for oral, intraperitoneal, and inhalation-based delivery of insulin. For T2D patients, metformin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and GLP-1 receptor agonists have also been delivered using microfluidic technologies. Thus far, clinical studies have been widely performed on microfluidic-based diabetes monitoring, especially glucose sensing, yet technologies for the delivery of insulin and other drugs to diabetic patients with microfluidics are still mostly in the preclinical stage. This article provides a concise review of the role of microfluidic devices in the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes, as well as the delivery of pharmaceuticals to treat diabetes using microfluidic technologies in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Anne E Staples
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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17
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De Marco G, Simons J, Forsberg L, Douglas T. What makes a medical intervention invasive? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2024; 50:226-233. [PMID: 37722810 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The classification of medical interventions as either invasive or non-invasive is commonly regarded to be morally important. On the most commonly endorsed account of invasiveness, a medical intervention is invasive if and only if it involves either breaking the skin ('incision') or inserting an object into the body ('insertion'). Building on recent discussions of the concept of invasiveness, we show that this standard account fails to capture three aspects of existing usage of the concept of invasiveness in relation to medical interventions-namely, (1) usage implying that invasiveness comes in degrees, (2) that the invasiveness of an intervention can depend on the characteristics of the salient alternative interventions, and (3) that medical interventions can be invasive in non-physical ways. We then offer the beginnings of a revised account that, we argue, is able to capture a wider range of existing usage. Central to our account is a distinction between two properties: basic invasiveness and threshold invasiveness We end by assessing what the standard account gets right, and what more needs to be done to complete our schematic account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel De Marco
- Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jannieke Simons
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Forsberg
- Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Douglas
- Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Jesus College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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18
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Mittal R, Koutras N, Maya J, Lemos JRN, Hirani K. Blood glucose monitoring devices for type 1 diabetes: a journey from the food and drug administration approval to market availability. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1352302. [PMID: 38559693 PMCID: PMC10978642 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1352302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood glucose monitoring constitutes a pivotal element in the clinical management of Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a globally escalating metabolic disorder. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have demonstrated efficacy in optimizing glycemic control, mitigating adverse health outcomes, and augmenting the overall quality of life for individuals afflicted with T1D. Recent progress in the field encompasses the refinement of electrochemical sensors, which enhances the effectiveness of blood glucose monitoring. This progress empowers patients to assume greater control over their health, alleviating the burdens associated with their condition, and contributing to the overall alleviation of the healthcare system. The introduction of novel medical devices, whether derived from existing prototypes or originating as innovative creations, necessitates adherence to a rigorous approval process regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Diverse device classifications, stratified by their associated risks, dictate distinct approval pathways, each characterized by varying timelines. This review underscores recent advancements in blood glucose monitoring devices primarily based on electrochemical sensors and elucidates their regulatory journey towards FDA approval. The advent of innovative, non-invasive blood glucose monitoring devices holds promise for maintaining stringent glycemic control, thereby preventing T1D-associated comorbidities, and extending the life expectancy of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nicole Koutras
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jonathan Maya
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joana R. N. Lemos
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Khemraj Hirani
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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19
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Liu G, Mu X, Liu L, Zhao S, Tian J. Bimetallic FeO x-TiO 2@Carbon hybrid structure materials with notable peroxidase enzyme mimics applied to one-step colorimetric detection of glucose. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:192. [PMID: 38467931 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
FeOx-TiO2@Carbon hybrid structure materials (FeOx-TiO2@CHs) with high peroxidase (POD)-like activity have been prepared by one-pot hydrothermal method. Based on the excellent POD activity of FeOx-TiO2@CHs, one pot colorimetric detection for glucose was constructed by using TMB as substrate with the synergistic reaction of glucose oxidase; the linear range and the limit of detection (LOD) are 25 ~ 1000 and 1.77 µM, respectively. Using this method, the glucose in serum real samples was detected with satisfactory results, and the results are consistent with that of the glucometer method in the hospital. The recovery in diabetic and artificial urine samples was 95.71 ~ 104.67% and 99.01 ~ 103.16%, respectively. The mechanism of the catalytic colorimetric reaction was also investigated by multiple measurements, and the results indicated that superoxide anions (O2•-) between FeOx-TiO2@CHs and substrate play a main role, but a small quantity of hydroxyl radical •OH and singlet oxygen 1O2 is also generated simultaneously. The one-pot reaction method is simple and fast; the detection process only requires a simple mixing, which is suitable for application in special environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xiaomei Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jianniao Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
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20
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German N, Popov A, Ramanaviciene A. Reagentless Glucose Biosensor Based on Combination of Platinum Nanostructures and Polypyrrole Layer. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:134. [PMID: 38534241 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Two types of low-cost reagentless electrochemical glucose biosensors based on graphite rod (GR) electrodes were developed. The electrodes modified with electrochemically synthesized platinum nanostructures (PtNS), 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (PD), glucose oxidase (GOx) without and with a polypyrrole (Ppy) layer-(i) GR/PtNS/PD/GOx and (ii) GR/PtNS/PD/GOx/Ppy, respectively, were prepared and tested. Glucose biosensors based on GR/PtNS/PD/GOx and GR/PtNS/PD/GOx/Ppy electrodes were characterized by the sensitivity of 10.1 and 5.31 μA/(mM cm2), linear range (LR) up to 16.5 and 39.0 mM, limit of detection (LOD) of 0.198 and 0.561 mM, good reproducibility, and storage stability. The developed glucose biosensors based on GR/PtNS/PD/GOx/Ppy electrodes showed exceptional resistance to interfering compounds and proved to be highly efficient for the determination of glucose levels in blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija German
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Anton Popov
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 243, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 243, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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21
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Loyola-Leyva A, Hernández-Vidales K, Loyola-Rodríguez JP, González FJ. Noninvasive Glucose Measurements Through Transcutaneous Raman Spectroscopy: A Review. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024; 18:460-469. [PMID: 35815609 PMCID: PMC10973841 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with diabetes need constant glucose monitoring to avoid health complications. However, they do not monitor their glucose levels as often as recommended, probably because glucose measurement devices can be painful, costly, need testing strips or sensors, require lancing the finger or inserting a sensor with risk of infection, and can be inaccurate or have failures. Therefore, developing new alternatives for noninvasive glucose measurements that overcome these disadvantages is necessary, being Raman spectroscopy (RS) a solution. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the current glucose-monitoring technologies and the uses and advantages of RS to improve noninvasive transcutaneously glucose-monitoring devices. RESULTS The skin has been used to assess glucose levels noninvasively because it is an accessible tissue where glucose can be measured in the interstitial fluid (ISF) in the epidermis (especially in the stratum corneum). The most selected skin sites to apply RS for noninvasive glucose measurements were the nailfold, finger, and forearm because, in these sites, the penetration depth of the excitation light can reach the stratum corneum (10-20 µm) and the ISF. Studies found that RS is a good optical technique to measure glucose noninvasively by comparing glucose levels obtained by RS with those from invasive methods such as glucose meters with testing strips during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). CONCLUSIONS New alternatives for noninvasive glucose measurements that overcome the disadvantages of current devices is necessary, and RS is a possible solution. However, more research is needed to evaluate the stability, accuracy, costs, and acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Loyola-Leyva
- Terahertz Science and Technology National Lab, Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology, San Luis Potosi, México
| | | | | | - Francisco Javier González
- Terahertz Science and Technology National Lab, Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology, San Luis Potosi, México
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22
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Dave D, Vyas K, Branan K, McKay S, DeSalvo DJ, Gutierrez-Osuna R, Cote GL, Erraguntla M. Detection of Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Using Noninvasive Wearable Sensors: Electrocardiograms and Accelerometry. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024; 18:351-362. [PMID: 35927975 PMCID: PMC10973850 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221116393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring glucose excursions is important in diabetes management. This can be achieved using continuous glucose monitors (CGMs). However, CGMs are expensive and invasive. Thus, alternative low-cost noninvasive wearable sensors capable of predicting glycemic excursions could be a game changer to manage diabetes. METHODS In this article, we explore two noninvasive sensor modalities, electrocardiograms (ECGs) and accelerometers, collected on five healthy participants over two weeks, to predict both hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic excursions. We extract 29 features encompassing heart rate variability features from the ECG, and time- and frequency-domain features from the accelerometer. We evaluated two machine learning approaches to predict glycemic excursions: a classification model and a regression model. RESULTS The best model for both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia detection was the regression model based on ECG and accelerometer data, yielding 76% sensitivity and specificity for hypoglycemia and 79% sensitivity and specificity for hyperglycemia. This had an improvement of 5% in sensitivity and specificity for both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia when compared with using ECG data alone. CONCLUSIONS Electrocardiogram is a promising alternative not only to detect hypoglycemia but also to predict hyperglycemia. Supplementing ECG data with contextual information from accelerometer data can improve glucose prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpit Dave
- Wm Michael Barnes '64 Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kathan Vyas
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kimberly Branan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Siripoom McKay
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital Clinical Care Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J. DeSalvo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital Clinical Care Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gerard L. Cote
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Madhav Erraguntla
- Wm Michael Barnes '64 Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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23
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Puccetti M, Pariano M, Schoubben A, Giovagnoli S, Ricci M. Biologics, theranostics, and personalized medicine in drug delivery systems. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107086. [PMID: 38295917 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The progress in human disease treatment can be greatly advanced through the implementation of nanomedicine. This approach involves targeted and cell-specific therapy, controlled drug release, personalized dosage forms, wearable drug delivery, and companion diagnostics. By integrating cutting-edge technologies with drug delivery systems, greater precision can be achieved at the tissue and cellular levels through the use of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, and the development of electrochemical sensor systems. This precision targeting - by virtue of nanotechnology - allows for therapy to be directed specifically to affected tissues while greatly reducing side effects on healthy tissues. As such, nanomedicine has the potential to transform the treatment of conditions such as cancer, genetic diseases, and chronic illnesses by facilitating precise and cell-specific drug delivery. Additionally, personalized dosage forms and wearable devices offer the ability to tailor treatment to the unique needs of each patient, thereby increasing therapeutic effectiveness and compliance. Companion diagnostics further enable efficient monitoring of treatment response, enabling customized adjustments to the treatment plan. The question of whether all the potential therapeutic approaches outlined here are viable alternatives to current treatments is also discussed. In general, the application of nanotechnology in the field of biomedicine may provide a strong alternative to existing treatments for several reasons. In this review, we aim to present evidence that, although in early stages, fully merging advanced technology with innovative drug delivery shows promise for successful implementation across various disease areas, including cancer and genetic or chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy,.
| | | | | | | | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy,.
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24
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Wawerski A, Siemiątkowska B, Józwik M, Fajdek B, Partyka M. Machine Learning Method and Hyperspectral Imaging for Precise Determination of Glucose and Silicon Levels. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1306. [PMID: 38400464 PMCID: PMC10893512 DOI: 10.3390/s24041306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This article introduces an algorithm for detecting glucose and silicon levels in solution. The research focuses on addressing the critical need for accurate and efficient glucose monitoring, particularly in the context of diabetic management. Understanding and monitoring silicon levels in the body is crucial due to its significant role in various physiological processes. Silicon, while often overshadowed by other minerals, plays a vital role in bone health, collagen formation, and connective tissue integrity. Moreover, recent research suggests its potential involvement in neurological health and the prevention of certain degenerative diseases. Investigating silicon levels becomes essential for a comprehensive understanding of its impact on overall health and well-being and paves the way for targeted interventions and personalized healthcare strategies. The approach presented in this paper is based on the integration of hyperspectral data and artificial intelligence techniques. The algorithm investigates the effectiveness of two distinct models utilizing SVMR and a perceptron independently. SVMR is employed to establish a robust regression model that maps input features to continuous glucose and silicon values. The study outlines the methodology, including feature selection, model training, and evaluation metrics. Experimental results demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness at accurately predicting glucose and silicon concentrations and showcases its potential for real-world application in continuous glucose and silicon monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Siemiątkowska
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Sw. A. Boboli St. 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.J.); (B.F.); (M.P.)
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25
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Safary E, Beran D, Vetter B, Lepeska M, Abdraimova A, Dunganova A, Besançon S, Lazo-Porras M, Portocarrero Mazanett J, Pérez-León S, Maixenchs M, Nchimbi H, Ramaiya K, Munishi C, Martínez-Pérez GZ. User requirements for non-invasive and minimally invasive glucose self-monitoring devices in low-income and middle-income countries: a qualitative study in Kyrgyzstan, Mali, Peru and Tanzania. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e076685. [PMID: 38367964 PMCID: PMC10875487 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Development of non-invasive and minimally invasive glucose monitoring devices (NI-MI-GMDs) generally takes place in high-income countries (HICs), with HIC's attributes guiding product characteristics. However, people living with diabetes (PLWD) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) encounter different challenges to those in HICs. This study aimed to define requirements for NI-MI-GMDs in LMICs to inform a target product profile to guide development and selection of suitable devices. METHODS This was a multiple-methods, exploratory, qualitative study conducted in Kyrgyzstan, Mali, Peru and Tanzania. Interviews and group discussions/activities were conducted with healthcare workers (HCWs), adults living with type 1 (PLWD1) or type 2 diabetes (PLWD2), adolescents living with diabetes and caregivers. RESULTS Among 383 informants (90 HCW, 100 PLWD1, 92 PLWD2, 24 adolescents, 77 caregivers), a range of differing user requirements were reported, including preferences for area of glucose measurement, device attachment, data display, alert type and temperature sensitivity. Willingness to pay varied across countries; common requirements included ease of use, a range of guiding functions, the possibility to attach to a body part of choice and a cost lower than or equal to current glucose self-monitoring. CONCLUSIONS Ease-of-use and affordability were consistently prioritised, with broad functionality required for alarms, measurements and attachment possibilities. Perspectives of PLWD are crucial in developing a target product profile to inform characteristics of NI-MI-GMDs in LMICs. Stakeholders must consider these requirements to guide development and selection of NI-MI-GMDs at country level, so that devices are fit for purpose and encourage frequent glucose monitoring among PLWD in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Safary
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Beran
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Vetter
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Molly Lepeska
- Health Action International, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Maria Lazo-Porras
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Silvana Pérez-León
- CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Maixenchs
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Happy Nchimbi
- Tanzania NCD Alliance, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Kaushik Ramaiya
- Tanzania NCD Alliance, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Castory Munishi
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of
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26
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Cong C, Subramanian S, Bodkhe GA, Wang G, Li Z, Wang R, Li X, Kim M, Kim SH. 3D Carbon-Based Conductive Network Printed for Glucose Sensors on Curved and Flexible Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7543-7553. [PMID: 38297812 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of diabetes has led to an increased focus on real-time glucose monitoring. Wearable glucose sensor patches allow noninvasive, real-time monitoring, reducing patient discomfort compared to invasive sensors. However, most existing glucose sensor patches rely on complex and contaminating metal vapor deposition technologies, which pose limitations in practical production. In this study, we propose a novel approach for preparing graphite/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using a high-viscosity ink, which can be easily obtained through simple mechanical stirring. To create intricate patterns and enable printing on curved substrates, we employed a 3D printer equipped with an infrared laser ranging system. The ink served as a working electrode, and we developed a three-electrode system patch with a concentric circle structure. Subsequently, the working electrode underwent enzymatic modification with glucose dehydrogenase with flavin adenine dinucleotide (GDH-FAD) using a polymer embedding method. The resulting wearable glucose sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 2.42 μA mM-1 and a linear detection range of 1-12 mM. In addition, the glucose sensor has excellent anti-interference capability and demonstrates good repeatability in simulated real human wear scenarios, which meets the requirements for accurate human detection. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of human health monitoring technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Cong
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Siva Subramanian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Gajanan A Bodkhe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Guangwei Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Rixuan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinlin Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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27
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Liu B, Gu S, Zhang J, Zhou H, Su J, Wang S, Sun Q, Zhou Z, Zhou J, Dong C. Green tea consumption and incidence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients with overweight/obesity: a community-based cohort study. Arch Public Health 2024; 82:18. [PMID: 38308353 PMCID: PMC10835928 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-024-01242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea has been reported to be potentially protective against the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to investigate the association between green tea consumption and incident CVD in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with overweight/obesity. METHODS A total of 4756 Chinese overweight/obese T2D patients were recruited and followed up for 6.27 years. Information on green tea consumption was collected at baseline using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident CVD according to green tea consumption were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS Compared with non-habitual consumers, participants who consumed > 5 g/day of green tea leaves reduced the risk of CVD by 29% (95%CI: 0.55-0.92), stroke by 30% (95%CI: 0.51-0.95) and coronary heart disease (CHD) by 40% (95%CI: 0.40-0.89). Similarly, participants who consumed green tea for ≥ 40 years reduced the risk of CVD by 31% (95%CI: 0.54-0.88), stroke by 33% (95%CI: 0.50-0.90) and CHD by 39% (95%CI: 0.42-0.88). Among participants with < 5-year history of T2D, > 5 g/day of tea leaves and > 40 years of tea consumption were associated with 59% (95%CI: 0.23-0.72) and 57% (95%CI: 0.26-0.74) reduced risk of stroke, respectively. However, among participants with ≥ 5-year history of T2D, > 5 g/day of tea leaves and > 40 years of tea consumption were associated with a 50% (95%CI: 0.30-0.82) and 46% (95%CI: 0.35-0.85) reduced risk of CHD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Green tea consumption is associated with reduced risk of CVD, stroke, and CHD in overweight/obese T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shujun Gu
- Suzhou Changshu Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Soochow, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Suzhou Industrial Park Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Soochow, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Suzhou Industrial Park Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Soochow, China
| | - Jian Su
- Jiangsu Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Sudan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- Suzhou Changshu Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Soochow, China
| | - Jinyi Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, China.
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28
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Gao M, Guo D, Wang J, Tan Y, Liu K, Gao L, Zhang Y, Ding Z, Gu Y, Li P. High-accuracy noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring using OCT angiography-purified blood scattering signals in human skin. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:991-1003. [PMID: 38404306 PMCID: PMC10890863 DOI: 10.1364/boe.506092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The accuracy of noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) through near-infrared scattering is challenged by mixed scattering signals from different compartments, where glucose has a positive correlation with a blood scattering coefficient but a negative correlation with a tissue scattering coefficient. In this study, we developed a high-accuracy noninvasive CGM based on OCT angiography (OCTA)-purified blood scattering signals. The blood optical scattering coefficient (BOC) was initially extracted from the depth attenuation of backscattered light in OCT and then purified by eliminating the scattering signals from the surrounding tissues under the guidance of a 3D OCTA vascular map in human skin. The purified BOC was used to estimate the optical blood glucose concentration (BGC) through a linear calibration. The optical and reference BGC measurements were highly correlated (R = 0.94) without apparent time delay. The mean absolute relative difference was 6.09%. All optical BGC measurements were within the clinically acceptable Zones A + B, with 96.69% falling in Zone A on Parke's error grids. The blood glucose response during OGTT was mapped with a high spatiotemporal resolution of the single vessel and 5 seconds. This noninvasive OCTA-based CGM shows promising accuracy for clinical use. Future research will involve larger sample sizes and diabetic participants to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Gao
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Dayou Guo
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- Department of Laser Medicine, First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kaiyuan Liu
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing and Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing 314000, China
- Intelligent Optics and Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Yulei Zhang
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Zhihua Ding
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing and Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing 314000, China
- Intelligent Optics and Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China
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Phasuksom K, Ariyasajjamongkol N, Sirivat A. Screen-printed electrode designed with MXene/doped-polyindole and MWCNT/doped-polyindole for chronoamperometric enzymatic glucose sensor. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24346. [PMID: 38293452 PMCID: PMC10826182 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic glucose sensors as modified by MXene-dPIn and MWCNT-dPIn on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) were investigated. Herein, MXene was molybdenum carbide (Mo3C2) which has never been utilized and reported for glucose sensors. The biopolymer type to support the enzyme immobilization was examined and compared between chitosan (CHI) and κ-carrageenan (κC). MWCNT-dPIn obviously showed a larger electroactive surface area, lower charge transfer resistance and higher redox current than Mo3C2-dPIn, indicating that MWCNT-dPIn is superior to Mo3C2-dPIn. For the chitosan-based sensors, the sensitivity value of CHI-GOD/Mo3C2-dPIn is 3.53 μA mM-1 cm-2 in the linear range of 2.5-10 mM with the calculated LOD of 1.57 mM. The sensitivity value of CHI-GOD/MWCNT-dPIn is 18.85 μA mM-1 cm-2 in the linear range of 0.5-25 mM with the calculated LOD of 0.115 mM. For the κ-carrageenan based sensors, κC-GOD/MWCNT-dPIn exhibits the sensitivity of 15.80 μA mM-1 cm-2 and the widest linear range from 0.1 to 50 mM with the calculated LOD of 0.03 mM. The presently fabricated sensors exhibit excellent reproducibility, good selectivity, high stability, and disposal use. The fabricated glucose sensors are potential as practical glucose sensors as the detectable glucose ranges well cover the glucose levels found in blood, urine, and sweat for both healthy people and diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katesara Phasuksom
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuttha Ariyasajjamongkol
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Zhang Z, Huang L, Chen Y, Qiu Z, Meng X, Li Y. Portable glucose sensing analysis based on laser-induced graphene composite electrode. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1034-1050. [PMID: 38174264 PMCID: PMC10759202 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06947h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, a portable electrochemical glucose sensor was studied based on a laser-induced graphene (LIG) composite electrode. A flexible graphene electrode was prepared using LIG technology. Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were deposited on the electrode surface by potentiostatic deposition to obtain a composite electrode with good conductivity and stability. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was then immobilized using glutaraldehyde (GA) to create an LIG/PEDOT/Au/GOx micro-sensing interface. The concentration of glucose solution is directly related to the current value by chronoamperometry. Results show that the sensor based on the LIG/PEDOT/Au/GOx flexible electrode can detect glucose solutions within a concentration range of 0.5 × 10-5 to 2.5 × 10-3 mol L-1. The modified LIG electrode provides the resulting glucose sensor with an excellent sensitivity of 341.67 μA mM-1 cm-2 and an ultra-low limit of detection (S/N = 3) of 0.2 × 10-5 mol L-1. The prepared sensor exhibits high sensitivity, stability, and selectivity, making it suitable for analyzing biological fluid samples. The composite electrode is user-friendly, and can be built into a portable biosensor device through smartphone detection. Thus, the developed sensor has the potential to be applied in point-of-care platforms such as environmental monitoring, public health, and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokang Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Lu Huang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yiting Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Zhenli Qiu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University Weifang 261053 China
| | - Yanxia Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China
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Lee JE, Jeon HJ, Lee OJ, Lim HG. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus using high frequency ultrasound and convolutional neural network. ULTRASONICS 2024; 136:107167. [PMID: 37757513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus has been increasing, prompting the search for non-invasive diagnostic methods. Although current methods exist, these have certain limitations, such as low reliability and accuracy, difficulty in individual patient adjustment, and discomfort during use. This paper presents a novel approach for diagnosing diabetes using high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). This method is based on the observation that glucose in red blood cells (RBCs) forms glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and accumulates on its surface. The study incubated RBCs with different glucose concentrations, collected acoustic reflection signals from them using a custom-designed 90-MHz transducer, and analyzed the signals using a CNN. The CNN was applied to the frequency spectra and spectrograms of the signal to identify correlations between changes in RBC properties owing to glucose concentration and signal features. The results confirmed the efficacy of the CNN-based approach with a classification accuracy of 0.98. This non-invasive diagnostic technology using HFU and CNN holds promise for in vivo diagnosis without the need for blood collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Jeon
- Data Assimilation Group, Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul 07071, Republic of Korea
| | - O-Joun Lee
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae Gyun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Naseska M, Globočnik A, Davies S, Yetisen AK, Humar M. Non-contact monitoring of glucose concentration and pH by integration of wearable and implantable hydrogel sensors with optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:92-103. [PMID: 38175065 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique with large penetration depth into the tissue, but limited chemical specificity. By incorporating functional co-monomers, hydrogels can be designed to respond to specific molecules and undergo reversible volume changes. In this study, we present implantable and wearable biocompatible hydrogel sensors combined with OCT to monitor their thickness change as a tool for continuous and real-time monitoring of glucose concentration and pH. The results demonstrate the potential of combining hydrogel biosensors with OCT for non-contact continuous in-vivo monitoring of physiological parameters.
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Liu C, Gong X, Yang X, Yu Z, Li W, Liao G, Lin C, Jiang L, Yi C. Development of enzyme-inorganic hybrid nanoflower-modified electrodes and a smartphone-controlled electrochemical analyzer for point-of-care testing of salivary amylase in saliva. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:212-222. [PMID: 38051227 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04388f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantitation of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) plays a significant role in not only theoretical studies but also clinical practice. This study reports a quantitative point-of-care testing (POCT) system for sAA quantitation anywhere, anytime and by anyone, which consists of customized electrodes and a smartphone-controlled electrochemical analyzer. Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (NFs) encapsulating α-glucosidase (AG) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) have been synthesized and modified onto screen-printed electrodes (SPCEs) to fabricate the customized electrodes. The SPCEs integrated with the smartphone-controlled electrochemical analyzer exhibit good analytical performance for sAA with a low detection limit of 5.02 U mL-1 and a wide dynamic range of 100-2000 U mL-1 using chronoamperometry. The reported POCT system has been successfully demonstrated for quantitation of sAA in clinical saliva samples, and the quantitation results correlated well with those of the Bernfeld method which is extensively used in clinics. More importantly, this study reveals the great potential of sAA as an early warning indicator of abnormal glucose metabolism in obese individuals. Considering the non-invasive saliva sampling process as well as the easy-to-use and cost-effectiveness features of this quantitative POCT system, quantitation of salivary sAA at home by laypersons might become an appealing choice for obese individuals to monitor their glucose metabolism status anytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Xia Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Xiao Yang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China.
| | - Zipei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Weihao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China.
| | - Guangyi Liao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China.
| | - Chuanquan Lin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China.
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Changqing Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Advanced and Portable Medical Devices, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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Moses JC, Adibi S, Wickramasinghe N, Nguyen L, Angelova M, Islam SMS. Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology in diabetes management: review. Mhealth 2023; 10:9. [PMID: 38323150 PMCID: PMC10839510 DOI: 10.21037/mhealth-23-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the leading non-communicable diseases globally, adversely impacting an individual's quality of life and adding a considerable burden to the healthcare systems. The necessity for frequent blood glucose (BG) monitoring and the inconveniences associated with self-monitoring of BG, such as pain and discomfort, has motivated the development of non-invasive BG approaches. However, the current research progress is slow, and only a few BG self-monitoring devices have made considerable progress. Hence, we evaluate the available non-invasive glucose monitoring technologies validated against BG recordings to provide future research direction to design, develop, and deploy self-monitoring of BG with integrated emerging technologies. We searched five databases, Embase, MEDLINE, Proquest, Scopus, and Web of Science, to assess the non-invasive technology's scope in the diabetes management paradigm published from 2000 to 2020. A total of three approaches to non-invasive screening, including saliva, skin, and breath, were identified and discussed. We observed a statistical relationship between BG measurements obtained from non-invasive methods and standard clinical measures. Opportunities exist for future research to advance research progress and facilitate early technology adoption for healthcare practice. The results promise clinical validity; however, formulating regulatory guidelines could foresee the deployment of approved non-invasive BG monitoring technologies in healthcare practice. Further, research prospects are there to design, develop, and deploy integrated diabetes management systems with mobile technologies, data analytics, and the internet of things (IoT) to deliver a personalised monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeban Chandir Moses
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sasan Adibi
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nilmini Wickramasinghe
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lemai Nguyen
- Department of Information Systems and Business Analytics, Deakin Business School, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maia Angelova
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Aston Digital Futures Institute, College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Song S, Wang Q, Zou X, Li Z, Ma Z, Jiang D, Fu Y, Liu Q. High-precision prediction of blood glucose concentration utilizing Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and an ensemble machine learning algorithm. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123176. [PMID: 37494812 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has gained popularity in analyzing blood glucose levels due to its non-invasive identification and minimal interference from water. However, the challenge lies in how to accurately predict blood glucose concentrations in human blood using Raman spectroscopy. This paper researches a novel integrated machine learning algorithm called Bagging-ABC-ELM. The optimal input weights and biases of extreme learning machine (ELM) model are obtained by artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. The bagging algorithm is used to obtain a better the stability of the model and higher performance than ELM algorithm. The results show that the mean value of coefficient of determination is 0.9928, and root mean square error is 0.1928. Compared to other regression models, the Bagging-ABC-ELM model exhibited superior prediction accuracy, robustness, and generalization capability. The Bagging-ABC-ELM model presents a promising alternative for analyzing blood glucose levels in clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Song
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Xin Zou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Daying Jiang
- Zhongyou BSS (Qinhuangdao) Petropipe Company Limited, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - YongQing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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36
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Di Filippo D, Sunstrum FN, Khan JU, Welsh AW. Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing Technologies and Products: A Comprehensive Review for Researchers and Clinicians. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9130. [PMID: 38005523 PMCID: PMC10674292 DOI: 10.3390/s23229130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus incidence and its negative outcomes have dramatically increased worldwide and are expected to further increase in the future due to a combination of environmental and social factors. Several methods of measuring glucose concentration in various body compartments have been described in the literature over the years. Continuous advances in technology open the road to novel measuring methods and innovative measurement sites. The aim of this comprehensive review is to report all the methods and products for non-invasive glucose measurement described in the literature over the past five years that have been tested on both human subjects/samples and tissue models. A literature review was performed in the MDPI database, with 243 articles reviewed and 124 included in a narrative summary. Different comparisons of techniques focused on the mechanism of action, measurement site, and machine learning application, outlining the main advantages and disadvantages described/expected so far. This review represents a comprehensive guide for clinicians and industrial designers to sum the most recent results in non-invasive glucose sensing techniques' research and production to aid the progress in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Di Filippo
- Discipline of Women’s Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Frédérique N. Sunstrum
- Product Design, School of Design, Faculty of Design, Architecture and Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Jawairia U. Khan
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Alec W. Welsh
- Discipline of Women’s Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
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37
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Nguyen TTH, Nguyen CM, Huynh MA, Vu HH, Nguyen TK, Nguyen NT. Field effect transistor based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:411. [PMID: 37936115 PMCID: PMC10629051 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of wearable biosensors has revolutionized healthcare monitoring by screening in a non-invasive and continuous manner. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistor (FET)-based wearable biosensors attract increasing attention due to their advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. This review explores the innovative developments and applications of FET-based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Beginning with an introduction to the significance of wearable biosensors, the paper gives an overview of structural and operational principles of FETs, providing insights into their diverse classifications. Next, the paper discusses the fabrication methods, semiconductor surface modification techniques and gate surface functionalization strategies. This background lays the foundation for exploring specific FET-based biosensor designs, including enzyme, antibody and nanobody, aptamer, as well as ion-sensitive membrane sensors. Subsequently, the paper investigates the incorporation of FET-based biosensors in monitoring biomarkers present in physiological fluids such as sweat, tears, saliva, and skin interstitial fluid (ISF). Finally, we address challenges, technical issues, and opportunities related to FET-based biosensor applications. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of FET-based wearable biosensors in healthcare monitoring. By offering a multidimensional perspective on device design, fabrication, functionalization and applications, this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the field of biosensing technology and personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh-Ha Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Cong Minh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Minh Anh Huynh
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Hoang Huy Vu
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Abstract
For diabetics, taking regular blood glucose measurements is crucial. However, traditional blood glucose monitoring methods are invasive and unfriendly to diabetics. Recent studies have proposed a biofluid-based glucose sensing technique that creatively combines wearable devices with noninvasive glucose monitoring technology to enhance diabetes management. This is a revolutionary advance in the diagnosis and management of diabetes, reflects the thoughtful modernization of medicine, and promotes the development of digital medicine. This paper reviews the research progress of noninvasive continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM), with a focus on the biological liquids that replace blood in monitoring systems, the technical principles of continuous noninvasive glucose detection, and the output and calibration of sensor signals. In addition, the existing limits of noninvasive CGM systems and prospects for the future are discussed. This work serves as a resource for further promoting the development of noninvasive CGM systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
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Yi L, Hou B, Liu X. Optical Integration in Wearable, Implantable and Swallowable Healthcare Devices. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19491-19501. [PMID: 37807286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in materials and semiconductor technologies have led to extensive research on optical integration in wearable, implantable, and swallowable health devices. These optical systems utilize the properties of light─intensity, wavelength, polarization, and phase─to monitor and potentially intervene in various biological events. The potential of these devices is greatly enhanced through the use of multifunctional optical materials, adaptable integration processes, advanced optical sensing principles, and optimized artificial intelligence algorithms. This synergy creates many possibilities for clinical applications. This Perspective discusses key opportunities, challenges, and future directions, particularly with respect to sensing modalities, multifunctionality, and the integration of miniaturized optoelectronic devices. We present fundamental insights and illustrative examples of such devices in wearable, implantable, and swallowable forms. The constant pursuit of innovation and the dedicated approach to critical challenges are poised to influence diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Yi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Bo Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
- Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
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40
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Tianyi S, Yulong Z, Yanzhen J, Chen CJ, Liu JT. Micro interstitial fluid extraction and detection device integrated with the optimal extraction conditions for noninvasive glucose monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115515. [PMID: 37481866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial fluid glucose sensors have promising prospects in noninvasive glucose monitoring. However, the commonly used method of extracting interstitial fluid, reverse iontophoresis (RI), still remains to be optimized to solve problems such as insufficient extraction flux and skin irritation. To find the optimal RI conditions, in this study we explored the effects of multiple factors such as current frequency, duration, duty cycle and their interactions on extraction with the design of experiments (DOE) method. A multifunctional extraction and detection device was designed to control extraction conditions and measure the surface water content of the extraction electrode in situ and real time. A micro glucose monitoring device (MicroTED) combined with a cheap and flexible paper-based electrode was developed under the determined optimal extraction conditions. In on-body continuous glucose monitoring tests carried out to verify the performance of the device, the optimized conditions can facilitate stable extraction of up to 1.0 mg without any skin discomfort. The mean Pearson correlation coefficient between the measurement results of MicroTED and commercial glucometer is above 0.9. In the Clarke error grid analysis, all data points fell within Clarke error grid areas A and B, demonstrating the feasibility of further clinical application of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Tianyi
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Yulong
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yanzhen
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ching-Jung Chen
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jen-Tsai Liu
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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41
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Yafi M, Shah A, Velez K. Narrative review of the role of technology in pediatric diabetes: from testing blood glucose to subcutaneous automated therapy and hope for cure. Transl Pediatr 2023; 12:1725-1734. [PMID: 37814709 PMCID: PMC10560351 DOI: 10.21037/tp-23-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Type 1 diabetes, the most common cause of diabetes in pediatrics, is defined by the hyperglycemia that results from the permanent autoimmune damage to the pancreas. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that strict glycemic control targeting lower HbA1c goals can both delay the onset and progression of its complications that include diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and increased cardiovascular events. Our primary objective is to review the literature available regarding the technology applied for the treatment of diabetes, not only aiding patients' quality of life but addressing its effects on hypoglycemia and reduced risk of the long-term complications. It will synthesize the evolution of glucose monitoring devices; the development of insulin: from animal to recombinant engineering, smart insulin in the future; the development of algorithm-driven insulin delivery devices, the closed loop system/artificial pancreas; and the future utilization of technology to support islet cell transplant with the goal of a long-term cure. Emphasis will be made on what is known about the impact on its outcomes in children and adolescents. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed for publications from 1985 to present. Keywords used: type 1 diabetes, children, adolescents, pediatrics, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), insulin pumps. Referenced articles include other reviews, current care guidelines as supported by cross sectional studies, cohort studies and randomized clinical trials. Key Content and Findings Understanding the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes has led to the design of technology that facilitates glucose monitoring and insulin administration in a personalized manner. The current technology has improved outcomes and quality of life by decreasing hypoglycemic events and decreasing risk of long-term metabolic complications. Barriers remain, for children and adults, often driven by patient's preference as well as their understanding of the limitations of what they are wearing. Conclusions With the progressive evolution of this technology, it is now realistic to lower the burden of diabetes self-management while reducing hypoglycemia and risk of complications that otherwise impact daily life from academics, physical activity, career choices and even life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yafi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University Texas Health Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Avni Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University Texas Health Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Velez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University Texas Health Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Yadav M, Singh G, Lata S. Polyvinylpyrrolidone/TiO 2 composites' preparation via sol-gel procedure furthered with non-enzymatic glucose sensing and antibacterial effectiveness. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:98563-98580. [PMID: 35750910 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An amperometric non-enzymatic glucose sensing based on polyvinylpyrrolidone and titanium dioxide nanocomposites (PVP-TiO2 NCs) fabricated over stainless-steel (SS) electrode was experimented. The electrode was fabricated of PVP-TiO2 NCs onto SS surface through drop casting coating. The NCs and the electrode were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), particle analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis for surface. For electrochemical investigation, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectra, including Nyquist plots and Bode plots, and chronoamperometry were adopted. PVP-TiO2/SS-modified electrode manifested high sensitivity of 360.13 µA/mM.cm2, lower detection limit of 756.8 µM and 0 to 13 mM linear range with regression coefficient of R2 = 0.992. The electrode exhibited high stability with good anti-interference tendency against fructose, uric acid, ascorbic acid and sucrose. The modified electrode also performed well in real sample glucose detection. Further, PVP-TiO2 NCs performed appreciably toward antibacterial studies against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative deleterious bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Geeta Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Suman Lata
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Haryana, India.
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Mosaddequr K, Rahman T. A novel multipurpose device for dataset creation and on-device immediate estimation of blood glucose level from reflection ppg. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19553. [PMID: 37810055 PMCID: PMC10558790 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a completely non-invasive and highly accurate portable blood glucose estimator, which is simple hardware that anyone, regardless of their prior experience or knowledge, can use to obtain an immediate reading of their blood sugar level. Glucose levels can be monitored in real time and displayed on the device thanks to its infrared LED light source, sensor with built-in amplification unit, processing unit with blood glucose regression model, power management unit for autonomous operation, and display. The device was initially used to create a dataset of photoplethysmography (PPG) signals collected from the fingertip of 50 subjects. The extracted signal features were correlated with the subject's glucose level, which was measured at the same time using a commercial glucometer, and several regression models were constructed. The models were evaluated using signals from up to 110 subjects across three datasets, and the most optimized model was implemented in the device to predict the subject's blood glucose level solely based on PPG in real-time. The device with the built-in model has been subjected to extensive testing to gauge its efficacy. The device's clinical accuracy is encouraging. The pricey strips and needles that must be purchased along with the hardware in the conventional method will no longer be necessary with this device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Mosaddequr
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzilur Rahman
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
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Kim YI, Choi Y, Park J. The role of continuous glucose monitoring in physical activity and nutrition management: perspectives on present and possible uses. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:44-51. [PMID: 37946446 PMCID: PMC10636508 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is on the rise as the prevalence of obesity and diabetes increases. This review aimed to explore the use of CGM and its potential novel applications in physical activity and nutrition management. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library databases using the keywords 'continuous glucose monitor,' 'nutrition,' 'physical activity,' and 'numerical modeling.' RESULTS Continuous blood glucose measurement is useful for individuals with obesity and diabetes. Long-term blood glucose data allow for personalized planning of nutritional composition, meal timing, and physical activity type and intensity, as well as help prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Thus, understanding the limitations of CGM is important for its effective use. CONCLUSION CGM systems are being increasingly used to monitor and identify appropriate blood glucose controlling interventions. Blood glucose level is influenced by various factors such as nutrient composition, meal timing, physical activity, circadian rhythm, and cortisol levels. Numerical modeling can be used to analyze the complex relationship between stress, sleep, nutrition, and physical activity, which affect blood glucose levels. In future, blood glucose, sleep, and stress data will be integrated to predict appropriate lifestyle levels for blood glucose management. This integrated approach improves glucose control and overall wellbeing, potentially reducing societal costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Im Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Choi
- Institute of Specialized Teaching and Research, Inha University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Republic of Korea
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Oh SH, Oh M, Lee S, Kim DK, Lee JS, Lee SK, Kang SK, Joo YC. Fast and Durable Nanofiber Mat Channel Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39614-39624. [PMID: 37556112 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices that offer real-time measurements, biological signal processing, and continuous monitoring while maintaining stable performance are in high demand. The materials used in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) demonstrate high transconductance (GM) and excellent biocompatibility, making them suitable for bioelectronics in a biological environment. However, ion migration in OECTs induces a delayed response time and low cut-off frequency, and the adverse biological environment causes OECT durability problems. Herein, we present OECTs with a faster response time and improved durability, made possible by using a nanofiber mat channel of a conventional OECT structure. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/polyacrylamide (PAAm) nanofiber mat channel OECTs are fabricated and subjected to various durability tests for the first time based on continuous measurements and mechanical stability assessments. The results indicate that the nanofiber mat channel OECTs have a faster response time and longer life spans compared to those of film channel OECTs. The improvements can be attributed to the increased surface area and fibrous structure of the nanofiber mat channel. Furthermore, the hydrogel helps to maintain the structure of the nanofiber, facilitates material exchange, and eliminates the need for a crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Oh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Minseok Oh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Seongi Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Do-Kyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Jong-Sung Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Sol-Kyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Young-Chang Joo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
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46
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Leung HMC, Forlenza GP, Prioleau TO, Zhou X. Noninvasive Glucose Sensing In Vivo. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7057. [PMID: 37631595 PMCID: PMC10458980 DOI: 10.3390/s23167057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose monitoring is an essential aspect of disease management for individuals with diabetes. Unfortunately, traditional methods require collecting a blood sample and thus are invasive and inconvenient. Recent developments in minimally invasive continuous glucose monitors have provided a more convenient alternative for people with diabetes to track their glucose levels 24/7. Despite this progress, many challenges remain to establish a noninvasive monitoring technique that works accurately and reliably in the wild. This review encompasses the current advancements in noninvasive glucose sensing technology in vivo, delves into the common challenges faced by these systems, and offers an insightful outlook on existing and future solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Colman Leung
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Gregory P. Forlenza
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | | | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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47
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Litvinova O, Eitenberger M, Bilir A, Yeung AWK, Parvanov ED, MohanaSundaram A, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG, Willschke H. Patent analysis of digital sensors for continuous glucose monitoring. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1205903. [PMID: 37621612 PMCID: PMC10445130 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1205903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The high need for optimal diabetes management among an ever-increasing number of patients dictates the development and implementation of new digital sensors for continuous glucose monitoring. The purpose of this work is to systematize the global patenting trends of digital sensors for continuous glucose monitoring and analyze their effectiveness in controlling the treatment of diabetes patients of different ages and risk groups. The Lens database was used to build the patent landscape of sensors for continuous glucose monitoring. Retrospective analysis showed that the patenting of sensors for continuous glucose monitoring had positive trend over the analyzed period (2000-2022). Leading development companies are Dexcom Inc., Abbott Diabetes Care Inc., Medtronic Minimed Inc., Roche Diabetes Care Inc., Roche Diagnostics Operations Inc., Roche Diabetes Care Gmbh, and Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings Ag, among others. Since 2006, a new approach has emerged where digital sensors are used for continuous glucose monitoring, and smartphones act as receivers for the data. Additionally, telemedicine communication is employed to facilitate this process. This opens up new opportunities for assessing the glycemic profile (glycemic curve information, quantitative assessment of the duration and amplitude of glucose fluctuations, and so on), which may contribute to improved diabetes management. A number of digital sensors for minimally invasive glucose monitoring are patented, have received FDA approval, and have been on the market for over 10 years. Their effectiveness in the clinic has been proven, and advantages and disadvantages have been clarified. Digital sensors offer a non-invasive option for monitoring blood glucose levels, providing an alternative to traditional invasive methods. This is particularly useful for patients with diabetes who require frequent monitoring, including before and after meals, during and after exercise, and in other scenarios where glucose levels can fluctuate. However, non-invasive glucose measurements can also benefit patients without diabetes, such as those following a dietary treatment plan, pregnant women, and individuals during fasting periods like Ramadan. The availability of non-invasive monitoring is especially valuable for patients in high-risk groups and across different age ranges. New world trends have been identified in the patenting of digital sensors for non-invasive glucose monitoring in interstitial skin fluid, saliva, sweat, tear fluid, and exhaled air. A number of non-invasive devices have received the CE mark approval, which confirms that the items meet European health, safety, and environmental protection standards (TensorTip Combo-Glucometer, Cnoga Medical Ltd.; SugarBEAT, Nemaura Medical; GlucoTrack, GlucoTrack Inc.), but are not FDA-approved yet. The above-mentioned sensors have characteristics that make them popular in the treatment of diabetes: they do not require implantation, do not cause an organism reaction to a foreign body, and are convenient to use. In the EU, in order to increase clinical safety and the level of transparency about medical devices, manufacturers must obtain certificates in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2017/745, taking into account the transition period. The development of systems, which include digital sensors for continuous glucose monitoring, mobile applications, and web platforms for professional analysis of glycemic control and implementation of unified glycemic assessment principles in mobile healthcare, represent promising approaches for controlling glycaemia in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Litvinova
- Department of Management and Quality Assurance in Pharmacy, National University of Pharmacy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Eitenberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aylin Bilir
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emil D. Parvanov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | | | - Jarosław Olav Horbańczuk
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Harald Willschke
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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48
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Kumari R, Anand PK, Shin J. Improving the Accuracy of Continuous Blood Glucose Measurement Using Personalized Calibration and Machine Learning. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2514. [PMID: 37568877 PMCID: PMC10416969 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous developments in continuous blood glucose measurement (CBGM) sensors, they are still not accurate for all patients with diabetes. As glucose concentration in the blood is <1% of the total blood volume, it is challenging to accurately measure glucose levels in the interstitial fluid using CBGM sensors due to within-patient and between-patient variations. To address this issue, we developed a novel data-driven approach to accurately predict CBGM values using personalized calibration and machine learning. First, we scientifically divided measured blood glucose into smaller groups, namely, hypoglycemia (<80 mg/dL), nondiabetic (81-115 mg/dL), prediabetes (116-150 mg/dL), diabetes (151-181 mg/dL), severe diabetes (181-250 mg/dL), and critical diabetes (>250 mg/dL). Second, we separately trained each group using different machine learning models based on patients' personalized parameters, such as physical activity, posture, heart rate, breath rate, skin temperature, and food intake. Lastly, we used multilayer perceptron (MLP) for the D1NAMO dataset (training to test ratio: 70:30) and grid search for hyperparameter optimization to predict accurate blood glucose concentrations. We successfully applied our proposed approach in nine patients with type 1 diabetes and observed that the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) decreased from 17.8% to 8.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjita Kumari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
| | - Pradeep Kumar Anand
- Clinical Research Group, Samsung Healthcare, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05340, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jitae Shin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
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49
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Bauhaus H, Erdogan P, Braun H, Thevis M. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Sports-A Comparison between a CGM Device and Lab-Based Glucose Analyser under Resting and Exercising Conditions in Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6440. [PMID: 37568982 PMCID: PMC10418731 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this pilot study was to compare glucose concentrations in capillary blood (CB) samples analysed in a laboratory by a validated method and glucose concentrations measured in the interstitial fluid (ISF) by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) under different physical activity levels in a postprandial state in healthy athletes without diabetes. As a physiological shift occurs between glucose concentration from the CB into the ISF, the applicability of CGM in sports, especially during exercise, as well as the comparability of CB and ISF data necessitate an in-depth assessment. Ten subjects (26 ± 4 years, 67 ± 11 kg bodyweight (BW), 11 ± 3 h) were included in the study. Within 14 days, they underwent six tests consisting of (a) two tests resting fasted (HC_Rest/Fast and LC_Rest/Fast), (b) two tests resting with intake of 1 g glucose/kg BW (HC_Rest/Glc and LC_Rest/Glc), (c) running for 60 min at moderate (ModExerc/Glc), and (d) high intensity after intake of 1 g glucose/kg BW (IntExerc/Glc). Data were collected in the morning, following a standardised dinner before test day. Sensor-based glucose concentrations were compared to those determined from capillary blood samples collected at the time of sensor-based analyses and subjected to laboratory glucose measurements. Pearson's r correlation coefficient was highest for Rest/Glc (0.92, p < 0.001) compared to Rest/Fast (0.45, p < 0.001), ModExerc/Glc (0.60, p < 0.001) and IntExerc/Glc (0.70, p < 0.001). Mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) and standard deviation (SD) was smallest for resting fasted and similar between all other conditions (Rest/Fast: 8 ± 6%, Rest/Glc: 17 ± 12%, ModExerc/Glc: 22 ± 24%, IntExerc/Glc: 18 ± 17%). However, Bland-Altman plot analysis showed a higher range between lower and upper limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of paired data under exercising compared to resting conditions. Under resting fasted conditions, both methods produce similar outcomes. Under resting postprandial and exercising conditions, respectively, there are differences between both methods. Based on the results of this study, the application of CGM in healthy athletes is not recommended without concomitant nutritional or medical advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bauhaus
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Pinar Erdogan
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Hans Braun
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
- Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
- Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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50
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German N, Popov A, Ramanaviciene A. The Development and Evaluation of Reagentless Glucose Biosensors Using Dendritic Gold Nanostructures as a Promising Sensing Platform. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:727. [PMID: 37504125 PMCID: PMC10377297 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Reagentless electrochemical glucose biosensors were developed and investigated. A graphite rod (GR) electrode modified with electrochemically synthesized dendritic gold nanostructures (DGNs) and redox mediators (Med) such as ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FCA), 1,10-phenathroline-5,6-dione (PD), N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) or tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) in combination with glucose oxidase (GOx) (GR/DGNs/FCA/GOx, GR/DGNs/PD/GOx, GR/DGNs/TMB/GOx, or GR/DGNs/TTF/GOx) were developed and electrochemically investigated. A biosensor based on threefold-layer-by-layer-deposited PD and GOx (GR/DGNs/(PD/GOx)3) was found to be the most suitable for the determination of glucose. To improve the performance of the developed biosensor, the surface of the GR/DGNs/(PD/GOx)3 electrode was modified with polypyrrole (Ppy) for 5 h. A glucose biosensor based on a GR/DGNs/(PD/GOx)3/Ppy(5 h) electrode was characterized using a wide linear dynamic range of up to 39.0 mmol L-1 of glucose, sensitivity of 3.03 µA mM-1 cm-2, limit of detection of 0.683 mmol L-1, and repeatability of 9.03% for a 29.4 mmol L-1 glucose concentration. The Ppy-based glucose biosensor was characterized by a good storage stability (τ1/2 = 9.0 days). Additionally, the performance of the developed biosensor in blood serum was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija German
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Anton Popov
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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