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Noumi Noumi LJ, El-Hanna S, Reine Sandrine Mendeuka NM, Van Nuffelen M. Ricin intoxication by lethal dose of castor seeds ingestion: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:410. [PMID: 39210364 PMCID: PMC11363666 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ricin intoxication is a serious condition with symptoms ranging from mild gastroenteritis to fatal outcomes due to shock and multi-organ failure. Intoxication from the ingestion of castor seeds is uncommon. However, its diagnosis is crucial, particularly with a clear history of exposure to castor seeds, regardless of the route of exposure (enteral or parenteral). Prompt diagnosis is essential to monitor and manage the patient effectively and to prevent potentially fatal outcomes. We report a case where ingestion of castor seeds resulted in gastroenteritis severe enough to necessitate emergency medical care. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 47-year-old Belgian woman of Moroccan descent, previously healthy who was admitted to the emergency department with symptoms of colicky abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting following the ingestion of six castor beans. The patient was diagnosed with ricin intoxication, admitted for observation, and received symptomatic treatment. She was discharged home after a complete recovery three days later. CONCLUSION Our report underscores the clinical manifestations, hemodynamic changes, laboratory findings, and treatment of intoxication due to castor seed ingestion. It contributes to the limited literature on castor seed poisoning in humans, with a specific focus on cases in Belgium. This report aims to raise awareness among clinicians about this condition and emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive history-taking to prevent misdiagnosis and malpractice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvana El-Hanna
- Department of Emergency-Medicine, Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | | | - Marc Van Nuffelen
- Department of Emergency-Medicine, Saint Luc University Clinics, Brussels, Belgium
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Iorizzo M, Di Martino C, Letizia F, Crawford TW, Paventi G. Production of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: A Review with Emphasis on Fermented Foods. Foods 2024; 13:975. [PMID: 38611281 PMCID: PMC11012127 DOI: 10.3390/foods13070975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The term Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) refers generically to a class of positional and geometric conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid. Among the isomers of linoleic acid cis9, trans11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA) and trans10, cis12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA) are found to be biologically active isomers, and they occur naturally in milk, dairy products and meat from ruminants. In addition, some vegetables and some seafoods have also been reported to contain CLA. Although the CLA levels in these natural sources are insufficient to confer the essential health benefits, anti-carcinogenic or anti-cancer effects are of current interest. In the rumen, CLA is an intermediate of isomerization and the biohydrogenation process of linoleic acid to stearic acid conducted by ruminal microorganisms. In addition to rumen bacteria, some other bacteria, such as Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium and some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are also capable of producing CLA. In this regard, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) has demonstrated the ability to produce CLA isomers from linoleic acid by multiple enzymatic activities, including hydration, dehydration, and isomerization. L. plantarum is one of the most versatile species of LAB and the bacterium is widely used in the food industry as a microbial food culture. Thus, in this review we critically analyzed the literature produced in the last ten years with the aim to highlight the potentiality as well as the optimal conditions for CLA production by L. plantarum. Evidence was provided suggesting that the use of appropriate strains of L. plantarum, as a starter or additional culture in the production of some fermented foods, can be considered a critical factor in the design of new CLA-enriched functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Iorizzo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Catello Di Martino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Francesco Letizia
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Gianluca Paventi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
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Lin R, Jia Z, Chen H, Xiong H, Bian C, He X, Wei B, Fu J, Zhao M, Li J. Ferrostatin‑1 alleviates liver injury via decreasing ferroptosis following ricin toxin poisoning in rat. Toxicology 2024; 503:153767. [PMID: 38437911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Ricin is a highly toxic plant toxin that can cause multi-organ failure, especially liver dysfunction, and is a potential bioterrorism agent. Despite the serious public health challenge posed by ricin, effective therapeutic for ricin-induced poisoning is currently unavailable. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanism of ricin poisoning and develop appropriate treatment protocols accordingly. Previous studies have shown that lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation are associated with ricin poisoning. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death caused by excessive accumulation of lipid peroxide. The role and mechanism of ferroptosis in ricin poisoning are unclear and require further study. We investigated the effect of ferroptosis on ricin-induced liver injury and further elucidated the mechanism. The results showed that ferroptosis occurred in the liver of ricin-intoxicated rats, and Ferrostatin‑1 could ameliorate hepatic ferroptosis and thus liver injury. Ricin induced liver injury by decreasing hepatic reduced glutathione and the protein level of glutathione peroxidase 4 and Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11, increasing iron, malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial damage, whereas Ferrostatin‑1 pretreatment increased hepatic reduced glutathione and the protein level of glutathione peroxidase 4 and Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11, decreased iron, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species, and ameliorated mitochondrial damage, thereby alleviated liver injury. These results suggested that ferroptosis exacerbated liver injury after ricin poisoning and that inhibition of ferroptosis may be a novel strategy for the treatment of ricin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zijie Jia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongli Xiong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cunhao Bian
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bi Wei
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junfeng Fu
- Criminal Investigation Detachment of Liangjiang New Area Branch, Chongqing Public Security Bureau, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Minzhu Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Rasool F, Nizamani ZA, Ahmad KS, Parveen F, Khan SA, Sabir N. An appraisal of traditional knowledge of plant poisoning of livestock and its validation through acute toxicity assay in rats. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1328133. [PMID: 38420196 PMCID: PMC10900104 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1328133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Kashmir Himalaya hosts the most diverse and rich flora in the world, which serves as grazing land for millions of small ruminants in the area. While most plant species are beneficial, some can be poisonous, causing economic losses and animal health issues for livestock. Consequently, this study is the first comprehensive report on the traditional phyto-toxicological knowledge in District Muzaffarabad and the assessment of its authenticity through experimental studies in rats. Methods: The data regarding traditional knowledge was gathered from 70 key respondents through semi-structured interviews, which was quantitatively analyzed and authenticated through plant extract testing on Wistar female rats and comparison with published resources. Results: A total of 46 poisonous plant species belonging to 23 families and 38 genera were reported to be poisonous in the study area. Results revealed that leaves were the most toxic plant parts (24 species, 52.1%), followed by the whole plant (18 species, 39.1%), stem (17 species, 36.9%), and seeds (10 species, 21.7%). At the organ level, liver as most susceptible affected by 13 species (28.2%), followed by the gastrointestinal tract (15 species, 32.6%), nervous system (13 species, 8.2%), dermis (8 species, 17.3%), renal (7 species, 15.2%), respiratory (4 species, 8.7%), cardiovascular system (3 species, 6.5%), and reproductive system (2 species, 4.3%). The poisonous plant species with high Relative frequency citation (RFC) and fidelity level (FL) were Nerium oleander (RFC, 0.6; FL, 100), Lantana camara (RFC, 0.6; FL, 100), and Ricinus communis (RFC, 0.6; FL, 100). Experimental assessment of acute toxicity assay in rats revealed that Nerium oleander was the most toxic plant with LD50 of (4,000 mg/kg), trailed by Ricinus communis (4,200 mg/kg), L. camara (4,500 mg/kg), and Datura stramonium (4,700 mg/kg); however, other plants showed moderate to mild toxicity. The major clinical observations were anorexia, piloerection, dyspnea, salivation, tachypnea, constipation, diarrhea, tremor, itchiness, and dullness. Conclusion: This study showed that numerous poisonous plants pose a significant risk to the livestock industry within Himalayan territory, leading to substantial economic losses. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to conduct further comprehensive studies on the phytotoxicity of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Rasool
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Hyderabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Hyderabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Fahmida Parveen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Hyderabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Akbar Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Sabir
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
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Kwizera E, Rumbeiha WK, Nishimwe K, Nziza J. A survey to document toxic hazards in the zone surrounding volcanoes national park, a habitat for mountain gorillas, an endangered wildlife species in Rwanda. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1320162. [PMID: 38234986 PMCID: PMC10791935 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1320162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, Volcanoes National Park has seen a rise in its wildlife population, primarily due to the diligent efforts of the Rwandan government in safeguarding endangered species, notably the mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei spp. beringei). This population growth has led to a pressing need for more expansive habitats, ensuring these creatures have ample space, sustenance, and shelter for their wellbeing. Consequently, there are planned park expansion activities on the horizon. However, before initiating this expansion, a critical prelude involves identifying potential threats, particularly toxic substances stemming from agricultural activities in the surrounding environment of Volcanoes National Park. Methods To address this concern, a comprehensive study was conducted, aimed at pinpointing potential toxic hazards and assessing the awareness of the local population regarding the harm these hazards pose to wildlife species. Data was collected from individuals with no prior knowledge of the study using a pre-tested questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: socio-demographic issues, potential toxic hazards assessment, and a section to determine awareness and risk of potential toxic hazards to humans, animals, and the environment. Respondents were selected based on specific criteria, which included being 18 years or older and residing within the National Volcano Park (NVP) area. Results The study's findings revealed four main categories of potential toxic hazards, which include household chemicals, pharmaceutical products, agricultural pesticides, and poisonous plants. These hazards could jeopardize the health and survival of wildlife species if they consume or come into contact with them. Furthermore, the study exposed an inadequacy in the knowledge and skills of the local community in preventing these toxic hazards, which can result in death of wildlife species and ecosystem contamination and degradation. Conclusion Study results also underscored the significance of education and training in enhancing the awareness of local communities concerning these toxic threats. Therefore, it is imperative to implement immediate measures to mitigate the adverse effects of these toxic hazards on wildlife species, especially in light of the planned park expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enock Kwizera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Wilson K. Rumbeiha
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kizito Nishimwe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Musanze, Rwanda
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Botelho FD, Franca TCC, LaPlante SR. The Search for Antidotes Against Ricin. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1148-1161. [PMID: 38350844 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575270509231121060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The castor plant (Ricinus communis) is primarily known for its seeds, which contain a unique fatty acid called ricinoleic acid with several industrial and commercial applications. Castor seeds also contain ricin, a toxin considered a chemical and biological warfare agent. Despite years of investigation, there is still no effective antidote or vaccine available. However, some progress has been made, and the development of an effective treatment may be on the horizon. To provide an updated overview of this issue, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on the current state of research in the fight against ricin. This review is based on the reported research and aims to address the challenges faced by researchers, as well as highlight the most successful cases achieved thus far. Our goal is to encourage the scientific community to continue their efforts in this critical search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Diniz Botelho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Université de Québec, INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Université de Québec, INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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Torrents R, Reynoard J, Glaizal M, Schmitt C, Fabeck KV, Boulamery A, de Haro L, Simon N. Deliberate Self-Poisoning with Plants in Southeastern France, a Poison Center 20-Year Report. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:671. [PMID: 38133175 PMCID: PMC10747985 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In a few regions of the globe, deliberate botanical intoxication may induce significant rates of toxicity and fatality. The objective of this report was to describe plant self-intoxication using the experiences of the southeastern France poison control center (PCC) between 2002 and 2021. RESULTS During those 20 years, 262 deliberate plants poisonings were reported involving 35 various plants. In most of the cases, poisoning was caused by Nerium oleander (n = 186, 71%), followed by the Datura genus (4.2%), Ricinus communis (3.8%), Taxus baccata (1.9%), Digitalis purpurea (1.2%), Aconitum nape (1.9%), Myristica fragans (1.5%), and Pyracantha coccine (1.2%). Through the 262 plants poisonings, 19 patients among the 186 Nerium oleander poisonings received Digifab as an antidote and 1 patient received physostigmine among the 11 Datura poisonings. Only four deaths were reported for this review, each involving Nerium oleander. DISCUSSION The first involved species was Nerium oleander (71% of all plants poisonings), then Datura sp and Ricinus communis. It is explained by this native local species' important repartition. Most patients must be admitted to an emergency department for adapted medical care; however, only 41 of them described severe poisonings symptoms. Even fewer needed an antidote, only 20 patients. There is no protocol for the use of a specific treatment, and it might be interesting to develop one for this purpose. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective review was realized with files managed by the southeastern France PCC based in Marseille from 2002 to 2021. Our department covers the complete French Mediterranean coast, Corsica, and tropical islands (Reunion Island, Mayotte). For every patient, toxicity was evaluated using the Poison Severity Score (PSS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Torrents
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Julien Reynoard
- APHM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, 13009 Marseille, France; (J.R.); (M.G.); (K.V.F.); (A.B.); (L.d.H.)
| | - Mathieu Glaizal
- APHM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, 13009 Marseille, France; (J.R.); (M.G.); (K.V.F.); (A.B.); (L.d.H.)
| | - Corinne Schmitt
- APHM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, 13009 Marseille, France; (J.R.); (M.G.); (K.V.F.); (A.B.); (L.d.H.)
| | - Katharina Von Fabeck
- APHM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, 13009 Marseille, France; (J.R.); (M.G.); (K.V.F.); (A.B.); (L.d.H.)
| | - Audrey Boulamery
- APHM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, 13009 Marseille, France; (J.R.); (M.G.); (K.V.F.); (A.B.); (L.d.H.)
| | - Luc de Haro
- APHM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, 13009 Marseille, France; (J.R.); (M.G.); (K.V.F.); (A.B.); (L.d.H.)
| | - Nicolas Simon
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, 13009 Marseille, France;
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Liang LH, Ma YD, Yang Y, Yu HL, Xia JM, Zhang T, Liu CC, Liu SL. A protein standard absolute quantification strategy for enhanced absolute quantification of ricin in complex matrices using in vitro synthesized mutant holoprotein as internal standard by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464373. [PMID: 37717454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Ricin is a highly toxic protein toxin that poses a potential bioterrorism threat due to its potency and widespread availability. However, the accurate quantification of ricin through absolute mass spectrometry (MS) using a protein standard absolute quantification (PSAQ) strategy is not widely practiced. This limitation primarily arises from the presence of interchain disulfide bonds, which hinder the production of full-length isotope-labeled ricin as an internal standard (IS) in vitro. In this study, we have developed a novel approach for the absolute quantification of ricin in complex matrices using recombinant single-chain and full-length mutant ricin as the protein IS, instead of isotope-labeled ricin, in conjunction with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The amino acid sequence of the ricin mutant internal standard (RMIS) was designed by introducing site mutations in specific amino acids of trypsin/Glu-C enzymatic digestion marker peptides of ricin. To simplify protein expression, the A-chain and B-chain of RMIS were directly linked to replace the original interchain disulfide bonds. The RMISs were synthesized using an Escherichia coli expression system. An appropriate RMIS was selected as the protein IS based on consistent digestion efficiency, UHPLC-MS/MS behavior, antibody recognition function, lectin activity, and proper depurination activity with intact ricin. The RMIS was utilized to simultaneously quantify A- and B-chain marker peptides of ricin through UHPLC-MS/MS. This method was thoroughly validated using a milk matrix. By employing internal protein standards, this quantitative strategy overcomes the challenges posed by variations in extraction recoveries, matrix effects, and digestion efficiency encountered when working with different matrices. Consequently, calibration curves generated from milk matrix-spiked samples were utilized to accurately and precisely quantify ricin in river water and plasma samples. Moreover, the established method successfully detected intact ricin in samples obtained from the sixth Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) exercise on biotoxin analysis. This study presents a novel PSAQ strategy that enables the accurate quantification of ricin in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yang-De Ma
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jun-Mei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
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Liufu Y, Zhou J, Fu Q, Shao M, Xie Y, Luo B. Feed plants, ethnoveterinary medicine, and biocultural values: insights on the Luchuan pig from Hakka communities in China. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2023; 19:40. [PMID: 37710305 PMCID: PMC10502998 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-023-00613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Luchuan pig is an indigenous breed from Luchuan County, China, with cultural and genetic significance. However, traditional knowledge and conservation status have not been systematically documented. METHODS Using ethnobiological methods, we surveyed 72 Luchuan pig farmers in 7 townships during 2021-2023. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation were conducted to document traditional knowledge and management practices. RESULTS The locals reported 51 plant species used as pig feed, with 30 wild species. Growth-stage-specific feeding and seasonal adjustment practices were documented. We recorded 62 ethnoveterinary plant uses, mainly for treating pigs' heat stress and skin conditions. Luchuan pigs play central roles in local Hakka customs, rituals, and cuisine. Additonally, the new ecological farming models minimize the environmental impacts to the local community. However, there are still some challenges remained for conserving and promoting Luchuan pigs. CONCLUSIONS The Luchuan Hakka people possess rich traditional knowledge and management experience in raising Luchuan pigs. Our study provides extensive documentation of traditional knowledge and recommends integrating cultural and genetic aspects for sustaining this biocultural heritage. Findings can inform initiatives supporting local breed conservation globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Liufu
- Natural History Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, 530012, China
| | - Jilong Zhou
- Luchuan Livestock Station, Luchuan, 537700, China
| | - Qiongyao Fu
- Natural History Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, 530012, China
| | - Min Shao
- Natural History Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, 530012, China
| | - Yaozhang Xie
- Natural History Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, 530012, China
| | - Binsheng Luo
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lushan, 332900, China.
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Naplekov D, Jadeja S, Fučíková AM, Švec F, Sklenářová H, Lenčo J. Easy, Robust, and Repeatable Online Acid Cleavage of Proteins in Mobile Phase for Fast Quantitative LC-MS Bottom-Up Protein Analysis─Application for Ricin Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12339-12348. [PMID: 37565982 PMCID: PMC10448442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation involving the cleavage of proteins into peptides is the first critical step for successful bottom-up proteomics and protein analyses. Time- and labor-intensiveness are among the bottlenecks of the commonly used methods for protein sample preparation. Here, we report a fast online method for postinjection acid cleavage of proteins directly in the mobile phase typically used for LC-MS analyses in proteomics. The chemical cleavage is achieved in 0.1% formic acid within 35 s in a capillary heated to 195 °C installed upstream of the analytical column, enabling the generated peptides to be separated. The peptides generated by the optimized method covered the entire sequence except for one amino acid of trastuzumab used for the method development. The qualitative results are extraordinarily stable, even over a long period of time. Moreover, the method is also suitable for accurate and repeatable quantification. The procedure requires only one manual step, significantly decreasing sample transfer losses. To demonstrate its practical utility, we tested the method for the fast detection of ricin. Ricin can be unambiguously identified from an injection of 10 ng, and the results can be obtained within 7-8 min after receiving a suspicious sample. Because no sophisticated accessories and no additional reagents are needed, the method can be seamlessly transferred to any laboratory for high-throughput proteomic workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis
K. Naplekov
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siddharth Jadeja
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Myslivcová Fučíková
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Hradec Králové, Hradecká 1285, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sklenářová
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Lenčo
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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11
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Buyel JF. Product safety aspects of plant molecular farming. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1238917. [PMID: 37614627 PMCID: PMC10442644 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1238917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF) has been promoted since the 1990s as a rapid, cost-effective and (most of all) safe alternative to the cultivation of bacteria or animal cells for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Numerous plant species have been investigated for the production of a broad range of protein-based drug candidates. The inherent safety of these products is frequently highlighted as an advantage of PMF because plant viruses do not replicate in humans and vice versa. However, a more nuanced analysis of this principle is required when considering other pathogens because toxic compounds pose a risk even in the absence of replication. Similarly, it is necessary to assess the risks associated with the host system (e.g., the presence of toxic secondary metabolites) and the production approach (e.g., transient expression based on bacterial infiltration substantially increases the endotoxin load). This review considers the most relevant host systems in terms of their toxicity profile, including the presence of secondary metabolites, and the risks arising from the persistence of these substances after downstream processing and product purification. Similarly, we discuss a range of plant pathogens and disease vectors that can influence product safety, for example, due to the release of toxins. The ability of downstream unit operations to remove contaminants and process-related toxic impurities such as endotoxins is also addressed. This overview of plant-based production, focusing on product safety aspects, provides recommendations that will allow stakeholders to choose the most appropriate strategies for process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Buyel
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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12
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Stoll A, Shenton DP, Green AC, Holley JL. Comparative Aspects of Ricin Toxicity by Inhalation. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040281. [PMID: 37104219 PMCID: PMC10145923 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of ricin toxicity following inhalation has been investigated in many animal models, including the non-human primate (predominantly the rhesus macaque), pig, rabbit and rodent. The toxicity and associated pathology described in animal models are broadly similar, but variation appears to exist. This paper reviews the published literature and some of our own unpublished data and describes some of the possible reasons for this variation. Methodological variation is evident, including method of exposure, breathing parameters during exposure, aerosol characteristics, sampling protocols, ricin cultivar, purity and challenge dose and study duration. The model species and strain used represent other significant sources of variation, including differences in macro- and microscopic anatomy, cell biology and function, and immunology. Chronic pathology of ricin toxicity by inhalation, associated with sublethal challenge or lethal challenge and treatment with medical countermeasures, has received less attention in the literature. Fibrosis may follow acute lung injury in survivors. There are advantages and disadvantages to the different models of pulmonary fibrosis. To understand their potential clinical significance, these factors need to be considered when choosing a model for chronic ricin toxicity by inhalation, including species and strain susceptibility to fibrosis, time it takes for fibrosis to develop, the nature of the fibrosis (e.g., self-limiting, progressive, persistent or resolving) and ensuring that the analysis truly represents fibrosis. Understanding the variables and comparative aspects of acute and chronic ricin toxicity by inhalation is important to enable meaningful comparison of results from different studies, and for the investigation of medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Stoll
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Daniel P Shenton
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | - Jane L Holley
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
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13
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Magdy G, ElNaggar MH, Belal F, Elmansi H. A novel quality-by-design optimized spectrofluorimetric method for the sensitive determination of ricinine alkaloid in edible oils. Food Chem 2023; 404:134588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Jean Baptiste W, Casseus M, Dev A, Joseph P, Wright PF. The dangers of castor oil tea in neonates in rural Haiti: A case report. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:877550. [PMID: 36950175 PMCID: PMC10025402 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.877550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During a 2-year period, eight cases of a distinct illness were seen among 1,424 neonates admitted to a newly established neonatal care unit in southern Haiti. The newborns presented with a picture of sepsis with shock, vomiting, hypotonia, lethargy, and abdominal distention. Five cases proved fatal and another case left the hospital against advice in extremis with little chance of survival. In each case, the illness was associated with a history of ingestion of teas that included castor oil, known as lok in Haitian Creole. The presumptive cause of the illness was established by the presence of a dark, oily substance in drainage from the nares and nasogastric tubes and by subsequent admission on direct questioning of the caregivers, who said that the infants had been given large amounts of lok. The castor oil tea had been given to three infants in the immediate neonatal period where its use is attributed to encouraging the passage of meconium. The five remaining infants were between 15 and 30 days of life when they were given lok shortly before admission to the neonatal unit for treatment of an undefined illness. All of them were term infants with no identified risks at birth. As nasogastric tubes are not routinely placed in sick neonates, and the parents did not volunteer information about lok administration, the practice may be more widespread than that recorded here. Although our data are confined to observations in Haiti, the use of traditional medicines is a globally widespread phenomenon. Attention must be drawn to the potential toxicity of such preparations and means found to ban their use in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhermine Jean Baptiste
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC), Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Hopital Immacule Conception (HIC), Les Cayes, Haiti
| | - Michelucia Casseus
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC), Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Hopital Immacule Conception (HIC), Les Cayes, Haiti
| | - Alka Dev
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC), Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Patrice Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Gheskio Centers, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC), Lebanon, NH, United States
- Correspondence: Peter F. Wright
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15
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Zheng KX, Liu CH, Wang S, Tzou YM, Chiang CM, Lin SR, Yang HY, Wu JJ, Chuang YH. Evaluating the release and metabolism of ricinine from castor cake fertilizer in soils using a LC-QTOF/MS coupled with SIRIUS workflow. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136865. [PMID: 36244422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Castor cake is a major by-product generated after castor oil extraction and has been widely used as an organic fertilizer. Once applied to soil, a toxic alkaloid ricinine in castor cake may be released into soils and subsequently taken up by crops, which poses a potential threat to food safety and human health. However, the environmental fate of castor cake derived ricinine in agroecosystems remains unclear. In this study, the release and metabolism of ricinine in soils were conducted using soil pot experiments with different castor cake application rates. The analytical methodology of ricinine quantification in soil pore water was first established using solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). A non-target screening workflow associated with LC-QTOF/MS and SIRIUS platform was further developed to identify ricinine metabolites in soil pore water. After castor cake application, the ricinine concentrations in soil pore water significantly increased to 297-7990 μg L-1 at 1 day and then gradually decreased to 62.1-3460 μg L-1 at 7 days and 1.70-279 μg L-1 at 14 days for the selected two tested soils with castor cake application rates of 2, 10, and 20 g castor cake/kg soil. In addition, two ricinine metabolites R-194 and R-180 were tentatively identified and one ricinine metabolite N-demethyl-ricinin was confirmed through authentic reference standard for the first time by the developed non-target screening workflow. This study highlights the release and metabolism of toxic alkaloid ricinine in soils once applied castor cake as an organic fertilizer. Ricinine could be released into soil pore water in a short-term after castor cake application and then undergo demethylation, hydroxylation, and hydroxylation followed by methylation metabolisms over time in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xuan Zheng
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402204, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hua Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407102, Taiwan
| | - Sichao Wang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yu-Min Tzou
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402204, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Chiang
- Division of Product Development, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Executive Yuan, 413001, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Ruei Lin
- Section of Tea Agronomy, Tea Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Taoyuan City, 326011, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ying Yang
- Dongding Station, Tea Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Nantou County, 558004, Taiwan
| | - Jerry J Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407102, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chuang
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402204, Taiwan.
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16
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Qin L, Han J, Wang C, Xu B, Tan D, He S, Guo L, Bo X, Xie J. Key defatting tissue pretreatment protocol for enhanced MALDI MS Imaging of peptide biomarkers visualization in the castor beans and their attribution applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083901. [PMID: 36589060 PMCID: PMC9800866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Castor bean or ricin-induced intoxication or terror events have threatened public security and social safety. Potential resources or materials include beans, raw extraction products, crude toxins, and purified ricin. The traceability of the origins of castor beans is thus essential for forensic and anti-terror investigations. As a new imaging technique with label-free, rapid, and high throughput features, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been gradually stressed in plant research. However, sample preparation approaches for plant tissues still face severe challenges, especially for some lipid-rich, water-rich, or fragile tissues. Proper tissue washing procedures would be pivotal, but little information is known until now. METHODS For castor beans containing plenty of lipids that were fragile when handled, we developed a comprehensive tissue pretreatment protocol. Eight washing procedures aimed at removing lipids were discussed in detail. We then constructed a robust MALDI-MSI method to enhance the detection sensitivity of RCBs in castor beans. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A modified six-step washing procedure was chosen as the most critical parameter regarding the MSI visualization of peptides. The method was further applied to visualize and quantify the defense peptides, Ricinus communis biomarkers (RCBs) in castor bean tissue sections from nine different geographic sources from China, Pakistan, and Ethiopia. Multivariate statistical models, including deep learning network, revealed a valuable classification clue concerning nationality and altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junshan Han
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deyun Tan
- Institute of Cash Crop Research, Zibo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Song He
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Bo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Ryan Y, Harrison A, Trivett H, Hartley C, David J, Clark GC, Hiscox JA. RIPpore: A Novel Host-Derived Method for the Identification of Ricin Intoxication through Oxford Nanopore Direct RNA Sequencing. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070470. [PMID: 35878208 PMCID: PMC9319349 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin is a toxin which enters cells and depurinates an adenine base in the sarcin-ricin loop in the large ribosomal subunit, leading to the inhibition of protein translation and cell death. We postulated that this depurination event could be detected using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) direct RNA sequencing, detecting a change in charge in the ricin loop. In this study, A549 cells were exposed to ricin for 2–24 h in order to induce depurination. In addition, a novel software tool was developed termed RIPpore that could quantify the adenine modification of ribosomal RNA induced by ricin upon respiratory epithelial cells. We provided demonstrable evidence for the first time that this base change detected is specific to RIP activity using a neutralising antibody against ricin. We believe this represents the first detection of depurination in RNA achieved using ONT sequencers. Collectively, this work highlights the potential for ONT and direct RNA sequencing to detect and quantify depurination events caused by ribosome-inactivating proteins such as ricin. RIPpore could have utility in the evaluation of new treatments and/or in the diagnosis of exposure to ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ryan
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (Y.R.); (A.H.); (H.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Abbie Harrison
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (Y.R.); (A.H.); (H.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Hannah Trivett
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (Y.R.); (A.H.); (H.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Catherine Hartley
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (Y.R.); (A.H.); (H.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Jonathan David
- Defence Science Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK;
| | - Graeme C. Clark
- Defence Science Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK;
- Correspondence: (G.C.C.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (Y.R.); (A.H.); (H.T.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.C.); (J.A.H.)
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18
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Machado M, Queiroz CR, Wilson TM, Sousa DE, Soto-Blanco B, Armién AG, Barros SS, Riet-Correa F, Castro MB. Neurological and gastrointestinal manifestations of spontaneous poisoning by Ricinus communis in goats. Toxicon 2022; 214:74-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Deng M, Su D, Xiao N, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zong F, Li S, Wang J, Zhou D, Zhao Y, Yang H. Gdf15 deletion exacerbates acute lung injuries induced by intratracheal inoculation of aerosolized ricin in mice. Toxicology 2022; 469:153135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Effectiveness of Oil-Based Denture Dentifrices-Organoleptic Characteristics, Physicochemical Properties and Antimicrobial Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070813. [PMID: 34356734 PMCID: PMC8300610 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Denture dentifrices must be effective and not deleterious to prosthetic devices. This study formulated and evaluated dentifrices based on oils of Copaifera officinalis, Eucalyptus citriodora, Melaleuca alternifolia, Pinus strobus, and Ricinus communis. Organoleptic characteristics (appearance, color, odor, taste), physicochemical properties (pH, density, consistency, rheological, abrasiveness, weight loss, and surface roughness) and antimicrobial (Hole-Plate Diffusion–HPD)/anti-biofilm (Colony Forming Units–CFU) action against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans were evaluated. Formulations were compared with water (negative control) and a commercial dentifrice (positive control). The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 0.05). The organoleptic and physicochemical properties were adequate. All dentifrices promoted weight losses, with high values for C. officinalis and R. communis, and an increase in surface roughness, without differing from each other. For antimicrobial action, C. officinalis and E. citriodora dentifrices were similar to positive control showing effectiveness against S. mutans and C. albicans and no dentifrice was effective against S. aureus; regarding the anti-biofilm action, the dentifrices were not effective, showing higher CFU counts than positive control for all microorganisms. The dentifrices presented satisfactory properties; and, although they showed antimicrobial action when evaluated by HPD, they showed no effective anti-biofilm action on multispecies biofilm.
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21
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Galal TM, Essa B, Al-Yasi H. Heavy metals uptake and its impact on the growth dynamics of the riparian shrub Ricinus communis L. along Egyptian heterogenic habitats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:37158-37171. [PMID: 33712952 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are well known for their toxicity and become significant environmental pollution with a continually rising technology and public outcry to ensure the safest and healthiest environment. The present study aims to investigate the uptake capability of heavy metals and its impact on the growth dynamics of Ricinus communis L. (castor bean), along various habitats in Qalyubia Province, Egypt. Three composite plants and soil samples were collected from four different habitats: urban (residential area), canal banks, field edges, and drain banks. The samples were analyzed for nutrients and heavy metals. At the same time, forty quadrats (5 × 5 m) were selected to represent the micro-variations of castor bean in the selected habitats to determine its growth criteria and normalized vegetation index (NDVI). The lowest size index, volume, and number of leaves of castor bean were recorded along canal banks and they were characterized by high soil heavy metal concentration, especially Zn, Cu, and Ni, while the highest values were recorded along field edges with lower heavy metal concentration. Moreover, the NDVI indicated that castor bean from most studied habitats, except field edges, was healthy population. This study revealed that the leaves collected from all habitats were considered to be toxic with Cu. The bioconcentration factor (BF) of the investigated heavy metals was greater than 1. The BF order for heavy metals uptake by castor bean leaves was Fe > Ni > Mn > Cu > Zn. Consequently, the species selected in the present study can be used as a biomonitor of these heavy metal polluted soils. Moreover, it could be used as a phytoremediator, taken into consideration its use in all medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Galal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11790, Egypt.
| | - Basma Essa
- Botany Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatim Al-Yasi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Bambauer TP, Wagmann L, Weber AA, Meyer MR. Further development of a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry-based strategy for analyzing eight biomarkers in human urine indicating toxic mushroom or Ricinus communis ingestions. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1603-1613. [PMID: 34080326 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we presented a strategy for analysis of eight biomarkers in human urine to verify toxic mushroom or Ricinus communis ingestions. However, screening for the full panel is not always necessary. Thus, we aimed to develop a strategy to reduce analysis time and by focusing on two sets of analytes. One set (A) for biomarkers of late-onset syndromes, such as phalloides syndrome or the syndrome after castor bean intake. Another set (B) for biomarkers of early-onset syndromes, such as pantherine-muscaria syndrome and muscarine syndrome. Both analyses should be based on hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS)/MS (HILIC-HRMS/MS). For A, urine samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane and subsequent solid-phase extraction of the aqueous supernatant. For B urine was precipitated using acetonitrile. Method A was validated for ricinine and α- and β-amanitin and method B for muscarine, muscimol, and ibotenic acid according to the specifications for qualitative analytical methods. In addition, robustness of recovery and normalized matrix factors to matrix variability measured by urinary creatinine was tested. Moreover, applicability was tested using 10 urine samples from patients after suspected mushroom intoxication. The analytes α- and β-amanitin, muscarine, muscimol, and ibotenic acid could be successfully identified. Finally, psilocin-O-glucuronide could be identified in two samples and unambiguously distinguished from bufotenine-O-glucuronide via their MS2 patterns. In summary, the current workflow offers several advantages towards the previous method, particularly being more labor-, time-, and cost-efficient, more robust, and more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Bambauer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Armin A Weber
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
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23
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Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Impact of Hematocrit on Monitoring and Dosing of Tacrolimus Early After Heart and Lung Transplantation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 59:403-408. [PMID: 31820394 PMCID: PMC7109168 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-019-00846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is an effective immunosuppressant and is extensively used in solid organ transplantation. In the first week after heart and lung transplantation, tacrolimus dosing is difficult due to considerable physiological changes because of clinical instability, and toxicity often occurs, even when tacrolimus concentrations are within the therapeutic range. The physiological and pharmacokinetic changes are outlined. Excessive variability in bioavailability may lead to higher interoccasion (dose-to-dose) variability than interindividual variability of pharmacokinetic parameters. Intravenous tacrolimus dosing may circumvent this high variability in bioavailability. Moreover, the interpretation of whole-blood concentrations is discussed. The unbound concentration is related to hematocrit, and changes in hematocrit may increase toxicity, even within the therapeutic range of whole-blood concentrations. Therefore, in clinically unstable patients with varying hematocrit, aiming at the lower therapeutic level is recommended and tacrolimus personalized dosing based on hematocrit-corrected whole-blood concentrations may be used to control the unbound tacrolimus plasma concentrations and subsequently reduce toxicity.
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24
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Abbes M, Montana M, Curti C, Vanelle P. Ricin poisoning: A review on contamination source, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and reporting of ricin poisoning. Toxicon 2021; 195:86-92. [PMID: 33711365 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ricin, a toxic glycoprotein derived from the castor bean plant, is one of the most potent poisons known in the world. Ricin intoxication is a fatal and uncommon medical condition and recently its use as a potential bioterrorism agent has also been reported. This study aims to identify the main characteristics of diagnosed ricin poisoning cases worldwide in order to raise awareness of this toxin among the population and clinicians. METHODS A collection of human case studies of ricin intoxication in the world was produced. The databases Pubmed, Sciencedirect and Google Scholar were used to extract articles from January 1980 to June 2020. RESULTS Fifty ricin-intoxicated patients worldwide described in the literature have been identified. Most cases were found in Asia (19 cases), Europe (12 cases) and America (15 cases). Intoxication was mostly accidental (37 cases). Intoxication by castor bean is characterized by acute gastroenteritis-like disease as primary manifestations leading to severe fluid and electrolyte imbalance. The mechanism of death was peripheral vascular collapse and progressing multiple organ failure occurring 10h-72h after intoxication. The questioning of patients and family made it possible to retrieve an history of castor seeds or castor oil ingestion Patients received symptomatic treatment consisting mostly to rehydration with intravenous fluids and digestive decontamination performed with activated charcoal and/or gastric lavage within one day after the ingestion, to reduce gastrointestinal absorption of ricin. This decontamination treatment administered early has been very effective. Only six deaths were observed. DISCUSSION Currently, no antidote, vaccine, or other specific effective treatment is available for ricin poisoning or prevention. Prompt treatment with supportive care was necessary to limit morbidity and mortality. To date, patient education is essential to prevent this accidental poisoning. CONCLUSION Clinicians and health care professionals should have a high level of suspicion when faced with an outbreak of serious respiratory or gastrointestinal illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Abbes
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Oncopharma, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Montana
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Oncopharma, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR, 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Curti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR, 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR, 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Marseille, France.
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Worbs S, Kampa B, Skiba M, Hansbauer EM, Stern D, Volland H, Becher F, Simon S, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Differentiation, Quantification and Identification of Abrin and Abrus precatorius Agglutinin. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040284. [PMID: 33919561 PMCID: PMC8073929 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrin, the toxic lectin from the rosary pea plant Abrus precatorius, has gained considerable interest in the recent past due to its potential malevolent use. However, reliable and easy-to-use assays for the detection and discrimination of abrin from related plant proteins such as Abrus precatorius agglutinin or the homologous toxin ricin from Ricinus communis are sparse. To address this gap, a panel of highly specific monoclonal antibodies was generated against abrin and the related Abrus precatorius agglutinin. These antibodies were used to establish two sandwich ELISAs to preferentially detect abrin or A. precatorius agglutinin (limit of detection 22 pg/mL for abrin; 35 pg/mL for A. precatorius agglutinin). Furthermore, an abrin-specific lateral flow assay was developed for rapid on-site detection (limit of detection ~1 ng/mL abrin). Assays were validated for complex food, environmental and clinical matrices illustrating broad applicability in different threat scenarios. Additionally, the antibodies turned out to be suitable for immuno-enrichment strategies in combination with mass spectrometry-based approaches for unambiguous identification. Finally, we were able to demonstrate for the first time how the developed assays can be applied to detect, identify and quantify abrin from a clinical sample derived from an attempted suicide case involving A. precatorius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Bettina Kampa
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniel Stern
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Hervé Volland
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - François Becher
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2500
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Sabna S, Kamboj DV, Rajoria S, Kumar RB, Babele P, Goel AK, Tuteja U, Gupta MK, Alam SI. Protein biomarker elucidation for the verification of biological agents in the taxonomic group of Gammaproteobacteria using tandem mass spectrometry. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:74. [PMID: 33779874 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Some pathogenic microbes can be used for nefarious applications and instigate population-based fear. In a bio-threat scenario, rapid and accurate methods to detect biological agents in a wide range of complex environmental and clinical matrices, is of paramount importance for the implementation of mitigation protocols and medical countermeasures. This study describes targeted and shot-gun tandem MS based approaches for the verification of biological agents from the environmental samples. The marker proteins and peptides were elucidated by an exhaustive literature mining, in silico analysis of prioritized proteins, and MS/MS analysis of abundant proteins from selected bacterial species. For the shot-gun methodology, tandem MS analysis of abundant peptides was carried from spiked samples. The validation experiments employing a combination of shot-gun tandem MS analysis and a targeted search reported here is a proof of concept to show the applicability of the methodology for the unambiguous verification of biological agents at sub-species level, even with limited fractionation of crude protein extracts from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikumar Sabna
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Dev Vrat Kamboj
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Sakshi Rajoria
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Prabhakar Babele
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Goel
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Urmil Tuteja
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | | | - Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India.
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Bucaretchi F, Borrasca-Fernandes CF, Prado CC, Lanaro R, Costa JL, Petroni OM, Giraldi T, Blotta MHSL, Justo-Junior AS, Sousa NL, Aragão FJL, De Capitani EM, Hyslop S. Near-fatal poisoning after ricin injection. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:158-168. [PMID: 32475181 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1771358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a near-fatal poisoning after intentional injection of ricin from a castor bean (Ricinus communis) extract. CASE REPORT A 21 year-old man self-injected ∼3 mL of a castor bean extract intramuscularly and subcutaneously in the left antecubital fossa. Upon admission to our ED (1 h post-exposure; day 1, D1) he was awake and alert, but complained of mild local pain and showed slight local edema and erythema. He evolved to refractory shock (∼24 h post-exposure) that required the administration of a large volume of fluids and high doses of norepinephrine and vasopressin, mainly from D2 to D4. During this period, he developed clinical and laboratory features compatible with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction, capillary leak syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, necrotizing fasciitis and possible compartment syndrome. The patient underwent forearm fasciotomy on D4 and there was progressive improvement of the hemodynamic status from D7 onwards. Wound management involved several debridements, broad-spectrum antibiotics and two skin grafts. Major laboratory findings within 12 days post-exposure revealed hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis and increases in cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), troponin and creatine kinase. Ricin A-chain (ELISA) was detected in serum up to D3 (peak at 24 h post-exposure), with ∼79% being excreted in the urine within 64 h post-exposure. Ricinine was detected in serum and urine by LC-MS up to D5. A ricin A-chain concentration of 246 µg/mL was found in the seed extract, corresponding to the injection of ∼738 µg of ricin A-chain (∼10.5 µg/kg). The patient was discharged on D71, with limited range of motion and function of the left forearm and hand. CONCLUSION Ricin injection resulted in a near-fatal poisoning that evolved with septic shock-like syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction and necrotizing fasciitis, all of which were successfully treated with supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Bucaretchi
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla F Borrasca-Fernandes
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila C Prado
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lanaro
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Otávio M Petroni
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tiago Giraldi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Heloísa S L Blotta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Amauri S Justo-Junior
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália L Sousa
- Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Francisco J L Aragão
- Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M De Capitani
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Orsini Delgado ML, Avril A, Prigent J, Dano J, Rouaix A, Worbs S, Dorner BG, Rougeaux C, Becher F, Fenaille F, Livet S, Volland H, Tournier JN, Simon S. Ricin Antibodies' Neutralizing Capacity against Different Ricin Isoforms and Cultivars. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:100. [PMID: 33573016 PMCID: PMC7911099 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a highly toxic protein from Ricinus communis, is considered a potential biowarfare agent. Despite the many data available, no specific treatment has yet been approved. Due to their ability to provide immediate protection, antibodies (Abs) are an approach of choice. However, their high specificity might compromise their capacity to protect against the different ricin isoforms (D and E) found in the different cultivars. In previous work, we have shown the neutralizing potential of different Abs (43RCA-G1 (anti ricin A-chain) and RB34 and RB37 (anti ricin B-chain)) against ricin D. In this study, we evaluated their protective capacity against both ricin isoforms. We show that: (i) RB34 and RB37 recognize exclusively ricin D, whereas 43RCA-G1 recognizes both isoforms, (ii) their neutralizing capacity in vitro varies depending on the cultivar, and (iii) there is a synergistic effect when combining RB34 and 43RCA-G1. This effect is also demonstrated in vivo in a mouse model of intranasal intoxication with ricin D/E (1:1), where approximately 60% and 40% of mice treated 0 and 6 h after intoxication, respectively, are protected. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of the Abs against different ricin isoforms to identify the treatment with the broadest spectrum neutralizing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Orsini Delgado
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Arnaud Avril
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Anti-Infectious Biotherapies and Immunity Unit, Army Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (A.A.); (C.R.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Julie Prigent
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Julie Dano
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Audrey Rouaix
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.G.D.)
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.G.D.)
| | - Clémence Rougeaux
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Anti-Infectious Biotherapies and Immunity Unit, Army Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (A.A.); (C.R.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - François Becher
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - François Fenaille
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Sandrine Livet
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Hervé Volland
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Anti-Infectious Biotherapies and Immunity Unit, Army Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (A.A.); (C.R.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
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Feldberg L, Elhanany E, Laskar O, Schuster O. Rapid, Sensitive and Reliable Ricin Identification in Serum Samples Using LC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:79. [PMID: 33499033 PMCID: PMC7911523 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a protein derived from the seeds of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis), is a highly lethal toxin that inhibits protein synthesis, resulting in cell death. The widespread availability of ricin, its ease of extraction and its extreme toxicity make it an ideal agent for bioterrorism and self-poisoning. Thus, a rapid, sensitive and reliable method for ricin identification in clinical samples is required for applying appropriate and timely medical intervention. However, this goal is challenging due to the low predicted toxin concentrations in bio-fluids, accompanied by significantly high matrix interferences. Here we report the applicability of a sensitive, selective, rapid, simple and antibody-independent assay for the identification of ricin in body fluids using mass spectrometry (MS). The assay involves lectin affinity capturing of ricin by easy-to-use commercial lactose-agarose (LA) beads, following by tryptic digestion and selected marker identification using targeted LC-MS/MS (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) analysis. This enables ricin identification down to 5 ng/mL in serum samples in 2.5 h. To validate the assay, twenty-four diverse naive- or ricin-spiked serum samples were evaluated, and both precision and accuracy were determined. A real-life test of the assay was successfully executed in a challenging clinical scenario, where the toxin was identified in an abdominal fluid sample taken 72 h post self-injection of castor beans extraction in an eventual suicide case. This demonstrates both the high sensitivity of this assay and the extended identification time window, compared to similar events that were previously documented. This method developed for ricin identification in clinical samples has the potential to be applied to the identification of other lectin toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Feldberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Eytan Elhanany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel;
| | - Orly Laskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel;
| | - Ofir Schuster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel;
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Whitfield SJ, Padgen DB, Knight S, Gwyther RJ, Holley JL, Clark GC, Green AC. Establishment of a Novel Oral Murine Model of Ricin Intoxication and Efficacy Assessment of Ovine Ricin Antitoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E784. [PMID: 33302573 PMCID: PMC7764460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, produced from the castor beans of Ricinus communis, is a cytotoxin that exerts its action by inactivating ribosomes and causing cell death. Accidental (e.g., ingestion of castor beans) and/or intentional (e.g., suicide) exposure to ricin through the oral route is an area of concern from a public health perspective and no current licensed medical interventions exist to protect from the action of the toxin. Therefore, we examined the oral toxicity of ricin in Balb/C mice and developed a robust food deprivation model of ricin oral intoxication that has enabled the assessment of potential antitoxin treatments. A lethal oral dose was identified and mice were found to succumb to the toxin within 48 h of exposure. We then examined whether a despeciated ovine F(ab')2 antibody fragment, that had previously been demonstrated to protect mice from exposure to aerosolised ricin, could also protect against oral intoxication. Mice were challenged orally with an LD99 of ricin, and 89 and 44% of mice exposed to this otherwise lethal exposure survived after receiving either the parent anti-ricin IgG or F(ab')2, respectively. Combined with our previous work, these results further highlight the benefit of ovine-derived polyclonal antibody antitoxin in providing post-exposure protection against ricin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Whitfield
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Debbie B. Padgen
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Simon Knight
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Robert J. Gwyther
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Jane L. Holley
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
| | - Graeme C. Clark
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, IC2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - A. Christopher Green
- CBR Division, Dstl-Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; (D.B.P.); (S.K.); (R.J.G.); (J.L.H.); (G.C.C.); (A.C.G.)
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Negative result: Chemical forensic attribution of ricin preparations using fatty acids analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Liu CC, Liang LH, Yang Y, Yu HL, Yan L, Li XS, Chen B, Liu SL, Xi HL. Direct Acetonitrile-Assisted Trypsin Digestion Method Combined with LC-MS/MS-Targeted Peptide Analysis for Unambiguous Identification of Intact Ricin. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:369-380. [PMID: 33108200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ricin is a type II ribosome-inactivating protein toxin consisting of A and B chains linked by one interchain disulfide bond. Because of its high toxicity depending on both chains together, confirming the presence of both A and B chains of intact ricin is required during the investigation of the illegal production and application. Here, we report a novel and sensitive acetonitrile (ACN)-assisted trypsin digestion method for unambiguous identification of intact ricin by simultaneous detection of its marker peptides from A and B chains. Marker peptides were generated with a simple procedure by direct cleaving the native ricin at 45 °C for 4 h using Promega modified sequencing grade trypsin under the assistance of 10% ACN, and then directly analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The type of trypsin was found to be one critical factor for cleavage of intact ricin based on a significant difference in the yields of specific peptides generated while using various types of trypsin. A low content of ACN in enzymatic buffer significantly reduced the digestion time from overnight to 4 h. There was commonly a better MS response of marker peptides when using the developed ACN-assisted trypsin digestion method than methanol-assisted trypsin digestion within the same 4 h. Totally, seven specific peptides with high sensitivity and specificity including three in the A-chain (TA7, TA11, and TA10) and four in the B-chain (TB6, TB14-ss-TB16, TB20, and TB18) were obtained as good marker peptides for unambiguous identification of intact ricin. The lowest concentration of native ricin for unambiguous identification was 20 ng/mL, in which three marker peptides from both the A-chain and B-chain could be measured with a minimum of three ion transitions. Combined with affinity enrichment, the developed approach was successfully applied for the measurement of intact ricin from the complicated matrix samples of the second, third, and fourth biotoxin exercises organized by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). This study has provided a recommended detection method combined with one novel ACN-assisted trypsin digestion with MS for forensic unambiguous confirmation of trace ricin intact with high confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long Yan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiao-Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
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Sikma MA, Hunault CC, Van Maarseveen EM, Huitema ADR, Van de Graaf EA, Kirkels JH, Verhaar MC, Grutters JC, Kesecioglu J, De Lange DW. High Variability of Whole-Blood Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics Early After Thoracic Organ Transplantation. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:123-134. [PMID: 31745812 PMCID: PMC6994432 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Oral tacrolimus is initiated perioperatively in heart and lung transplantation patients. There have been few studies on oral tacrolimus pharmacokinetics early post-transplantation, even though tacrolimus-related toxicity may occur early, potentially leading to morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we aimed to study the pharmacokinetics of oral tacrolimus in thoracic organ recipients during the first days after transplantation. Methods We conducted a pharmacokinetic study in 30 thoracic organ transplants at intensive care at the University Medical Center Utrecht in the first week post-transplantation. Twelve-hour whole-blood tacrolimus profiles were examined using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) and analysed via population pharmacokinetic modelling. Results The concentration–time profiles showed high variability. Concentrations at 12 h were outside the target range in 69% of the cases. A two-compartment model with mixed first-order and zero-order absorption adequately described tacrolimus concentrations. The typical value of the apparent clearance was 19.6 L/h (95% CI 16.2–22.9), and the apparent distribution volumes of central and peripheral compartments, V1 and V2, were 231 L (95% CI 199–267) and 521 L (95% CI 441–634), respectively. Inter-occasion (dose-to-dose) variability far exceeded the interindividual variability (IIV), with an estimated variability in relative bioavailability of 55% (95% CI 48.5–64.4). Conclusions The high variability of tacrolimus pharmacokinetics early after thoracic organ transplantation is largely due to excessive variability in bioavailability, making individualised dosing based on measured concentrations futile. To bypass this bioavailability issue, we suggest administering tacrolimus intravenously and aiming below the upper therapeutic range early post-transplantation. Clinical Trial Registraion: NTR 3912/EudraCT 2012-001909-24. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13318-019-00591-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike A Sikma
- Department of Intensive Care and Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, F06.149, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Claudine C Hunault
- Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik M Van Maarseveen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Princess Máxima Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed A Van de Graaf
- Department of Lung Transplantation, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H Kirkels
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Transplantation, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Grutters
- Department of Lung Transplantation, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jozef Kesecioglu
- Department of Intensive Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan W De Lange
- Dutch Poisons Information Center and Department of Intensive Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Boğan M, Oktay MM, Sabak M, Gümüşboğa H, Eren ŞH. Stranger in the garden: Ricinus communis, 17 cases of intoxication. HONG KONG J EMERG ME 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1024907919846720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ricinus communis is used as a decoration in landscape gardening in Turkey. In industrialized countries, however, it is used in many sectors, including the chemical, pharmaceutical, and fertilizer sectors; it is also used in cosmetics and biodiesel fuel production. In this presentation, 17 patients who ingested R. communis seeds are examined. Cases: Seventeen patients who ate the seeds of an unknown plant that grows in their gardens came to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and stomach ache complaints 4 h after ingesting the seeds. All patients were admitted to the critical care unit, monitored, and started on supportive treatment. After the treatment, patients’ vital signs and laboratory parameters were stable. Seven patients were discharged the next day upon the regression of symptoms. The remaining 10 patients were successfully discharged 2 days after the treatment. There are cases in medical literature where consumption of one-half of a R. communis seed resulted in death. In our presentation, each patient consumed one to four (2.18 on average) R. communis seeds, and the symptoms were over within 2 days. The clinical course ended without any cases of death, and all patients were discharged in good condition. Conclusion: Emergency physicians have to know the clinical course and medical methods regarding intoxication due to oral consumption of toxic plants. Severe toxicity and even mortality can be observed with the ingestion of the seeds of the plant. Similar symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain) were observed in all our cases, but no mortality was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Boğan
- Emergency Department, Şehitkamil State Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - M Murat Oktay
- Vocational High School, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sabak
- Emergency Department, Nizip State Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Hasan Gümüşboğa
- Emergency Department, Şehitkamil State Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Şevki Hakan Eren
- Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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36
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Geck MS, Cristians S, Berger-González M, Casu L, Heinrich M, Leonti M. Traditional Herbal Medicine in Mesoamerica: Toward Its Evidence Base for Improving Universal Health Coverage. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1160. [PMID: 32848768 PMCID: PMC7411306 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of health care in Mesoamerica is influenced by its rich cultural diversity and characterized by social inequalities. Especially indigenous and rural communities confront diverse barriers to accessing formal health services, leading to often conflicting plurimedical systems. Fostering integrative medicine is a fundamental pillar for achieving universal health coverage (UHC) for marginalized populations. Recent developments toward health sovereignty in the region are concerned with assessing the role of traditional medicines, and particularly herbal medicines, to foster accessible and culturally pertinent healthcare provision models. In Mesoamerica, as in most regions of the world, a wealth of information on traditional and complementary medicine has been recorded. Yet these data are often scattered, making it difficult for policy makers to regulate and integrate traditionally used botanical products into primary health care. This critical review is based on a quantitative analysis of 28 survey papers focusing on the traditional use of botanical drugs in Mesoamerica used for the compilation of the "Mesoamerican Medicinal Plant Database" (MAMPDB), which includes a total of 12,537 use-records for 2188 plant taxa. Our approach presents a fundamental step toward UHC by presenting a pharmacological and toxicological review of the cross-culturally salient plant taxa and associated botanical drugs used in traditional medicine in Mesoamerica. Especially for native herbal drugs, data about safety and effectiveness are limited. Commonly used cross-culturally salient botanical drugs, which are considered safe but for which data on effectiveness is lacking constitute ideal candidates for treatment outcome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S. Geck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Biovision – Foundation for Ecological Development, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sol Cristians
- Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mónica Berger-González
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Heath, Swiss TPH, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Casu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Leonti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Fatal intoxication by intravenous injection of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) extract-a case study. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:2133-2141. [PMID: 32548760 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A case report of a 25-year-old man who committed suicide by intravenous injection himself of an aqueous home-made castor bean extract is presented. The patient was hospitalized and treated symptomatically and was released at its own request fourth day after intoxication. The next day, the patient's condition deteriorated, and he died 6 days after intoxication even though he was given medical care. Case history, autopsy, and toxicological investigation of ante- and post-mortem collected materials are described. Blood and urine collected from the patient ante-mortem and other several biological materials (namely blood from the upper and lower limb, blood from the right and left ventricle, pericardial fluid, vitreous humour, liver, kidney, and spleen) were collected post-mortem during autopsy. Liquid-liquid extraction procedure followed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis for identification and determination of ricinine as a biomarker of ricin/castor seed intoxication was developed and validated. The method was applied on analysis of collected ante- and post-mortem biological materials. The post-mortem contents of ricinine in organs (namely the liver, kidney, and spleen) are firstly reported. The obtained results indicated approximately uniform distribution of ricinine (concentration level about 1 ng mL-1) in the body after death. In addition, the GC-MS method was also applied for the analysis of extract of castor seed and the patient's urine, to demonstrate alternative possibility for identification of ricinine for clinical and forensic purposes.
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Idm’hand E, Msanda F, Cherifi K. Ethnopharmacological review of medicinal plants used to manage diabetes in Morocco. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-020-00166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractDiabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder which affects millions of people every year. If diabetes is not controlled, it can cause serious damage and a number of health complications. The aim of this paper was to review published ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological evidences of Moroccan plants with antidiabetic potentials. Publications describing the medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in Morocco were searched from the databases, including Google Scholar, Elsevier, Medline, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Pubmed. Other literature source was also used including books and theses available in library. About 750 literature references were studied, and only 240 research publications based on data from different Moroccan provinces published until June 2019 were included in this review. In total, 255 plants species belonging to 70 families were reported. Compositae and Lamiaceae were mentioned as the most represented families. The frequently used plant species in the dwellers of most regions of Morocco are Trigonella foenum-graecum, Artemesia herba-alba, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Allium cepa and Marrubium vulgare. This review provides useful information and current scientific knowledge on the medicinal plants used to manage diabetes in Morocco. Medicinal plants reported should be submitted to chemical, pharmacological and clinical studies to identify pharmacologically active metabolites and to confirm their antidiabetic activity.
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Elucidation of protein biomarkers for verification of selected biological warfare agents using tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2205. [PMID: 32042063 PMCID: PMC7010682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Some pathogens and toxins have the potential to be used as weapons of mass destruction and instigate population-based fear. Efforts to mitigate biothreat require development of efficient countermeasures which in turn relies on fast and accurate methods to detect the biological agents in a range of complex matrices including environmental and clinical samples. We report here an mass spectrometry (MS) based methodology, employing both targeted and shot-gun approaches for the verification of biological agents from the environmental samples. Our shot-gun methodology relied on tandem MS analysis of abundant peptides from the spiked samples, whereas, the targeted method was based on an extensive elucidation of marker proteins and unique peptides resulting in the generation of an inclusion list of masses reflecting relevant peptides for the unambiguous identification of nine bacterial species [listed as priority agents of bioterrorism by Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)] belonging to phylogenetically diverse genera. The marker peptides were elucidated by extensive literature mining, in silico analysis, and tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis of abundant proteins of the cultivated bacterial species in our laboratory. A combination of shot-gun MS/MS analysis and the targeted search using a panel of unique peptides is likely to provide unambiguous verification of biological agents at sub-species level, even with limited fractionation of crude protein extracts from environmental samples. The comprehensive list of peptides reflected in the inclusion list, makes a valuable resource for the multiplex analysis of select biothreat agents and further development of targeted MS/MS assays.
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Swiner DJ, Durisek GR, Osae H, Badu-Tawiah A. A Proof-of-Concept, Two-Tiered Approach for Ricin Detection Using Ambient Mass Spectrometry. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17045-17049. [PMID: 35173958 PMCID: PMC8846442 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin is a naturally occurring, highly potent toxin native to castor bean plants that has recently been used as a biological weapon in cases of bioterrorism and suicide attempts. Difficulties with direct detection arise from large heterogeneities in ricin glycosylation, which leads to markedly different bioactivity, and the fact that carefully developed and laborious sample preparation steps are required to maintain the activity of the protein during analysis. Herein, we present an alternative, two-tiered approach to identify the presence of ricin by detecting ricinoleic acid and ricinine, which are co-extracted with the protein. This direct mass spectrometric-based technique takes as little as 2 minutes, and we determined its sensitivity to be in the parts-per-trillion range. Our method is applicable to paper substrates from suspected contaminated envelopes and biofluids from at-risk patients. The fact that prior sample preparations are not needed in this procedure means that analysis can be performed in the field for emergency cases. Ricin is a naturally occurring, highly potent toxin native to castor bean plants that has recently been used as a biological weapon in cases of bioterrorism and suicide attempts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin J Swiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - George R Durisek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Hannah Osae
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Abraham Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210
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Dianthin and Its Potential in Targeted Tumor Therapies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100592. [PMID: 31614697 PMCID: PMC6832487 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dianthin enzymes belong to ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) of type 1, i.e., they only consist of a catalytic domain and do not have a cell binding moiety. Dianthin-30 is very similar to saporin-S3 and saporin-S6, two RIPs often used to design targeted toxins for tumor therapy and already tested in some clinical trials. Nevertheless, dianthin enzymes also exhibit differences to saporin with regard to structure, efficacy, toxicity, immunogenicity and production by heterologous expression. Some of the distinctions might make dianthin more suitable for targeted tumor therapies than other RIPs. The present review provides an overview of the history of dianthin discovery and illuminates its structure, function and role in targeted toxins. It further discusses the option to increase the efficacy of dianthin by endosomal escape enhancers.
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42
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Removal of oil emulsion from aqueous solution by using Ricinus communis leaves as adsorbent. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Franke H, Scholl R, Aigner A. Ricin and Ricinus communis in pharmacology and toxicology-from ancient use and "Papyrus Ebers" to modern perspectives and "poisonous plant of the year 2018". Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1181-1208. [PMID: 31359089 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While probably originating from Africa, the plant Ricinus communis is found nowadays around the world, grown for industrial use as a source of castor oil production, wildly sprouting in many regions, or used as ornamental plant. As regards its pharmacological utility, a variety of medical purposes of selected parts of the plant, e.g., as a laxative, an anti-infective, or an anti-inflammatory drug, have been described already in the sixteenth century BC in the famous Papyrus Ebers (treasured in the Library of the University of Leipzig). Quite in contrast, on the toxicological side, the native plant has become the "poisonous plant 2018" in Germany. As of today, a number of isolated components of the plant/seeds have been characterized, including, e.g., castor oil, ricin, Ricinus communis agglutinin, ricinin, nudiflorin, and several allergenic compounds. This review mainly focuses on the most toxic protein, ricin D, classified as a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP2). Ricin is one of the most potent and lethal substances known. It has been considered as an important bioweapon (categorized as a Category B agent (second-highest priority)) and an attractive agent for bioterroristic activities. On the other hand, ricin presents great potential, e.g., as an anti-cancer agent or in cell-based research, and is even explored in the context of nanoparticle formulations in tumor therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacology and toxicology-related body of knowledge on ricin. Toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic aspects of ricin poisoning and possibilities for analytical detection and therapeutic use are summarized as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Reinhold Scholl
- Department of History, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Mawoza T, Nhachi C, Magwali T. Prevalence of Traditional Medicine Use during Pregnancy, at Labour and for Postpartum Care in a Rural Area in Zimbabwe. CLINICS IN MOTHER AND CHILD HEALTH 2019; 16. [PMID: 31341518 PMCID: PMC6656403 DOI: 10.24105/2090-7214.16.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and types of traditional medicine used during pregnancy, at labour and for postpartum care by women in rural Zimbabwe. Research design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 398 women from two rural districts in Zimbabwe. Data on socio-demography, pregnancy related information as well as traditional medicine use patterns was collected using a structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Convenient sampling was used to recruit women of childbearing age who were either pregnant at the time of the study, or had previously given birth. Results: The prevalence of traditional medicine used during pregnancy and at labour was 69.9% and only 17.3% used these medicines for postpartum care. During pregnancy, 27.7% used soil from a mole hill, 21.6% used elephant dung, and 13.3% used Fadogia ancylantha. These medicines were mainly used to facilitate labour (43.5%), avoid tears/stitches (19.7%), make delivery easy and safe (18.3%) and to avoid prolonged labour (5%). Only 9% of the participants however reported to have experienced adverse effects from using traditional medicines. Conclusion: The use of traditional remedies in different forms during pregnancy and at labour was very common as confirmed by the high prevalence rate of 69.9%. Some of the women however used more than one type of traditional medicine during pregnancy, labour and for postpartum care. The exact effects of some of these medicines on both the mother and infant however, are not known, and there is therefore a need for them to be studied in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariro Mawoza
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Charles Nhachi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Thulani Magwali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Liang LH, Liu CC, Chen B, Yan L, Yu HL, Yang Y, Wu JN, Li XS, Liu SL. LC-HRMS Screening and Identification of Novel Peptide Markers of Ricin Based on Multiple Protease Digestion Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070393. [PMID: 31284465 PMCID: PMC6669667 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both ricin and R. communisagglutinin (RCA120), belonging to the type II ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs-Ⅱ), are derived from the seeds of the castor bean plant. They share very similar amino acid sequences, but ricin is much more toxic than RCA120. It is urgently necessary to distinguish ricin and RCA120 in response to public safety. Currently, mass spectrometric assays are well established for unambiguous identification of ricin by accurate analysis of differentiated amino acid residues after trypsin digestion. However, diagnostic peptides are relatively limited for unambiguous identification of trace ricin, especially in complex matrices. Here, we demonstrate a digestion strategy of multiple proteinases to produce novel peptide markers for unambiguous identification of ricin. Liquid chromatography-high resolution MS (LC-HRMS) was used to verify the resulting peptides, among which only the peptides with uniqueness and good MS response were selected as peptide markers. Seven novel peptide markers were obtained from tandem digestion of trypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C in PBS buffer. From the chymotrypsin digestion under reduction and non-reduction conditions, eight and seven novel peptides were selected respectively. Using pepsin under pH 1~2 and proteinase K digestion, six and five peptides were selected as novel peptide markers. In conclusion, the obtained novel peptides from the established digestion methods can be recommended for the unambiguous identification of ricin during the investigation of illegal use of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long Yan
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ji-Na Wu
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiao-Sen Li
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China.
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D'Elia RV, Goodchild SA, Winder CL, Southam AD, Weber RJM, Stahl FM, Docx C, Patel V, Green AC, Viant MR, Lukaszewski RA, Dunn WB. Multiple metabolic pathways are predictive of ricin intoxication in a rat model. Metabolomics 2019; 15:102. [PMID: 31270703 PMCID: PMC6610267 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to ricin can be lethal and treatments that are under development have short windows of opportunity for administration after exposure. It is therefore essential to achieve early detection of ricin exposure to provide the best prognosis for exposed individuals. Ricin toxin can be detected in clinical samples via several antibody-based techniques, but the efficacy of these can be limited due to the rapid processing and cellular uptake of toxin in the body and subsequent low blood ricin concentrations. Other diagnostic tools that perform, in an orthogonal manner, are therefore desirable. OBJECTIVES To determine time-dependent metabolic changes in Sprague-Dawley rats following intravenous exposure to ricin. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were intravenously exposed to ricin and multiple blood samples were collected from each animal for up to 48 h following exposure in two independent studies. Plasma samples were analysed applying HILIC and C18 reversed phase UHPLC-MS assays followed by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS In Sprague-Dawley rats we have demonstrated that metabolic changes measured in blood can distinguish between rats exposed intravenously to ricin and controls prior to the onset of behavioral signs of intoxication after 24 h. A total of 37 metabolites were significantly altered following exposure to ricin when compared to controls. The arginine/proline, bile acid and triacylglyceride metabolic pathways were highlighted as being important with two triacylglycerides at 8 h post exposure giving an AUROC score of 0.94. At 16 h and 24 h the AUROC score increased to 0.98 and 1.0 with the number of metabolites in the panel increasing to 5 and 7, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that metabolites may be a useful tool to diagnose and detect ricin exposure, thus increasing the effectiveness of supportive therapy and future ricin-specific medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine L Winder
- Phenome Centre Birmingham and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew D Southam
- Phenome Centre Birmingham and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ralf J M Weber
- Phenome Centre Birmingham and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Cerys Docx
- Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | | | - Mark R Viant
- Phenome Centre Birmingham and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Warwick B Dunn
- Phenome Centre Birmingham and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Wu T, Xiang Y, Liu T, Wang X, Ren X, Ye T, Li G. Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Expressing Aphrocallistes vastus Lectin as a Cancer Therapeutic Agent. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060363. [PMID: 31248066 PMCID: PMC6628141 DOI: 10.3390/md17060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins display a variety of biological functions including insecticidal, antimicrobial, as well as antitumor activities. In this report, a gene encoding Aphrocallistes vastus lectin (AVL), a C-type lectin, was inserted into an oncolytic vaccinia virus vector (oncoVV) to form a recombinant virus oncoVV-AVL, which showed significant in vitro antiproliferative activity in a variety of cancer cell lines. Further investigations revealed that oncoVV-AVL replicated faster than oncoVV significantly in cancer cells. Intracellular signaling elements including NF-κB2, NIK, as well as ERK were determined to be altered by oncoVV-AVL. Virus replication upregulated by AVL was completely dependent on ERK activity. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that oncoVV-AVL elicited significant antitumor effect in colorectal cancer and liver cancer mouse models. Our study might provide insights into a novel way of the utilization of marine lectin AVL in oncolytic viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Gongchu Joint Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yulin Xiang
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Gongchu Joint Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Gongchu Joint Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Gongchu Joint Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Ren
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Gongchu Joint Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Ting Ye
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Gongchu Joint Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Gongchu Li
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou Gongchu Joint Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Ricin: An Ancient Story for a Timeless Plant Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060324. [PMID: 31174319 PMCID: PMC6628454 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) has been known since time immemorial in traditional medicine in the pharmacopeia of Mediterranean and eastern ancient cultures. Moreover, it is still used in folk medicine worldwide. Castor bean has been mainly recommended as anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, anti-bacterial, laxative, abortifacient, for wounds, ulcers, and many other indications. Many cases of human intoxication occurred accidentally or voluntarily with the ingestion of castor seeds or derivatives. Ricinus toxicity depends on several molecules, among them the most important is ricin, a protein belonging to the family of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Ricin is the most studied of this category of proteins and it is also known to the general public, having been used for several biocrimes. This manuscript intends to give the reader an overview of ricin, focusing on the historical path to the current knowledge on this protein. The main steps of ricin research are here reported, with particular regard to its enzymatic activity, structure, and cytotoxicity. Moreover, we discuss ricin toxicity for animals and humans, as well as the relation between bioterrorism and ricin and its impact on environmental toxicity. Ricin has also been used to develop immunotoxins for the elimination of unwanted cells, mainly cancer cells; some of these immunoconjugates gave promising results in clinical trials but also showed critical limitation.
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Auditeau E, Chassagne F, Bourdy G, Bounlu M, Jost J, Luna J, Ratsimbazafy V, Preux PM, Boumediene F. Herbal medicine for epilepsy seizures in Asia, Africa and Latin America: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 234:119-153. [PMID: 30610931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RELEVANCE More than 70 million people suffer epilepsy worldwide. Low availability of anti-epileptic drugs, side-effects and drug-resistant epilepsy affect the quality of life of persons with epilepsy in countries with a poorly developed health system. Herbal medicine is frequently used for this neurological condition. OBJECTIVES The main objective was to provide a detailed analysis of Herbal Medicine used for neurological conditions related with epilepsy in Asia, Africa and Latin America. More broadly, this study aims to highlight species with assessed efficacy (cross-cultural use, pharmacological effects on models of epileptic seizures) and safety (toxicological data in laboratory) information, in order to point out species of interest for further studies. A critical assessment of models used in pharmacological evaluations was done. MATERIALS AND METHODS The systematic search for Herbal Medicine treatments for epilepsy was performed considering all the articles published until February 2017 through three scientific databases. It was made with MeSH terms and free text defining the epilepsy seizures and plant species. We included studies carried out in Asia, Africa and Latin America. All articles reporting the use of Herbal Medicine to treat epilepsy seizures and/or their pharmacological evaluation were retained for further analysis. RESULTS The search yielded 1886 articles, from 30 countries. Hundred and six articles published between 1982 and 2017 were included, corresponding to a total of 497 use reports for 351 plant species belonging to 106 families. Three hundred and seventy seven use reports corresponding to 264 species in ethnopharmacological surveys and 120 evaluation reports corresponding to 107 species were noted. Twenty-nine reports, for 29 species, combined both ethnopharmacological and pharmacological evaluation. Fifty eight studies originated from Africa, 35 studies from Asia and 18 from Latin America. Highest use report was noted for rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. (12 use report in 1 country) and leaves of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (8 use report in 2 countries). Therefore these species display the highest use convergence. Regarding pharmacological evaluation most studied species were: Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. (4 evaluation reports in 1 country), Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil. (3 evaluation reports in 2 countries) and Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. (3 evaluation reports in 1 country). In vivo models of chronic epilepsy were more relevant than in vitro models or chemical models inducing acute seizures for pharmacological assessment. CONCLUSION Species with the highest use report were not those with pharmacological evaluation. It will be pertinent to assess the pharmacological effects and safety of medicinal plants used mostly by traditional healers on predictive models of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Auditeau
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - François Chassagne
- UMR 152 Research Institute for the development, University Toulouse 3, Pharmaceutical sciences Faculty, 35 chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France; Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Geneviève Bourdy
- UMR 152 Research Institute for the development, University Toulouse 3, Pharmaceutical sciences Faculty, 35 chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Mayoura Bounlu
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Institute of Francophonie for Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic.
| | - Jérémy Jost
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - Jaime Luna
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - Voa Ratsimbazafy
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - Pierre-Marie Preux
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - Farid Boumediene
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
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Andrade IRAD, Cândido MJD, Pompeu RCFF, Feitosa TS, Bomfim MAD, Salles HO, Egito ASD. Inactivation of lectins from castor cake by alternative chemical compounds. Toxicon 2019; 160:47-54. [PMID: 30790577 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enabling the use of castor cake in animal feeding is an excellent alternative strategy to reduce feed costs. The cake is a by-product derived from the extraction of the castor oil by the biodiesel industry whose chemical composition is satisfactory despite the presence of antinutritional factors like toxic lectins, which require detoxification before it can be used as a dietary ingredient. The aim of the present study was to evaluate alternative chemical sources in the degradation and inactivation of ricin and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), two lectins from castor cake. Ten chemical compounds were evaluated: sodium hydroxide, monodicalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcitic limestone, magnesian limestone, urea, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride. Gel electrophoresis indicated 100% lectin degradation only in the cakes treated with 90 g sodium hydroxide and 2500 mL water per kg of cake. The hemagglutination assay was crucial to providing innocuousness to the treated cakes, with total absence of hemagglutinating activity observed in the castor cakes treated with 60 or 90 g sodium hydroxide in water volumes equal to or higher than 1500 mL/kg of castor cake and in the cakes treated with 90 g calcium oxide with 2500 or 3000 mL water/kg castor cake. Thus, though depending on the concentration of the chemical compound and on the volume of water per kilogram of treated cake, sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide showed to be promising chemical products for degradation and complete inactivation of the lectins present in castor cake to allow its use as an ingredient in animal diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igo Renan Albuquerque de Andrade
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará/IFCE, Campus Crateús, Av. Geraldo Marques Barbosa, 567, 63708-260, Crateús, CE, Brazil.
| | - Magno José Duarte Cândido
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Mister Hull, 2977, Bl. 808, Pici Campus, 60440-554, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Tibério Sousa Feitosa
- Departamento de Zootecnia, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Hévila Oliveira Salles
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Estrada Sobral - Groaíras, Km 04, PO Box 71, 62010-970, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Antonio Silvio do Egito
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos/Núcleo Regional Nordeste, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, n° 1.143, Bairro Centenário, 58.428-095, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.
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